Ch08 Resonance and Electric Filters

Chapter 9
Resonance and Electric

Filters
Artemio P. Magabo
Professor of Electrical Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines - Diliman
Revised by Luis G. Sison, Mar 7, 2004 Revised Jhoanna Pedrasa Sept 2005
Network Sensitivity to Frequency
Recall the reactance of an inductor or a capacitor.
XL = L in , for an inductor
1
XC = in , for a capacitor
C
Plots of XL and XC versus are shown.
Reactance
Note: The inductive
XC XL
reactance increases
with . The capacitive
reactance decreases
with .

C L
Consider next the series
RLC network. Zeq R

The equivalent impedance is

1
Zeq = R + jL +
jC
A plot of the magnitude |Zeq|
of Zeq is shown.
Notes:
1. At low , C acts as an open
circuit ( Zeq).
2. As increases, L dominates

(increasing to Zeq).
2.53 mF 0.1 H
Example: Plot the
magnitude of VO +
from 0 to 1 kHz. 100 V +
- 15
VO
-
Using voltage division,
the output VO can be expressed as
R jCR
VO = VS = VS
R + jL + jC
1 2
jCR + (j) LC + 1
Substituting,
j(37.95)103
VO = 3 2 -4
100
j(37.95)10 + (j) (2.53)10 + 1
The magnitude is
(37.95)103
| VO | = 10
3 2 -4 2
((37.95)10 ) + (1 (2.53)10 ) 2

Plot |VO| by substituting 10 |VO|
different values of f from
0 to 1 kHz with = 2f.
We note that:
1. At low frequencies,
the capacitor is open
0 250 500 750 1000
so VO = 0. Frequency (Hz)
2. At high frequencies, the inductor acts as an
open circuit so again, VO = 0.
This is an example of a frequency-dependent

network and we have shown that its performance
is caused by the reactive elements in the circuit.
The Semilog Plot
In the previous example, much of the variation
in the low frequencies is difficult to see. A
standard technique to get a more meaningful
graph is to plot the frequency on a log axis,
expanding the low-frequency portions.
10 |VO| |VO|
10
semilog
plot
0 250 500 750 1000 100 10 102 103

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Natural Frequency - Series RLC
Recall the transient response of the series RLC
network. R L
+
E i C
-
2R 1
Characteristic Equation: s + s+ =0
L LC
2
R R 1
Roots: s1 , s2 =
2L 2L LC
2
R 1
The circuit is underdamped when <
2L LC
- t
We get it = e (K1 cos dt + K2 sin dt)
where
2 2 R 1
d = o = o =
2L LC
The circuit is undamped when R=0. We get
it = K1 cos ot + K2 sin ot
Note: o is the natural frequency of the circuit.

Series Resonance
Consider a series RLC network with a voltage
source vs(t) = Vmcos t volts, where Vm is constant
and is variable. Find the magnitude of the current
as is varied. 1
jL j C
Transformed Network
+
Let Vs = V0o Vs I R
-
The input impedance is

1
Zin = R + j L
C
Solving for the phasor current, we get

Vs V0o
I= =
Zin 1
R + j L
C
The current magnitude is
V V
I= =
Zin 1
2
2
R + L
C
Note: 1. When =0, the current is zero.

2. As , the current approaches zero.

The circuit is at resonance when the magnitude of
the current is maximum. The frequency is called
the resonant frequency o. We get
1
oL =0
oC
or
1
o = rad/sec
LC
Note: Recall that is the natural frequency of the
series RLC network. Thus, when a sinusoidal source
of frequency is applied to the series RLC
network, resonance occurs.

Series Resonant Conditions
(1) The frequency of the applied voltage source is
1
o = rad/sec
LC
(2) The input impedance is REAL and is a minimum.
Zin = R
(3) The source voltage and current are in phase.
The input power factor is unity.
V
(4) The current magnitude is I = , a maximum.
R
(5) The series RLC network is an electric filter.

