Chapter02 PDF

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Detailed Knowledge
of Anatomy,
Physiology, and
chapter
c hapter 2
Kinesiology
CHAPTER OUTLINE Muscle fiber direction

Tendons
Areas of Competence Fascia
Anatomical Position Joint structure
Planes of Motion Ligaments
Bursae
Cavities of the Body
Dermatomes
Body Movements
Types of Contractions B. Physiology
Muscle Movers Response of the body to stress
Biomechanics and Kinesiology Basic nutrition principles
Muscles
Joints C. Kinesiology
Dermatomes Actions of individual muscles/muscle groups
Nutrition Types of muscle contractions (e.g., concentric,
eccentric, isometric)
The Six Basic Nutrients
Joint movements
Questions
Movement patterns
Answers and Explanations
Proprioception
AREAS OF COMPETENCE NCETMB (26%)

This chapter includes sections that correspond to Same as above with the following additions:
the organization of the NCBTMB exam as follows:
A. Anatomy
NCETM (26%); MBLEx (11%) Primary and extraordinary meridians
Chakras
A. Anatomy
Anatomical position and terminology (e.g., B. Physiology
planes, directions) Meridians/channels (e.g., bladder, liver, spleen)
Individual muscles/muscle groups
Muscle attachments (See Chapter 7 for Traditional Chinese Medicine modalities.)
45
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46 Chapter 2 Detailed Knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology
Strategies to Success
Study Skills
Find a good place to study!
Think about the atmosphere where you study
best. Are you distracted by the slightest noise?
Do you like a certain level of noise to keep you Coronal (frontal)
going and focused? Do you like studying alone plane
or in groups? Also consider your comfort level.
Do you find yourself drifting off when you study
in bed or in a comfortable chair? Is studying at a
desk too uncomfortable? There is no right place Transverse
plane
or way to study. Some people pace the halls while
others find a secluded place where they will not
be bothered. We do suggest finding a place that
is well lighted. Eye strain can make you tired.
Sagittal
Whatever place you pick, make sure it is right for plane
you and study there regularly.
Anatomical Position
When learning and reviewing anatomical terms,
remember to view the body from the anatomical
position (Figure 2-1 and Table 2-1). Figure 2-1 Anatomical position and planes of motion.
Source: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photo by
Planes of Motion JW Ramsey.
Imaginary sections or planes are made in the body in

order to examine the internal anatomy and describe
body position of one body part to another. These
sections are called planes of motion. There are three
planes of motion (see Figure 2-1).
Sagittal plane: This plane separates the body into left

and right. Motions that occur in the sagittal plane run
parallel to the plane (or an imaginary line splitting
the body into left and right). Those motions would be
flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion.
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Chapter 2 Detailed Knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology 47
TABLE 2-1
At a Glance: Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Position Location
Superior (cephalad) Higher than or above. Example: the heart is superior to the pelvis.
Inferior (caudal) Lower than or below. Example: the patella is inferior to the pelvis.
Medial Closest to the midline from anatomical position. Example: the adductor magnus is
medial to the iliotibial band.
Lateral Farther from the midline from anatomical position. Example: the axillary border of
the scapula is lateral to the vertebral border of the scapula.
Proximal Proximal and distal are dealing with the arms, hands, fingers, and feet. This is
because when standing in the anatomical position, the arms are out at an angle.
Therefore, they cannot be superior or inferior. Proximal means closest to the
midline or closer to the root of a limb. Example: the carpals are more proximal
than the metacarpals.
Distal Farther away from the midline in the arms, hands, fingers, feet or farther from
the root of a limb. Example: the phalanges of the foot are more distal than the
metatarsals.
Anterior (ventral) Closer to the front side of the body. Example: the pectoralis major is anterior to the
trapezius.
Posterior (dorsal) Closer to the back side of the body. Example: the erector spinae is posterior to the
rectus abdominus.
Superficial Closer to the skin surface. Also, if you think about a superficial cut, that is one that
can be taken care of with a band-aid. Example: the trapezius is superficial to the
rhomboids.
Deep Closer to the core of the body. Again, think about a cut. If it is deep, it might require
stitches. Example: the vastus intermedius is deep to the rectus femoris.
Transverse plane: This is the plane that separates the Coronal (frontal) plane: The coronal (frontal) plane
body into top and bottom. The motion that occurs in separates the body into front and back. Motions that
the transverse plane runs parallel to the plane (or an occur in the coronal (frontal) plane run parallel to the
imaginary line splitting the body into top and bottom). plane (or an imaginary line splitting the body into front
This motion is rotation (medial, lateral, trunk). and back). These motions are abduction, adduction,
shoulder elevation, and shoulder depression.
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Cavities of the Body The abdominopelvic cavity (organs and structures

below the diaphragm)
The body has two main cavities: the ventral and dorsal
cavities (Figure 2-2).
Dorsal cavity:
Ventral cavity: This cavity is more posterior on the body and contains
This cavity is more anteriorly located on the body and the following:
contains the following:
The cranial cavity (contains the brain)
The thoracic cavity (heart/lungs and area above the The spinal cavity (contains the spinal cord and
diaphragm) vertebrae), also known as the vertebral canal.
Cranial cavity
Dorsal
cavity
Vertebral canal
Mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic
Pleural cavity cavity
Diaphragm
Pericardial cavity
Ventral Diaphragm
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominal
Abdominopelvic cavity
cavity
Abdominopelvic
Pelvic cavity
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
(a) Midsagittal view (b) Coronal (frontal) view
Figure 2-2 The cavities of the body.
Go to the Online Learning Center at

www.mhhe.com/massagereview2e to
practice identifying cavities of the body.
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Body Movements (Table 2-2 and Figure 2-3). It is important as health

There are a variety of body movements. Remember, care professionals that we understand each movement
all body movements are from the anatomical position in order to be consistent with our clients.
TABLE 2-2
At a Glance: Body Movements and Their Descriptions
Movement Description
Flexion a decrease in the angle of a joint
Extension an increase in the angle of a joint
Abduction movement away from the midline
Adduction movement toward the midline
Supination turning the palms of the hands upward, or walking on the outer edge of the foot
Pronation turning the palms of the hands downward, or walking on the inside edge of the foot
Medial rotation rotating toward the midline
(internal rotation)
Lateral rotation rotating away from the midline
(external rotation)
Elevation raising the shoulders upward
Depression lowering the shoulders
Dorsiflexion pulling the toes upward toward the lower leg (flatten the feet)
Plantar flexion pointing the toes (remember the P in point and the P in plantar flexion)
Eversion soles of the feet away from the midline
Inversion soles of the feet in toward the midline
Protraction moving the scapula away from the spine, also called scapular abduction or jutting the
mandible forward
Retraction moving the scapula toward the spine, also called scapular adduction or pulling the
mandible backward
Circumduction moving a body part in a circular motion combining flexion, abduction, extension,
and adduction
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Figure 2-3 Body movements.
Elbow
flexion
Shoulder
extension
Shoulder
flexion
Elbow
extension
Finger
extension
Wrist extension
Finger
flexion
Wrist flexion
Hip flexion
Hip extension
Ankle
Toe extension dorsiflexion
Ankle
plantar
flexion
Toe flexion
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Figure 2-3 (continued)

Knee
flexion Neck Neck
flexion extension
Spine Spine
flexion extension
Knee
extension
Shoulder
abduction
Shoulder
Neck horizontal
Shoulder
lateral abduction
adduction Shoulder
flexion
horizontal
adduction
Spine
lateral
flexion Thumb
adduction
Wrist Wrist
abduction adduction
Thumb
abduction
Finger Finger
adduction abduction
Toe Toe
adduction abduction
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Figure 2-3 (continued)
Shoulder
circumduction
Forearm
supination
Forearm
pronation
Hip
circumduction
Hip
abduction
Hip
adduction
Foot Foot
inversion eversion
Scapular Scapular
retraction protraction
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Figure 2-3 (continued) Head/neck

rotation
Spine
rotation
Finger
circumduction
Shoulder
lateral
rotation
Shoulder
medial
rotation Scapular
upward
rotation
Scapular
downward
rotation
Knee Knee
Hip Hip
lateral medial Scapular
medial lateral
rotation rotation elevation
rotation rotation
Scapular
depression
Mandibular
elevation
Mandibular Mandibular
protraction retraction
Mandibular
depression

practice identifying body movements.
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Types of Contractions (the dumbbell tension will stay the same) or internal
force (such as using weightlifting machines where
A contraction is a shortening or lengthening, as in a the cam makes some movements easier than others).
muscle (Table 2-3). The following list includes com- With internal force, the muscle tension stays the same
mon contractions. throughout the range of motion. Internal force is gen-
erally seen in a gym setting. However, in our normal
Isometric: (iso = same; metric = length) This is when movements, we generally deal with external force, so
the muscle is contracting, but the joint/s is/are not that will be our focus. There are two types of isotonic
moving. For example, push your hands together palm- contractions:
to-palm. You feel the muscles contracting in your arms, 1. Concentricthe lifting phase of movement. The
but the shoulder, elbow, and wrist are not moving. muscles shorten and contract.
Isotonic: (iso = same; tonic = tension) Movement 2. Eccentricthe lowering phase of movement. The
occurs with this type of contraction. The tension is muscles are contracting but lengthening, which
either external force, such as a fifty-pound dumbbell allows us to put things down gently.
TABLE 2-3
At a Glance: Muscle Contractions
Type of Contraction Description
Isometric Stabilizingboth agonist and antagonist exert the same amount of force preventing
movement at the joint.
Isotonic Movement at the joint occurs
1. concentric 1. The agonist (primary mover) shortens while contracting, otherwise known as the
up phase.
2. eccentric 2. The agonist (primary mover) is lengthening while still contracting, otherwise known
as the down phase.
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Muscle Movers Tendons: Tendons attach muscle to bone (for example,

the Achilles tendon attaches the gastrocnemius to the
Agonists (primary movers): Agonists are the main calcaneous).
muscle(s) doing the movements. These are usually the
larger muscles since they have to be strong. Ligaments: Ligaments attach bone to bone (for exam-
ple, the anterior cruciate ligament attaches the femur to
Assisters: The assister muscles help the primary movers the tibia).
in one of two ways:
1. Synergist helps the primary mover by moving the Cartilage: Cartilage provides the cushion between
same way. If the primary mover is in a concen- bones. An example is the two cartilages between the
tric contraction, so is the synergist. If the primary femur and the tibia of the knee.
mover is in an eccentric contraction, so is the
synergist. Fascia: Fascia is a web of tissue that serves to maintain
2. Antagonist helps the primary mover by moving structural integrity by providing support and protection
opposite. If the primary mover is in a concentric while acting as a shock absorber.
contraction, the antagonist is in an eccentric
contraction. Bursa (pl. bursae): Bursa is a small fluid-filled sac that
provides cushion between bones and tendons and/or
Stabilizers: These muscles help prevent motion. We muscles around a joint. They are filled with synovial
usually get hurt when our stabilizers become primary fluid.
movers, such as in lifting something off the floor by
bending at the waist instead of using our legs. See Figures 2-4 and 2-5 for diagrams of main
muscles of the body. Remember, origins are the strong
Connective tissue: The function of connective tissue non moveable ends of a muscle. Insertion is the move-
is to support, protect, and connect other tissues. Types able end. Generally, origins are closer to the center or
of connective tissue relating to the muscular system midline of the body, and insertions are farther away
include tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. from the midline.
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Superficial Deep
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Semispinalis capitis
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Trapezius Levator scapulae

Supraspinatus
Rhomboid minor
Deltoid
Rhomboid major
Infraspinatus
Teres minor Teres minor
Teres major Teres major
Triceps brachii Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus posterior inferior
External oblique
Internal oblique
Extensor digitorum Erector spinae
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus

Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius (cut)
Piriformis
Quadratus femoris
Adductor magnus
Biceps femoris
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
Hamstrings Iliotibial band
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Calcaneal tendon
Figure 2-4
The posterior muscles of the body.
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Superficial Deep 57
Frontal belly
of occipitofrontalis Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus major Masseter
Orbicularis oris
Platysma Sternohyoid
Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Triceps brachii
External intercostal
Biceps brachii Internal intercostal
Brachialis
External oblique Rectus abdominis
Pronator teres Transversus abdominis
Brachioradialis Internal oblique (cut)
Flexor carpi radialis External oblique (cut)
Palmaris longus
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus
Adductor longus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Rectus femoris
Quadriceps femoris Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Fibularis longus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Figure 2-5 Go to the Online Learning Center at

