dntmv

[ Im-\-S--n-s th-K-X-t]m-ep-an-m-sX hm-l-\- \n-c-p-I-fn \n-c-n [

kwm-\s BZy sat{Sm sdbn ]Xn

bmYmy-am-Ip--Xn-\mbn Zn\--sfn Imn-cn-
p-I-bmWv sImn \K-cw. hj--fmbnpS-cp
KXm-KX {]iv-\--sfmw CtXmsS ]cn-l-cn--s-
Spsa hn-izm-k-m sat{Sm sdbn \nmWw
krjvSn-n-cn-p {]bm-k--sf-tmepw \Kcw
kln-m ioen-n-cn-p-p. Fm sImn-bpsS
kz`m-h-sbpw ko-X-I-sfbpw a\n-em-
m t]mepw {ian-m sat{Sm sdbn ]Xn
Hcphn[-nepw \K-c KXm-KXs ]cn-jvI-cn-
t]mIp-n-s hmZhpw ]e tImWp-I-fn \npw
D-bp-Xp-S-n-bn-cn-p-p. sImn-bnse \ne-hn-
ep KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\-sfsbmw ]msS Ah-
K-W-p-sImv aptmv hbv-p sat{Sm sdbn
F Nne-th-dnb "H-aqen' Hcp tcmK-sbpw ]cn-

sImn sa-t{Sm sdbn

Hcp \-Kc
-
- n-s In-X
- p-I
l-cn-m t]mIp-n F-XmWv hkvXp-X.
sImn-bnse \ne-hn-ep KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\- sat{Smsbp-dn-p \ndw-]n-Sn-n Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-
sfsbmw ]msS Ah-KW - - p-sImv am{Xw tIm Ignbp A-co--n-
tev sat{SmbpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw s]m---c-fpw
aptdp sat{Sm sdbn ]Xn \K-c-ns N-bvmbn hbvp-I-bm-Wv. ka-{K-ho--W-
KXm-KX {]iv\- ]cn-lcnn-. tmsS ]cn-K-Wn--s-tS sImn-bpsS KXm-KX
sat{Smsbp-dn-p \ndw-]n-Sn-n Ah-Im-i hnI-k-\s sat{Sm F "GI ]cnlmcw' F-
s\-bmWv Ah-K-Wn-p--sXv ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
hm-Z
- am{Xw Dbp-hc- p kml-Nc- y-n sIm-nsb A-dn-bptam sat{Smbvv?
sat{SmbpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw s]m---c-fpw ]-e Im-e--fn ]p-g h-p-t]m-b sN-dp-I-c-I-fp-sS
Iq--am-b sIm-n-bp-sS K-Xm-K-X N-cn-{Xw I-c-bpw P-e-
N-bvv hbvp-p. ka-{K-ho-W - t- msS hpw tN-cp- kw-tbm-Pn-X cq-]-m G-sd-m-ew
]cn-K-Wn--s-tS sImn-bpsS KXm-KX k---am-bn-cp-p. 1341 s]-cn-bm-dn-ep-m-b A-Xn-
hnI-k-\s sat{Sm F "GI ]cnlmcw' i--am-b {]-f-b-m cq-]-s- A-gn-ap-J-s tI-
{o-I-cn-v hn-I-kn- Cu Xp-d-ap-J \-K-cw C-v "hn-I-
F-s\-bmWv Ah-KW - n-p-X - v. k-\- Xm-Xv-]-cy--fp-sS' _-lp-hn-[ `m-c--fm ho-
p-ap-p-I-bm-Wv. ]m-cn-n-Xn-Zp-_-e {]-tZ-i-am-b
tIc-fobw hmm-irw-Je sIm-n-bp-sS Xo-c--fn-se th-en-tb---c-p-I t]m-
epw a-lm-ku-[--fm sR-cp-n--gn-p. Xn-c-
t-dn-b-tXm-sS Im-\-S--n-s th-K-X-t]m-ep-an-
m-sX hm-l-\- \n-c-p-I-fn \n-c-n. \-K-c-
th-K-n-s\m-w \o-m \n-c-p-I-fn C-S-an-m-Xm-
b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv sa-t{Sm sd-bn F- k--w sIm-
n-bn-te-v sI-n-bn-d--s-Sp--Xv. i-cn-bm-b ]-cn-lm-
c-n \n-pw G-sd A-I-se \n-p-sIm-v B-Vw-
_-c-n-\v Du- \-Ip- B-tem-N-\-bm-Wv sa-
t{Sm. tdm-Up-I {Sm-^n-Iv Pm-ap-I-fp-sS A-gn-bm-p-cp-

04
2014 Pq
 [ C-{X-b-[n-Iw ]-Ww ap-S-n Cu sN-dn-b Zq-cw Xm-m am-{Xw k---am-tWm tI-c-fw [

sat{Sm sdbn-ens \nmWw XpS-n-b-tijw sImn-bn ]Xn-hmbn A\p-`-h-s-Sp KXm-K-X-p-cpv

p-I-fm-b-tXm-sS Xq-Wp-I Xo-v C-\n
A-w D-b-c-n A-`-bw tX-Smw F-,
K-Xm-K-X k---s-bm-Wv A-Xv ap-tm-p-
h-bv-p--Xv. -th-K-X-sb a-sm-cn-S-t-v ]-
dn-p-\-Sm-\p- {i-aw. H-cn--epw \n-e-hn-se
K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\--v sa-t{Sm _-Z-em-
In- F- bm-Ym-y-hpw sIm-n-bp-sS hn-
]p-e-am-b K-Xm-K-Xm-h-iy--sf sa-t{Sm ]-cn-
l-cn-n- F- h-kv-Xp-X-bpw t_m-[-]q-
w a-d-p-h-bv--s-Sp-p. I-f-a-t-cn--Sp-
p- Nq-n--c ]-m-b-n sa-t{Sm Wv A-Xn-s km--n-I `m-cw t]-td-n
bm-Un-\pw sa-t{Sm hn-t-Pv F- dn-b F-
t-v ]--Xn-pw th-n \-S-p- ]m-Sw
\n-I--en-s\-Xn-sc {]-Xn-tj-[- hym-]-
I-am-bt- Xm-sS-bm-Wv C-tm sa-t{Sm sd-bn
]--Xn-s-Xn-sc A--sa-n-epw i-_v-Z-
D-b-p-Xp-S-n-b-Xv. tI-h-ew h-b
\n-I--en-s ]n-n-se {]-iv-\--fn am-
{Xw H-Xp-n \n-p--X- sa-t{Sm-bp-sS
{]-iv-\-. \n-e-hn-se K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-
\-s - f-sbm-pw Iq-n-bn-W
- m {i-an-m-
sa-t{Sm sd-bn Xo-pw A-im-kv-{Xo-b-
hpw h-tc-Wy Xm-Xv-]-cy--sf am-{Xw kw-c-
n-p--Xp-am-Wv F- N--bm-Wv ssh-In-
bm-sW-n-epw D-b-p-h-tc--Xv.
FpsImv sat{Sm ]cn-lm-c-a?
25 In-tem ao- Zq-cw Xm-p- sa-t{Sm sd-
bn-en-s \n-m-W Nn-e-hv 5,128 tIm-Sn cq-]-
bm-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv H-cp In-tem-ao- Zq-cw Xm-
m i-cm-i-cn 200 tIm-Sn cq-] ap-S-t-n-
h-cpw. C-{X-b-[n-Iw ]-Ww ap-S-n Cu sN-
dn-b Zq-cw Xm-m am-{Xw k---am-tWm
tI-c-fw F- km-am-\y tNm-Zy-n \n-pw
Xp-S-mw. B-ep-h-bn \n-pw Xr-q-Wn-
p-d-bn-te-v sIm-n \-K-c-n-s a-[y-
n-eq-sS I-S-p-t]m-Ip- Cu sd-bn-]m-
X-b-v th-n tIm-Sn-I Nn-e-h-gn-p-
tm tI-c-f-n-se-m-Sp-ap- P-\--fm-
h-cp--Xv. \n-t-]-I-v th-n Xp-d-n-
hm-Wn-Py \-K-cw F- \n-e-bn sIm-n-bp-
sS ap-Jw an-\p-p--Xn-\p- H-cp D-]m-[n-
bm-bn am-{X-am-bm-Wv am-dn-h-cp- k-m-dp-
I-fpw A-h-sb {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p- cm-jv-{So-
b ]m-n-I-fpw sa-t{Sm ]--Xn-sb Im-Wp--
sX-v hy-w. F-m- \p-W-bp-sS \n-d-
Nm-en-v A-h-X-cn-n--s-Sp- sa-t{Sm
sd-bn A-Xn-\q-X-\-hpw A-Xyp--a-hp-am-b
H-cp K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-am-sW-v A-h-X-cn-
n--s--tXm-sS {]-Xn-hm-Z- B-cpw ]-d-
bm-sX-bm-bn. ]--Xn-sb-m-sW-pw A-Xn-
s Kp-W-^-e- F-m-sW-pw A-hy-
-am-bn-cp-m-epw hn-I-k-\-n-s Im-cy-
n F-Xn-p-I-sf-mw am-n-h-v G-h-cpw
k-a-hm-b-n F--W-sa- [m-c-W C-v
H-cp s]m-Xp-t_m-[-am-bn-c-p-p. B ]-gp-

05
2014 Pq
[ ]-n-a-sIm-n-bn-se tN-cn-I-fn-ep- ]-Xn-\m-bn-c--v sa-t{Sm sd-bn F--s\-bm-Wv {]-tbm-P-\-s-Sp--Xv? [

Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv sa-t{Sm sd-bn-epw kp-K-a-am-bn \nc-h[n GPkn-I-fpsSbpw tIm{Sm-