Current Magnitude vs. Frequency
A plot of the current magnitude versus frequency is
shown below.
V
Imax Imax =
Imax R
2
1 o 2 , rad/sec
Define frequencies 1 and 2, where the magnitude

of the current is 0.707 of the maximum value.

At = 1 or = 2, we get
1 1 V
I= Imax =
2 2R
or
V 1 V
=
1
2
2 R
2
R + L
C
2
2 1
Simplifying, we get R + L = 2R 2
C
or
1
L = R
C
At = 2,
1
2L = +R L
2C
At = 1,
1
1L = R 1 o 2
1C
Note: At =o, 1

1 C
oL =0
oC

1
Solve for 1. From 1L = R, we get
1C
2 R 1
1 + 1 =0
L LC
which gives
2
R R 1
1 = + + rad/sec
2L 2L LC
Similarly, we get for 2
2
R R 1
2 = + + rad/sec
2L 2L LC
The angular frequencies 1 and 2 are called the
half-power-point frequencies.
V
At resonance, I = Imax =
R
2
2 V
The power is P = Pmax = Imax R =
R
1 1 V
When = 1 or = 2, I = Imax =
2 2R
The corresponding power is
2
1 V
P = I2R = = 12 Pmax
2 R
Bandwidth
The range of frequency for which the magnitude of
the current is greater than or equal to 0.707 of the
maximum value is called the bandwidth.
BW = 2 1 rad/sec
Using the expressions for 1 and 2, we get
R
BW = rad/sec
L
Note: The smaller the BW, the more selective the
network.
Quality Factor
The quality factor Q is defined as the ratio of the
resonant frequency to the bandwidth.
o o
Q= =
BW 2 1
Since BW = R and oL 1 = 0 we get
L oC
oL 1
Q= = Q=1
R oCR Q=2
Note: Q is a measure of the
Q=4
selectivity of the network.
The higher the Q, the more Q=8
selective the network. Q=16

The resonant frequency o is not centered
between the frequencies 1 and 2. From
1 1
1L = R and 2L = +R
1C 2C
we get 1 1
2L = - 1L
2C 1C
or
1 1
(1 + 2 ) L = +
1C 2C
1 1
(1 + 2 ) LC = +
1 2
Simplifying, we get
1 + 2
(1 + 2 ) LC =
12
or 1
= 12
LC
1
Since o = , then
LC
o = 12
Note: The resonant frequency o is located at the
geometric mean of the frequencies 1 and 2.
Voltages at Resonance
1
At resonance, Zin=R. jL j C

Vs V
I= = 0o + + VL - +V -
C
+

Zin R Vs I R VR
- -
The voltages are
o
Vs = V0o
VR = R I = V0 = Vs
oL
VL = joL I = V90o
R
1 1
VC = I= V 90o
joC oCR
Since 1
oL =
oC

Then VL = VC.
oL 1
Also, since Q = =
R oCR

then VL = QV90 and VC = QV 90o
o
where V is the RMS input voltage.
Note: For a high-Q circuit, the magnitude of the

voltage across L or C may be very HIGH!

Example: Consider a series RLC circuit with the
following values: R=500, L=1H, and C=10nF. The
source is 220 volts RMS. Determine the resonant
frequency, the half-power-point frequencies, the
bandwidth and the quality factor. Also find the
voltages across L and C at resonance.
The resonant frequency

1
o = = 10,000 rad/sec
LC
or
o
fo = = 1,591.5 Hz
2

The half-power-point frequencies
2
R R 1
1 = + +
2L 2L LC
= 250 + 10,003 = 9,753 rad/sec
or
f1 = 1,552.3 Hz
2
R R 1
2 = + +
2L 2L LC
= 10,257 rad/sec
or
f2 = 1,632.5 Hz
The bandwidth and quality factor
R
BW = = 500 rad/sec
L
= 159.15 Hz
o
Q= = 20
BW
The voltages across L and C at resonance

