Arnold M. Lunday Jr.

ASTM founded as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is a nonprofit
organization that develops and publishes approximately 12,000 technical standards, covering the
procedures for testing and classification of materials of every sort. Headquartered in West
Conshohocken, United States, ASTM standards are used worldwide, with its membership
consisting of over 30,000 members representing 135 countries. ASTM also serves as the
administrator for the U.S. TAGs (United States Technical Advisory Group) to an enormous
amount of ISO/TCs (International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee) and to
their subcommittees.
Source: https://webstore.ansi.org/SdoInfo.aspx?sdoid=41
American Institute of Steel Construction, often abbreviated AISC, is a not-for-
profit technical institute and trade association for the use of structural steel in the construction
industry of the United States. It is headquartered in Chicago, IL. Their mission is to
make structural steel the material of choice for new structures. They supply specifications, codes,
technical assistance, quality certification, standardization, and market development for its
members.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Steel_Construction
American Welding Society (AWS) was founded in 1919 as a non-profit
organization with a global mission to advance the science, technology and application
of welding and allied joining and cutting processes, including brazing, soldering and thermal
spraying.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Welding_Society
A36 steel is a common structural steel in the United States. The A36 standard was
established by the ASTM International.
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) - Is similar to plastic design in that strength,
or the failure condition, is considered. Load factors are applied to the service loads, and a
member is selected that will have enough strength to resist the factored loads. In addition, the
theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the application of a resistance factor. The
criterion that must be satisfied in the selection of a member is
Factored load factored strength
Source: Steel Design By: WilliamT. Segui 5th Edition
allowable strength design (ASD) - a member is selected that has cross-sectional
properties such as area and moment of inertia that are large enough to prevent the maximum
applied axial force, shear, or bending moment from exceeding an allowable, or permissible,
value. This allowable value is obtained by dividing the nominal, or theoretical, strength by a
factor of safety. This can be expressed as
Required strength allowable strength

Source: Steel Design By: WilliamT. Segui 5th Edition

 Stress strain curve is the plot of stress and strain of a material or metal on the graph. In
this the stress is plotted on y axis and its corresponding strain on the x axis. After plotting the
stress and its corresponding strain on the graph, we get a curve, and this curve is called stress
strain curve or stress strain diagram.
The stress strain curve for different material is different. It may vary due to the temperature and
loading condition of the material.

If the load is increased in increments from zero to the point of fracture, and stress and
strain are computed at each step, a stressstrain curve such as the one shown in Figure 1.3b can
be plotted. This curve is typical of a class of steel known as ductile, or mild, steel. The
relationship between stress and strain is linear up to the proportional limit; the material is said to
follow Hookes law.
Source: http://www.engineeringintro.com/mechanics-of-structures/stress-strain-curve-
explanation/
Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the
applied force divided by the initial length of the material. This results in a unitless number,
although it is often left in the unsimplified form, such as inches per inch or meters per meter. For
example, the strain in a bar that is being stretched in tension is the amount of elongation or
change in length divided by its original length. As in the case of stress, the strain distribution
may or may not be uniform in a complex structural element, depending on the nature of the
loading condition.
Source:
https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/Stress
Engineering stress is the applied load divided by the original cross-sectional area of a
material. Also known as nominal stress. True stress is the applied load divided by the actual
cross-sectional area (the changing area with respect to time) of the specimen at that load.
Source:
http://www.engineeringarchives.com/les_mom_truestresstruestrainengstressengstrain.html

Built-up section Sections made by combining two or more not rolled sections, joined
together. This joining is done with the help of direct welding, stay plates or lacing.Examples are
four angles section, double angles section and double channel section.
Source: http://www.civilengineeringterms.com/steel-structures/cladding/