I-S-p-h-cp--Xpw B-[n-]-Xyw m-]n-p--
Xpw. (h-m-m-Sw I-s-bv-\ {Sm-jn-v-
sa v sS-an-\ h--Xp-t]m-se).
sa-t{Sm sd-bn sIm-n \-K-c-n-\v H-pw
A-\p-tbm-Py-a-s-v ]-d-bm \-K-c-s-bpw
A-Xn-se K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-s-bpw Ip-dn-
p- km-am-\y-am-b A-dn-hp-a-Xn. C-y-bn-
se a-v \-K-c--fn \n-v `q-an im-kv-{X-]-c-
am-bn hy-Xy-kv-X-X ]p-e-p- \-K-c-am-Wv
sIm-n. hn-im-e-am-b P-e-]-c-p-I \-K-c-
t-bpw {]m- {]-tZ-i--tf-bpw th-Xn-cn-
p-p. sh--m Np--s- A-t\-Iw Zzo-
]p-I-fpw I-c-I-sf-ap-dn-p- \-Zn-I-fp-a-S-p-
\-K-c-am-Wv sIm-n. 3 tZ-io-b P-e-]m-X-I-
fpw \m-ev Zn-i-bn-te-v t]m-Ip- 3 tZ-io-b-
]m-X-I-fpw 3 Zn-i-bn-te-v t]m-Ip- sd-bn-
i-cn-pw C-S-n-n-bn-se-bpw Fw.Pn tdm-Un-se-bpw
]-c
- c- m-KX- _-kv tm-p-I Cu am-fp-I-v
ap-n-em-bn-cp-n-. F-m sa-t{Sm h-fs- c
IrXyambn X- ap-tm-v h-bv-p- K-Xm-K-X
kw-hn-[m-\ - n-s cm-jv{- So-bw hy-a- m-n-bn-cn-p-p. t-j ]-Wn-bp--Xv ep-ep tjm-nw-
]m-X-I-fpw sIm-n \-K-c-n-s am-{Xw {]-
tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. C-sX-m-ap--tm-gpw H-cp an-
I- s]m-Xp-K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-n-s A-
`m-h-hpw G-tIm-]-\-hpw sIm-n-sb ho-p-
ap-n-p-p-v.
c--c \q-m-v ap-v P-e-K-Xm-K-X-hpw
1902 sd-bn-th-bpw 1939 _-v k-o-
kpw B-cw-`n-n-pw s]m-Xp-K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-
[m-\-s kw-tbm-Pn-n-p--Xn-\p- H-cp
G-I G-P-kn sIm-n-bn H-cn--epw C-m-
sX- t]m-bn. P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw, a-\p-jy {]-
h-n-I-fn-epw h-en-b am-w D-m-Ip-I-bpw
]p-Xn-b sd-bn ]m-X-I, tdm-Up-I, t_m-
v sP-n-I F-n-h \n-n--s-Sp-I-bpw
sN-bv-sX-n-epw s]m-Xp-K-Xm-K-Xw C-tm-gpw
{]m-No-\ dq-p-I-fn-X-s H-Xp-n-\n-p-I-
bm-Wv. A-Xn-\m D-b- P-\-hm-k {]-tZ-i-
-fn, {]-tXy-In-v ]n-tm- ta-J-e-I-
fn s]m-Xp-K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\- C-m-
-Xn-s Zp-cn-X- sIm-n-bn C-pw cq-
-am-Wv. s]m-Xp-K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-s
{]m-tbm-Kn-I ho--W-tm-sS- ]p-\x-{I-ao-I-
cn-p- \-S-]-Sn-I H-cp Im-e-pw sIm-n-
bn-ep-m-bn-n-.
IvSam-cpsSbpw ssIbn-embn NnX-dn-n-S-
p-I-bmWv sImn-bpsS s]mXpKXm-KX
kw-hn-[m-\w. 12 e-w I-gn-bp- sIm-n-bp-
sS P-\-kw-Jy ]-cn-K-Wn-v _-lp-`q-cn-]--
n-\pw {]m-]y-am-b, F-m-h-cp-sS-bpw Xm-Xv-
]-cy- ]-cn-K-Wn-p- hn-th-I-]q--am-
b H-cp K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp-p sIm-
n-v th-n-bn-cp--Xv. ]-I-cw F-n-\n-
p--tXm, H-cp bm-{X-bn 600 bm-{X-m-sc
am-{Xw h-ln-m I-gn-bp-, 25 In-tem ao--
dn-\n-S-bn am-{Xw D-]-Im-c-s-Sp-, D-b-
\n-c-v sIm-Sp-m I-gn-bp--h-v am-{Xw
B-{i-bn-m I-gn-bp- sa-t{Sm sd-bn F-
kw-hn-[m-\-n-epw. 22 tm-p-I am-{X-
ap- sa-t{Sm sd-bn B-ep-h-bv-pw Xr-q-
Wn-p-d-bv-pw C-S-bv-p- H-cp -hn-`m-Kw
bm-{X-m-v am-{Xw D-]-tb-K-s-Sp-
m I-gn-bp--Xv. (km--n-I-ti-
jn-bp- \-K-c-a-[y-a-h--n-s k-
m-c-]m-X-bm-W-Xv). sa-t{Sm-bp-sS {]-
[m-\ c-v tm-p-I-fp-sS kz-`m-hw I-
W-n-se-Sp-m ]--Xn-bp-sS s]m-
Xp-kz-`m-hw hy--am-Ipw. C-S-n-n
Kv am-fn-\v ap-n-em-Wv. t-j-\n \n-
pw Xm-tg-n-d-p--h F-p--Xv
ep-ep-hn-s {]-th-i-\ I-hm-S-n-em-Wv.
Fw.Pn tdm-Un-se t-j-\pw C-Xp-t]m-se
sk-{S am-fn-\v ap-n-em-Wv h-cp--Xv. i-
cn-pw C-S-n-n-bn-se-bpw Fw.Pn tdm-Un-
se-bpw ]-c--cm-K-X _-kv tm-p-I Cu
am-fp-I-v ap-n-em-bn-cp-n-. F-m sa-
t{Sm h-f-sc Ir-Xy-am-bn X- ap-tm-v h-
bv-p- K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-n-s cm-jv-
{So-bw hy--am-n-bn-cn-p-p.
sat{Sm {`a-tmSv Nne tNmZy-
sIm-n sa-s{Sm sd-bn ]--Xn--\p-Iq-e-am-
bn D-b-cp- ap-d-hn-fn-I I--n-n-p-
m-a ]--Xn-tbm-Sp- {`-a-n-s `m-Kw am-
{X-am-Wv. H-cp ]--Xn-bp-sS A-Sn-m-\-am-b
{]-h--\- aq-ey-t-m A-Xn-s s]m-
--aq-eyw ]-c-ky--fn-eq-sS P-\--fn-te-bv-
v F-n-v k-m-cpw cm-jv-{So-b I-n-I-
fpw \--sf h-n-p-I-bm-Wv.
s]m-Xp-KX - m-KX- k- w-hn-[m-\s- B-{i-bn-
p- ]-n-a-sIm-n-bn-se tN-cn-I-fn-ep-
]-Xn-\m-bn-c--v sa-t{Sm sd-bn F--
s\-bm-Wv {]-tbm-P\ - s
- -Sp-X- v? A-h-v
Xm-m-hp- \n-c-p-I-f- F-m-bm-epw sa-

06
2014 Pq
 [ tI-c-f-n-se ap-gp-h P-\--fp-sS ssI-bn \n-pw \n-Ip-Xn ]n-cn-p--Xv F-n-\m-Wv? [

CS-nn sat{Sm tjs tcJm-Nn-{Xw (Hu-tZym-KnK sh_vssk-n \npw). epephn\v apn-emWv tmsv Nn{X-n hy-amWv.

t{Sm-bn-ep-X - v? F-dW
- m-Ip-f- p-\n-pw B-
ep-h-bv-p- sa-t{Sm bm-{X-q-en 18 cq-]-bm-
Ipw. (2006se I-W-v). ]--Xn bm-Ym-y-
am-Ip-tm-tg-pw \n-c-p-I C-\n-bpw D-b-
cp-sa-p-d--t?
P-eK- X
- m-KX- - n-s km-[y-XI - s- f D-]-
tbm-K-s-Sp-p- sIm-n-bn-se 12 X-t-i-
kz-bw-`-c-W m-]-\--sf sa-t{Sm F--s\-
bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-p--Xv? Cu ]-c--cm-K-X
P-e-]m-X-I-sf sa-t{Sm sd-bn-ep-am-bn _-n-
n-m I-gn-n-p-tm?
sIm-n \-K-c-n-\p-n-se 25 In-tem-ao-
Zq-cw am-{Xw bm-{X sN-m I-gn-bp-
kw-hn-[m-\-n-\v th-n tI-c-f-n-se ap-gp-
h P-\--fp-sS ssI-bn \n-pw \n-Ip-Xn
]n-cn-p--Xv F-n-\m-Wv?
sa-t{Sm sd-bn bm-Un-s-bpw sa-t{Sm
hn-t-Pv \n-m-W-n-s-bpw t]-cn Nq-
n--c-bn 300 G--tdm-fw ]m-Sw \n-I-p-
-Xv F-n-\m-Wv? `q-an---h-S-am-Wv Cu \n-
I--en-\v ]n-n-se D-t-i-sa-v ]-d-m
\n-tj-[n-m I-gn-bp-tam? ]m-Sw \n-I--ep-
m-p- ]m-cn-n-Xn-Im-Lm-Xw ]-cn-lc - n-
m F-v t]mw-h-gn-bm-Wv sIm-n sa-t{Sm
sd-bn en-an--Un-s ssI-h-i-ap--Xv? bm-
{X-m-cn \n-pw e-`n-p- h-cp-am-\w
sIm-v em-`-n-em-In- F-p-d-p--Xp-
sIm--t sa-t{Sm hn-t-Pv t]m-ep- dn-b
F-t-v ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-am-bn ap-tm-v t]m-Ip-
-X?v
sIm-n-bn-se \n-n-jv-S sa-t{Sm t-j-\p-
I-fn (_m-\-Pn tdm-Uv, Fw.-Pn. tdm-Uv, F-
kv.-F. tdm-Uv) F-hn-sS-bm-Wv hm-l-\-
]m-v sN-m ku-I-cy-ap--Xv? Cu t-
j-\p-I-fn F-n-tN-cp--Xn-\p- D-]-tdm-
Up-I-fp-sS ku-I-cyw ]-cym-]v-X-am-tWm? a-v
K-Xm-KX
- i
- rw-Je - I
- f
- p-am-bn Cu t-j\- p-I-
v _--ap-tm?
C-y sd-bn-sh n-cw bm-{X-m-
v \-Ip- ko-k Sn--v t]m-se-bp-
B-izm-k-I-c-am-b C-f-hp-I sa-t{Sm sd-bn-en-
\v \-Im I-gn-bp-tam? C- F-n ]-c--
cm-KX
- sd-bn-]m-XI - s- f X-s B-{i-bn-p-
-X-t n-cw bm-{Xn-I-pw em-`-I-cw?
Cu tNm-Zy-s - f-sbm-pw A-`n-ap-Jo-Ic- n-
m t]m-epw X-m-d- F--Xm-Wv sa-
t{Smbp-sS {]-[m-\ ]-cn-an-Xn.
\K-c-nse Xncv Ipd-bn
]--Xn dn-tm-v {]-Im-cw tdm-Un-s a-
[y`m-K-p-Iq-Sn \n-n-p- 578 tIm-
{Ko-v Xq-Wp-I-fn-Iq-Sn 8.5, 10.5, 12.5 ao-
(_-lp-\n-e sI-n-S--fp-sS s]m--ap-)
ho-X-ap- hn-hn-[ D-b-c--fn-em-Wv sa-t{Sm
s{S-bn-\p-I Hm-Sp--Xv. \n-e-hn-ep- tdm-
Up-I-fp-sS ao-Un-b-\p-I-fp-sS i-cm-i-cn ho-Xn
tI-h-ew H-c-Sn am-{X-am-Wv. A-hn-sS \n-n-
p- Xq-Wp-I 1.2 ao- ho-Xn-bp--Xm-
Wv. Cu Xq-Wp-I-fp-sS A-Sn-`m-K-v B-Lm-
X -{]-Xn-tcm-[-n-\m-bn 90 sk.ao ho-Xn-bp-
h-e-b-hpw h-cpw sam-w 2.10 ao- ho-Xn
A--s\ Xq-Wp-I-v h-cpw. Cu Xq-Wp-
I F-kv.-F. tdm-Uv, Fw.-Pn. tdm-Uv, _m-
\-Pn tdm-Uv F-n-hn-S--fn-se hm-l-\-K-
Xm-K-X-n-\p- tdm-Un-s ho-Xn Ip-d-bv-
p-sa-p--Xn kw-i-b-an-. C-Xv C-tm-
gp- hm-l-\ K-Xm-K-X- Ip-cp-n-s k-o-
-X h-n-npw.
Bfp-I-b-dptam Fv kwibw
U-ln sa-t{Sm sd-bn-en-s\-p-dn-v 2008
C-d-n-b kn.-F.Pn dn-tm-v bm-{X-m-cp-sS
F-w U-ln sa-t{Sm- s{S-bn-\n bm-{X-