VL = QV90 o = 4,40090 o V RMS

VC = QV 90o = 4,400 90o VRMS

|I| 0.45 |I| 0.45
(A) 0.4 (A) 0.4 Current
0.35 Current 0.35
Magnitude
0.3
Magnitude 0.3
(semilog
0.25
plot)
0.25
0.2 0.2
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.05 0.05
0 0 0
1 2 3 f(103) 100 101 102 103

Frequency (Hz) 104 Frequency (Hz)
|VL| 4.5 |VC| 4.5
(kV) 4 Inductor (kV) 4 Capacitor
3 Voltage 3 Voltage
2
Magnitude 2 Magnitude
1 1
0 f (Hz) 0
100 101 102 103 104 100 101 102 103 104

f (Hz)
End of lecture
Natural Frequency - Parallel RLC
Recall the transient response of the parallel RLC
network.
+
I R L v C
-
1 1 2
Characteristic Equation: s + s+ =0
RC LC
2
1 1 1
Roots: s1 , s2 =
2RC 2RC LC
2
1 1
The circuit is underdamped when <
2RC LC
- t
We get v t = e (K1 cos dt + K2 sin dt)
where
2 2 1 1
d = o = o =
2RC LC
The circuit is undamped when R=. We get
vt = K1 cos ot + K2 sin ot
Note: o is the natural frequency of the circuit.

Parallel Resonance
Consider a parallel RLC network with a current
source i(t) = Im cos t amps, where Im is constant
and is variable. Find the magnitude of the
voltage as is varied.
Transformed Network
+
Let Is = I0o 1
Is V R jL
j C
-
Input admittance
1 1
Yin = + j C
R L
Solving for the voltage, we get

Is I0o
V= =
Yin 1 1
+ j(C )
R L
The voltage magnitude is
I I
V= =
Yin 1 1
2
2
+ C
R L
Note: 1. When =0, the voltage is zero.
2. As , the voltage approaches zero.

The circuit is at resonance when the magnitude of
the voltage is maximum. The frequency is called
the resonant frequency o.
1
oC =0
oL
or
1
o = rad/sec
LC
Note: Recall that is the natural frequency of the
parallel RLC network. When a sinusoidal source of
frequency is applied to the parallel RLC network,
resonance occurs.

Parallel Resonant Conditions
(1) The frequency of the applied current source is
1
o = rad/sec
LC
(2) The input admittance is REAL and is a minimum.
Yin = 1 / R
(3) The source voltage and current are in phase.
The input power factor is unity.
(4) The voltage magnitude is V = IR , a maximum.
(5) The parallel RLC network is an electric filter.

Voltage Magnitude vs. Frequency
A plot of the voltage magnitude versus frequency is
shown below.
Vmax Vmax = IR
Vmax
2
1 o 2 , rad/sec
Define frequencies 1 and 2, where the magnitude

of the voltage is 0.707 of the maximum value.

At = 1 or = 2, we get
1 1
V= Vmax = IR
2 2
or
I 1
= IR
1 1 2 2
2
+ C
R L
2
1 1 2
Simplifying, we get 2
+ C = 2
R L R
or
1 1
C =
L R
At = 2,
1 1
2C =+ C
2L R
At = 1,
1 1
1C = 1 o 2
1L R
Note: At =o, 1

1 L
oC =0
oL

1 1
Solve for 1. From 1C = , we get
1L R
2 1 1
1 + 1 =0
RC LC
which gives
2
1 1 1
1 = + + rad/sec
2RC 2RC LC
Similarly, we get for 2
2
1 1 1
2 = + + rad/sec
2RC 2RC LC
Bandwidth and Quality Factor
The range of frequency for which the magnitude of
the voltage is greater than or equal to 0.7071 of
the maximum value is called the bandwidth.
1
BW = 2 1 = rad/sec
RC
The quality factor Q is defined as the ratio of the
resonant frequency to the bandwidth.
o R
Q= = oRC = rad/sec
BW oL
Note: It can be shown that o = 12 .
Example: The antenna of an FM radio picks up
signals across the range of 87 MHz to 110 MHz.
The radio s circuitry must be able to reject other
signals except the station you want to tune in to
and amplify this signal as well. The circuit below
operating at resonance can perform both of this.
+
+ +
Vs - V 4(10-3)V R L C VO
- -
Determine the values of R, L and C that would