The anterior muscles of the body. www.mhhe.com/massagereview2e to
practice identifying muscles of the body.
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junction. They help keep us from over-contracting

Biomechanics and by sending signals to the interneurons in the spinal
cord, which in turn inhibit the actions of the motor
Kinesiology neurons. This allows the muscle to relax, thus pro-
Biomechanics is the analysis of biological systems tecting the muscle and tendon from excessive tension
in mechanical terms, and kinesiology is the study of damage. So if we try to lift an object that is too heavy,
body movement. The body has muscle spindles and our muscles will respond so that we realize it is too
Golgi tendon organs to help us with body position heavy and drop it. Otherwise, we end up straining a
(proprioception). The benefits of using proper body muscle.
mechanics for massage include the following:
Muscle spindles: A muscle spindle is a stretch recep-
Increased strength and power tor found in the muscle that detects a stretching force
Increased pressure in the muscles. When too much of a stretch occurs, the
Decreased possibility of injury muscle spindles causes a contraction of the muscle to
Enhanced quality and effectiveness of massage prevent overstretching.
Increased career and life span as a therapist/
bodyworker
Muscles
Proprioception: Proprioception is the ability to know Knowledge of muscle origins and insertions is a must
where your body is in space. For example, if you were for any massage therapist or bodyworker. Remember,
to close your eyes and lift your leg up to hip level, you origins are generally the stronger, nonmoveable
would know it was at hip level without having to look. end of the muscle, while insertions are the weaker,
See Chapter 1 for a detailed discussion. moveable end of the muscle. See Figures 2-6 and 2-7
and Table 2-4 for the main muscles of the face and
Golgi tendon organs: Golgi tendon organs are nerve head.
endings located within tendons near a muscletendon
Epicranial
aponeurosis
Epicranius Frontal belly
Temporalis
Occipital belly
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus minor
Levator anguli oris
Masseter Zygomaticus major
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Sternocleidomastoid
Platysma
Figure 2-6 Side view of the muscles of the face.
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Superficial Deep 59
Epicranial aponeurosis
Epicranius
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticus minor
Zygomaticus major Masseter
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Figure 2-7 Muscles of facial expression and mastication.

practice identifying muscles of the face.
TABLE 2-4
At a Glance: Muscles of the Face and Head
Muscle Origin Insertion Action
Epicranius Occipital bone Skin and muscles around eye Raises eyebrow
Orbicularis oculi Maxillary and frontal bones Skin around the eye Closes eye
Orbicularis oris Muscles near the mouth Skin of lips Closes and protrudes lips
Buccinator Outer surface of maxilla Orbicularis oris Compresses cheeks inward
and mandible
Zygomaticus Zygomatic bone Orbicularis oris Raises corner of mouth
Masseter Zygomatic arch Angle and ramus of the Elevates the mandible
mandible
Temporalis Temporal bone and lateral Coronoid process of Closes jaw
surface mandible
Platysma Subcutaneous tissue of Base of mandible, skin of Depresses mandible
infraclavicular and cheek and lower lip, angle (against resistance),
supraclavicular regions of mouth, orbicularis oris tenses skin of inferior
face and neck
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Now, we will take a look at muscles that actu- of the muscle oftentimes tells you the location. For
ally move the head (Figures 2-8 and 2-9). Notice example, splenius cervicus tells you there is an attach-
that some of these muscles attach onto the spine, ment on the cervical vertebrae (cervicus); splenius
clavicle, and ribs to provide stabilization as well capitus tells you there is an attachment on the skull
as movement at the neck and/or head. The name (capitus = head). See Table 2-5.
Deep Deeper
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Splenius capitis (cut)
Splenius cervicis
Scalenus posterior
Figure 2-8 Posterior view of muscles that move the head.
Scalene muscles
Figure 2-9 View of the scalenes: posterior, anterior, and medius.

practice identifying muscles of the neck.
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TABLE 2-5
At a Glance: Muscles That Move the Head
Sternocleidomastoid Manubrium of sternum, Mastoid process of Unilaterally: laterally flexes neck
medial one-third of temporal bone and rotates head to one side
clavicle
Bilaterally: flexes neck and
assists in forced inspiration
Splenius capitis Nuchal ligament, spinous Mastoid process, Unilaterally: rotates the head
process of C7T3 inferior nuchal line- and laterally flexes the neck
lateral region
Bilaterally: extends the head
Splenius cervicus Spinous processes of T3T6 Transverse processes of Unilaterally: rotates the head
C1C3 and laterally flexes the neck
Bilaterally: extends the head
Scalenes posterior Tranverse processes of Rib 2 (superior Unilaterally: laterally flexes the
C5C6 surface) neck, rotates the head
Bilaterally: elevates the second
rib during inhalation
Scalenes anterior Transverse process of Rib 1 (superior Unilaterally: laterally flexes the
C3C6 surface) neck and rotates the head
Bilaterally: elevates the first rib
during inhalation
Scalenes medius Transverse process of Rib 1 (superior Unilaterally: laterally flexes the
C2C7 surface) neck and rotates the head
Bilaterally: elevates the first rib
during inhalation
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Remember, the shoulder girdle muscles either attach and have no action or attachment to the scapula or the
to or move the scapula, or they attach to the clavicle. clavicle (Table 2-6). See Figures 2-10 through 2-12 for
Shoulder joint muscles only move the shoulder joint muscles that move the pectoral girdle and the trunk.
TABLE 2-6
At a Glance: Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Trunk
Trapezius External occipital pro- Lateral one-third of Upper fibers: extends the neck and head, elevates
tuberance, superior clavicle, acromion scapula, and upwardly rotates the scapula
nuchal lines, nuchal process, scapular Bilaterally: extends the head and neck
ligament, spinous spine
Middle fibers: retracts the scapula
processes of C7T12
Lower fibers: depresses the scapula
Rhomboid major Spinous processes of Vertebral border of Retracts the scapula and downwardly rotates
T2T5 scapula the scapula
Rhomboid minor Spinous processes of Vertebral border of Retracts the scapula and downwardly rotates
C7T1 the scapula the scapula
Levator scapulae Transverse processes of Superior angle of Unilaterally: elevates the scapula, downwardly
C1C4 the spine of scap- rotates the scapula, laterally flexes the neck
ula at the root Bilaterally: extends head and neck
Serratus anterior Ribs 18 Anterior medial bor- Protracts the scapula and upwardly rotates the
der of the scapula scapula
Pectoralis minor Ribs 35 Coracoid process Depresses the scapula, protracts the scapula,
of scapula downwardly rotates the scapula, and assists in
forced inspiration
Internal oblique Iliac crest, thoracolum- Ribs 712, linea Unilaterally: laterally flexes and rotates the
bar fascia, inguinal alba vertebral column
ligament Bilaterally: flexes the vertebral column
External oblique Ribs 512 Iliac crest, abdomi- Unilaterally: laterally flexes and rotates
nal fascia, linea the vertebral column
alba Bilaterally: flexes the vertebral column
Rectus Pubic symphysis and Ribs 57 and Flexes the vertebal column, compresses the
abdominus pubic tubercle xiphoid process abdominal contents
Transverse Ribs 712, iliac crest, Abdominal Compresses the abdominal contents
abdominus thoracolumnar aponeurosis,
aponeurosis, inguinal linea alba
ligament
Erector spinae Spinous processes of Mastoid process, Unilaterally: laterally flexes the vertebral
C1L5, nuchal liga- ribs 112, trans- column
ment, posterior iliac verse processes of Bilaterally: extends the vertebral column and
crest, ribs 112, pos- C2T8, occipital head
terior sacrum bone
Quadratus Posterior iliac crest Ribs 12 (inferior Unilaterally: laterally flexes the vertebral column
lumborum surface), trans- and elevates the hip
verse process of Bilaterally: extends the lumbar spine and anteri-
L1L4 orly tilts the pelvis
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Superficial Deep
Levator scapulae
Trapezius
Rhomboid minor Supraspinatus
Rhomboid major Infraspinatus
Deltoid Teres minor
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
Figure 2-10 Muscles of the posterior shoulder. The right trapezius is removed to show underlying muscles.
Superficial Deep
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique (cut)
External oblique (cut)
Figure 2-11 Muscles of the anterior chest and abdominal wall. The right pectoralis is removed to show the pectoralis minor.
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Deep Deeper
Iliocostalis group
Erector spinae Longissimus group
Spinalis group
Internal oblique (cut)
Quadratus lumborum
External oblique (cut)
Figure 2-12 Muscles of the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum.

practice identifying muscles of the
shoulder, chest, and abdominal wall.
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Figures 2-13 and 2-14 show muscles that move shoulder. The origin is the name of the fossa from which
the arm; however, notice that some of the muscles also they originate. The insertion can be remembered by the
affect the shoulder which would make them shoulder subscapularisit is sub standard and is the only rotator
girdle muscles. Note that the rotator muscles are the SITS cuff muscle to attach to the lesser tubercle. The others are
muscles and are listed in the order that they sit on the so great, they attach to the greater tubercle. See Table 2-7.
Superficial Deep
Sternocleidomastoid
Subscapularis
Deltoid
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachii
Figure 2-13 Muscles of the anterior shoulder and arm.

practice identifying muscles of the
shoulder and arms.
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Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii,
long head
Biceps brachii,
short head
Triceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Anterior view
Figure 2-14 Muscles of the arm.

practice identifying muscles of the arms.
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TABLE 2-7
At a Glance: Muscles That Move the Arm
Coracobrachialis Coracoid process of the Medial humeral shaft Flexes and adducts the shoulder
scapula
Pectoralis major Medial half of clavicle Intertubercular groove of Adducts the shoulder, medially
edge of sternal body, ribs the humerus rotates the shoulder, flexes
18 the shoulder (clavicular fibers
only), and extends the shoulder
(sternal and costal fibers)
Teres major Inferior half of the lateral Intertubercular groove of Teres major extends the
border of the scapula the humerus shoulder, medially rotates the
shoulder, adducts the shoulder
Latissimus dorsi Spinous process of T6L5, Intertubercular groove of Extends the shoulder, medially
ribs 912, posterior the humerus rotates the shoulder, adducts
iliac crest, and posterior the shoulder
sacrum
Deltoid Lateral third of clavicle, Deltoid tuberosity of Anterior fibers: flex and
acromion process, scap- humerus medially rotate the shoulder
ular spine Medial fibers: abduct the
shoulder
Posterior fibers: extend and
laterally rotate the shoulder
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa of the Greater tubercle of the Abducts the shoulder
scapula humerus Stabilizes head of humerus in
glenoid cavity
Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa of the Greater tubercle of the Laterally rotates the shoulder
scapula humerus Adducts the shoulder, extends
the shoulder, horizontally
abducts the shoulder
Teres minor Superior half of the lateral Greater tubercle of the Adducts the shoulder and
border of the scapula humerus laterally rotates the shoulder
Extends the shoulder;
horizontally abducts the
shoulder; stabilizes head of
humerus in glenoid cavity
Subscapularis Subscapular fossa of the Lesser tubercle of the Medially rotates the shoulder
scapula humerus
Stabilizes head of humerus in
glenoid cavity
Memory Helper Memory Helper Memory Helper

Internal shoulder Rotator cuff External rotator cuff
rotators muscles muscles
L Latissimus dorsi S Supraspinatus E both E and X stand for
I Internal rotation I Infraspinatus External Rotation
(the action) T Teres minor X
P Pectoralis major S Subscapularis I Infraspinatus
S Subscapularis T Teres minor
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Remember, many muscles names tell you either Figure 2-15b for muscles that move the posterior
the location (brachio = arm and radialis = radius bone), forearm (Table 2-8). Place your hand on the medial
or how many origins they might have (bi = 2, so bicep epicondyle, and you will feel muscles flexing when
has two origins), or the action (supinator supinates the your flex your wrist. The medial epicondyle is the com-
forearm). See Figure 2-15a for muscles that move the mon origin for most wrist flexors. Now place your
anterior forearm (Table 2-8). hand on the lateral epicondyle, and extend your wrist.
Generally speaking, the wrist/finger flexors are The lateral epicondyle is the common origin for most
on the anterior side of the forearm, and the wrist/ wrist extensors. See Table 2-9 for muscles that move the
finger extensors are on the posterior forearm. See wrist, hand, and fingers. See Figures 2-16 and 2-17.
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Pronator teres Extensor carpi

Brachioradialis radialis brevis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor pollicis brevis
(a) (b)
Figure 2-15 Muscles of the forearm.

practice identifying muscles of the forearm.
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TABLE 2-8
At a Glance: Muscles That Move the Forearm
Biceps brachii Long head: supraglenoid Radial tuberosity Flexes the elbow, supinates
tubercle of scapula the forearm, and flexes the
shoulder
Short head: coracoid process
of scapula
Brachialis Distal anterior humeral shaft Ulnar tuberosity Flexes the elbow
Brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge Styloid process of radius Flexes the elbow when
of the humerus the hand is in the neutral
position
Triceps brachii Long head: infraglenoid Olecranon process Extends the elbow and
tubercle of the scapula extends the shoulder
Lateral head: posterior proxi-
mal humeral shaft
Medial head: posterior distal
humeral shaft
Supinator Lateral epicondyle of the Proximal lateral radial Supinates the forearm
humerus, proximal one- shaft
eighth of ulnar shaft, radial
collateral ligament, and
annular ligament
Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of the Lateral proximal radial Pronates the forearm and
humerus and the coronoid shaft flexes the elbow
process of the ulna
Pronator quadratus Anterior distal one-eighth of Anterior distal one- Pronates the forearm
the ulnar shaft eighth of the radial
shaft
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TABLE 2-9
At a Glance: Muscles That Move the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
Flexor carpi radialis Lateral supracondylar Bases of meta- Flexes and abducts the wrist
ridge of the humerus carpals 23
Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial epicondyle of the Base of metacarpal Flexes and adducts the wrist
humerus 5, pisaform, and
hamate
Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of Tranverse carpal lig- Flexes the wrist and cups the palm
humerus ament and palmar
aponeurosis
Flexor digitorum Anterior proximal three- Distal phalanges of Flexes the fingers and the distal inter-
profundus fourths of the ulnar shaft fingers 25 phalangeal joint (DIP), the proximal
interphalangeal joint (PIP), and the
middle phalanx (MP) joints
Extensor carpi Longus: supracondylar Longus: base of Extends and abducts the wrist
radialis longus ridge of the humerus metacarpal 2
and brevis
Brevis: lateral epicondyle Brevis: base of Extends the distal interphalangeal joint
of the humerus metacarpal 3 (DIP), the proximal interphalangal
joint (PIP), and the middle phalanx
(MP) joints
Extensor carpi Lateral epicondyle of the Base of Extends and adducts the wrist
ulnaris humerus metacarpal 5
Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle of the Middle phalanges Extends the wrist and extends the fin-
humerus of the four fingers gers at the DIP, PIP, and MP joints
Extensor pollicis Longus: posterior ulnar Longus: distal Extends the thumb
longus and brevis shaft middle region, phalanx of
posterior radial shaft thumb
middle region, and
interosseous membrane
Brevis: posterior radial Brevis: proximal
shaft distal region and phalanx of
interosseous membrane thumb
Flexor pollicis Longus: anterior radial Longus: distal Flexes the thumb
longus and brevis shaft middle region, phalanx of
interosseous membrane, thumb
and anterior ulnar shaft
middle region
Brevis: trapezium and Brevis: proximal
transverse carpal phalanx of
ligament thumb
Oppenens pollicis Trapezium and transverse Proximal phalanx Flexes and adducts the thumb
carpal ligament of thumb
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Look for similarities among muscle groups. For

example, the quadriceps group (rectus femoris, vastus
medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedialis) all
have a common insertionthe tibial tuberosity. See
Supinator Table 2-10 for muscles that move the hip, thigh, and
knee (Figures 2-18 through 2-22).
Think about the action of the muscle to help you
figure out its location. For example, for the toes to flex,
it makes sense that the flexors be on the plantar aspect
of the foot, whereas the extensors would be on the dor-
Flexor digitorum profundus
sal. Remember, muscles only pull; they never push.
Flexor pollicis See Table 2-11 for muscles that move the ankle, foot,
longus
and toes (Figures 2-23 through 2-26).
Pronator
quadratus
Psoas major
Iliacus
Figure 2-16 Muscles of the wrist and forearm.
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Gracilis
Adductor magnus
Opponens pollicis
Figure 2-17 Oppenens pollicis muscle.

practice identifying muscles of the wrist
and forearm.
Figure 2-18 Deeper muscles of the right anterior thigh.
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Gluteus medius
Tensor
fasciae latae
Sartorius
Gluteus maximus
Iliacus
Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris Psoas major
Vastus lateralis
Tensor
fasciae latae
Biceps femoris,
long head Adductor longus
Semimembranosus Gracilis
Biceps femoris, Sartorius

short head Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Figure 2-19 Muscles of the right lateral thigh.
Figure 2-20 Muscles of the right anterior thigh.
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Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Hamstrings:
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris,
long head
Biceps femoris,
short head

www.mhhe.com/massagereview2e
to practice identifying muscles of the
Figure 2-21 Muscles of the right posterior thigh. thigh and hip.
Gluteus medius (cut)
Gluteus maximus (cut)

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius (cut)

Piriformis
Gluteus maximus (cut)
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
Gracilis
Adductor magnus
Semitendinosus
Figure 2-22 Muscles of the thigh and hip.
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TABLE 2-10
At a Glance: Muscles That Move the Thigh and Leg
Psoas major Transverse processes Lesser trochanter Unilaterally: laterally rotates the hip
and vertebral bodies of Bilaterally: flexes the hip and the verte-
T12L5 bral column
Iliacus Iliac fossa and anterior Lesser trochanter Flexes and laterally roates the hip
inferior iliac spine Flexes hip; extends hip
Gluteus maximus Posterior sacum, poste- Glutal tuberosity Extends, laterally rotates, and abducts
rior coccyx, and poste- (25%) and iliotibial the hip
rior iliac crest band (75%)
Gluteus medius Superior gluteal line Greater trochanter Abducts and medially rotates the hip
Flexes hip; extends hip
Gluteus minimus Inferior gluteal line Greater trochanter Abducts and medially rotates the hip,
and flexes hip
Tensor fasciae latae Anterior iliac crest and Iliotibial band Abducts, flexes, and medially rotates
anterior superior iliac the hip
spine
Adductor longus Pubic tubercle Linea aspera Adducts and flexes the hip, medially
rotates hip
Adductor magnus Ischial tuberosity, infe- Linea aspera and Adducts, flexes, and extends the hip,
rior pubic ramus, and adductor tubercle of and medially rotates hip
ischial ramus the femur
Adductor brevis Inferior pubic ramus Linea aspera Adducts the hip and medially rotates
the hip
Gracilis Inferior pubic ramus Medial proximal tibial Adducts and flexes the hip; flexes and
shaft (pes anerine) medially rotates the knee
Sartorius Anterior superior iliac Medial proximal Flexes, laterally rotates, and abducts
spine tibial shaft (pes the hip; medial and laterally rotates
anserine) the knee when the knee is flexed.
Pectineus Pectineal line of pubis Pectineal line of Adducts and flexes thigh
femur
Hamstrings Group
Biceps femoris Ischial tuberosity Fibular head Flexes the knee, laterally rotates the
knee (when knee is flexed), extends
the hip, medially rotates hip, posteri-
orly tilts the pelvis
Semitendonosis Ischial tuberosity Medial proximal Flexes the knee, medially rotates the
tibial shaft (pes knee (when knee is flexed), extends
anserine) the hip, medially rotates hip, posteri-
Semimembranosis Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of the Flexes the knee, medially rotates the
tibia knee (when knee is flexed), extends
the hip, medially rotates hip, posteri-
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TABLE 2-10 (continued)

Deep Six Hip Rotators
Piriformis Anterior surface of Greater trochanter Laterally rotates hip, abducts the hip
sacrum when the hip is flexed
Quadratus femoris Lateral border of ischial Intertrochanteric Laterally rotates the hip
tuberosity crest, between the
greater and lesser
trochanters
Obturator internus Obturator membrane Medial surface of the Laterally rotates the hip
and inferior surface of greater trochanter
the obturator foramen
Obturator externus Superior and inferior Trochanteric fossa of Laterally rotates the hip
rami of pubis femur
Gemellus superior Ischial spine Upper border of Laterally rotates the hip
greater trochanter
Gemellus inferior Ischial tuberosity Upper border of Laterally rotates the hip
greater trochanter
Quadriceps Group
Rectus femoris Anterior inferior iliac Tibial tuberosity Flexes the hip and extends the knee
spine
Vastus lateralis Linea aspera and Tibial tuberosity Extends the knee
gluteal tuberosity
Vastus Anterior lateral Tibial tuberosity Extends the knee
intermedialis femoral shaft
Vastus medialis Linea aspera Tibial tuberosity Extends the knee
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TABLE 2-11
At a Glance: Muscles That Move the Ankle, Foot, and Toes
Tibialis anterior Lateral tibial shaft and Base of the first metatarsal Dorsiflexes the ankle and
interosseous membrane and cuneiform 1 inverts the foot
Peroneus brevis Lateral distal two-thirds of Base of fifth metatarsal Everts the foot and plantar
(fibularis brevis) the fibular shaft flexes the ankle
Peroneus longus Fibular head and lateral Base of first metatarsal and Everts the foot and plantar
(fibularis longus) proximal two-thirds of the cuneiform 1 flexes the ankle
fibular shaft
Extensor Longus: fibular head, proxi- Longus: middle halanges Extends digits 25 and dor-
digitorum mal two-thirds of fibular 25 and distal phalanges siflexes the ankle (longus
longus and shaft, and lateral condyle of 25. only)
brevis the tibia.
Brevis: calcaneus Brevis: tendons of extensor
digitorum longus
Gastrocnemius Medial and lateral epicon- Calcaneus via the Achilles Plantar flexes the ankle and
dyles of the femur tendon (aka: calcaneal flexes the knee
tendon)
Soleus Superior posterior one-third Calcaneus via the Achilles Plantar flexes the ankle
of the fibular shaft and soleal tendon
line of the tibia
Flexor digitorum Posterior tibial shaft-middle Distal phalanges 25 Flexes digits 25 at the DIP, PIP,
longus region MP joints, and plantar flexes
the ankle
Tibialis posterior Posterior tibial shaft, pos- Navicular bone, third cunei- Inverts the foot and plantar
terior fibular shaft, and form, cuboid, and bases of flexes the ankle
interosseous membrane metatarsals 24
Flexor hallucis Posterior fibular shaft Distal phalanx of big toe Flexes big toe, plantar flexes the
longus ankle, inverts the foot, and
supports the longitudinal arch
Extensor hallucis Anterior fibular shaft, Distal phalanx of big toe Extends the big toe and dorsi-
longus interosseous membrane flexes the ankle
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Confirming Pages
Joints classified as synarthrosis. However, the articulation

between the radius and ulna and between the tibia
In order for muscles to move, we must have joints or and fibula, while fibrous, are functionally classified as
articulations. The main types of joints in our bodies, amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable.
as well as their description, movements, and examples,
are listed below. Cartilaginous: In cartilaginous joints, articulating
bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocar-
Fibrous: With this type of joint, articulating bones are tilage. They provide for limited movement, as when
fastened together by a thin layer of dense connective the back is bent or twisted. An example is the joints
tissue. An example is the sutures between bones of the between the bodies of vertebrae and the symphysis
skull. These joints generally do not move, making them pubis (amphiarthrosis or slightly movable). Another
Gastrocnemius
(cut)
Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius

Tibialis posterior
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis brevis
Flexor digitorum Extensor digitorum

longus longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Extensor digitorum
brevis
Figure 2-24 Muscles of the right anterior leg.
Figure 2-23 Deep posterior, leg muscles.
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Gastrocnemius
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior Lateral head
Medial head
Soleus
Fibularis
longus
Extensor digitorum
longus
Fibularis Extensor hallucis longus

brevis
Flexor hallucis
longus tendon
Extensor
digitorum
brevis
Figure 2-25 Muscles of the right lateral leg.
Figure 2-26 Muscles of the right posterior leg.

example is the hyaline cartilage plate between bones,
which is functionally classified as synarthrosis.
Synovial: With these joints, articulating bones are sur- www.mhhe.com/massagereview2e to
rounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial practice identifying muscles of the leg.
membranes; the ends of articulating bones are covered
by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid.
Several types are listed here. See Figure 2-27. Synovial
3. Gliding: Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or
joints are functionally classified as diarthrosis or freely
slightly curved, which provides sliding or twisting
movable joints.
movements. Gliding joints occur between various
1. Ball-and-Socket: The ball-shaped head of one bone bones of the wrist and ankle, sacroiliac joint, joints
articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another between ribs two and the sternum and rib 7 and
bone. This movement occurs in all planes and the sternum.
rotations. Examples include the shoulder and hip. 4. Hinge: The convex surface of one bone articulates
2. Condyloid: The oval-shaped condyle of one bone with the concave surface of another. This makes
articulates with the elliptical cavity of another. A flexion and extension possible, for example, in the
variety of movements occur in different planes but elbows, joints of phalanges, and knees.
no rotation. An example is the joints between the 5. Pivot: The cylindrical surface of one bone articulates
metacarpals and phalanges. with ring of bone and ligament, and rotates around
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Dens of axis
Atlas
Axis
Pivot joint Ball-and-socket joint
Ilium
Hinge joint
Humerus
Radius
Head of femur
Ulna
Carpal bones
Plane joint Triquetrum

Hamate bone Trapezium
First Saddle joint

metacarpal
bone
Phalanges
Metacarpal bone
Proximal phalanx
Condylar joint
Figure 2-27 Types of synovial joints.

practice identifying these joints.
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Confirming Pages
a central axis. An example is the joint between the

proximal ends of the radius and ulna. Nutrition
6. Saddle: Articulating surfaces have both concave
and convex regions; the surface of one bone fits The Six Basic Nutrients
the complementary surface of another, providing Six basic nutrients are needed in order for our bodies
a variety of movements, for example, the joints to survive.
between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb.
Water: Water assists in many chemical functions,
Dermatomes such as the formation of ATP. That is one reason we
feel fatigued when we are dehydrated. Generally it is
Dermatomes: These are band-like unilateral patterns
recommended to drink half your body weight in ounces
of peripheral nerves or an area or section supplied by a
of water daily; however, some disease situations con-
single spinal nerve. This means that the skin of the body
tradict that. For example, those with congestive heart
may be divided into sensory segments that collectively
failure should follow the recommendations of their
make up a dermatome map. (See Figure 2-28.)
physician as to how much water they should drink.
C2
Cranial nerve (CN V)
C2 C3
C4
C5
C3 C6
C4 C7
C8
C5 T1
T1 T2
T2 C5 C5
T3
T3
T2 T4
T4 T2
T5 T5
T1 T6 T1 T6
T7 T7
T8
T8 T9
T9 T10
C7 T11 C7
T10 C6 C8 T12 C8 C6
C5 T11 C5 L1
L2
T12 L3
L1 L1 L4
S2 S3
S4
S3 S5
C6 C6 Co
L2 L2 L5 L5
C7 C8 C8 C7
L1
S1 S1
L3 L3 S2 S2
L2 L2
L4 L4
L3
L5 L5
S1 S1
L4
S1 S1
L5 L5
Anterior view Posterior view
Figure 2-28 The dermatomes.
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Protein: Twelve to twenty percent of our diet should oils or liquid at room temperature and should make
be made up of protein. Food sources include meats, up no more that twenty percent of our caloric intake.
poultry, beans, and legumes. Protein helps to repair Cholesterol falls into the fat category.
and rebuild muscle. It does not build muscle as some
think . . . exercise does! Vitamins: Vitamins have no caloric value but play a big
role in a healthy diet. We have water soluble vitamins
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates should make up fifty- (B and C). If too much is ingested, our bodies expel the
five to sixty percent of our total diet. Carbohydrates excess through the urine. Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E,
help us to hold onto needed water. We have simple and K) are not expelled easily. Excesses are stored in the
carbohydrates (refined sugars) that should be limited body fat and can create toxicity.
in our diet and complex carbohydrates (breads, pastas,
cereals) that benefit our bodies and provide necessary Minerals: Minerals are generally needed only in trace
energy. Carbohydrates are our primary fuel source amounts. However, two minerals of concern to women
your brain uses twenty percent of all carbohydrates are iron (important during the menstrual cycle years)
just to function. Some carbohydrates are high glycemic and calcium (important during bone growing years
(good to eat after a bout of exercise to replace the fuel of eleven to twenty-five and postmenopausal years).
used), and others are mid/low glycemic (best to eat If supplemental iron or calcium is taken, it should be
before a long bout of exercise). through a physicians recommendation.
Remember, our role in nutrition is to provide basic
Fats: Fats should make up no more than thirty percent information, follow the FDA Food Guide Pyramid
of our total diet. Saturated fats are the bad fats that are (Figure 2-29), and refer to a registered and licensed
generally solid at room temperature and should be no dietitian or the clients physician.
more than ten percent of our diet. Unsaturated fats are
Memory Helper
Cholesterol
There are two main types of cholesterol: HDL (high density
lipoproteins), which are the good or happy cholesterol,
and LDL (low density lipoprotein), which are the bad or
lousy cholesterol.
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Figure 2-29 The FDA Food Guide Pyramid. In 2005, the FDA announced a new food pyramid, seen here alongside the
previous pyramid, which you will need to know for your exam.
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5. The muscle that is also known as the six pack

Strategies to Success is the
A. external oblique.
Test-Taking Skills B. rectus abdominus.
C. internal oblique.
No tricks, just focus!
D. transverse abdominus.
Always read all of the responses to a question
6. The insertion for the triceps brachii is
before answering. If you choose an answer too
A. radial tuberosity.
quickly, you might miss the best answer. Do not
B. supraglenoid fossa.
make assumptions about the questions and how
C. coracoid process.
the writer of the question might be trying to trick
D. olecranon process.
you. Use only the information provided in the
question, and choose the best answer based on 7. External rotators of the shoulder are
your knowledge of the subject. A. supraspinatus and teres minor.
B. subscapularis and supraspinatus.
C. teres major and infraspinatus.
D. teres minor and infraspinatus.
8. A band of connective tissue that wraps around
*Some questions are not directly addressed in this
tendons is called
chapter, but are meant to act as a general review of
A. retinaculum.
subjects studied in various school curriculums.
B. aponeurosis.
C. fascia.
D. myocardium.
Questions 9. If your client has an anterior pelvic tilt, this means
that the
Detailed Knowledge of Anatomy,
A. hamstrings are tight and the rectus femoris is
Physiology, and Kinesiology
stretched.
NCETM (26%); MBLEx (11%); and B. rectus femoris is tight and the biceps femoris
NCETMB (26%) is stretched.
C. biceps femoris is tight and the rectus femoris
1. The type of stretching where temporary lengthen- is stretched.
ing of the muscle is the goal is called D. hamstrings are tight and the iliopsoas is
A. stretch reflex. stretched.
B. elastic elongation.
10. If your client has an exaggerated outward curve of
C. plastic elongation.
the thoracic spine, he or she is
D. post-event stretch.
A. kyphotic.
2. When the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) B. lordotic.
is lower than the posterior superior iliac spine C. sway back.
(PSIS) in postural analysis, this means D. scolitic.
A. an anterior pelvic tilt.
11. Your client is internally rotated at the shoulders.
B. a posterior pelvic tilt.
This means you need to focus on what muscles in
C. a high hip.
his or her massage session?
D. None of the above are correct.
A. infraspinatus and teres minor
3. The insertion of the sternocleidomastoid is B. latissimus dorsi and teres minor
A. manubrium. C. supraspinatus and latissimus dorsi
B. medial clavicle. D. subscapularis and latissimus dorsi
C. sternum.
12. Which of the following represents poor body
D. mastoid process.
mechanics or positioning?
4. Two muscles that insert on rib 1 are A. bending at the waist to increase leverage
A. posterior scalenes and anterior scalenes. B. hands and arms relaxed to the side of the body
B. middle scalenes and anterior scalenes. C. knees slightly bent with weight evenly dis-
C. posterior scalenes and sternocleidomastoid. tributed on both feet
D. posterior scalenes only. D. shoulders relaxed
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13. The anterior cruciate ligament attaches the C. vastus lateralis

A. humerus to the radius. D. semimembranosus
B. anterior side of each vertebrae.
22. What are the three muscles that attach to the
C. femur and the tibia.
coracoid process?
D. fibula and the femur.
A. pectoralis minor, biceps brachii, and
14. What type of muscle is NOT striated? coracobrachialis
A. visceral B. pectoralis major, biceps brachii, and
B. cardiac coracobrachialis
C. mylineated C. pectoralis major, brachialis, and coracobrachialis
D. skeletal D. pectoralis minor, brachialis, and
coracobrachialis
15. The vastus lateralis muscle inserts at the
A. posterior medial tibial condyle. 23. The tibialis anterior muscle attaches at the base of the
B. tibial tuberosity. A. first metatarsal and dorsiflexes the foot.
C. posterior lateral tibial condyle. B. first metatarsal and plantar flexes the foot.
D. ischial tuberosity. C. fifth metatarsal and dorsiflexes the foot.
D. fifth metatarsal and plantar flexes the foot.
16. The nerve endings located in the tendon that
protect the tendon and muscle from over- 24. Another name for a hairline fracture is a
contracting and are over-ridden in fight or flight A. stress fracture.
are called B. comminuted fracture.
A. Golgi tendon organs. C. compression fracture.
B. muscle spindles. D. compound fracture.
C. proprioceptors.
25. The joint type that allows for the most range of
D. stretch reflex.
motion is the
17. The hip joint is made up of A. diarthroses.
A. the femur and infraglenoid fossa. B. synchondrosis.
B. the femur and the pubic symphysis. C. sutured.
C. the femur and the acetabulum. D. fibrous.
D. the femur and the ischium.
26. The ligament that helps support the femur-tibia
18. The medial malleolus is the distal end of the joint is the
A. radius. A. deltoid ligament.
B. ulna. B. anterior cruciate ligament.
C. tibia. C. glenoid labrum.
D. fibula. D. femoral acetabulum ligament.
19. The muscles that perform mastication are the 27. Your client has hurt his or her ankle. It is very
A. masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, swollen and discolored. He or she may have what
and temporalis. type of injury?
B. masseter, suprahyoid, platysma, and A. a third-degree sprain
temporalis. B. a third-degree strain
C. masseter, omohyoid, temporalis, and C. a first-degree sprain
platysma. D. a first-degree strain
D. masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral ptery goid,
28. A muscle that when tight can cause sciatica and
and platysma.
externally rotate the hip is the
20. The deep six hip rotators include all of the follow- A. gluteus maximus.
ing except B. gluteus minimus.
A. gemellus superior. C. iliopsoas.
B. gemellus interior. D. piriformis.
C. quadratus femoris.
29. A muscle that flexes the knee and extends the hip
D. obturator internus.
is the
21. Which of the following muscles does NOT attach A. biceps femoris.
to the os coxae? B. rectus femoris.
A. internal oblique C. vastus lateralis.
B. sartorius D. gluteus maximus.
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30. All of the following are rotator cuff muscles C. ramus.

except the D. acetabulum.
A. teres minor.
39. The ligaments that help prevent rotation of the
B. teres major.
knee are the
C. subscapularis.
A. anterior cruciate and the posterior cruciate.
D. supraspinatus.
B. medial collateral and the lateral collateral.
31. The origin of the deltoid muscle is the C. the inferior cruciate and the superior
A. lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion pro- cruciate.
cess, and crest of scapular spine. D. the patellar ligament.
B. medial one-third of clavicle, acromion pro-
40. Which specific joint in the body is the most mobile?
cess, and crest of scapular spine.
A. the shoulder
C. lateral one-third of clavicle, glenoid fossa,
B. the hip
and crest of scapular spine.
C. the metacarpal-phalange
D. deltoid tuberosity.
D. the wrist
32. What nerve innervates the trapezius?
41. Synovial joints functional classification is
A. spinal accessory
A. synarthrosis.
B. long thoracic
B. diarthrosis.
C. pectoral nerve
C. amphiarthrosis.
D. trapezius nerve
D. symphysis.
33. What is the insertion of the long head of the triceps? 42. The mouth opens in a hinge-like motion due to
A. olecranon process which joint?
B. infraglenoid fossa A. temporopteygoid joint
C. supraglenoid fossa B. maxilla-mandibular joint
D. coracoid process C. ethmoid-sphenoid joint
34. What muscles flex the elbow? D. temporomandibular joint
A. triceps and anconeus 43. Paresthesia is a medical term for
B. brachialis, biceps brachii, and supinator A. paralysis.
C. brachioradialis, supinator, and coracobrachialis B. prickly, tingling feeling in a limb.
D. pronator teres, brachioradialis, and brachialis C. an abnormal opening.
35. What muscles extend the elbow? D. excessive thirst.
A. triceps and anconeus 44. How many types of synovial joints are there?
B. brachialis, biceps, and supinator A. three
C. brachioradialis, supinator, and coracobrachialis B. four
D. pronator teres, brachioradialis, and brachialis C. five
36. What are the boundaries/borders of the cubital D. six
fossa? 45. Which of the following is NOT one of the carpal
A. semitendonosis, sartorius, and biceps femoris. bones?
B. brachioradialis, pronator teres, and the line A. hamate
between the humeral epicondyles. B. scaphoid
C. adductor magnus, gracilis, and adductor C. lunate
brevis. D. cuneiform
46. All of the following muscles form the tendon of
37. What two muscles are connected by the broad the ligamentum patellae except
epicranial aponeurosis? A. rectus femoris.
A. temporalis and occipitalis B. vastus lateralis.
B. temporalis and frontalis C. biceps femoris.
C. frontalis and occipitalis D. vastus intermedialis.
D. frontalis and masseter
47. The weight-bearing part of the foot is
38. The meeting of the ilium, ischium, and pubis A. calcaneus.
forms the B. heads of metatarsal bones one and five.
A. pubis symphysis. C. heads of metatarsal bones one through five.
B. ischial tuberosity. D. Both A and B are correct.
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48. The border of the posterior triangle of the neck 57. Which of the following is a rounded bony land-
are all of the following except mark that is for articulation?
A. middle one-third of the clavicle. A. epicondyle
B. sternocleidomastoid. B. tuberosity
C. latissimus dorsi. C. condyle
D. trapezius. D. fossa
49. Hinge joints allow what type of movements? 58. What structure in the popliteal fossa makes this
A. abduction and adduction area an endangerment site?
B. medial and lateral rotation A. sciatic nerve
C. flexion and extension B. tibial nerve
D. circumduction C. the posterior thigh nerve
50. The cartilage that surrounds and protects the ends D. peroneal nerve
of long bones is called
A. fibrocartilage. 59. What anatomical structure should be avoided
B. hyaline cartilage. when massaging around the sartorius and adduc-
C. periosteum. tor longus muscles?
D. None of the above are correct. A. sciatic nerve
B. popliteal artery
51. The class of joints where bones or cartilage are C. inferior vena cava
joined only by fibrous tissue are called D. femoral artery
A. fibrous.
B. syndesmosis. 60. All of the following are general effects of heat
C. hinge. except
D. condylar. A. increased blood flow.
52. The bony projection on C2 is called the B. decreased metabolic rate.
A. axis. C. increased pulse rate.
B. atlas. D. dialation of peripheral blood vessels.
C. odontoid. 61. Which of the following is considered an ellipsoi-
D. None of the above are correct. dal joint?
53. Movement between C1 and the skull is A. wrist
A. flexion/extension. B. elbow
B. lateral flexion. C. knee
C. rotation. D. hip
D. No movement occurs here.
62. Your client has had an inversion ankle sprain. The
54. Movement between C1 and C2 is muscle that should be strengthened is the
A. flexion/extension. A. tibialis anterior.
B. lateral flexion. B. posterior tibalis.
C. rotation. C. gastrocnemius.
D. No movement occurs here. D. peroneus longus.
55. What bone is on the anterior neck?
A. thyroid 63. The carotid sinus is located
B. cricoid A. posterior neck triangle.
C. hyoid B. anterior neck triangle.
D. thymus C. brachial plexus area.
D. deltopectoral area.
56. All of the following muscles form the border of
the popliteal fossa except 64. Ligaments are
A. biceps femoris. A. slow to heal.
B. gastrocnemius. B. receive poor blood supply.
C. semimembranosus. C. attach bone to bone.
D. gracilis. D. All of the above are correct.
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65. The lubricating fluid that is found in moveable C. production of heat

joints is called D. exchange of gases
A. serous fluid.
B. synovial fluid. 74. The ischial tuberosity is located on the
C. arthropometric fluid. A. ischium.
D. diarthrotic fluid. B. ilium.
C. sacrum.
66. The anterior superior iliac spine is located on
D. pubic bone.
which bone?
A. vertebrae 75. The largest joint in the body
B. hyoid A. shoulder.
C. ischium B. knee.
D. ilium C. hip.
67. This joint allows pronation and supination of the D. elbow.
hand 76. The sensory receptors stimulated by both tension
A. radioulnar.
and excessive stretch and activated an inhibitory
B. intercarpal.
response in the motor neuron are called
C. radiocarpal.
D. ulnarcarpal. A. muscle spindles.
B. Golgi tendon organs.
68. The abdominal muscle group includes all of the C. baroreceptors.
following except D. proprioceptors.
A. rectus femoris.
B. rectus abdominus. 77. Which muscle crosses two joints?
C. internal oblique. A. anconeus
D. external oblique. B. brachialis
69. The coranoid process is located on the
C. gastrocnemius
A. radius. D. soleus
B. ulna. 78. The function of ligaments is
C. scapula. A. to provide mobility.
D. clavicle.
B. to stabilize the joint.
70. The most abundant and widely distributed tissue C. to cushion.
of the body is D. None of the above are correct.
A. connective tissue.
B. epithelial tissue. 79. The sciatic nerve can be compressed and irritated
C. serous tissue. when which muscle is tight?
D. tendons. A. biceps femoris
B. rectus abdominus
71. Which muscle is the only muscle that moves the C. adductor magnus
head but does not attach to any vertebrae?
D. piriformis
A. scalenes
B. trapezius 80. The type of movement that occurs at the distal
C. splenius capitus radioulnar joint is
D. sternocleidomastoid A. gliding.
72. The muscle that can entrap the brachial nerve, B. abduction.
artery, and vein is pectoralis minor and C. circumduction.
A. SCM. D. rotation.
B. scalenes.
81. Your clients lower back hurts when he or she
C. spenius capitus.
lies flat. The muscles that might be tight would
be
73. Which of the following is not a function of the A. iliopsoas and rectus femoris.
muscular system? B. iliopsoas and biceps femoris.
A. creating external and internal movement C. quadratus femoris and rectus femoris.
B. maintaining posture D. quadratus lumborum and biceps femoris.
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82. Winged scapula is weakness in which muscle? 91. The bones of the vertebral column, skull, hyoid,
A. supraspinatus and pelvis make up the
B. infraspinatus A. appendicular skeleton.
C. serratus anterior B. diarthrotic skeleton.
D. subscaularis C. axial skeleton.
83. From the anatomical position, the semitendonosis D. axis skeleton.
is immediately superficial to the
92. The pes anserine is made up of all of the following
A. biceps femoris.
muscles except
B. semimembranosus.
A. sartorius.
C. rectus femoris.
B. semimembranosus.
D. plantaris.
C. gracilis.
84. Fats are classified as D. semitendonosis.
A. solid or liquid.
B. saturated or unsaturated. 93. Golfers elbow is irritation on the
C. water soluble or fat soluble. A. lateral epicondyle.
D. Both A and B are correct. B. medial epicondyle.
C. olecranon process.
85. The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the D. radial tuberosity.
A. ischial tuberosity.
B. xiphoid process. 94. This bone is also known as the atlas
C. patella. A. C2.
D. malleolus. B. C1.
86. The muscles used in forced expiration are C. L2.
A. diaphragm and abdominals. D. S1.
B. abdominals. 95. Slow, light, and rhythmic movements are sooth-
C. internal and external intercostals. ing to the nerves because they produce a low level
D. external intercostals and levator scapula. of excitement to the nervous system, whereas
87. The joint that is generally involved in a shoulder vigorous movements
separation is the A. stimulate the parasympathetic nervous
A. glenohumeral. system.
B. acromioclavicular. B. decrease synaptic transmission.
C. coracoid-humeral. C. excite nociceptors.
D. humeral-scapular. D. stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
88. Migraine headaches are generally 96. The receptors for vibration and touch are called the
A. tension headaches. A. proproceptors.
B. vascular headaches. B. nociceptors.
C. phantom headaches. C. mechanoreceptors.
D. All of the above are correct. D. noreceptors.
89. A tough, dense material that has the greatest
97. First stages of healing result in
tensile strength and is found in the intervertebral
A. increased fibrin production.
discs is
B. histamine release.
A. elastic cartilage.
C. redness of skin.
B. fibrocartilage.
C. hyaline cartilage. D. collagen remodeling.
D. osseous cartilage. 98. Functions of the connective tissue include all of
90. This is referred to as the yes-yes joint the following except
A. atlanto-occipital joint. A. nutrient transportation.
B. atlantoaxial joint. B. defense against disease.
C. acromioclavicular joint. C. clotting mechanisms.
D. the occipital-temporal joint. D. neural transport.
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99. Fluid found in all diarthrotic joints is 108. The ability of a muscle to return to its original
A. synovial. shape after being stretched is known as
B. serous. A. irritability.
C. tissue. B. contractibility.
D. visceral. C. plastic elongation.
D. PNF.
100. Nerve endings that are pressure sensitive and
respond to skin displacement are 109. The three main types of connective tissue of the
A. free nerve endings. skeletal or muscular system are all of the following
B. Meissners corpuscles. except
C. Pacinians corpuscles. A. ligaments.
D. Krauses end bulbs. B. joint capsule.
101. What layer of connective tissue wraps around the C. cartilage.
entire muscle? D. tendons.
A. endomysium 110. The common origin of the hamstrings is the
B. ectomysium A. medial tibal condyle.
C. perimysium B. lateral tibal condyle.
D. epimysium C. PSIS.
102. Which bones are not one of the five classifications? D. ischial tuberosity.
A. long 111. Which area of the spine has the most vertebrae?
B. short A. cervical
C. regular B. thoracic
D. sesmoid C. lumbar
103. Certain massage strokes create minute muscle D. sacral
contractions by
112. The name of the upper jaw bone is the
A. increasing Golgi tendon organs response.
A. zygomatic.
B. increasing muscle spindle activity.
B. masseter.
C. increasing lymph flow.
C. mandible.
D. stimulation of the myosin.
D. maxilla.
104. Cartilage that is found on the tip of the nose and
the lobes of the ears is called 113. Receptors responding to air vibrations or sound
A. fibrocartilage. waves are the
B. hyaline cartilage. A. mechanoreceptors.
C. meniscus. B. chemoreceptors.
D. elastic cartilage. C. photoreceptors.
D. nociceptors.
105. Carbohydrates are classified as
A. solid or liquid. 114. Lumbricles are located in the
B. mono-, di-, tri-, and polysaccharides. A. hands.
C. water soluble or fat soluble. B. feet.
D. saturated or unsaturated. C. lumbar vertebrae.
D. Both A and B are correct.
106. All of the following are types of connective tissue
except 115. Small canals found in the bone that help to
A. blood. nourish it are called
B. cartilage. A. Pacinian canals.
C. ligaments. B. Haversian canals.
D. organs. C. Meissner canals.
D. marrow.
107. All of the following are functions of adipose tissue
except 116. The capitulum of the humerus articulates with
A. protection. A. lateral condyles of the humerus.
B. thermal heat. B. olecranon.
C. movement. C. ulnar head.
D. insulation. D. radial head.
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117. The sternum articulates with how many ribs? C. heat stroke.
A. twelve pairs D. heat exhaustion.
B. six pairs
C. seven pairs 126. If your client has an exaggerated outward curve of
D. five pairs the thoracic spine, he or she is
A. kyphotic.
118. The greater amount of rotation in the spine occurs B. lordotic.
in the C. sway back.
A. thoracic region. D. scoliotic.
B. cervical region.
C. lumbar region. 127. Another term for pes planus is
D. sacral region. A. flat feet.
B. high arches.
119. Which bone is not in the distal row of the carpals?
C. lost transverse arch.
A. capitate
B. hamate
C. lunate 128. The pear-shaped sac located on the right side of
D. trapezoid the body that stores bile is called the
120. What are the major actions of the peroneus longus A. liver.
and brevis? B. pancreas.
A. Inversion and dorsiflexion of the foot C. gallbladder.
B. Inversion and plantar flexion of the foot D. stomach.
C. Eversion and plantar flexion of the foot
129. A client with lordosis may experience a reduction in
D. Eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot
low back discomfort if a pillow is placed under the
121. Your client has an anterior pelvic tilt. In addition A. abdomen in the prone position.
to the quads and iliopsoas, what other muscle B. chest in the prone position.
would tilt the pelvis anteriorly if tight? C. pelvis in the prone position.
A. gluteus maximus D. None of the above are correct.
B. piriformis
C. biceps femoris 130. Stretching can be done by the therapist
D. Tensor fascia latae/ITB with no assistance from the client or by the
client with no assistance from the therapist.
122. The quadriceps muscles are all of the following A. passively; actively
except B. actively; passively
A. vastus lateralis. C. PNF; MET
B. rectus femoris. D. ballistically; statically
C. biceps femoris.
D. vastus intermedialis. 131. A muscle synergistic to the biceps brachii is the
A. brachialis.
123. What is the largest muscle in the body?
B. coracobrachialis.
A. sartorius
C. brachioradialis.
B. gluteus maximus
D. triceps.
C. quadriceps
D. abdominas 132. Repetitive motion injuries are caused by
124. When the quads receive information to contract A. repeated flexing and extending of a joint
and the hamstrings receive information to relax, against resistance.
this is known as B. normal daily activities.
A. muscle tone. C. manual manipulation of tools.
B. atrophy. D. Both A and C are correct.
C. reciprocal inhibition. 133. When the hamstrings are acting as an antagonist,
D. sliding filament theory. the movement is
125. The type of heat illness that is a medical emer- A. hip extension.
gency is B. knee extension.
A. heat cramps. C. knee flexion.
B. hypothermia. D. Both A and C are correct.
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134. Which muscle is not a part of the shoulder girdle C. orbicularis oris
group? D. temporalis
A. pectoralis minor 144. When the serratus anterior contracts, what move-
B. trapezius ment takes place?
C. deltoid A. scapular retraction
D. bicep brachii B. scapular protraction
135. Where is the least amount of movement in the C. scapular elevation
spine? D. scapular depression
A. C3C6 145. Which muscle depresses the ribs?
B. T4T6 A. scalenes
C. T1T3 B. pectoralis minor
D. L4L5 C. internal intercostals
136. The muscle that initiates shoulder abduction is D. external intercostals
A. the medial deltoid. 146. Which muscle is also known as the hip hiker?
B. supraspinatus. A. quadratus femoris
C. subscapularis. B. quadratus lumborum
D. latissimus dorsi. C. quadratus teres
137. Plantar fasciitis can be caused by all of the follow- D. latissimus dorsi
ing except 147. The trapezius is to the rhomboids.
A. old shoes. A. superficial
B. high arches. B. deep
C. low arches. C. medial
D. tight peroneals. D. superior
138. When slowly sitting down in a chair, how are 148. In placing the bolster under the ankle when the
muscles being worked? client is prone, you are preventing excessive
A. hamstrings concentrically A. dorsiflexion of the ankle.
B. quadriceps eccentrically B. flexion of the knee.
C. gluteals concentrically C. plantar flexion.
D. all of the above D. None of the above are correct.
139. Which muscle abducts the hip? 149. The metacarpals are to the carpals.
A. gluteus maximus A. proximal
B. gluteus medius B. distal
C. hamstrings C. medial
D. gracilis D. lateral
140. Another name for the cheek bone is the 150. Muscles that adduct the femur include all of the
A. temporalis bone. following except
B. ethmoid bone. A. adductor magnus.
C. zygomatic bone. B. gracilis.
D. pterygoid. C. sartorius.
D. pectineus.
141. The ITB is to the gracilis.
A. medial 151. In lordosis, which muscles would be weakened?
B. lateral A. quadriceps
C. superior B. hamstrings
D. proximal C. iliopsoas
D. quadratus lumborum
142. The function of the masseter muscle is to
A. extend the jaw. 152. When the body is standing with the hands supi-
B. retract the jaw. nated, arms slightly abducted, and feet facing
C. open the jaw. forward, this is known as the
D. close the jaw. A. Traditional Chinese Medicine anatomical
position.
143. Which muscle helps us to smile? B. Northern anatomical position.
A. zygomaticus C. Western anatomical position.
B. masseter D. essential medical position.
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153. With your clients elbow bent to ninety degrees, 160. Which of the following is not part of the iliopsoas
you apply resistance as he pulls his hand toward muscle?
the navel. Pain is felt. This would be inflamma- A. iliacus
tion of B. psoas major
A. latissimus dorsi. C. psoas minor
B. pectoralis major. D. iliacus major
C. subscapularis.
161. If the erector spinae is contracted bilaterally, this
D. All of the above are correct.
would result in
154. The most common ankle sprain is the inversion A. scoliosis.
sprain because B. kyphosis.
A. the medial malleolus is lower on the medial C. rotation.
side. D. lordosis.
B. because the stronger ligaments are on the
162. If a client has torn his or her supraspinatus mus-
lateral side of the ankle.
cle, he or she will not be able to
C. because the lateral malleolus is lower on the
A. open a door.
lateral side.
B. hold his or her arm out to the side.
D. because talo fibular ligament is not in a
C. push a grocery cart.
mechanically strong place.
155. You are performing a push-up. You get about
163. If a client has drop foot, the muscle affected is
halfway off the floor and cannot push the rest of
A. gastrocnemius.
the way up. You struggle to go up, but you will
B. soleus.
not move. What type of muscle contraction is
C. anterior tibialis.
occurring on the biceps brachii?
D. peroneals.
A. isometric
B. isotonic 164. A concentric contraction of the biceps femoris
C. eccentric results in
D. concentric A. hip extension.
B. hip flexion.
156. Your client states he or she was running outdoors,
C. knee extension.
planted his or her foot and twisted the knee,
D. internal hip rotatation.
which is now painful and swollen. What structure
may be damaged? 165. A concentric contraction of the biceps brachii results in
A. the ACL A. elbow extension.
B. the PCL B. shoulder extension.
C. the MCL C. shoulder adduction.
D. the patellar tendon D. elbow flexion.
157. Which rotator cuff muscle does not rotate the 166. When standing and performing trunk flexion, the
humerus? primary muscle mover is
A. supraspinatus A. rectus abdominus.
B. infraspinatus B. internal/external oblique.
C. teres minor C. erector spinae eccentrically.
D. subscapularis D. None of the above are correct.
158. Which end of the muscle has the most 167. In order to strengthen anterior tibialis, your client
movement? can
A. the ligament A. walk on his or her heels only.
B. the insertion B. walk on his or her toes.
C. the origin C. perform heel raises.
D. none of the above D. All of the above are correct.
159. The kissing muscle is the 168. Thrusting the lower jaw forward is called
A. buccinator. A. protraction.
B. masseter. B. retraction.
C. orbicularis oris. C. elevation.
D. platysma. D. depression.
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169. The three muscles that cause internal shoulder 178. Another term for scapular adduction is
rotation include all of the following except A. horizontal shoulder flexion.
A. infraspinatus. B. protraction.
B. latissimus dorsi. C. retraction.
C. pectoralis major. D. extension.
D. subscapularis.
179. In performing a squat, the stabilizer would be
170. Starches belong to which basic nutrient group? A. gastrocnemius/soleus.
A. proteins B. rectus abdominus.
B. fats C. iliopsoas.
C. meats D. hamstrings.
D. carbohydrates
180. The fat-soluble vitamins include all of the follow-
171. When the sole of the foot is turned outward, this ing except
is called A. A.
A. inversion. B. E.
B. eversion. C. B.
C. pronatiaon. D. K.
D. supination.
181. The basic nutrients include the following except
172. Which muscle flexes the knee and attaches to the A. carbohydrates.
fibula? B. cholesterol.
A. biceps femoris C. fats.
B. rectus femoris D. protein.
C. semitendonosis
182. Guidelines to consider when using herbs or sup-
D. semimembranosis
plements include
173. What muscle initiates walking? A. more is not necessarily better.
A. iliopsoas B. ask friends their dosage since one dosage is
B. vastus lateralis suitable for all.
C. vastus medialis C. if the dosage does not work quickly, change
D. hamstrings your dosage.
D. All of the above are correct.
174. Your client is having trouble laterally flexing his
or her head. Which muscle is not involved? 183. An excellent natural antibiotic is
A. sternocleidomastoid A. basil.
B. splenius capitus B. jojoba.
C. cervical lamina C. licorice.
D. splenius cervicus D. garlic.
175. When stepping down off a curb, what kind of 184. The appropriate amount of carbohydrates in the
contraction is occuring? diet according to the American Dietetic Associa-
A. concentric on the quads tion (ADA) is
B. eccentric on the quads A. twelve to twenty percent.
C. concentric on the hamstrings B. forty-five to sixty-five percent.
D. eccentric on the hamstrings C. ten to twenty percent.
D. more than thirty percent.
176. The three muscles of the erector spinae in order
from most lateral to most medial are 185. The most unhealthy fats are called
A. longissimus, spinalis, and iliocostalis. A. unsaturated.
B. spinalis, iliocostalis, and longissimus. B. HDL.
C. iliocostalis, spinalis, and longissimus. C. saturated.
D. iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis. D. LDL.
177. The most distal bones of the foot are called 186. High glycemic foods are
A. tarsals. A. foods that are low in sugar.
B. phalanges. B. foods that are high in sugar.
C. carpals. C. foods best eaten before a long bout of exercise.
D. metatarsals. D. Both A and C are correct.
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Confirming Pages
187. are one of the six basic nutrients with no

caloric value that are needed in the body in small Answers and Explanations
(trace) amounts.
A. Vitamins Detailed Knowledge of Anatomy,
B. Proteins Physiology, and Kinesiology
C. Minerals NCETM (26%); MBLEx (11%);
D. Fats and NCETMB (26%)
188. Vitamins that can be harmful to the body if taken
1. B Remember, rubber bands are elastic and
in huge amounts are called
temporarily lengthen before going back to
A. fat soluble.
their original length. Plastic elongation is more
B. water soluble.
permanent, like the plastic bottle that will
C. vitamin C.
maintain its shape. Therefore, elastic elonga-
D. vitamin B.
tion is temporary and more for pre-event or pre-
189. One gram of fat equals calories. exercise with the goal of preparing you for
A. four exertional movement. Plastic elongation
B. seven stretch is for post-exercise to help improve, in a
C. nine more permanent way, flexibility.
D. twelve 2. A Think of your pelvis as a basin of water. Tilt
190. The glucose amount that is ideal in sports drinks is the basin downward in the front, and the water
A. more than ten percent. spills out in front. If the pelvis does the same
B. ten to twelve percent. movement, this is an anterior pelvic tilt. In this
C. less than five percent. case, the anterior superior iliac spine is tilted
D. six to eight percent. down or lower in front than the posterior iliac
spine in back. This is commonly seen in peo-
191. Which vitamin best helps the body to absorb ple whose pants are higher in the back on the
calcium? waist and low in front on the waist.
A. vitamin A
B. vitamin B 3. D The origin is the medial clavicle and the manu-
C. vitamin C brium of the sternum. The insertion, which is
D. vitamin D the question, is the mastoid process.
4. B The posterior scalenes attaches to rib 2; the
192. Which mineral is a concern for those taking
sternocleidomastoid attaches to the clavicle
diuretics because it tends to be flushed out of the
and the sternum, not to the ribs.
body easier?
A. zinc 5. B When someone is very toned with low body
B. potassium fat, the rectus abdominus gives the appearance
C. calcium of separate little muscle bulges, thus the name
D. chromium six pack.
193. Organic acid(s) that assist in the production of 6. D The other three answer choices listed are ori-
ATP are gins and insertions for the biceps brachii.
A. chromium. 7. D Remember the EX in EXternal, the I in Infraspina-
B. creatine. tus, and the T in Teres minor, and you have EXIT.
C. potassium.
D. Both A and B are correct. 8. A Aponeurosis is a flat, broad tendon that
attaches skeletal muscle to bone, to another
194. A plant that is excellent to use on minor burns is muscle, or to skin; myocardium is the muscle
A. aloe vera. of the heart; fascia is the lining around muscles,
B. licorice. blood vessels, and nerves that connects them to
C. ivy. surrounding tissue to hold them in place.
D. wild cherry bark.
9. B An anterior pelvic tilt means muscles attaching
195. The following are true concerning sugar except to the anterior side of the pelvis are pulling it
A. can improve the immune system. downward in the front (the ASIS is lower than
B. contributes to obesity. the PSIS). Therefore muscles attaching to the
C. can increase the risk of osteoporosis. ASIS and the AIIS are tight; muscles attaching to
D. can produce an acidic stomach. the PSIS, ischial tuberosity will be stretched.
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Confirming Pages
10. A By definition, kyphosis is an exaggerated 24. A Comminuted is shattered; compression is frac-

outward curve of the spine; lordosis is an tured by a compressive force; and compound
exaggerated inward curve of the spine (more is a fracture that breaks through the skin.
commonly seen in the cervical and lumbar
25. A These joints are also the synovial joints (the
sections of the spine).
moveable ones).
11. D Remember LIPSLatissimus dorsi, the action 26. B The deltoid ligament is in the ankle, the
of Internal rotation, Pectoralis major, and glenoid labrum is in the shoulder, and the
Subscapularis. These muscles are the internal femoral-acetabulum is in the hip joint.
rotators of the shoulder.
27. A Third degree means tearing has occurreda
12. A Bending at the waist not only puts pressure on complete tear. This would also possibly tear the
the back, but it also probably means too much joint capsule causing synovial fluid to spread
pressure is being exerted on an extended wrist, throughout the joint. Blood vessels would
which can lead to wrist/hand problems. also possibly be torn, which would cause the
13. C The anterior cruciate ligament is one of two bleeding and bruising.
ligaments situated behind the patella that 28. D The sciatic nerve runs through or under the
connects the femur to the tibia. piriformis, so tightness of this muscle can cause
14. A Visceral muscle needs to be smooth in order for pressure on the nerve and mimic sciatica.
organ functions to occur such as digestion. 29. A Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis are a
15. B The vastus lateralis is one of the four quad- part of the quadriceps group that extends,
riceps muscles. All four muscles insert at the or straightens, the knee. Gluteus maximus
tibial tuberosity. extends the hip.
16. A Golgi tendon organs protect the muscle from 30. B SITS = Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres
over-contracting; muscles spindles protect the minor, Subscapularis.
muscle from overstretching; the stretch reflex 31. A The deltoid tuberosity is the insertion of the
is the combined action of the two that occurs deltoid muscle.
when stretching properly. Proprioceptors
assist us with balance and movement in rela- 32. A The pectoral nerve innervates the pectoral
tion to space. muscles; the long thoracic muscles innervate
the thoracic region. There is no trapezius nerve.
17. C The infraglenoid fossa is in the shoulder
33. A The infraglenoid tubercle is the origin of the
(scapula); the pubis symphysis is in the ante-
long head of the triceps, the question asked
rior middle of the pelvis. The ischium is the
for the insertion. The other two choices are
bottom portion of the pelvis (ischial tuberosity,
attachments for biceps brachii.
that on which we sit).
34. D One muscle not included is biceps brachii.
18. C The lateral malleolus is the distal end of the
fibula. Distal means farthest away; proximal 35. A Brachialis, biceps, and brachioradialis flex
means closest to. the elbow, supinator supinates the forearm,
prontator teres pronates the forearm, and
19. A Mastication is chewing.
oracobrachialis flexes the shoulder.
20. B The six hip rotators are gemellus superior, gemel-
36. B This is the elbow area (anterior side).
lus inferior, obturator internus, obturator exter-
nus, piriformis, and the quadratus femoris. 37. C This refers to the top of the head (scalp).
21. C The vastus lateralis does not cross the pelvis; it 38. D The acetabulum is also referred to as the hip joint.
only crosses the knee joint, and the os coxae is
39. B Movement of the tibia anteriorly or posteriorly
on the pelvis.
are handled by the ACL and the PCL. There is no
22. A The pectoralis major originates on the clavicle such ligament in the knee as the inferior or supe-
and ribs 1 through 6; the brachialis originates rior cruciate. The patellar ligament attaches the
on the shaft of the humerus. patella to the tibial tuberosity and is commonly
lumped in with the patellar tendon.
23. A While the tibialis anterior inserts on the base
of the first metatarsal, it dorsiflexes the foot. 40. A The shoulder is the most mobile as a ball and
Remember muscles pull; they do not push. socket joint but also the most injured.
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41. B Synovial joints are diarthrosis (freely movable). areas, thus causing us to sweat. This requires an
Most fibrous joints are synarthrosis (immov- increase in pulse and an increase in metabolism.
able). Cartilaginous joints are amphiarthrosis
61. A Ellipsoidal joints allow for flexion, extension,
(slightly movable).
abduction, and adduction. Rotation is not
42. D The temporomandibular joint is a hinge joint. permitted.
43. B This is the basic definition of paresthesiathe 62. D An inversion ankle sprain means the sole of
prickly, burning, tingling feeling you get in a the foot has turned inward. That means the
limb when a nerve is damaged or compressed; muscles on the lateral side have been stretched
also, it is the same feeling you get when your and need to be strengthened.
arm falls asleep.
63. B This is also an endangerment site where the
44. D Hinge, ball and socket, condylar, saddle, pivot, carotid artery is located (also where we often
gliding are all synovial joints. take a pulse).
45. D Cuneiform is one of the tarsals. The other 64. D Ligaments are slow to heal because they receive
carpal bones are the pisiform, triquetrum, little or no blood supply.
capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium.
65. B Both C and D are made-up terms.
46. C Biceps femoris is one of the hamstring muscles;
the others are part of the quad group. 66. D The word iliac helps with this one.
47. D The medial and longitudinal arches place the 67. A It is both the radius and the ulna that allow for
pressure points on heads of metatarsals one pronation and supination movements at the
and five and the heel (calcaneus). wrist/hand.
48. C Latissimus dorsi does not border the neck. 68. A The rectus femoris is a part of the quadriceps
group.
49. C The other choices could be ball and socket
joints or condyloid (abduction/adduction or 69. B Review bony landmarks; coracoid process is
medial/lateral rotation). Hinge joints move on the scapula.
like a door on a hinge.
70. A Connective tissue includes fascia, tendons,
50. B Periosteum is the fascia around bones. Fibro- ligaments, skin, and other material.
cartilage cushions between bones.
71. D Scalenes attach to the transverse process of
51. A Syndemosis is a type of fibrous joint but not a C2C7, trapezius attaches to C1T12, and
class. the splenius capitus attaches to C7T3. SCM
52. C This is also known as the dens. attaches to the medial clavicle and sternum
and inserts on the mastoid process.
53. A This is the movement as if you are nodding
yes. 72. B Because of the attachments of the three
scalenes on ribs one and two, and along
54. C This is the movement as if you are nodding no. with the pec minor attachments on ribs
55. C The others are cartilage; thymus is a gland. three through five, tightness in this area can
compress these blood vessels.
56. D Gracilis is located on the medial thigh and
does not border the popliteal fossa (which is 73. D Exchange of gases is the respiratory system.
the area behind the knee joint). 74. A Just like it sounds, the word itself reveals the
57. C Epicondyle and tuberosity are more for muscle location.
attachments, not articulation. A fossa is not a
75. B Although the shoulder can be pretty complicated,
rounded bump but a rounded groove such as
it is not the largest. While the hip is large, the knee
the olecranon fossa of the humerus.
is the largest of the synovial joints.
58. B The nerve located at this point of the leg is the
76. B Muscle spindles are stretch sensitive only,
tibial nerve.
baroreceptors are pressure sensitive, and pro-
59. D The femoral triangle is in this area, which prioceptors are balance sensitive.
includes the femoral artery and nerve.
77. C Review muscle anatomy: gastrocnemius crosses
60. B When internal heat goes up, blood vessels dilate the knee joint (originates on the femoral condyles)
in order for blood flow to reach the superficial and the ankle joint (attaches to the calcaneus).
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Confirming Pages
78. B Ligaments attach bone to bone and therefore 94. B Atlas holds up the world (Greek mythology),
work to create a stabilized joint. so the atlas holds up the head.
79. D The sciatic nerve runs either through or just 95. D Remember that parasympathetic has the para-
under the piriformis (it can be either). There- chute (the para) that slows us down; there-
fore, if it is tight, the nerve will be compressed fore, the vigorous massage will stimulate the
and will create sciatica symptoms. sympathetic system.
80. D Circumduction is flexion, abduction, extension, 96. C Proprioceptors are more for balance; nocicep-
and adduction, and the abduction/adduction tors are for detecting pain.
does not occur at this joint. Gliding occurs at
97. A This allows clotting to occur.
the carpal joints.
98. D That would be nerve tissue.
81. A The problem here is when he or she lies down
his or her back arches and is unsupported. 99. A These are your moving joints, and synovial
That would mean an anterior pelvic tilt and fluid helps to lubricate them.
tightness in the quadratus lumborum, rectus
100. C Meissners corpusles detect light pressure;
femoris (quad), and iliopsoas. The best answer
Pacinians detects pressure and respond to skin
choice, then, is A. Quadratus femoris is a hip
displacement and high frequency vibration;
rotator, and biceps femoris is a hamstring that,
Krauses end bulbs are believed to respond to
if tight, would posteriorly tilt the pelvis.
cold. Free nerve endings are the pain receptors.
82. C The serratus anterior helps keep the scapula
101. D The endomysium encloses each muscle fiber.
flat along the rib cage when they are retracted.
The perimysium is a fascial layer within the
If the muscle is weak, the scapula stick out or
muscle that binds the fasciculi together. The
look like wings
ectomysium does not exist.
83. B In other words, the semitendonosis sits on top
of the semimembranosis. 102. C The five categories are long, short, flat, irregular,
and sesmoid.
84. D Water soluble and fat soluble are vitamin
classifications. 103. B Strokes such as petrissage with the pulling and
tugging can activate the muscle spindles for
85. C The other bones are not sesamoid bones. protection of overstretching.
86. B Answer A is wrong because the diaphragm is 104. D Fibrocartilage and meniscus are the same and
not used in forced expiration. are found between bones; hyaline cartilage is
87. B Review bony landmarks: shoulder separation is a around the ends of bones.
third degree sprain of the AC ligament (or the ster- 105. B Saturated and unsaturated pertain to fats; water
noclavicular ligament, which is not listed here). or fat soluble to vitamins.
88. B Because of the effect on the blood vessels (vascu- 106. D Blood, cartilage, tendons, ligaments are all
lar), it can affect vision, balance, and other senses, connective tissues.
which is why migraines can be so terrible.
107. C Another name for adipose tissue is fat tissue.
89. B It is also found in between the tibia and femur Fat does not move.
(also called meniscus) and between the pubic
bones. Hyaline cartilage is on the ends of 108. B This is what allows us to move.
moveable bones. 109. B The joint capsule holds the connective tissue
90. A Skull and C1 moves flexion/extension. and synovial fluid together to nourish the
joints but is not considered a main type of
91. C The appendicular skeleton includes the connective tissue in the skeletal system.
appendages (arms, legs, hands, feet); as far as
axis goes, there is an axis vertebrae and atlas 110. D The medial and lateral condyles of the tiba are
but not an axis skeleton system. Diarthrotic insertions.
skeleton is a made-up term.
111. B Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum
92. B Say Grace before TeaSartorius, Gracilis, (5 fused). Remember, breakfast at 7, lunch at
semi-Tendonosis. 12, dinner at 5.
93. B Remember General Manager: Golfers elbow is 112. D Zygomatic is the cheekbone; masseter is the
Medial epicondyle. jaw muscle; mandible is the lower jaw bone.
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Confirming Pages
113. A The nociceptors detect pain, photoreceptors 127. A Think of the Great Plains of the Midwest: they
are related to vision, and chemoreceptors are flat, as are feet that have pes planus.
detect taste and smell.
128. C The pancreas and stomach are on the left side.
114. D These are the muscles in between the metacar-
pals and the metatarsals. 129. A This will help to lengthen the low back and
put the client in a more neutral pelvic position,
115. B Marrow is the soft material in the bone con- which would be more comfortable. Remem-
taining blood cells and other material. The ber, lordosis is sway back.
other terms are made up.
130. A Passive stretching means the therapist does the
116. D The capitulum is on the lateral side of the work, and/or both antagonistic and agonistic
humerus near the lateral epicondyle. The muscles are relaxed. Active means the client
trochlea is closest to the medial epicondyle. does the work and/or the antagonistic muscle
117. C The true ribs that articulate with the sternum is contracting to stretch the agonist.
(hence their name) are ribs one through seven. 131. A The S in synergist and the S in same: the
The false ribs are eight through twelve, and the synergist performs the same movement as the
floating ribs are eleven and twelve. primary mover (agonist).
118. B We have more rotation in the neck than anywhere
132. D Normal daily activities should not create
else in the spine (ninety degrees each direction).
repetitive stress injuries.
119. C Remember, the mnemonic device Sally Left
133. B If the hamstrings are the antagonist, the quad-
The Party . . . (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum,
riceps are the agonist. The quads perform knee
Pisaform) is the proximal row. . . . To Take Cathy
extension and hip flexion (rectus femoris).
Home (Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitte, Hamate)
is the distal row. 134. D The bicep only acts on the shoulder joint, not
120. C Tibialis anterior performs inversion and the girdle (meaning the scapula and clavicle).
dorsiflexion. The other muscles either act on the scapula or
attach to the clavicle and therefore are girdle
121. D Because of the TFL/ITB attachment on the muscles.
anterior crest of the ilium, it can tilt the pelvis
anteriorly if tight. 135. B This is mainly due to the true rib attachments.
122. C Biceps femoris is the hamstring group. If you 136. B The supraspinatus initiates abduction, then,
remember that the rectus abdominus is on the at about seventy to eighty degrees, the medial
anterior side of the body, it might help you deltoid takes over. Latissiumus dorsi performs
to remember that the rectus femoris is on the adduction, and the subscapularis performs
anterior sidequads! external shoulder rotation.
123. B Quads and abs are muscle groups not indi- 137. D The peroneals attach to the base of metatarsals
vidual muscles. The gluteus maximus is the and therefore do not affect the development of
strongest; the sartorius is the longest. plantar fasciitis directly. Old shoes will lower
shock absorption, high arches will tighten the
124. C Muscle tone is a state of continuous, partial fascia, and low arches will stretch it.
contraction, so the muscles stay systemically
stimulated. It allows us to stay upright. Atro- 138. B Because of gravity, the quadriceps are doing
phy is the decrease in size of a muscle. The the work to make sure the body does not slam
sliding filament theory explains how a muscle down into the chair. Even though the knees are
contracts via the myosin and actin. flexing and hamstrings do that, gravity must be
taken into account.
125. C Heat stroke occurs when the thermoregulatory
system has shut down. Body temperature can 139. B The gluteus medius and minimus abduct the hip.
rise to very dangerous levels and cause perma- Gluteus max extends the hip, gracilis adducts the
nent brain damage and even death. hip, and hamstrings extend the hip.
126. A By definition, kyphosis is an exaggerated 140. C The temporalis is on the skull by the ears;
outward curve of the spine, and lordosis is an the ethmoid bone is part of the nasal/sinus
exaggerated inward curve of the spine (more cavity and forms part of the orbital wall. The
commonly seen in the cervical and lumbar pterygoid provide attachments of muscles for
sections of the spine). the lower jaw and soft palate.
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Confirming Pages
141. B The gracilis is on the medial thigh, and the 156. C The medial collateral and lateral collateral
iliotibial band is on the lateral thigh. ligaments prevent rotation of the knee. The
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments pre-
142. D The masseter originates on the lower border vent forward or backward motion of the femur
of the zygomatic arch and inserts on the man- on the tibia.
dible. Remember, muscles pull, they do not
push, it makes sense that it closes the jaw. 157. A The supraspinatus initiates shoulder abduction.
143. A The masseter closes the jaw, the orbicularis 158. B The origin is the immoveable end, and the
oris is the kissing muscle (helps us pucker!), insertion is the moveable end. Ligaments attach
and the temporalis muscle elevates and retracts bone to bone and have no direct involvement
the mandible. with muscle movement.
144. B Another term for scapular protraction is scapu- 159. C The buccinator compresses the cheeks, the
lar abduction. masseter is a chewing muscle, and the platysma
is the sheath on the anterior neck.
145. C Scalenes elevate the first and second rib; the
160. D There is no iliacus major.
pectoralis minor elevate the ribs. The external
intercostals also elevate the ribs. 161. D This would affect the lumbar spine the most and
cause an exaggerated inward curve of the spine.
146. B The quadratus lumborum originates on the
inferior surface of rib twelve and the transverse 162. B Supraspinatus initiates humeral abduction.
processes of the lumbar vertebrae. It inserts
163. C Drop foot means the client is unable to
on the iliac crest. When the muscle pulls or
dorsiflex the foot. The muscle that dorsiflexes
tightens, it lifts the hip upward.
is anterior tibialis.
147. A The trapezius sits on top of the rhomboids; 164. A Biceps femoris is a part of the hamstrings
therefore, the correct term is superficial. group. Concentrically, it extends the hip and
148. C When lying prone, our feet tend to be extremely flexes the knee.
plantar flexed, or pointed. 165. D The biceps brachii performs shoulder flexion
149. B The metacarpals are further away from the mid- and elbow flexion.
line than the carpals, and the terms distal and 166. C Because of gravity, the erector spinae controls
proximal are used for the upper extremities. trunk flexion in an eccentric way when stand-
ing or sitting, which is why we do not work
150. C Sartorius performs hip flexion, external rota-
our abs from this position.
tion, and knee flexion.
167. A Anterior tibialis performs dorsiflexion; there-
151. B This would be an anterior pelvic tilt which
fore, walking only on the heels will strength it.
would mean the hip flexor muscles would be
tight (quads, iliopsoas), and the hip extensors 168. A Retraction is pulling the mandible backward.
would be stretched and weakened. Closing the jaw is elevation; opening the jaw is
depression.
152. C Traditional Chinese Medicine anatomical posi-
tion is with the arms overhead, palms facing 169. A Remember LIPSLatissimus dorsi, Internal
forward. The other terms do not exist. rotation, Pectoralis major, and Subscapularis.
153. D The movement described is internal rotation. 170. D Amino acids are proteins; lipids and triglyc-
Remember LIPS for Latissimus dorsi, the erides are fats. Meats generally fall into the
action of Internal rotation, Pectoralis major, protein category.
and Subscapularis. 171. B Pronation is a combination of dorsiflexion
154. C Not only is it due to the lateral malleolus and eversion, and supination is a combination
being lower than the medial, but the deltoid of plantar flexion and inversion.
ligament on the medial side of the ankle is also 172. A The semitendonosis and semimembranosis
very strong. Both of these help prevent more attach medial tibia. The rectus femoris, being
eversion ankle sprains. a part of the quadriceps group, inserts on the
tibia, but extends the knee.
155. A Because the muscles are contracting, but there
is no joint movement (you are stuck halfway 173. A Hip flexion is what needs to occur, so it would
up), everything is in an isometric contraction. not be the hamstrings since they are involved
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Confirming Pages
in hip extension. The vastus lateralis and medi- 184. B Protein recommendations are twelve to twenty
alis do not cross the hip joint and therefore do percent, fats less than thirty percent, and
not perform hip flexion. unsaturated fats ten to twenty percent.
174. C Cervical lamina is an area of the neck, not a 185. C HDL and LDL are types of cholesterol. The S
muscle. in Saturated, and the S in Sorry: saturated
fats are the sorry fats.
175. B Because gravity is acting downward on the body,
the quads are lengthening and contracting in 186. B High glycemic foods have to do with the
order to prevent you from falling. glucose, which is a simple sugar. Since carbs
are the primary fuel source, after exercise it is
176. D Remember I Like Spaghetti: ILS are the first better to eat the high glycemic foods to replace
letters of each muscle. the energy burned for fuel. Mid-to-low glyce-
177. B Distal means farthest away, which would be mic is better before exercise, so a rush of sugar
the phalanges. The tarsals are more proximal, does not enter the bloodstream and cause a
and the carpals are in the hands. spike in energy.
178. C Remember adduction means you are adding 187. C Vitamins and minerals both are a basic nutrient
everything toward the midline (or spine), so with no calories, but minerals are the ones
when you retract something, you take it back; needed in small, trace amounts.
therefore, the scapula are pulling back toward 188. A A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Water-
the spine. soluble vitamins (B and C) will be excreted in
179. B Stabilizers prevent motion; therefore, the rec- the urine if taken in large amounts, but the
tus abdominus (along with the erector spinae) fat-soluble will not.
would be a stabilizer in order to prevent 189. C One gram of protein or carbohydrates equals
trunk flexion. The gastroc/soleus is an assister four calories; one gram of fat equals nine
because the foot goes from dorsiflexion into calories.
slight plantar flexion, movement is taking place
there. Hamstrings are antagonist; quads and 190. D The purpose of the glucose is for energy. Too
gluteus max are the primary movers. Iliopsoas little or too much produces an undesirable
at the hip is an antagonist because the hip is effect. While five to ten percent is acceptable,
extending (but not hamstrings because the six to eight percent is ideal.
knee is extending, and that is quads!). 191. D Fortified milk has vitamin D.
180. C Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, meaning 192. B Potassium can be easily flushed out of the
the body cannot expel overdoses easily; it gets body with diuretics, and thus causes cramp-
stored in the fat. B and C overdoses are excreted ing. Some doctors will advise or prescribe
through the urine because these vitamins are a potassium supplement in severe cases or
water soluble.
recommend eating bananas or potato skins
181. B There are six basic nutrients: water, fat, protein, (plain!).
carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
193. D Creatine and chromium are both involved in
182. A Herbs should be treated as medicine; many the Krebs cycle, which produces ATP (chemi-
of them are used as such. You would not ask cal energy). Although potassium is a mineral,
friends about dosages for prescription medicine it is a component in muscle contractions but
or increase your prescription dosages if they do does not assist in the production of ATP.
not work immediately, so you do not want to
194. A Aloe vera has an antiseptic cooling effect,
do that with herbs.
which is wonderful for minor burns.
183. D While many herbs are wonderful for many
situations, garlic has been shown to be an 195. A Too much sugar can actually suppress the
excellent antibiotic. immune system.
abb93910_ch02_045-100.indd 100 10/21/09 1:33:23 PM