07
2014 Pq
 [ sat{Sm sImnsb ka-{K-ambn kv]in-p-n F-Xn\v {][m-\-sX-fnhv CXp-X-s-bm-Wv [
m Ip-d-p-t]m-b-Xn-s Im-c-W-
Cu hn-[-am-Wv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p--Xv. 1. _-kv
D-s-sS-bp- s]m-Xp-K-Xm-K-X cw-K-p--
Xn-t\-m D-b- \n-c-v. 2. bm-{X-m-
v ho-Sp-I-fn \n-pw sa-t{Sm t-j-\n-te-
pw A-hn-sS \n-v tPm-en -e-t-pw
sa-t{Sm Sn--n-s Nm-n-t\-m Iq-Sp-Xp-
em-bn \-tI-n h-cp- Xp-I. 3. i-cn-bm-b
hn-[-n-ep- I-W-Iv-Sn-hn-n-bp-sS A-`m-hw.
k-ao-] -e--fn \n-pw sa-t{Sm kn--
n-te-p- _-p-I-fp-sS A-`m-hw.
kn.-F.Pn U-ln-bn I-s-n-b
Cu ]-cn-an-Xn-I sIm-n sa-t{Sm-bn-epw A-
tX-hn-[w Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv. Ip--a- co-Xn-bn
\-S-n-em--s-p F-p ]-d-b-s-Sp- U-
ln sa-t{Sm-bv-v t]m-epw t\-cn-tS-n h-
Cu Zp-c-h- U-ln-bp-sS tI-h-ew ]-v
i-X-am-\w t]m-epw P-\-kw-Jy-bn-m- sIm-
n sb Iq-Sp-X B-i--bn-em-gv-p-sa--Xv
D-d-m-Wv. (2001 se sk-k-kv {]-Im-cw
U-ln \-K-c-k--b-n-se P-\-kw-Jy
1,28,77,470 B-Wv. sIm-n-bp-tS-Xv 11,38,413
am{Xw).
KXm-KX \b-n\v hncpw
tI-{-k-m-cn-s tZ-io-b \-Kc - - K-Xm-KX
b-n-se (F.-bp.-]n.-Sn.) F-m am-\-Z-fi-
-pw F-Xn-cm-Wv sIm-n sa-s{Sm sd-
bn ]--Xn. k-aq-l-n-se h-en-sbm-cp hn-
`m-Kw h-cp- ]m-h-s--h-v B-{i-bn-m
I-gn-bp-, sN-e-hv Ip-d--Xpw Im-cy--a-
hp-am-b s]m-XpK-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv
th-s - X-v tI-{-k-m-cn-s tZ-io-b \-K-
c-K-Xm-K-X \-bw hy--am-p-p-v. F.-
bp.-]n.-Sn. ap-tm-p-h-bv-p- _-lp-am-
kw-tbm-Pn-X s]m-Xp K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-am-
Wv H-cp-]-s sIm-n-v G--hpw B-h-iy-
am-bn-p--Xpw Kp-W-{]-Z-hpw.
C-y \-K-c--fn-se Xm-dp-am-dm-b K-Xm-
K-X n-Xn I-W-n-se-Sp-v tI-{-k-
m H-cp tZ-io-b \-K-c-K-Xm-K-X \-bw
(F.-bp.-]n.-Sn) 2006 cq-]o-I-cnncp-p. cm-
Py-n-\-I-pw ]p-d-p-ap- A-\p-`-h--
fp-sS-bpw K-th-jW - - f
- psSbpw shfn--
n X-m-dm-n-b H-cp am--tc-J-bm-Wn-Xv.
G-Xv kw-m-\ k-m-cpw X-t-i m-]-
\--fpw Cu \-b-am--n-s A-Sn-m-\-
n B-bn-cn--Ww \-K-c-K-Xm-K-X ]--Xn-
I X-m-dm-t--Xv. hm-l-\--f- P-\--
fm-Wv \-p-sS B-kq-{X-W - n-s tI-{w
F-Xm-Wv Cu \-b-n-s au-en-I X-Xzw.
08
2014 Pq
s]m-XpK-Xm-KX
- ku-Ic - y- t{]m-m-ln-
n-p-Ibpw kz-Im-cy hm-l-\- \n-cp-
m-l-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpp Cu \bw.
Fm Cu \bw ]q-ambpw X-n--f-
bp-- hn[-n-emWv sImn sat{Sm sdbn-
ens cq]-tcJ Xm-dm--s-n-c-p--Xv.
ka-{K-ambn kv]in-p-n
Db P\-km-{-Xbpw e-]-cn-an-Xn-bp-
ap sIm-n \-K-c-n-se K-Xm-K-X {]-iv-\-
- AXn ko--am-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-v X-
s ]-cn-lm-c-am---fpw ko--hpw hn-
hn-[ h-i--fp--Xp-amWv. Fm sa-t{Sm
sd-bn s]m-XpK-Xm-KX taJe F-n-
tn-cn-p {]-iv-\-smw H--aq-
en-bm-b ]-cn-lm-cw F- \n-e-bn-em-Wv A-Sn-
t-n-s-Sp-X - v. sa-t{SmbpsS XqWp-
I Db-cm XpS-n-b-tXmsS a-v s]m-XpK-
Xm-KX - ]-X- n-Is - f-mw s]-n-bn-em-bn-.
sdbnepw tdmUpw Ds-sS-bp KXm-KX
kwhn-[m-\--sf sat{SmbpsS t]cn Ah-
K-Wn-p X-c - n-tev \K-cm-kq-{XWw
hgnamdn. sat{Sm \nmWw XpS-nb
Imew apX- XpS-cp \K-c-nse KXm-K-
X-p-cp-n\v ]cn-lmcw ImWm aSn-p
- \- A[n-Ir-X-cpsS kao]\w CXv hy-am-p-
p. G-sd Ku-c-h-am-b ]T-\--v ti-jw
ssd-v-kv (tIm-{_n-sl-ko-hv -Un t^m
{Sm-kv-t]m-v kn-w t^m t{K-bv- sIm-
n), sIm-n tIm--td-j (kn-n sam-_n-
en-n m kn. cm-Pp), \m-v-]m-v ({Sm-^n-v
B v {Sm-kv-t]m-t-j -Un t^m
sIm-n tIm--td-j), Xp-S-n-b ap-tm-
v h- h-f-sc sN-e-hv Ip-d-, e-fn-X-am-b,
{]m-tbm-Kn-I-hpw kp-n-c-X-bp-ap- ]-e ip-
]m-i-I-fpw a-c-hn--s-p. C-hbpsS ip-
]m-I sIm-n- C-\p-`-hn-p- ap-gp-h
K-Xm-K-X-Ip-cp-pw h-f-sc thKw ]cn-l-cn-
m ]cym-]vXa - m-bh- b- m-bn-cp-p.
\-K-c-n-se 16 X-t-i kz-bw-`-c-W
m-]-\--fn-se tI-h-ew 4 X-t-i kz-bw-`-
c-W m-]-\- Iq-Sn am-{X-am-Wv sat{Sm
]--Xn I-S-p-t]m-Ip--Xv. sat{Sm
sImnsb ka-{K-ambn kv]in-p-n
F-Xn\v {][m-\-sX-fnhv CXp-X-s-bm-Wv.
`mhn-bn av ]e-bn-S--fn-tepw hnI-kn-
n-p--Xn-s\-p-dnv ]d-bp-p-s-nepw
hy-amb Hcp cq]-tcJ ]pd-p-hn-Sp--
Xn\v sat{Sm A[n-Ir-Xv C\nbpw Ign-
n-n-. Ahy--amb Nne kqN-\-I
am{Xw ]dv \ne-hnse ]-Xnsb
 [ Dulm-t]m-l--fmWv Chn-sSbpw hnI-k-\-ns hgn kpKa-am-p--Xv [
sat{Sm sdbn]m-X-bpsS dqpw tj-\p-I-fpw. kam--c-ambn IS-p-t]m-Ip ]c--cm-KX sdbn ]mXbpw ImWmw.
s]men-n-p--Xn-\mWv Ah {ian-p--
Xv. cmwL hnI-k\ns `mK-ambn
]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-Xpw s\Sp-m-t-cnbpw
Im-\mSpw t]mse-bp \nt-]-
Hgp-In-sb-p CS--fm-Wv. am{X-a
`mhn-hn-I-k-\-v th km-nI
k-lmbw sImn sat{Sm A[n-Ir-X Xs
Is-W - s
- a-mWv \nt-in-s
- -n-p--
Xv. kpXm-cy-a-m Cu ]-Xn-sb-p-dnv
s]m-Xp-P-\--v IrXy-ambn [mc-W-bn-m-
-Xn-\m Dulm-t]m-l--fmWv Chn-
sSbpw hnI-k-\-ns hgn kpKa-am-p-
-X.v
bpnv \nc-m dqv
sat{Sm s{Sbn HmSn-p--Xn-\mbn A[n-Ir-
09
2014 Pq
X Is-nbn-cn-p \nehnse ]mX
Hpw bpn-`-{Z-a- F {]iv\hpw D-bn-
-s-tS--XmWv. \n-e-hn-ep- sd-bn -
sse\n\pw tZio-b-]m-Xbvpw k-am--c-am-
bn B-ep-h ap-X t]- h-sc sa-t{Sm
sse IS-p-t]m-Ip--Xv. Beph apX
]-Sn-mew hsc-bp `mKv \ne-hn-
ep sdbnth ]mX-tbmSv tNp-X-s-
bmWv sat{Sm ISpt]m-Ip--Xv. CS-n-n-
bn \npw Xrq-Wn-pd hsc-bp
`mK-pw ]c--cm-KX sdbn]mX-bn
\npw sat{Sm ]mX-bn-te-p ]c-am-h[n
Zqcw Hcp Intem-ao- am{X-am-Wv.
\ne-hn-ep ]mX D]-tbm-K-s-Spn
A\m-bmkw k__ s{Sbn HmSn-m
hfsc thKw bm{X sNm Ign-bp
 [ dnb Ftv I-hSneqsS s{Sbn-t\m-Sn-m-\mWv sImn sat{Sm Dt-in-p--Xv [
kml-NcyamWv Cu dqn \ne-hn-ep--Xv.
]ns-n-\mWv kam-\-h-gn-bn tImSn-I
apSn asmcp sdbnmX ]Wn-bp-Xv?
AXnse bpn-bn-m-bna ]cn-tim-[n-p-
tm-gmWv bm{X thK-n-em-pI F-Xn-
\-p-d-ap sat{Sm-bpsS Nne XmXv]-cy-
shfn-s-p-h-cp--Xv.
sat{SmbpsS clkyXm-Xv]-cy-
Cu ]--Xn-sb \ym-bo-I-cn-p--Xn-\p- H-
tc-sbm-cp hm-Z-K-Xn \Kc K-Xm-K-X-n-s D-
b- km-{-X-bm-Wv. G--hpw Xn-c-p ]n-Sn-
k-a-b-v, Hm-tcm a-Wn-q-dn-epw, B-ep-h-
sat{Sm sdbnm-Xbvv XS--ap-m-Im-Xn-cn-p--Xn-\mbn tdmU-cn-Inse ac- apdn-p-am-p-p.
-t]- Zn-i-bn (B-ep-h, I-f-a-t-cn, I-eq,
_m-\-Pn tdm-Uv, Fw.-Pn. tdm-Uv, F-kv.-F.
tdm-Uv, ssh-n-e, t]-) 13,681 bm-{X-m
k--cn-p-p. a-sm-cp \ym-bo-I-c-Ww sIm-
n-bn-se P-\-kw-Jy kv-t^m-S-\m-fl-I-am-Wv
F-m-Wv. F-m sk-k-kv n-Xn hn-h-
c-W-p-I Xn-I-pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.
Cu \ym-bo-I-c-Ww h-p-t\m-n-bm C-y-
bn-se a-v \-K-c--fn-se P-\-kw-Jy-bp-am-bn
Xm-c-X-ayw sN-p-tm sIm-n \-K-c-k-Rv-
P-b-n-se P-\-kw-Jy Xp-e-\w Ip-d-hm-Wv.
H--c-tIm-Sn-tbm-fw P-\-kw-Jy-bp- ap-
wss_, I--, U-ln \-K-c--tf-m
sIm-n-bn tI-h-ew 12 e-w P-\- am-
10
2014 Pq
{X-am-Wv D--Xv. A-Xm-b-Xv tI-h-ew 8 i-X-
am-\-tm-fw am-{Xw. D-b- P-\-kw-Jy \n-
c-p- Cu \-K-c--fn t]mepw sa-s{Sm
em-`-I-c-a-. Snv \In-smv am{Xw
em`w Is-m Ign-bp kwhn-[m-\-
a sat{Sm. AXp-X-s-bmWv AXns
{][m\ ]cn-an-Xnbpw.
bm{X-m sImSp-p ]Ww sImv
\ne-\nm Ignbm KXm-KX amw
\jvSw \nI-p--Xn-\mbn Is-p
kam-c kwhn-[m-\--sfmw KXm-K-X-hp-
ambn ]pe-_--an-m-Xpw hn]-Wn-bn
Du-p--Xp-am-bn-cn-pw. km Im-
\mSv \Inb ev sat{Sm
Sujnpw apv ]mSw \nIn sat{Sm
hntPpw ]Wn-I-gn-nv, dnb Ftv
I-hSneqsS s{Sbn-t\m-Sn-m-\mWv
sImn sat{Sm Dt-in-p--Xv. sat{Sm
sdbn enan-Uv ASp-nsS sImn-bn
\nt-]I kwKaw kwL-Sn-n--Xns Dt-
ihpw AXp-X-s-bm-bn-cp-p. sat{Sm em`-
n-em-p--Xn-\p av I-h-S-v
hn]Wn Is-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp
\nt-]I kwK-a-ns Dt-iw. Dul--
-h-S--fn Dup Ab-Ymy-amb
Hcp hn]-Wnsb B{i-bn-p-sImpw
kzImcy \hen-_-d \nt-]-I-cpsS
 [ kwhn-[m-\- Zp_-e-s-SpIbpw kzImcy \nt-]- \ymbo-I-cn--s-Sp-I-bp-amWv sNp-Xv [