allow you to tune in to your favorite station
(91.1 MHz), boost this signal by 100 and have a
quality factor of 40 at this frequency.
+
+ +
Vs - V 4(10-3)V R L C VO
- -
At resonance, VO = I R
VO = 4(10-3)VSR (1)
At the resonant frequency, we want the output
voltage to be
VO = 100VS (2)
Equating (1) and (2), we get
4(10-3)VSR = 100VS
4(10-3)R = 100
R = 25 k

We wish to achieve resonance at 91.1 MHz.
O = 2fO = 572.4 x 106 rad/sec
o
Quality factor is defined as Q = and the
BW
1
bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit is
RC
Thus, we get 1
BW = O =
Q RC
or C =
Q 40
3 = 2.795 pF
= 6
OR 572.4(10 ) 25(10 )
The inductor value is found by
1 1
O = L= 2 = 1.092 H
LC O C
Below is a plot of |VO| given |VS| = 100 mV.
|VO|
10
9 It can be shown that the
half-power frequencies are
8
f1 = 89.97 MHz
7
f2 = 92.25 MHz
6
5
4
3
2
1
85 90 91.1 95 10 105
f(MHz)
110

Two-Branch Parallel-Resonance
Consider the circuit shown. If we drive the circuit
with a current source, maximum voltage will be
achieved at resonance.
R 1
Zin j C
jL
The input admittance is
1
Yin = + j C
R + jL
Rationalize the first term
1 R jL
Yin = + jC
R + jL R jL
R j L
= 2 2 2
+ j C
R +L
Separate the real from the imaginary term
R L
Yin = 2 2 2
+ j C 2 2 2
R +L R + L
At resonance, the input admittance must be
minimum. However, deriving the resonant
frequency this way is difficult.
Let s adopt slightly different definition of
resonance: when input admittance is real.
Set the imaginary component to zero. We get
oL
oC = 2 2 2
R + o L
Simplifying, we get
2 L 2 2
R +L = o
C
or
2
1 R
o = rad/sec
LC L
Note: If the first term is very much greater than
the second term, o is approximately equal to that
of the series or parallel RLC network.
Resonance with Constant
Resonance can still be achieved for a network with
a constant angular frequency if either L or C is
varied. Consider the series RLC network shown.
Let vs(t) = Vm cos t volts, 1
where Vm and are constant. jL jC
Let us find the magnitude of +

the current as C is varied. I
Vs R
The phasor current is -

Vs V0o
I= =
Zin 1
R + j L
C
The magnitude is
V V
I= =
Zin 1
2
2
R + L
C
The magnitude of the current is maximum when
1
L =0
C
or
1
C= 2
L
Note: The capacitance is set so that the circuit is
tuned to a chosen frequency.
Electric Filters
Networks consisting of inductors and/or capacitors
that are used to pass signals at certain frequencies
and block signals at other frequencies are called
electric filters.
There are several types of filters:
(1) A low-pass filter will block a sinusoid whose
frequency is higher than a cutoff value.
(2) A high-pass filter will block a sinusoid whose
frequency is lower than a cutoff value.
(3) A band-pass (band-reject / notch) filter will
pass (block) any sinusoid whose frequency
falls within a specified range.
Definitions
Voltage gain, Gv() ratio of VO
output voltage to input voltage
Gv () =
Vi
Passband range of frequencies wherein the
voltage gain is greater than some value max
Stopband range of frequencies wherein the
voltage gain is less than some value min
Cut-off Frequency, C frequency at which the
magnitude of the voltage gain is 0.7071 of its
maximum value
1 Half-power
C = (max | GV () |) frequency
2
Note: At unity gain, |VO(c)| = 0.7071 Vi
Ideal Filter Response
|Gv()|
Low-pass
Filter
Passband Stopband
|Gv()|
High-pass
Filter
Stopband Passband
C
Ideal Filter Response
|Gv()|
Band-pass
Stop Pass Stop
Filter band band band
C1 C2
|Gv()|
Band-reject Stop
Pass Pass
(Notch) Filter band band band
C1 C2
Practical Filter Frequency Response
|Gv()| |Gv()|
Low-pass Filter High-pass Filter
G G
1 G 1 G
2
2
c c
|Gv()| |Gv()|
Bandpass Filter Notch Filter
G G
1 G 1 G
2 2
c1 c2 c1 c2
End of lecture
Low-Pass Filter
Consider the series RC circuit shown. The source is
given as VS(t)=Vmcos t volts, where Vm is
constant and is variable.
R