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CHAPTER OUTLINE Muscle fiber direction

AREAS OF COMPETENCE NCETMB (26%)

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46 Chapter 2 Detailed Knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology

Imaginary sections or planes are made in the body in

Sagittal plane: This plane separates the body into left

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Cavities of the Body The abdominopelvic cavity (organs and structures

(a) Midsagittal view (b) Coronal (frontal) view

Figure 2-2 The cavities of the body.

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Body Movements (Table 2-2 and Figure 2-3). It is important as health

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Figure 2-3 Body movements.

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Figure 2-3 (continued)

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Figure 2-3 (continued)

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Figure 2-3 (continued) Head/neck

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Muscle Movers Tendons: Tendons attach muscle to bone (for example,

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Trapezius Levator scapulae

Triceps brachii Serratus anterior

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus

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Deltoid Pectoralis minor

Quadriceps femoris Vastus lateralis

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

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junction. They help keep us from over-contracting

Epicranius Frontal belly

Figure 2-6 Side view of the muscles of the face.

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Figure 2-7 Muscles of facial expression and mastication.

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60 Chapter 2 Detailed Knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology

Splenius capitis (cut)

Figure 2-8 Posterior view of muscles that move the head.

Figure 2-9 View of the scalenes: posterior, anterior, and medius.

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