tions upon any such subject and, in (d) What is Indias Look East (a) What are the
(a) What are the social and
particular, recommendations for the
better co-ordination of policy and
action with respect to that subject. An
Inter-State Council was established in
1990 but it met for the first time in
1996. The forum of inter-State Council
could be very well utilized for dis-
cussion of policy matters involving
more than one State and arriving at a
decision expeditiously. The Com-
mission issued a consultation paper
on "Constitutional mechanism for the
settlement of inter-State disputes"
and elicited opinion of the general
public.
(c) The High Court is the highest
judicial body in the state. Art. 214 of
the Constitution of India provides
that there shall be a High Court for
each state. As the highest judicial
body of the states, High Court
discharge duties independently and
impartially without fear or favour.
The High Court in India has acted
remarkably well since its inception.
During the short span of its working,
it has amply justified its existence and
the expectation of the makers of the
Constitution. But in issuing writs, the
power of the High Court is somewhat
under than that of the Supreme Court
of India. The Power is balanced and
equivalent with the Supreme Court in
few cases. Because the Constitution
has also empowered the Supreme
Court and High Court to issue writs
including writs in the nature of
habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibi-
tion, quo-warranto and certiorari for
the enforcement of the fundamental
rights. In some cases, the power of
Supreme Court is restricted to
fundamental rights only whereas the
High Court can issue writs on any
matter or subjects including funda-
mental rights under Art. 226 of the
Constitution of India.
Q. 9. Answer the following in
questions(in about 20 words each)
(a) Explain the following terms:
(i) Dissolution of the House
(ii) Prorogation of the House
(iii) Adjournment of the busi-
ness of the House.
(b) What is Consolidated Fund
of India ?
(c) To what extent can the
President withhold his assent to a
bill already passed by the Parlia-
ment ?
PD/August/2007/289
Policy ?
(e) What is meant by empower-
ment of Women in India ?
Ans. (a) (i) Dissolution of the
House means it is the end life of the
Lok Sabha so that all matters pending
before the House lapse with the dis-
solution.
(ii) Prorogation of the House
means the termination of a session of
the House by an order made by the
President under Article 85(2) (a) of
the Constitution [Article 85].
(iii) Adjournment on a motion
adopted by the House, of the debate
on a Motion/Resolution/Bill on
which the House is then engaged to a
future day or sine die as specified in
the motion.
(b) All revenues received by
Government by way of taxation like
income-tax, central excise, custom,
land revenue (tax revenues) and
other receipts flowing to Government
in connection with the conduct of
Government business like receipts
from Railways, Posts, Transport etc.
(non-tax revenues) are credited into
the Consolidated Fund. Art. 266
provides for the consolidated fund of
India.
(c) Instead of either refusing
assent or giving assent ,except the
money bill ,the President may return
the bill for reconsideration of the
Houses with a message requesting
them to reconsider it. If the Houses
pass the bill again with or without
amendments ,the President shall have
no power to withhold his assent from
the bill.
(d) The look east policy refers to
the policy of look east. It was started
by former Prime Minister I. K.
Gujaral. The objective of the look east
policy is to forge social, economic and
cultural relations with the countries
of east Asia.
(e) Empowerment of Women
means to give adequate power to
women in the affairs of descion
making process.It also implies that
the women should exercise their
power in social, economic, and
political field .
Q. 10. Answer any one of the
following questions (in about 250
words)
economic consequences of abolish-
ing child labour in India ?
(b) Explain the implications of
the implementation of intellectual
property clauses in our patent law
regime after joining the WTO.
Ans. (a) The child labour is not a
recent phenomenon and that too not
confined to any particular state. The
problem of child labour continues to
pose a challenge before the nation.The
magnitude and extent of the problem
is essentially a socio-economic pro-
blem inextricably linked to poverty
and illiteracy. It requires concerted
efforts from all sections of the society
to make a dent in the problem. When
a child is forced to work, it hampers
his/her growth, stunts his/her
psychological and intellectual deve-
lopment and prevents him/her from
realizing his/her full potential. Child
labour is an unmitigated evil and any
society which suffers from it should
be grossly ashamed of that fact.
Eradication of child labour needs
political will as well as social con-
sciousness. The social and economic
consequences can easily b e under-
stood if we understand the factors
responsible for it. The factors pri-
marily responsible for it are poverty,
caste, tradition, size of the family,
labour scarcity, illiteracy, ignorance,
absence of schooling facilities. The
low income of parents which is not
adequate to meet the basic needs of
the family, force the children to work
and supplement the family income.
Poverty is a common picture of
developing countries wherein a con-
siderable proportion of population
lives below poverty line. Caste is
responsible for social and economic
consequences of child labour in India.
A survey says that the proportion of
schedule castes children work at a
younger age for their own and their
families. The combination of poverty
and the lack of social security net-
work is also responsible for bonded
child labour. They have been bonded
at the cost of their life. There are few
credit sources like co-operative loan,
bank loan etc. available only to few
poor families.
(b) Intellectual property laws are
designed to protect different forms of
subject matter, although in some
cases there is a degree of overlapping