VS = VRMS0o + 1 +

VS j C V0
- -
Using voltage division, the output voltage is
1 / jC 1
Vo = VS = VS
R + 1 / jC 1 + jRC
|GV()|
The voltage gain is

Vo 1
Gv (j) =
VS 1
2
1
=
1 + jRC
And the magnitude is c
1
| Gv () |=
1 + 2R 2C2
Note: 1. When =0, Vo=V. As , Vo 0.
2. Vo decreases with frequency.
2. The circuit is called a low-pass filter.
The cut-off frequency is defined as the value of
when Vo = 0.707 Vmax.

1 1
Vo = VS = VS
1 + (cRC)2 2
which gives
1 + (cRC)2 = 2
or 1
c = rad/sec
RC
Note: Recall for an RC circuit, =RC.

High-Pass Filter
Consider the series RL circuit shown. The source is
described by vS(t)=Vmcos t volts, where Vm is
constant and is variable.
R
+ +

VS = V0o VS jL V0
- -
Using voltage division, the output voltage is

jL
Vo = VS
R + jL
|GV()|
The voltage gain is
1
jL 1
Gv (j) = 2 Vo
R + jL
And the magnitude is

L c
| GV () |=
R 2 + 2L2
Note: 1. When =0, Vo=0. As , Vo V.

2. Vo increases with frequency.
2. The circuit is called a high-pass filter.

The cut-off frequency is defined as the value of
when Vo = 0.707 Vmax.

cLV 1
Vo = = V
R 2 + c L2
2
2
which gives
2 2 2 2 2
R + c L = 2c L
or
R
c = rad/sec
L
Note: Recall for an RL circuit, =L/R.

Example: Consider a high-pass filter with R=100
and L=20mH. Find the output voltage when the
input is vs=100 cos t volts, and R
a) =500 rad/sec
b) =10,000 rad/sec + +

VS jL V0
- -
a) ZL = j(500)(0.02) = j10
VS = 70.710o V
j10 o
Vo = (70.710 )
100 + j10
1090o o
= o
(70.71) = 7.0484.3 V
100.55.71
We get v o = 9.95 cos(500t + 83 .4o ) V
b) ZL = j(10,000)(0.02) = j200
j200
Vo = (70.710o )
100 + j200
20090o o
= o
(70.71) = 63.2426.6 V
223.663.43
We get v o = 89 .4 cos(10,000t + 26 .6o ) V
Note: The cutoff frequency for this filter can be

shown to be 5,000 rad/sec (795.8 Hz).
Voltage gain vs Frequency
|Gv(f)| 1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.2
fC
0 f(Hz)
100 101 102 103 104

Example: Given the + vC - + vL -
series RLC network. Show
159H 159F
that we can produce +
VS + 10
vR
different filter types by
getting the output across -
the various elements.
VS = V0
The voltage across the capacitor is
1 1
jC LC
VC = V= V
R + jL + 1 (j) + j(R ) + 1
2
jC L LC
Thus, the voltage gain at the capacitor is given by
39.6(106 )
GV ()C =
- 2 + 62.9(103 ) j + 39.6(106 )
And the magnitude of the gain is
39.6 106
| GV () |C =
(62.9 103 )2 + (39.6 106 - 2 )2
At =0, we get |GV()|C = 1. As approaches
infinity, |GV()|C 0. We have a low-pass filter
by getting VO across the capacitor.
Similarly, we can get the gain across the inductor