ImcpWyw {]Xo-n-p-sImpw A\p-_ \nm-W-

\mpImv KXm-KX kuI-cy-sam-cp-m- Fd-Wm-Ipfw kun \nn F.-F.
\p {iaw F-s\-bmWv a\p-jy-ka-- q-l- tP-_v sdbnth Hmh {_nUvPpw Fd-
n\v Xs A-\p-tbm-Py-am-Ip-Xv? Wm-Ipfw t\mnse ]pXpnWnX
kvs]Iv{Sw Xcw-K- ap-X I--cn-m-S- Hmh {_nUvPpw Sulm PwKvj
-fpw sd-bn-th-bp-a-S-w F-mw kz-Im-cy apX am[h ^makn PwKvj hsc-
Xm-]c - y-m-m-bn ku-Ic- y-s-Sp-p- bp tdmUns hoXn-Iq-epamWv sat{Sm
tPm-en-bm-Wv k-m-dp-I sN-bv-Xp-sIm-n- \nm-W-n\v A\p-_--ambn Un.-Fw.-
cn-p-sXv XpSsc XpS-sc-bp Agn-a- B.-kn-bpsS apssI-bn sImn-bn
Xn--Y-I hy-am-n-bnpw Xe-Xn-cn ]qoI-cn--s KXm-KX \ho-I-cW
hnI-k-\-n\v e`n-p tNmZyw sN-s- ]-Xn-I. hj--fmbn s]mXp-kaqlw
Sm kzoIm-cy-Xb - mWv sat{Sm-bp-sSbpw D-bn-p Bh-iy--fmWv sat{Sm h-
aqe-[-\-ambn ]cn-W-an-ncnp--Xv. tXmsS Ctm ]qo-I-cn--s-n-cn-p-
acw apdn hym]-I-am-Ipp -Xv. 1996 apX \ne-\np Bh-iy-
sa-t{Sm-bp-sS ]m-X-bn X-S-w kr-jv-Sn-m- ambncpp Fd-Wm-Ipfw t\mv ]me-
Xn-cn-p--Xn-\m-bn B-ep-h ap-X Xr-q- ns hoXn-Iq-. Fm sat{SmbpsS
Wn-p-d h-sc-bp- `m-K--fn tdm-Un-\v \nm-W-hpambn _--s-mWv Amcyw
C-cp-h-i-p-ap- X-W a-c- hym-]-I- ]cn-K-Wn-m t]mepw A[n-Ir-X Xm-dm-
am-bn ap-dn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Cu h- bXv. sat{Sm t]mep henb \nmW
gn-bn {]-[m-\ Pw-Kv-j-\p-I-fn-se-sb-mw a- {]h-\- hm am{Xsa Ccw
c--W-ep-I \-jv-S-am-bn-p-S-n. a-c-n- ASn-m\ hnI-k\mh-iy- ]cn-K-Wn-
-s-Sp-I-bpq F Nn
km Im-\mSv \Inb ev sat{Sm CtXmsS {]_-ea - mhpI-bmWv.
sat{Smbvv A\p-Iq-e-amb Hcp
Sujnpw apv ]mSw \nIn sat{Sm XcwKw sImn-mn-Sb - n
hntPpw ]Wn-I-gn-nv, dnb Ftv krjv S n-
s -
S p-
p-
X
- n Cu
\nmW {]h-\- sat{Sm
I-hSneqsS s{Sbn-t\m-Sn-m-\mWv sImn A[n-Ir-Xv klm-b-I-ambnpv.
sat{Sm Dt-in-p--Xv. sat{Sm sdbn enan-Uv hj-v apv A\p-aXn e`n-
hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I sat{Sm-bpsS
ASp-nsS sImn-bn \nt-]I kwKaw \ng-en- ]qn-bm-p--Xn\v Ah-
kwL-Sn-n-X - ns Dt-ihpw AXp-Xs- -bm-bn-cp-p. k-c-sam-cp-n-b-Xn-eqsS km
kwhn-[m-\- Zp_-e-s-SpIbpw
\-Sn-bn Im-em-Im-e--fm-bn I--h-Sw \-S- kzImcy \nt-]- \ymbo-I-cn--s-Sp-
n-bn-cp- sX-cp-hv I--h-S-m-sc-bm-Wv C- I- bp-
a mWv sNp-Xv.
Xv G-sd _m-[n-n-cn-p--Xv. sa-t{Sm sd- ka-hm-b--fpsS \nnXn
bn I-S-p-t]m-Ip- h-gn-bn-se-mw sIm- sa-t{Sm \n-m-W-n-s `m-K-am-bp-m-b K-
n \-K-cw ]q--am-bpw X-W-en-m- C-S- Xm-K-X-p-cp-v ]-cn-l-cn--Ww F-m-h-iy-
am-bn am-dp-I-bm-Wv. sa-t{Sm F-p--tXm-sS s-v k-a-cw sN-p- kn.-]n.-F-p-Im
Im-\-S-bm-{X-m-cpw _-p-I-sf B-{i-bn- t]m-epw ]--Xn-sb F-Xn-m-Xn-cn-m k-
p--h-cpw t\-cn-Sm t]m-Ip- A-h-K-W- kq-v-aw {i-n-p-p. A-tX k-a-b-p-X-
\-bp-sS B-Zy-cq-]-am-Wv Cu X-W a-c-- s {Sm-^n-Iv tm-n-s t]-cn sa-t{Sm
fp-sS \m-iw. sa-t{Sm ta-m-e-n-\v X-S- ]--Xn C-m-Xm-m {i-an--p-p F-m-tcm-
m-am-Im- a-c--fpw Cu t]-cn ap-dn-p- ]n-v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Fw.-F.-F-bp-sS ap-
p-s-v B-t-]-ap-v. F-m sa-t{Sm- ssI-bn a-sm-cp k-a-cw \-S-p-p. \-
bv-v th-n-bm-sW-n F-p-am-Imw F- \m-sf-sb-p-dn-p- {]-Xo--bn F-m
k-ao-]-\-n \n-b-aw \-S-n-em-p--h _p-n-ap-p-I-fpw a-d--W-sa-v am-[y-a-
F-n-bn-cn-p--Xn-\m hym-]-I-am-b a-cw Zn-\w-{]-Xn A-p-\n-c-p-p. sa-t{Sm ]--Xn-
ap-dn-bpw tNm-Zyw sN--s-Sm-sX t]m-hp-I- v Xp-c-w h-bv-m {i-an-p--h-sc \m-b-
bm-W.v I Xp-c-p- kn-\n-a h-sc a-e-bm-f-n

11
2014 Pq
 [ H-cp \-K-c-n-\v hn-hn-[ am-K--fn-ep- kw-tbm-Pn-X -K-Xm-K-X-kw-hn-[m-\w A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv [
C-d-p-p (A-p-\ km-n, 2011). a-
\p-jy-cp-sS hn-a-i-\m-fl-I _p-n-sb X-p-
X-I-m k- A-S-hp-I-fpw sa-t{Sm sd-
bn ]--Xn-bp-sS \-S-n-p-Im ]-b-p-p.
tI-{ K-h-sa v 1002.2 tIm-Sn-bpw,
kw-m-\ K-h-sa v 2009.56 tIm-Sn-bpw,
kzImcy hmbv]-I-fn-eq-sS 2,170 tIm-Sn-bpw
k-am-l-cn-p- (t{]m-P-Iv-v hym-eyq 5181.79
tIm-Sn cq-]-bm-Wv) Cu h- ]--Xn B-
kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-Xn-p--Xp X-s ap-v kq-
Nn-n- 22 In.-ao. \o-f-ap- C-S-\m-gn-bn-se
K-Xm-K-X-Ip-cp-n-\v ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wp--Xn-
\p- H-tc-sbm-cp ]--Xn F- \n-e-bv-m-
Wv. C-Xp am-{X-am-tWm sIm-n-bp-sS bm-{Xm
km-{-X-bpw, K-Xm-K-X-Ip-cp-pw D- C-S-\m-
gn? K-Xm-K-X B-kq-{X-W-n-s A-Sn-m-
\-]mTw X-s H--s- ]--Xn-I H-gn-hm-
-Ws - a-m-Wv. tZ-io-b \-Kc- K
- X
- m-KX
- \
- b- w
C-Xv D-d-n-p ]-d-bp-p-v. \n-n-jv-S sa-
t{Sm sd-bn ]m-X, P-e-K-Xm-K-X-]m-X-bp-am-
bn H-cn-S-pw k-n-p-n-. aq-v tZ-io-b
P-e-]m-X-I-fpw P-e-K-Xm-K-X-kw-hn-[m-\--fp-
sS hn-]p-e-am-b ir-Jw-e-bp-sS ku-I-cy--
fpw \q-m-p-I-fm-bn \n-e-\n-n-sIm-n-cp-
H-cp \-K-c-n-\v hn-hn-[ am-K--fn-ep-
kw-tbm-Pn-X -K-Xm-K-X-kw-hn-[m-\w A-\n-
hm-cy-am-Wv.
kwtbm-PnX kwhn-[m\w Fs\?
P-e-hp-am-bn _--s-m-Wv sIm-n \-K-c-hm-
kn-I-fp-sS Po-hn-X-hpw kw-kv-Im-c-hpw D-cp-
n-cn-p-h-n-p--Xv. sIm-n-bpsS
bYm Ah-Im-in-I-fmb Cu a-\p-jy-cp-
sS C-tm-g-s Po-hn-X-km-l-N-cy--sf ho-
pw ]m-iz-h-Xv-I-cnp Xc-n-ep
hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I-fmWv sImn-bn Gsd-
m-e-ambn \S-p-Xv. ASn-m\ P\-hn-
`m-K
- f- psS Po-hn-Xb
- m-Ym-y-f - p-am-bn
_--s-Sp-n-s-n ]n-s s]m-Xp-K-Xm-
K-X-kw-hn-[m-\-ns {]-k-n-sb-m-Wv?
tNcn-{]-tZ-i- {]Xo-n-p-Xv s]mXp-
K-Xm-K-X-hy-h-bn-eq-sS km-aq-ly-Xp-ey-
XbmWv. Fm tNcn-Isf IqSp-X
]miz-h-XvI-cn-p Xc-n-ep cq]-I-
ev]-\-bmWv sat{Sm sdbn ]Xn ]np-S-
cp-Xv.
Pe-m Np-s-Xpw sImn \K-c-
nse Ghpw Zcn-{Z-cmb P\hn`mK
Xnn-mp--Xp-amb ]n-a-
sImntbbpw sshn Ic-tbbpw ]q-
ambpw Ah-K-Wn-p-sIm-mWv sat{Sm \K-
12
2014 Pq
c-ns hmWnPy tI{--fn-eqsS IpXn-
p--Xv. Ghpw P\-km-{-X-tb-dnb ]n-
a-sImn {]tZ-iv \np-amWv sImn-bn-
tev Ghpw IqSp-X t] tPmen-s-
p--Xv. sImn- \K-cs Nen-n-p
{][m\ sXmgncpv tXmpw-]-Sn-bn-
sebpw t^mvsIm-n-bn-sebpw am-t-cn-
bn-sebpw CS-sm-n-bn-sebpw sshn
Ic-bn-sebpw P\--fmWv Imem-Im-e--
fmbn e`y-am-n-sm-n-cn-p--Xv. A\y-
kw-m\ sXmgn-em-fn-I ]mp
hmp-cnn t]mse-bp henb tImf-\n-
Ifpw Cu {]tZ-i-p-v. Pe-]m-X-I-sfbpw
tdmUv am-sbpw B{i-bn-mWv Cm-
p-Im Zn\w-{]Xn apJy Ic-bn-te-v tPmen-
mbn Fp--Xv. Ghpw Xnc-t-dnb
Cu hgn-bnse bm{X Cpw AXyw
ZpLSw ]nSn--Xm-Wv. Pe]m-X-I-sfbpw
tdmUn-s\bpw sdbn-ens\bpw kwtbm-Pn-n-
m-\p hn]p-e-amb km[y-X-I Xpd-p-
In-S-npw Ch-cpsS XmXv]-cy- Ah-K-
Wn--s-Sp-p. Fm sImn-bpsS
k-ta-J-e-I-sfbpw Dsm-m Ign-
bp Hcp KXm-KX kwhn-[m\sp-dn-
p N-Iv am{X-amWv _Z-ep-I-fn-
te-p hgn Xpd-m Ign-bp--Xv.
Icbpw Pehpw tImn-Wn AsX-
s\ km[y-am-Ip-sav ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
_Z-ep-I-fn-te-p hgn
P-e-K-Xm-K-Xw
\-K-c-n-\v s\-Sp-I-bpw Ip-dp-I-bp-ambn \-K-
c-{]m---sf _-n-n-p- C-{X hn-]p-e-
am-b P-e-]m-X-I-fp-sS irw-J-e C-y-bn a-
sm-cp \-K-c-n-ep-an-. tZio-b-P-e-]m-X-I-
fmbn AwKo-I-cn--s aqv Pe]m-X-I-
fp \K-c-amWv sImn-sb Imcyw KXm-
KX hnI-k-\-ns hm--sfmw
]msS Ah-K-Wn-p-I-bm-Wv.
1. F.-U-_v-fn-bp. 3 tIm--p-dw sIm-
w (30 In.-an. sIm-n sk-) 2. N---
c I-\m (14 In.-an.), 3. D-tym-K-a-fi I-
\m (23 In.-an) Fn-h-bmWv B
]mXI. t_m-b-I m-]n-v A-S-bm-f-
s-Sp-n-b Cu aqv ]mX-Ifpw ]-cn-]m-en-
p--Xv C-em v hm- A-tXm-d-n Hm-^v
C-y-bm-Wv. \-K-c-n-s hn-hn-[ `m-K--
sf _--s-Sp-p- 30 hy-Xy- s^-dn
k-o-km-Wv \-K-c-n-se 16 X-t-i`c-W
m-]-\--fn 12 X-t-i`c-W m-]-\-
tN-v \-S-p--Xv. tIm--td-j
 [ Icbpw Pehpw tImn-Wn AsX-s\ km[y-am-Ip-sav ]cn-tim-[n-mw [

sImn-bnse D\m-S Pe-K-Xm-KXns km[y-X-I. 56 t_mv sPn-Ifpw `q]-S-n ImWmw.

13
2014 Pq
 [ Sq-dn-k-n-\m-bn tIm-Sn-I ap-S-n P-e-hn-am-\w Hm-Sn-p--Xn-\p- X-{X-m-Sn-em-W-h [
ta-J-e-I-fn-se hn-hn-[ sP-n-I-fn \n-pw
\-K-c{]-m--fn-te-v s^-dn P-m k-o-
kp-I \-S-p-p-v. G-I-tZ-iw 50 sP-n-
I-fn-eq-sS I-S-p-t]m-Ip- Cu s^-dn-I
B-bn-c--W-n-\v bm-{X-m-v sN-e-hv
Ip-d- bm-{Xm ku-I-cy-sam-cp-p-p.
ssl-tm-S-Xn ap-X h-cm-p-g h-sc-bp-
t_m-v k-o-kv 20 G-sd sP-n-I-fn-epw Rm-
d--en \n-pw G-eq-cn-te-p- t_m-v
H-cp U-k-\n-te-sd sP-n-Ifnepw F-p-p.
bm-{X t_m-p-I, sP-n-I, Sn--v hn-X-c-
Ww, t_m-n-te-v F-m-\p- ku-I-cy-
Xp-S-n-b-h {]m-Ir-X-hpw \-s H-cp
\q-m-v ]n-n-te-v sIm-p-t]m-IpXp-
amWv F-Xm-Wv F-m s^-dn-Ifp-tS-bpw
s]m-Xp k-hn-ti-j-X. G-Xm-v F-m sP-n-
I-pw ta-q-c t]m-ep-an-. k-m-cn-
s P-e-K-Xm-K-X h-Ip-pw tI-c-f jn-n-wv
B v \m-hn-tK-j tIm--td-j ]p-d-sa
kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-I-fn k-o-kv \-S-p-
sIm-nssh-n s^-dn-t]m-epw 1872
t^m-p-sIm-n \-K-c-k-` Xp-S-n-b-Xm-Wv.
\qm-p-I-fmbn \ne-\np Cu KXm-
KX kwhn-[m--\-tm-Sp \nc-c Ah-K-
W\ ImcWw av am- tXSp--Xn\v
P\-sf t{]cn-n-p-p-v. tdmUns
taep AanX B{in-X-Xz-n\pw kzIm-
cy-hm-l-\--fpsS AXn-{]-k-c-n\pw Cu
Ah-K-W\ Imc-W-am-bn-op.
P-e K-Xm-K-X-am-- sN-e-hv Ip-d-
-Xpw kp-n-c-X-bp--Xpw ]-cn-n-Xn-v
C-W-p--Xp-am-Wv. B-b-Xn-\m C-h-sb
B-[p-\o-I-cn-p-I-bpw kw-tbm-Pn-X s]m-Xp
K-Xm-K-X-n-s `m-K-am-p-I-bpw sN-t--
Xp-v. t^m-p-sIm-n-bn-se I-w-kv sP-n-
ap-X F-d-Wm-Ip-fw sa-bn sP-n- h-sc P-
e-am--ap- Zq-cw 3 In.-an. am-{X-am-Wv. bm-
{X sN-e-hv 4 cq-]-bpw, bm-{X-s-Sp-p-
k-a-bw 15 an-\n-pw. A-tX k-a-bw tdm-Uv
am--ap- Zq-cw 14 In.-an. Dw. bm-{X sN-e-hv
12 cq-]-bpw. bm-{X-s-Sp-p- k-a-b-am-I-s
G-I-tZ-iw H--c-a-Wn-q-dpw. B-h-iy-n-\v
t_m-n-m--Xpw ]m-nw-Kv ku-I-cy-
C-m--Xpw I-w-kv sP-n H--s- -e-
m-sW--Xpw B-fp-I a-v am-- Xn-
c-bp--Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-bn-o-cp-p. ssh-
n, tX-h-c, Ip--fw, Nn-q, Rm-d-
F-o -e--fn-epw n-Xn k-am-\-am-Wv.
C-y-bp-sS ]-Sn-m-d Xo-c-s G--
hpw h-en-b D-\m-S Im-b--c-m-Wv th-
14
2014 Pq
-\m-Sv Im-b D-s-Sp- sIm-n-bp-sS Xo-
c-. F-n-pw B-sI-bp- K-Xm-K-X-n-
s H-cp i-X-am-\w am-{X-am-Wv C-tm-gpw P-
e-]m-X-I D-]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. P-e-]m-X-I-fp-
sS \n-e-hn-se sP-n-I-sf-mw \-K-c-n-se
{]-[m-\ _-kv tm-p-I-fp-am-bn t\-cn-v _-
n-X-am-bn-cp-n-pw A-h-K-W-\ Xp-S-cp-I-bm-
Wv. 25 h-j-n-e-[n-Iw ]-g--ap- t_m-
p-I-fm-Wv C-tm-gpw C-hn-sS k-o-kv \-S-
p--Xv. ]-g--hpw tI-Sp-]m-Sp-I-fpw Im-c-
Ww t_m-p-I k-o-kv \n-p--Xpw C-
hn-sS ]-Xn-hm-Wv.
Xn-c-t-dn-b t^m-p-sIm-n--ssh-n
dq-n-s Im-cyw X-s-sb-Sp-mw. Im-e-l-c-
W-s- c-v P-m-dp-I-fm-Wv C-hn-sS C-
tm k-o-kv \-S-p--Xv. tIm-{Io-v
C-v tNm--b-S-m-Wv C-h k-o-kv \-S-p-
-sX-v ]-cm-Xn ]-d-n-pw I-cm-dp-Im-
s-Xn-sc \-S-]-Sn-I-sfm-pw F-Sp-m-dn-. an-
s^-dn-I-fn-epw ta-q-c-bn-m- Xp-d-
P-m-dp-I-fm-Wv C-tm-gpw k-o-kv \-S-
p--Xv. hm-l-\--fpw bm-{X-m-cpw H-cp
P-m-dn-em-Wv a-dp-I-c Xm-p--Xv. ]-e t_m-
p sP-n-I-fn-epw a-g-bpw sh-bn-epw \-\-bm-
sX \n-m-\p- kw-hn-[m-\--fn-. tdm-
Uv am--ap- G-Xv hm-l-\-t-m-fpw Im-
e-]-cn-[n Iq-Sn-b-Xpw A--Ip---Wn-I Ip-d-
hp--Xp-am-b K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv
t_m-p-I. tam-tm hm-l-\ hn-]-Wn-t]m-
se N-e-\m-fl-I-a-m--Xn-\m \n-t-]-
I Ip-d-hm-Wv F--Xm-Wv P-e-K-Xm-K-Xw
t\-cn-Sp- H-cp {]-iv-\w. F-m an-I-
t_m-p hm-p--Xn-\v C-em-Uv hm- A-
tXm-dn-n Hm-^v C-y X-t-i kz-bw-`-c-W
m-]-\---v \q-dv i-X-am-\w Sm-Iv-kv C-f-
hpw k-_v-kn-Un-bpw sIm-Sp-p-p-v. C--
cw t{]m-m-l-\--fp-m-bn-pw k-m-
P-e-K-Xm-K-X-s ]-cn-t]m-jn-n-p--Xn-\p-
\-S-]-Sn-I-sfm-p-sa-Sp-p-n-. ]-I-cw Sq-
dn-k-n-\m-bn tIm-Sn-I ap-S-n P-e-hn-am-
\w Hm-Sn-p--Xn-\p- X-{X-m-Sn-em-Wv A-
h. B-[p-\n-I ku-I-cy--fp- t_m-p-
I \n-n-p--Xn-\pw s^-dn-I \-ho-I-
cn-p--Xn-\pw sIm-n I- im-e-bp-sS
km-t-Xn-I k-lm-bw tX-Sm-hp--Xm-Wv. P-h-
l-em s\-{lp A-_ dn-\yq-h an-j-
]--Xn-bn D-s-Sp-n B-[p-\n-I _-
p-I-v ^-v e-`y-am-n-b co-Xn-bn B-
[p-\n-I t_m-p-I-pw ^-v e-`y-am-p--
Xn-\v {i-an-m-hp--Xm-Wv. F-m K-Xm-K-X
 [ tdm-Up-I s]m-n-sm-fn-bp--Xpw Sm-dnw-Kv \-S-m-Xn-cn-p--Xpw ]-Xn-hm-Ip-p [
kw-hn-[m-\--sf-bpw G-tIm-]n-n-p-sa-v
A-h-Im-i-s- sa-t{Sm sd-bn-epw P-e-K-Xm-K-
X-s ]-cn-K-Wn-p--Xn- ]q--am-bpw
]-cm-P-b-s-p.
tdmUv KXm-KXw
tdm-Uv h-gn-bp- _-kv K-Xm-K-X kw-hn-[m-
\w Cpw ]-c--cm-K-X-am-b dq-p-I-fn ]-cn-
an-X-s-n-cn-p-p. Im-ew I-gn--tXm-sS
_-p-I-fp-sS F--hpw tdm-Up-I-fpw h-n-
s-n-epw dq-p-I-fn am--ap-m-bn-. ]-cn-an-
X-am-b dq-p-I I-Sp- a--c-n-\pw A-an-
X-th-K-n-\pw Xn-c-n-\pw A-]-I-S--
pw C-S-bm-n. kz-Imcy hml-\- s]-
cp-In-bXpw s]mXp-K-Xm-K-Xs kmc-ambn
_m-[n-p. kz-Im-cy-hm-l-\--fp-sS B-[n-]-
Xy-s \n-b-{n-p--Xn-\p- \-S-]-Sn-I-
sfm-pw sIm-n-bp-sS B-kq-{X-W-n C-
\n-eh
- n-ep- sd-bn-th sse-\p-If- n Iq-Sp-X
s{S-bn-\p-I Hm-Sn-m I-gn-bn- F-sm-cp-hm-Zap-v.
ap-ss_-s- N-ss D-s- S-bp- cm-Py-s ]-e
{]-ap-J \-Kc-
- f- n-epw Hm-tm-am-n-Iv tm-v kn-e- n
F km-t-Xn-I hn-Zy D-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn
k-_-s_ s{S-bn k-o-kv \-S - p-p
F-X - v Cu hm-Zs- A-{]-k - a- m-p-p
Xp-h-sc C-Sw I-n-n-. K-Xm-K-X Ip-cp-pw
s]m-Sn-bpw ]p-I-bpw sIm-v \n-c-p-I
ho-p-ap-n-bn-pw ]-cn-lm-c am---f-t\z-jn-
m B-cpw X-m-dm-Ip-n-. Ip-Xn-p-b-cp-
kz-Im-cy-hm-l-\ hn-]-Wn-bpw k-a-{K-am-b
]p-\x-Nn--bv-v X-S--am-bn \n-p-
pv.
\-K-c-n-se B-sI tdm-Up-I-fp-sS
ssZ-Lyw 614 In.-an. B-Wv. 15 {]-[m-\ tdm-
Up-I (17 In.-an.), C-S--cw tdm-Up-I
53 In.-an., A-\p-_- tdm-Up-I 151 In.-an.
F-n-h-bv-p-]p-d-sa 393 {]m-tZ-in-I tdm-Up-
I. \-K-c-n-s hn-hn-[ `m-K--fn Nn-X-
dn-In-S-p- 60 tI-{--fn \n-pw 160 dq-
p-I-fn-eq-sS 650 _-p-I-fm-Wv Hm-Sp--Xv. hm-
l-\ K-Xm-K-X-n-se 40 i-X-am-\w h-cp-
_-p-I-fm-Wv 73 i-X-am-\w-h-cp- bm-{X-m-
sc h-ln-p--Xv. A-tX k-a-bw 38 i-X-am-
\w h-cp- Im-dp-I 15 i-X-am-\w bm-{X-m-
sc- am-{X-am-Wv h-ln-p--Xv. I-gn- G-
15
2014 Pq
Xm-\pw Z-im-_v-Z--sIm-v \-K-c-n-\-I-
pw ]p-d-p-am-bn ]p-Xn-b {]-[m-\ tdm-Up-
I D-m-bn. F.-F-v. 47 F. (Ip--q-
cn-t\-bpw sh-n-Mv-S sF-en-t\-bpw _-
n-n-p--Xv), F-b-t]m-v ko-t]m-v
tdm-Uv (Xr-]q-Wn--d-tb-bpw I-f-a-t-cn-tb-
bpw Im--\m-Sv h-gn _-n-n-p--Xv). ]-
m-f-s I-eq-cp-am-bn _-n-n-p- s]m-
-Ip-gn tdm-Uv, t-Un-bw en-v tdm-Uv, ]-
p-cp-n t^m-n ^o-v tdm-Uv, I-eq I-S-
h-{ tdm-Uv Xp-S-n-b-h. F-m c-v Z-
im-_v-Z-n-e-[n-Iw I-gn-n-pw I-eq I-S-
h-{ tdm-Uv H-gn-sI a-p-tdm-Up-I-fn s]m-
Xp _-p-I k-o-kv \-S-p-n-. Xn-c-
p- ]-e Pw-Kv-j-\p-I-fn-epw ta-m-ew
\n-n-m I-gn-n-n-. tdm-Up-I s]m-
n-sm-fn-bp--Xpw Sm-dnw-Kv \-S-m-Xn-cn-p-
-Xpw ]-Xn-hm-Ip-p. sa-t{Sm t]m-se-bp-
am-Xr-I-I-sf ]p-dw cm-Py--fn \n-
pw ]-dn-p-\-Sm sh-p- hn-I-k-
\-hm-Zn-I s]m-Xp-K-Xm-K-X-n-s-
bpw kz-Im-cy-hm-l-\ \n-b-{-W-n-
s-bpw Im-cy-n ]-e hn-tZ-i cm-
Py-f - pw ssI-sm- am-Xr-II - s
- f
Im-Wm-Xn-cn-p-Ib- m-Wv.
sd-bn amw
sIm-n \-K-c-k-` X-m-dm-n-b \-K-c
K-Xm-K-X ]--Xn-bn-se G--hpw {]-[m-
\-s- ip-]m-i \n-e-hn-ep- sd-
bn irw-J-e-bn-eq-sS k-_-_
s{Sbn k-o-kp-I A-Y-hm sa-p k-
o-kp-I \-S-n-em-p-I F--Xm-Wv. Cu
]--Xn-bp-sS cq-] tc-J X-m-dm-n-b-Xv sIm-
sd-bn-th-bp-sS No-^v F-Pn-\o-b-dpw
ssd-v-kn-s P-\-d am-t\-P-dp-am-bn-cp-
kn. cm-Pp-hn-s t\-Xr-Xz-n-ep- kw-L-
am-Wv. cm-Py-n-s G--hpw B-Z-c-Wo-b-cm-
b sd-bn-th D-]-tZ-i-I-cn H-cm-fm-Wv C-t-
lw. ap-ss_, sN-ss F-n-h-S--fn-epw
sN-dp \-K-c--fm-b \m-Kv-]q, se-Iv-\u F-
n-h-S--fn-epw C--cw {S-bn Hm-Sp-p-v.
sa-p 10 sk-n-\p-n 80 In.-an. h-sc
th-K-X B-n-m I-gn-bp- A-Xn-th-K
C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv {S-bn-\p-I-fm-Wv. km-[m-c-W Hm-
tcm {S-bn-\pw 6 t_m-Kn-I ho-X-am-Wv D--
Xv. B-dn-epw bm-{X-m-sc I-b-mw.
\n-e-hn-ep- sd-bn-th sse-\p-I-fn
Iq-Sp-X s{S-bn-\p-I Hm-Sn-m I-gn-bn-
F-sm-cp-hm-Zap-v. ap-ss_--sN-ss D-
-sS-bp- cm-Py-s ]-e {]-ap-J \-K-c--
[ am-tmcn lmv tj-\n \npw ]na sImn-bnse ]e `mK--fn-tepw _-kv bm-{X {I-ao-I-cn-mw [
fn-epw Hm-tm-am-n-Iv tm-v kn--en
F km-t-Xn-I hn-Zy D-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n
hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn k-_-s_ s{S-bn k-
o-kv \-S-p-p F--Xv Cu hm-Z-s A-
{]-k--am-p-p. Hm-tm-am-n-Iv tm-v
kn--en F- km-t-Xn-I hn-Zy D-]-tbm-
Kn-v Xp-S-sc Xo-h-n-I Hm-Sn-m-samWv
kn. cm-Pp Nq-n-Im-n-bn-p-v. \n-e-hn-ep-
sd-bn-th {Sm-n Hm-tcm In.-an. C-S-hn-v
m-]n-p- Hm-tm-am-n-Iv kn--en Hm-
tcm {Sm-n-eq-sS H-n-\p-]p-d-sI a-sm-m-bn
Iq-Sp-X Xo-h-n-I Hm-Sn-p--Xn-\p-
km-t-Xn-I hn-Zy-bm-Wv. \n-e-hn-ep- sd-
bn-th sse-\p-I-fn Cu kw-hn-[m-\w
G-s-Sp-n-bm Hm-Sp- {S-bn-\p-I-fp-sS
F-w C-c-n-bm-p-hm-\pw AXp-h-gn k-_-
s_ {S-bn Hm-Sn-p-hm-\pw I-gn-bpw. Cu
kw-hn-[m\w m-]n-p--Xn-\v In-tem-ao--
dn\v ]-v-e-w cq-] am-{X-sa sN-e-hm-Iq.
C-Xn-s ]-Ip-Xn sN-e-hv sd-bn-th h-ln-
pw. sIm-n-bn \n-v Xr-q, B-e-p-g
Xp-S-n-b {]-tZ-i--fn-te-v Cu kw-hn-[m-
\w m-]n-m-t]m-epw B-sI th-n-h-cp-
sN-e-hv 50 tIm-Sn cq-]-bn am-{X-am-bn-cn-
pw. `q-cn-`m-Kw se-h t{Im-kp-I-fn-epw
ta-]m-ew ]-Wn-bp--Xn-\pw Aw-Ko-Im-cw
e-`n-n-p--Xn-\m C-sXm-cp {]-iv-\-a-.
ssl-tm-S-Xnv ]n-n-ep-, C-tm
D-]-tbm-Kn-m- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw sd-bn-th
Kp-Uv-kv t-j k-_-_ sd-bn sS-
an-\ B-m I-gn-bpw. 1902 ]Wn-I-gn-
n F-d-Wm-Ipfw sdbn th KpUv tj-
\n \npw \ne-hn D]-tbm-Kn-p sd-
bnm-X-bn-tev Ctmgpw IWIvSv
sNm-hp sdbnm-fapv. ]gb sd-
bn-th Kp-Uv-kv t-j ]-cn-jvI-cn-s-Sp-
m B-bn-c--W-n-\m-fp-I-v F-d-Wm-
Ip-fw \-K-c-n-s lr-Z-b-`m-Kv h-p-t]m-
Im kuI-cy-ap-mIpw. P-\-km-{-X Iq-Sn-
b ssh-n Zzo-]n-se Av ]-m-b-p-I-
fn- \npw I-S-a-p-Sn, ap-f-hp-Im-Sv, h-m-
]m-Sw, ]-n-a sIm-n F-n-hn-S--fn
\npw \K-c-n-te-s-p B-bn-c-I-
W-n-\v bm-{X-msc {]-[m-\ sd-bn-epw P-
e-K-Xm-K-X-hpw tdm-Up-am-bn _-n-n-p-
kw-K-a m-\-am-bn- amm Ign-bp
e-am-WnXv. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw am--v C-hn-
sS \n-pw \-S-p-t]m-Im-hp- Zq-c-m-Wv.
Aw t]mepw e-ta-s-Sp-msX,
shdpsX InS-p ]gb sdbnth
16
2014 Pq
tjs ew D]-tbm-K-s-Spn ]cn-K--
Wn-m-hp Hcp Imcyw am{X-am-Wn-Xv.
kzIm-cy-ew Gs-Sp-p-sIm-p-h-cp
]-Xn-Isf am{Xw t{]mm-ln-n-p
km \bs kwi-bn-t--Xp-s-
-Xn\v sXfn-hmWv ImSpaqSn-n-S-p Cu
]gb sdbnth tj.
\-K-c K-Xm-K-X ]--Xn-bn \n-t-in--
Xp-t]m-se shnw-Kv-S sF-en-se a-m-
t-cn lm-v sd-bn-th t-j ]-Sn-
m-d sImn-p sd-bn tdm-Uv bm-
{X-bp-sS kw-tbm-P-\ tI-{-am-m-hp--Xm-
Wv. \K-c-tI-{-sbpw sImn Xpd-apJw
\np shnw-KvS Zzo]n-s\bpw
Xn shp-cpn ]meneqsS _n-
n-p sdbnm-Xbpw sImn
lm_ sSan-\kv tj\pw Gsd-m-e-
ambn ]mk-m hn-I D]-tbm-Kn-p--
tX-bn-. C-S-sIm-n, ]-p-cp-n, Ip--f-
n sN-m-\w, a-m-t-cn, t^m-p-sIm-n
ap-X-em-b -e--fn-te-v thK-n
Fp--Xn\v klm-b-I-amb Cu ]mX
sshZyp-Xo-Ic - Ww ]qn-bm-Im-X - ns
t]cn-emWv D]-tbm-Kn--s-SmsX InS-p-
Xv. Cu ]mX-bnse am-tmcn lmv
sdbnth tj-\n \npw ]na
sImn-bnse ]e `mK--fn-tepw _-kv
bm-{X {I-ao-I-cn-mw. Cu sd-bn-th t-
j\Sp-p sIm-n t]m-n-s D-S-a-
X-bn-ep-f-f -e-v H-cp _-kv sS-an-
\ D-m-m-hp--Xm-Wv. A-Xp-h-gn ta--
d- -e-sf _-kv k-o-kp-I-fn-eq-
sS sd-bn-th t-j-\p-I-fp-am-bn _-n-n-
mw. Cu -e--fn Xm-a-kn-p- km-
[m-c-W-m-cm-b P-\--v C-Xp-h-gn _rl-
mb K-Xm-K-X ku-I-cyw e-`y-am-Ipw.
Ncp \o-n-\mbn CS-n-n-bn
\npw s]cn-bm-dn\pw sImn-m-b-en\pw
apI-fn-eqsS hmmSw Is-bv\ sSan-
\-en-tev \nn sdbnm-X-bmWv
asmcp km[y-X. \ne-hn Cu ]mX
hmmSw Xpd-ap-Jv \npw ]pd-s-
Sp Nc-p-h-n-Iv thn am{XamWv
D]-tbm-Kn--s-Sp--Xv. hmmSw Xpd-ap-
Jv Nc-p-\ow Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m- Cu
]mX ]e-tmgpw Hgn-p-In-S-p-I-bm-Wv.
CXpw bm{X-bvmbn Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p-Ib - m-
sW-n sshn, Rmd-bv {]tZ-i-
p--hv CSn-n-bn-tepw AXp-hgn
tIc-f-ns av `mK--fn-tepw
 [ k-_-s_ t-j-\p-I h-m n-cw bm-{X-sN-p--h-v G-sd {]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw [

sat{Sm bmUn-\mbn ]mSw \nI-p Nqn-cbpsS KqKn- Fv Nn{X-. BZy Nn{Xw cv hjw apv FSp-p-Xv.
ASpnsS FSp cm-as Nn{X-n \nI-nb ]mS hy-ambn ImWmw.

Fm Ffp--am-Ipw. -d sd-bn-th t-j H-cp am-Xr-I sd-

Sn--v \n-c-n-ep- Ip-d-hm-Wv k-_-
_ {S-bn-\n-s G--hpw B-I-j-I-am-b
L-S-Iw. \n-e-hn-ep- \n-c-p-I {]-Im-cw
sIm-n-bn \n-v Xr-q-pw, tIm--b-p-
\n-pw B-e-p-g-pw bm-{X sN-p- Hm-
cm-v sIm-n-bn \n-pw Xr-q-v 12 cq-
]-bpw tIm--b-n-\pw B-e-p-g-pw 10 cq-
]-am-{Xw \-In-bm a-Xn-bm-Ipw.
sh-nw-Kv-S sF-en-se sIm-n lm-
_ sS-an-\-kn-\pw hn-nw-Kv-S sF-
e v t_m-v sP-n-bp-am-bn t\-cn-v _--ap-
v. C-hn-sS \n-pw a-m-t-cn-pw t^m-p-
sIm-n-pw Xp-S--bm-bn t_m-v k-o-
kpw e-`y-am-Wv. sIm-n-bp-sS In-g- {]-
tZ-i--fn \n-pw h-cp--h-v Xr-q-Wn-
bn tdm-Uv kw-tbm-P-\ tI-{-am-m I-gn-
bpw. Pn-m B-m-\-hpw hn-I-k-\ tI-{-
am-b Im--\m-t-v F-b-t]m-v ko-t]m-v
t-j-\p-I-fn \n-pw 7.5 In.-an. am-{X-am-
Wp--Xv. A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s A--e-ap-I
ap-X-em-b -e--fn-te-pw Xr-q-Wn-p-d
sd-bn-th t-j-\p-I-fn-te-v F-fp--n
F-m I-gn-bpw. ssh-n-e, tX-h-c, ]-m-
fw, s\-h-t_-kv F-o -e--fn ]p-
Xn-b k-_-s_ t-j-\p-I h-m
n-cw bm-{X-sN-p--h-v G-sd {]-tbm-P-
\-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw. C-y sd-bn-th-bp-sS
C-tm-g-s \n-b-aw A-\p-k-cn-v kw-m-
\ k-m-cpw X-t-i kz-bw-`-c-W m-]-\-
-fpw C-y sd-bn-th-bpw kw-bp--am-

17
2014 Pq
 [ sa-t{Sm sd-bn en-an--Un-s `m-hn-]-cn-]m-Sn `q-an---h-S-hpw A-\p-_- A-`ym-k--fp-am-sW-p-d-v [
bn sN-e-hv sN-bv-Xv k-_-s_ {S-bn
k-o-kv B-cw-`n-m-hp--Xm-Wv. B \-b-
am-Ipw \-ap-v G-sd Kp-W-I-cw. th-K-X-bp-
sS Im-cy-n-epw k-_-_ s{S-bn X-
s-bm-Wv sa-t{Sm-tb-m sa-w. sa-t{Sm
s{S-bn B-ep-h-bn \n-pw F-d-Wm-Ip-fw
ku-v Pw-Kv-j-\n F-p--Xn-\v F-Sp-p-
k-a-bw 34.40 an-\n-m-Wv C-tm I-W-
m-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. \n-e-hn F-Iv-kv-{]-kv
s{S-bn-\p-I k-am-\-Zq-cw 45 an-\n-p-sIm-v
Hm-Sn-sb-p-p-v. k-_-_ s{S-bn-\n-\v
A-Xn-t\-m th-K-n Cu Zq-cw Xm-
m I-gn-bpw, C-S-bn F-{X tm-p-I-fp-
s-n-epw.
C-h-sb-m-am-Wv P-e--td-Uv--sd-bn am-
--sf kw-tbm-Pn-n-p-sIm-v sIm-n-bn
h-cp-m I-gn-bp- K-Xm-K-X ]-cn-jv-I-c-W
km-[y-X-I. Cu kw-hn-[m-\--sf-sb-mw
G-tIm-]n-n-p-sa-v sa-t{Sm A-[n-Ir-X ]-
d-n-cp-s-n-epw A-Xn-\p- {i-a-
t]m-epw \-S-p--Xn A-h ]-cm-P-b-s-
p. sa-t{Sm sd-bn \n-m-W-n-\m-h-iy-am-
b km--n-I k-lm-bw \-Ip- P-m
A-m-cm-jv-{S k-l-I-c-W G-P-kn \-S-n-
b km-[y-Xm ]T-\w C-Xn-s A-`m-hw Nq-
n-m-Wn--tm ^-v In-m-sX t]m-Ip-
tam F-v `-b-v ssh-n-e sa-t{Sm Pw-Kv-j-
\n \n-pw Im--\m-tS-v H-cp P-e-]m-X
\nb-a-hn-cp--ambn hbepw tXmSpw \nIn sat{Sm bmUn\pw hnt-Pn\pw thn \S-p \nmW {]h-\-
18
2014 Pq
Xp-d-p-I-bpw I-W- _-kv D-Zv-Lm-S-\w
sN-p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-p. ^-v k-am-l-c-
W-n-\m-bn \-S-n-b \m-S-I-am-tWm F-v
kw-i-bw P-\n-n-p- hn-[w A--cw I-W-
Iv-Sn-hn-n ]-cn-]m-Sn-I ]n-o-Sv ap-tm-v t]m-
bn-. c-mw L--am-bn sa-t{Sm sd-bn-en-s\
hn-I-kn-n-p-sa-v ]-d-bp-p-s-n-epw ^-
v F--s\ I-s-pw F--Xn-s\-p-dn-
v sa-t{Sm A-[n-Ir-X hy--am-n-bn-n-.
\n-e-hn-se dq-v em-`-n-em-b ti-jw A-
Xn \n-pw ^-v I-s-mw F--Im-cy-
n A-[n-Ir-X-v t]m-epw B-fl-hn-izm-
k-an-. