Specialized structures within a cell are called

organelles
Very small; only observed
under a microscope
Have specific functions
Cellular Organelles Found throughout cytoplasm
& their Functions

Plasma membrane
boundary between the cell and its environment Plasma membrane
FUNCTION: controls what
materials enter and exit the cell
Selectively permeable

Structure:
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
cholesterol

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 Cytoplasm & Cytosol
Cytoplasm
area between nucleus
and plasma membrane
Cytosol
Jelly-like substance enclosed
by cell membrane
Provides a medium for
chemical reactions to take
place
Nucleus
FUNCTION: The control center
How?
The nucleus contains
chromatin - strands of DNA
DNA is the instructions for making
proteins

cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles Proteins carry-out the work of the cell

Nucleolus
Disappears when cell divides

FUNCTION: makes ribosomes

Nuclear
Structure

Nuclear pores
FUNCTION: Allows
materials to exit the
nucleus
(RNA/ribosome)

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 Ribosomes
FUNCTION: protein synthesis
Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit
No membrane
Subunits made in nucleolus
Endomembrane System
Nucleus(DNA)
May be located: Ribosome
BOUND: on the endoplasmic reticulum Rough ER
FREE: in the cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport system
and ribosomes
(endoplasm means "within cytoplasm", reticulum means "little net"
Rough ER contains ribosomes
which make proteins
ER modifies them
Smooth ER no ribosomes;
produces and stores lipids
produces Ca+
detox

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 Golgi Apparatus Golgi continued
The Post Office
flattened stacks of membranes
FUNCTION: collection, packaging and distribution
of molecules made in the cell and used elsewhere front end (CIS) faces the ER
back end (trans) faces the
Transport cell membrane
vesicle
unprocessed proteins enter
the Golgi apparatus, are
processed, and exit near the
cell membrane for export

Golgi Apparatus
and associated vesicles Lysosomes
Small membranous sacs
Contain digestive enzymes
Vesicles FUNCTION: Lysosomes break down cellular
are membranous sacs materials and worn out cell parts
FUNCTION: transport
materials into, within, and out
of cells

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 Vacuoles
Membranous sacs for storage of materials
examples: food vacuoles; water vacuoles

Plant cells have a large central vacuole that Structure, Support and
stores water and supports the plants structure Movement of Cells
Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cytoskeleton Types of cytoskeleton

network of thin tubes and filaments
that provide structural support and
movement for the cell
microtubules
Maintain cell shape
Move organelles around
Make up cilia, flagella and centrioles

intermediate filaments
Maintain shape of cell and nucleus
Anchor organelles
Three Types:
microfilaments
Microfilaments Muscle contraction
Movement of cytoplasm
Intermediate Cell division
Filaments Microtubules

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 Centrioles
FUNCTION: move Movement Cilia - numerous short hairs
chromosomes during cell
move materials across the cells surface
division
located just outside nucleus Flagella - long whip-like row protists through water

Propel cell in a snake-like fashion

Cell Wall
rigid structure outside the plasma
membrane for support Central vacuole
ONLY in plants, fungi, bacteria ONLY in plants
Stores water and
other materials
Can be up to 90%
of the cells
volume
Turgor pressure
provides support

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 Energy-Related Chloroplasts
in plant cells ONLY
Organelles: Site of photosynthesis
converts energy from the sun into food for the plant

Mitochondria & has a double membrane and its own DNA & ribosomes

Chloroplasts

Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration

Converts food into a form of energy

usable to the cell
has a double membrane and its own DNA & ribosomes

ATP