jL - 2
GV ()L = =
R + jL + 1 (j)2 + j(R ) + 1
jC L LC
2
| GV () |L =
(62.9 103 )2 + (39.6 106 - 2 )2
At low frequencies, |GV()|L = 0. As approaches
infinity, it can be shown that |GV()|L 1. We
have a high-pass filter by getting VO across the
inductor.
The gain across the resistor is
R j(R )
GV ()R = = L
R + jL + 1 (j)2 + j(R ) + 1
jC L LC
62.8 103
| GV () |R =
(62.8 103 )2 + (39.4 106 - 2 )2
Plot the gain at different frequencies to determine
the response. We can see that we have a band-
pass filter by getting VO across the resistor.
Voltage gain vs Frequency for C, L, and R
Capacitor Resistor Inductor
1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 f(Hz)
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Active Filters
Thr filters we have discussed so far used inductors
and/or capacitors only and are called passive
filters. A drawback of passive filters is that it
cannot generate a voltage gain greater than one.
Also, inductors are generally bulky and are not
readily available in precise values.
Filters utilizing operational amplifiers are called

active filters. They are more commonly used in
practice as they can amplify the signal (GV() > 1)
and only use resistors and capacitors to generate
the primary filter types.

Active Filters
The equivalent circuit for the op-amp derived for
the constant source is also valid for the sinusoidal
steady-state case. Recall the equivalent circuit for
the inverting amplifier:
Equivalent Circuit
Z2
Z1 - + +
+ + Z1 Z2 -
+ VS V Vo
VS Vo Z1 1 +
- - -
-
Z2
The ouput voltage is Vo = VS
Z1
Active Low-Pass Filter
The equivalent impedance is:
Z1 = R1 R2
and R2
jC R1 C
Z2 = +
-
R2 + 1 + +
jC VS = V0 o
Vo
- -
R2
Z2 =
jR2C + 1
The output voltage for the Z2

Vo = VS
inverting amplifier is: Z1
For this circuit,
R2 R2
jR 2C + 1 R1
Vo = VS = VS
R1 jR 2C + 1
The magnitude of the voltage gain is

R2
R1
| Gv () |=
(R 2C)2 + 1
Note:
1. When =0, |Vo|=R2V/R1. As , Vo 0.
2. Vo decreases as frequency increases.
3. This is a low-pass filter.
Voltage is at a maximum when =0. The
maximum voltage gain is
R2
R1 R2
| Gv ( = 0) |= =
2
(R 2C) + 1 R1
= 0
1
The cut-off frequency is of the maximum gain.
2
Thus
R2
1 R2
R1
C = =
2
(CR 2C) + 1 2 R1
which gives
1 + (cR2C)2 = 2
And the cut-off frequency is
1
c = rad/sec
R 2C
Note:
1. The cut-off frequency is similar to the cut-off
frequency for the equivalent passive filter.
2. The maximum gain is greater than one if we
choose R2 > R1.

Active High-Pass Filter
The equivalent impedance is
R2
1
Z1 = R1 +
jC R1 C
-
jR1C + 1 + + +
Z1 = VS Vo
jC - -
and Z2 = R2
The output voltage is
Z2 - jR 2C
Vo = = VS
Z1 1 + jR1C
The magnitude of the voltage gain is
R 2C
| Gv () |=
1 + (R1C)2
Note:
1. When =0, Vo=0. As , Vo R2V/R1.
2. Vo increases with frequency.
3. This is a high-pass filter.
As , the term R1C >> 1. The maximum

voltage gain is
R 2C R2
| Gv () |= =
1 + (R1C)2 = R1

1
The cut-off frequency is of the maximum gain.
2
Thus CR 2C 1 R2
C = =
1 + (CR1C)2 2 R1
CC 1
2
= 2
1 + (CR1C) 2R1
Squaring both sides of the equation, we get
2
(CC) =
1
1 + (CR1C)2 2R12
2
2(CR1C ) = 1 + (CR1C)2
(CR1C)2 =1
1
CR1C = 1 C =
R1C
Example: Find the voltage gain 5k

when a) f1= 100 Hz
b) f2 = 10 kHz 500
64nF
-
+
First, we get the + +
equivalent impedance, VS Vo
- -
Z1 = 500

5(103 ) 5(103 )
Z2 = =
j 5(10 )(64)(10 ) + 1 j( 0.32)(10-3 ) + 1
3 -9
The voltage gain is

Z2 5(103 )/500 10
Gv () = = -3
=
Z1 j( 0.32)(10 ) + 1 j( 0.32)(10-3 ) + 1

And the magnitude of voltage gain is
10
| Gv () |=
2( 0.32x10-3 )2 + 1
a) At f1 = 100 Hz:
1 = 2f1 = 2(100) = 628.32 rad
10
| Gv (1) | =
628.322 ( 0.32x10-3 )2 + 1
|GV(1)| = 9.8037
b) At f2 = 10,000 Hz:
2 = 2f2 = 2(10,000) = 62,832 rad
|GV(2)| = 0.4967
We can show that the cut-off frequency is
1 1
c = =
R 2C 5(103 )64(10-9 )
C = 3,125 rad/sec (fC = 497.4 Hz)
|Gv(f)| 10
9
8
Voltage gain
7 vs Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 f(Hz)
100 101 102 fC 103 104
Example: In an undergraduate laboratory class,
you were asked to implement a high-pass filter with
a cut-off frequency at 4.8 kHz and a maximum gain
of 20. When you went to get the components, you
learned that there are only three capacitor values
available: 33 mF, 33 F and 33 nF. Determine the
capacitor and resistor values to use.
The cut-off frequency in rad/sec is

C = 2fC = 2(4.8x103) = 30.16x103 rad/sec
Determine the corresponding resistor value
required by substituting the available capacitors:
1 or 1
c = R1 =
R1C c C
At C = 33 mF: R1 = 1
30.16(10 )33(10-3 )
3 = 1 m

At C = 33 F: R1 = 1
At C = 33 nF: R1 = 1 k
Going through the components, we find that only
the 1k resistor is available. Choose C = 33 nF
and R1= 1 k. Finally, get R2 value:

R2 = R1x(required gain) = 20 k

20 k
|Gv(f)| 20
18
16
1 k
33 nF 14
- 12
+ + + 10
8
VS Vo 6
- - 4
2
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 f(Hz)

Ch08 Resonance and Electric Filters

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Ch08 Resonance and Electric Filters

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Chapter 9

Resonance and Electric

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The equivalent impedance is

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This is an example of a frequency-dependent

0 250 500 750 1000 100 10 102 103

Note: o is the natural frequency of the circuit.

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The input impedance is

Note: 1. When =0, the current is zero.

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Define frequencies 1 and 2, where the magnitude

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Using the expressions for 1 and 2, we get

selective the network. Q=16

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where V is the RMS input voltage.

Note: For a high-Q circuit, the magnitude of the

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The resonant frequency

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The voltages across L and C at resonance

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1 2 3 f(103) 100 101 102 103

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Note: o is the natural frequency of the circuit.

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(4) The voltage magnitude is V = IR , a maximum.

(5) The parallel RLC network is an electric filter.

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Define frequencies 1 and 2, where the magnitude

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Determine the values of R, L and C that would

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The input admittance is

Using voltage division, the output voltage is

Note: Recall for an RC circuit, =RC.

Using voltage division, the output voltage is

And the magnitude is

Note: 1. When =0, Vo=0. As , Vo V.

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Note: Recall for an RL circuit, =L/R.

We get v o = 89 .4 cos(10,000t + 26 .6o ) V

Note: The cutoff frequency for this filter can be

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Similarly, we can get the gain across the inductor

Filters utilizing operational amplifiers are called

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The output voltage for the Z2

The magnitude of the voltage gain is

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The output voltage is

As , the term R1C >> 1. The maximum

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The voltage gain is

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The cut-off frequency in rad/sec is