IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO.

4, DECEMBER 2005 761

Analytical Prediction of Eddy-Current Loss in

Modular Tubular Permanent-Magnet Machines
Yacine Amara, Jiabin Wang, Senior Member, IEEE, and David Howe

AbstractThe paper describes an analytical technique for pre- s Tooth pitch, m.

dicting the eddy-current loss in the moving armature of a tubular m Axial length of radially magnetized magnets, m.
permanent magnet machine. This loss component is usually ne- Angular frequency, rad/s.
glected in conventional tubular permanent magnet machines since
high-order time harmonics in the stator current waveform and
space harmonics in the winding magnetomotive force (MMF) dis- I. INTRODUCTION
tribution are generally considered to be insignificant. However, a
INEAR electromagnetic machines, which either convert
relatively new topology of tubular permanent magnet machine,
sometimes referred to as modular, has emerged in which the
fundamental component of the stator MMF has fewer poles than
L thrust force from a prime-mover directly into electrical
energy (e.g., free-piston combustion engine) or convert electri-
that of the permanent-magnet armature, the thrust force being de-
cal energy to provide thrust force directly to a payload (e.g.,
veloped by the interaction between a higher order MMF harmonic
and the permanent magnet field. Thus, the presence of lower and reciprocating actuator) offer numerous advantages over rotary-
higher order space harmonics in the winding MMF distribution of to-linear counterparts, most notably the absence of mechanical
a modular machine may gives rise to a significant eddy-current loss gears and transmission systems, which results in a higher effi-
in the moving-magnet armature. An analytical model is developed ciency, a higher dynamic performance and improved reliability.
to predict the eddy currents which are induced in the magnets, as
Hence, they are being used increasingly in applications as var-
well as in any electrically conducting supporting tube which may be
employed, and to quantify the effectiveness of axially segmenting ied as automated manufacturing, transportation [1], electrical
the magnets in reducing the eddy-current loss. The validity of the power generation [2], [3], healthcare [4], [5], and household
developed model, which is also applicable to conventional designs appliances [6], [7]. Of the various linear machine topologies,
of tubular permanent-magnet machine, is verified by time-stepped tubular permanent-magnet machines offer the highest efficiency
transient finite-element analysis (FEA).
and power/force density and have excellent servo characteristics
Index TermsEddy currents, linear motors, losses, permanent- [8].
magnet machines. Usually, the eddy-current loss in the moving-magnet arma-
ture of a linear permanent-magnet (PM) machine is neglected,
NOMENCLATURE since high-order time harmonics in the stator current wave-
form and space harmonics in the winding distribution are gener-
A Vector magnetic potential, Wb/m. ally considered to be negligible. Recently, however, a relatively
Br Radial flux density component, T. new topology of tubular PM machine, sometimes referred to as
Bz Axial flux density component, T. modular [9], has emerged which offers a number of significant
Brem Remanence of permanent magnet, T. advantages over conventional tubular PM machines. The stator
b0 Slot opening, m. winding of a modular machine differs from that of conventional
H Magnetic field strength, A/m. PM machines in that each phase comprises a number of con-
hm Radial thickness of magnets, m. centrated coils which are disposed adjacent to each other. This
Je Eddy-current density, A/m2 . results in a small number of slots for a given number of poles,
Kdcn Coil distribution factor of the nth harmonic. e.g., nine slots for a ten-pole, three-phase machine, as compared
Kpcn Coil pitch factor of the nth harmonic. to 15 slots for a conventional brushless dc winding and a mini-
Pe Eddy-current loss, W. mum of 30 slots for a conventional brushless ac winding. This
Ri Supporting tube inner radius, m. feature is conducive to low manufacturing cost. Further, such
R0 Magnet inner radius, m. a modular machine also results in a fractional number of slots
Rm Magnet outer radius, m. per pole. Consequently, the cogging force due to slotting can
Rs Stator inner radius, m. be very small, without employing skew, for example [10], [11].
z Axial displacement, m. Fig. 1 shows a schematic of a nine-slot/ten-pole quasi-Halbach
0 Permeability of free space, H/m. magnetized tubular PM machine with a modular stator winding.
Electric resistivity, m. A unique feature of the quasi-Halbach magnetization is that the
p Pole pitch, m. axially magnetized magnets essentially provide a return path for
the radial air-gap flux, and, hence, the flux in the inner bore is
Manuscript received July 23, 2004. Paper no. TEC-00207-2004. relatively small. As a result, the magnets may be mounted on a
The authors are with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, nonmagnetic support tube without significantly compromising
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K. (e-mail: j.b.wang@sheffield.
ac.uk). the thrust force capability, while the attainable acceleration can
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2005.853732 be greatly improved [12].
0885-8969/$20.00 2005 IEEE
762
Fig. 1. Schematic of a nine-slot ten-pole tubular PM machine with quasi-
Halbach magnetization distribution. (a) A 2-D view in r z plane. (b) A 3-D
view.
Fig. 2. Normalized MMF space harmonic distribution.
In a tubular modular machine, however, the stator magneto-
motive force (MMF) distribution contains a large number of
space harmonics. By way of example, Fig. 2 shows the space
harmonic distribution of the 9-slot/10-pole machine normalized
to the Ampere-turns per slot divided by the width of the stator
slot openings (Nc Im /b0 ). When the stator winding is excited
with three-phase currents, the stator MMF produces forward
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2005
Fig. 3. Machine geometry and analytical model. (a) Geometry of tubular
machine with slotted armature. (b) Simplified analytical model.
traveling harmonics of order n = 1, 4, 7, . . ., backward travel-
ing harmonics for n = 2, 5, 8, . . ., and zero triplen harmonics.
For a 10-pole machine the thrust force is developed by the inter-
action of the fifth-harmonic MMF with the field of the permanent
magnets. The lower and higher order MMF harmonics travel at
different speeds to the armature and will induce eddy-current
losses in both the magnets and the supporting tube (if it is elec-
trically conducting). Significant eddy-current loss in the arma-
ture will not only compromise the machine efficiency, but may
also result in excessive heating, which could lead to irreversible
deterioration in the machine performance. Thus, an analytical
model is developed to predict the eddy currents in the magnets
and the supporting tube, and to quantify the effectiveness of
axial segmenting the magnets in reducing the eddy-current loss.
The validity of the developed model is verified by time-stepped
transient finite element analysis.
II. ANALYTICAL PREDICTION
Without loss of generality, the tubular motor topology of
Fig. 1 with a quasi-Halbach magnetization is considered. In
the particular machine under consideration, the magnets are
mounted on a titanium tube so as to achieve maximum thrust
force per moving mass capability. In order to establish an ana-
lytical solution for the eddy-current distribution in the magnets
and the supporting tube, the following assumptions are made:
1) The axial length of the machine is infinite so that the field
distribution is axially-symmetric and periodic in the z axis.
2) The stator core is infinitely permeable, and slotless. How-
ever, the effect of slotting can be taken into account by
introducing a Carter coefficient [13].
3) The current distribution in the slotted stator, Fig. 3(a), is
represented by a current sheet model [14], while the axial
AMARA et al.: ANALYTICAL PREDICTION OF EDDY-CURRENT LOSS IN MODULAR TUBULAR PERMANENT-MAGNET MACHINES 763

length of a magnet segment is arbitrary but the axial

length of the supporting tube is infinite, Fig. 3(b).
The combined effect of the three-phase current sheet at the
stator bore r = Rs can be represented by the following traveling
MMF wave [9]:



F (z, t) = Jn cos(t + mn z)
n =3k +1



Jn cos(t + + mn z),
n =3k +2

k = 0, 1, 2, . . . (1)
where
3Nc Im
Jn = Kdcn Kpcn (2)
p
2n
mn = (3)
Ns s
sin(mn b0 /2)
Kdcn = (4)
mn b0 /2
    
2p n 3n
Kpcn = 2 sin sin (5)
Ns s Ns Ns
where Nc is the number of turns per coil, Ns is the number of
slots over the modular pitch of ten-poles, Im is the peak phase
current, is the electrical angular frequency, given by v/p , v
is the linear velocity, and t is the time. is an angle which is
used to bring the current into phase with the back electromotive
force (EMF) in order to achieve maximum force per ampere
operation.
When the permanent magnet armature travels at a velocity v
its z coordinate referred in the stator coordinate system is given
by
z = zr + v t (6)
where zr is the axial position referred to the moving-magnet
armature. From the foregoing equations, it can be shown that
Fig. 4. Eddy-current density in a magnet. (a) Time variation. (b) Time har-
the magnetic field in the moving-magnet armature which results monic distribution.
from the stator MMF harmonics varies at an integer multiple of
the frequency (3 /5). Fig. 4(a) and (b) shows, respectively, TABLE I
the waveform of the induced eddy-current density in the mid- LEADING DESIGN PARAMETERS OF MODULAR TUBULAR MOTOR
dle of one of the permanent magnets and its harmonic content
normalized to the fundamental frequency of 3 /5, when the
velocity of the armature is 11 m/s and the motor has the param-
eters given in Table I.
As can been seen from Fig. 4(b), the dominant harmonics in
the eddy current density are third, sixth, and ninth multiples of
the fundamental frequency 3 /5. Fig. 5 shows the variation
of the skin depth normalized to the axial length of the radially
magnetized magnets m and the radial thickness hm of the from the following:
magnets (Fig. 3) as functions of the harmonic order. It is evident
that, for most of the dominant harmonics, the skin depth is much 1 A (r, zr , t)
greater than the radial thickness of the magnets, which indicates Je (r, zr , t) = + C(t) (7)
t
that the eddy currents are predominantly resistance limited [15].


Thus, the induced eddy current density in the permanent mag- C(t) = Cn (t) (8)
nets, as well as in the titanium support tube, can be obtained n =1
764 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2005

in the cylindrical coordinate system with the following boundary

conditions:
A |r =0 = 0 Hz |r =R s = F (z, t) (11)
The solution is given by [12]


3an BI 1 (mn r)
A (r, zr , t) = cos[t +
2
n =3k +1

mn (zr + vt)]


3an BI 1 (mn r)
cos[t +
2
n =3k +2

+ mn (zr + vt)],
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . (12)
0 Jn
an = (13)
BI 0 (mn Rs )mn
where BI 0 () and BI 1 () are modified Bessel functions of the
first kind of order zero and one, respectively. The flux density
components are deduced from A by
1 A
Bz = (rA ) Br = . (14)
r r z
The average eddy-current loss over a fundamental electrical
period in a given magnet or in the titanium tube may be evaluated
from
  
0 R 2 z r 0 + /2 2 / 0
Pe = 2rJe2 (r, zr , t)dtdzr dr
2 R 1 z r 0 /2 0
(15)
where 0 is the fundamental angular frequency of the induced
eddy current in the moving armature. The analytical expressions
for the eddy current density and the eddy-current loss are given
in the Appendix.
Fig. 5. Normalized skin depth as a function of harmonic order. (a) Normal-
ized to axial length of radially magnetized magnets. (b) Normalized to radial
thickness of magnets. III. VALIDATION BY FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA)

where is the electrical resistivity of the permanent magnets or A. Validation With Infinitely Long Model
the titanium tube. C(t) is a function of time which is introduced The developed analytical model has first been validated by a
to ensure that zero net total current flows in each magnet and in series of time-stepped transient finite-element analyses (FEAs)
the supporting tube at any instant, i.e., of an ideal, infinitely long modular machine using one periodic
 R 2  z r 0 + /2 (i.e., 9-slots/10-poles) segment as shown in Fig. 1, with a peri-
Je dzr dr odic boundary condition imposed at the two axial boundaries,
R1 z r 0 /2
and the natural Dirichlet condition imposed at the boundaries
 R2  z r 0 + /2  
1 A(r, zr , t) r = 0 and r = 0.12 (m), which is sufficiently remote from the
= + C(t) dzr dr = 0 outer surface of the stator core. In order to maximize the attain-
R1 z r 0 /2 t
able acceleration, the machine employs sintered NdFeB perma-
(9) nent magnets which are supported by a titanium tube, which has
where zr 0 , R1 , R2, and are the axial center, the inner and outer a high tensile strength, a low electrical conductivity and a low
radii, and the axial length of each magnet or the titanium tube, mass density. Both the NdFeB magnets and the titanium have
respectively. approximately the same electrical resistivity of 1.5 m.
The vector magnetic potential distribution A is obtained by The permanent magnets are assumed to be electrically conduct-
solving Laplaces equation ing, but un-magnetized. Thus, the FEAs do not account for the
   
1 1 induced eddy-current component which results from the varia-
(rA ) + (rA ) = 0 (10)
z r z r r r tion of the magnet working point due to stator slotting. However,
AMARA et al.: ANALYTICAL PREDICTION OF EDDY-CURRENT LOSS IN MODULAR TUBULAR PERMANENT-MAGNET MACHINES 765

Fig. 7. Variation of flux density components in magnets (r = 52 mm) at

t = T /2. (a) B r and (b) B z .

Fig. 6. Variation of vector magnetic potential. (a) Variation with axial position.
(b) Variation with time.

saturation of the stator core, albeit due only to the stator MMF,
is represented in the FEA by their B-H curves.
Fig. 6(a) and (b) compares the analytically and finite ele-
ment predicated variation of A in the middle of the magnets
(r = 52 mm) with axial position zr at t = T /2 and the varia-
tion with time at zr = 0, respectively, where T is the period of
the fundamental frequency, while Fig. 7 compares the analyti-
cally and finite element predicted variation of the flux density
components with axial position zr .
It can be seen that, in both cases, the analytical predictions
agree extremely well with the finite-element calculations. Fig. 8
compares the time variation of the induced eddy-current density
in the magnets at zr = 0. As will be seen, good agreement is
again achieved, despite the fact that the analytical prediction is Fig. 8. Variation of eddy-current density in magnets with time (at r = 52 mm,
based on a resistance-limited eddy-current model. zr = 0).
766 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2005

Fig. 9. Schematic of real machine.

Fig. 10. Flux distribution at zero armature displacement.

B. Validation With Finite Length Model

Of course, the axial length of a practical tubular machine
is finite, a schematic of the real machine, in which the mov-
ing armature is longer than the stator core, being shown in
Fig. 9. Since the cogging force component associated with the
stator slotting is very small, due to the 9-slot/10-pole combi-
nation [10], the cogging force of the machine essentially arises
from the end-effect associated with the finite length stator core.
However, the stator axial length has been optimized to minimize
this component of cogging force [16]. Again, the eddy-current
loss predicted by the analytical model has been compared to
that deduced from a series of axisymmetric time-stepped finite
element analyses, in which, the magnets are assumed to be elec-
trically conducting but to have zero remanence. Thus, the finite
element calculations only account for the eddy-current loss due
to the armature reaction field.
Fig. 10 shows the armature reaction flux distribution of the
machine at zero armature displacement. As will be seen, the
magnetic field is essentially concentrated within the active sta-
tor length of ten pole pitches. Fig. 11 compares the variation
of analytically and finite element predicted eddy-current losses Fig. 11. Eddy-current loss as a function of speed at rated current. (a) In
in the magnets and in the titanium tube as functions of the ar- magnets. (b) In titanium tube.
mature speed at the rated current. As can be seen, very good
agreement is obtained for the eddy-current loss in the mag- skin depth associated with most of the dominant stator MMF
nets. However, there is a noticeable difference between the two harmonics is significantly greater than the magnet dimensions.
predictions of the eddy-current loss in the titanium tube, the dif- Hence the assumed resistance-limited eddy current behavior is
ference appearing to increase as the armature speed increases. valid. However, the axial length of the titanium tube is greater
This is due to the fact that the magnets are segmented and the than ten pole pitches, and is, therefore, much greater than the
AMARA et al.: ANALYTICAL PREDICTION OF EDDY-CURRENT LOSS IN MODULAR TUBULAR PERMANENT-MAGNET MACHINES
Fig. 12. Eddy-current loss as a function of stator current at rated speed of
11 m/s. (a) In magnets. (b) In titanium tube.
skin depths associated with most of the stator MMF harmonics.
Thus, the redistribution of the magnetic field due to eddy cur-
rents flowing in the axial direction in the titanium tube is more
significant. However, since the eddy-current loss in the titanium
tube is only about one third of the total eddy-current loss, the
difference in the total eddy-current loss predicted analytically
and by finite element analysis is less than 5%.
Fig. 12 shows the variation of the eddy-current loss in the
magnets and the titanium tube as functions of the stator current
at the rated speed of 11 m/s. A similar trend is observed, in that
good agreement exists between the two predictions of the eddy-
current loss in the magnets, while the difference is significantly
greater for the eddy-current loss in the titanium tube.
IV. EFFECT OF AXIAL SEGMENTATION OF MAGNETS
The developed analytical model has been used to quantify the
effect of axially segmenting the magnets on the eddy-current
loss. For the machine under consideration, each armature pole
consists of one radially magnetized magnet and one axially
767
TABLE II
MAGNET SEGMENTATION SCHEMES
Fig. 13. Influence of magnet segmentation on eddy-current loss.
magnetized magnet, the ratio of the axial length of the radially
magnetized magnet per pole to pole-pitch being 0.62, which
has been established as an optimum ratio for maximum force
capability with a low force ripple. The eddy-current loss has
been calculated for five different magnet segmentation schemes
as defined in Table II.
Fig. 13 shows the variation of the eddy-current loss normal-
ized to that of segmentation scheme I for the different seg-
mentation schemes. As will be seen, a significant reduction in
eddy-current loss is achieved by axially segmenting the radi-
ally magnetized magnet into two. A further reduction in the
eddy-current loss by further axially segmenting the radially
magnetized magnet or axially segmenting the axially magne-
tized magnet is less pronounced, due to the fact that, the axial
length of the magnets is then comparable to or less than their ra-
dial thickness, and the eddy-current loss cannot be significantly
reduced further unless the magnets are radially segmented.
Fig. 14 shows the influence of the number of axial segments on
the eddy current density in the middle of a radially magnetized
magnet, at r = 52 mm, zr = 11 mm. As can be seen, it confirms
that axially segmenting the radially magnetized magnets into
two results in a significant reduction in the eddy current density
and, hence, in the eddy-current loss in the magnets.
V. CONCLUSION
An analytical model for predicting the eddy-current loss in
the moving-magnet armature of a modular tubular permanent
magnet machine has been developed. It is based on the fact that
in a practical machine the skin depths associated with most of
the dominant stator MMF harmonics are usually greater than the
magnet dimensions, and consequently the induced eddy currents
768 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2005

sin(t + + mn (zr + vt))

d22n sin(t + + mn (zr 0 + vt))],
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

If each magnet ring segment of the armature has the same

axial length, then the eddy-current loss in a magnet ring, or in
the supporting titanium tube, having an axial length of is given
by
 2  

d11n f1n d212n R22 R12
Pe = +
2 4
n =3k +1

2d11n d12n f2n m


n
sin
m2n 2
 2  

d21n f1n d222n R22 R12
+ +
2 4
n =3k +2
Fig. 14. Effect of axial magnet segmentation on eddy-current density.
2d21n d22n f2n m

n
sin
are effectively resistance limited. The utility and accuracy of the m2n 2
model have been validated by predictions from time-stepped where
finite element analysis of a 9-slot/10-pole, quasi-Halbach 
magnetized, modular tubular machine under various operating r2
f1n = [BI 0 (mn r) + BI 2 (mn r)]2
conditions. It has been shown that axially segmenting the mag- 8
nets can be very effective in reducingpt the eddy-current loss. R 2
((rmn )2 + 1) 2
+ [BI 1 (mn r)]
APPENDIX 2m2n R1

ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR EDDY-CURRENT DENSITY f2n = R2 BI 0 (mn R2 ) R1 BI 0 (mn R1 )

AND EDDY-CURRENT LOSS  R2
Let BI 0 (mn r)dr.
R1
0 Jn
an =
BI 0 (mn Rs )mn However, if the axial length of each magnet is different, as
in the case of the quasi-Halbach magnetized machine under
3an
bn = consideration in which the axial length of the radially magne-
(R2 R1 ) m2n tized magnets is different from that of the axially magnetized
m

[BI 0 (mn R2 ) BI 0 (mn R1 )] sin

n magnets, the analytical expression for the eddy-current loss be-
2 comes much more complex, and for the 9-slot/10-pole modular
cn = 3an /2 machine, the eddy-current loss of one segment having an axial
length of is given by
d11n = cn ( mn v)



d12n = bn ( mn v) Pe = P 0 + Pn
d21n = cn ( + mn v) n =1

d22n = bn ( + mn v). where

The eddy-current density in the moving-magnet armature is P0

given by  2
g13 g2


= 2 + 14
2 2
Je (r, zr , t) = [d11n BI 1 (mn r) 
n =3k +1  
g31 g41 cos(2 + m10 zr 0 ) R22 R12 /2
sin(t + mn (zr + vt))
2
d12n sin(t + mn (zr 0 + vt))] g11 f10 g 2 f20
+ + 12

2 2


[d21n BI 1 (mn r)
2g11 g21 f30 cos(2 + m10 zr 0 ) sin(m10 /2)
n =3k +2 m10 m22
AMARA et al.: ANALYTICAL PREDICTION OF EDDY-CURRENT LOSS IN MODULAR TUBULAR PERMANENT-MAGNET MACHINES 769

2g11 g13 f40 sin(m2 /2) f10

+ 
m22 r2
= [BI 0 (m2 r) + BI 2 (m2 r)]2
2g12 g14 f50 sin(m8 /2) 8
+ R 2
m28
((m2 r)2 + 1) 2
2g11 g14 f40 cos(2 + m10 zr 0 ) sin(m2 /2) + (BI 1 (m 2 r))
2m22 R1
m22
 f20
2g12 g13 f50 cos(2 + m10 zr 0 ) sin(m8 /2) 
r2
m28 = [BI 0 (m8 r) + BI 2 (m8 r)]2
8
Pn R 2
 2 ((m8 r)2 + 1) 2
g13n g2 + (BI 1 (m8 r))
= 2 + 14n 2m28 R1
2 2
  2  f30
R2 R12 
g13n g14n cos(2 + m10 zr 0 ) m2 r(m8 /m2 )BI 1 (m2 r)(BI 0 (m8 r) + BI 2 (m8 r))
2 =
2((m8 /m2 )2 1)
2
g11n f11n g 2 f12n
+ + 12n R 2
2 2 m2 rBI 1 (m8 r)(BI 0 (m2 r) + BI 2 (m2 r))
2g11n g12n f13n cos(2 + m10 zr 0 ) sin(m10 /2)
2((m8 /m2 )2 1) R1
m10 m2(3n 2)   R 2
2g11n g13n f14n sin(m(3n 2) /2) f40 = rBI 0 (m2 r) BI 0 (m2 r)dr
+ R1
m2(3n 2)
  R 2
2g12n g14n f15n sin(m(3n +8) /2)
+ f50 = rBI 0 (m8 r) BI 0 (m8 r)dr
m2(3n +8) R1

2g11n g14n f14n cos(2 + m10 zr 0 ) sin(m(3n 2) /2) f11n


m2(3n 2) r2
= [BI 0 (m(3n 2) r) + BI 2 (m(3n 2) r)]2

8
2g12n g13n f15n cos(2 + m10 zr 0 ) sin(m(3n +8) /2) R 2
, (m(3n 2) r)2 + 1
m2(3n +8) + [BI 1 (m (3n 2) r)]2
2m2(3n 2) R1
n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
f12n
9a2 
g11 = r2
10 = [BI 0 (m(3n +8) r) + BI 2 (m(3n +8) r)]2
9a8 8
g12 = R 2
10 (m(3n +8) r)2 + 1 2
+ [BI 1 (m (3n +8) r)]
3 2m2(3n +8) R1
g13 = b2
5
f13n
3b8 
g14 = m(3n 2) r
5 =
2((m(3n +8) /m(3n 2) )2 1)
9(n + 1) a(3n 2) 
g11n =
10 BI 1 (m(3n +8) r)(BI 0 (m(3n 2) r)
9(n + 1)a(3n +8)
g12n =
10 + BI 2 (m(3n 2) r))
3(n + 1)b(3n 2) m(3n +8)
g13n = + BI 1 (m(3n +8) r)(BI 0 (m(3n +8) r)
5 m(3n 2)
3(n + 1)b(3n +8) R 2
g14n = ,
5 + BI 2 (m(3n +8) r))
n = 1, 2, 3, . . . R1
770
f14n
  R 2
= rBI 0 (m(3n 2) r) BI 0 (m(3n 2) r)dr
R1
f15n
  R 2
= rBI 0 (m(3n +8) r) BI 0 (m(3n +8) r)dr
R1
The total eddy-current loss is the sum of losses in all segments.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 20, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2005
Yacine Amara was born in Algiers, Algeria, in 1975.
He received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineer-
ing from the Ecole Nationale Polytechnique of Al-
giers, Algeria, in 1997, the DEA degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Pierre et Marie
Curie (Paris VI), France, in 1998, and the Ph.D. de-
gree from the University of Paris Sud XI (Orsay), in
2001.
From 1998 to 2001, he was a Ph.D. student
in the Laboratoire dElectricite Signaux et Robo-
tique (LESiR), Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan,
France. From 2001 to 2002, he was an Assistant Professor in the Department
of Physics at the University of Paris Sud XI (Orsay). He is now a Research
Associate at the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. His research interests
include the design, modeling, and control of rotating and linear permanent-
magnet machines for automotive applications.
Jiabin Wang (SM03) was born in Jiangsu Province,
China, in 1958. He received the B.Eng. and M.Eng.
degrees in electrical and electronic engineering
from Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,
Zhengjiang, China, in 1982 and 1986, respectively,
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical and electronic engi-
neering from the University of East London, London,
U.K., in 1996.
Currently, he is a Senior Lecturer at the University
of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. From 1986 to 1991, he
was with the Department of Electrical Engineering
at Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, where he was appointed a
Lecturer in 1987 and an Associate Professor in 1990. He was a Postdoctoral
Research Associate at the University of Sheffield from 1996 to 1997, and a
Senior Lecturer at the University of East London from 1998 to 2001. His re-
search interests range from motion control to electromagnetic devices and their
associated drives.
David Howe received the B.Tech. and M.Sc. degrees
in electrical power engineering from the University
of Bradford, Bradford, U.K., in 1966 and 1967, re-
spectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical power
engineering from the University of Southampton,
Southampton, U.K.
Currently, he is a Professor of Electrical En-
gineering at the University of Sheffield, Sheffield,
U.K., where he heads the Electrical Machines and
Drives Research Group. He has held academic posts
at Brunel University, London, U.K., and Southamp-
ton University, and spent a period in industry with NEI Parsons Ltd., Newcastle-
Upon-Tyne, U.K., working on electromagnetic problems related to turbogener-
ators. His research activities span all facets of controlled electrical drive systems
with particular emphasis on permanent-magnet-excited machines.
Dr. Howe is a Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), U.K.,
and of the Royal Academy of Engineering, U.K.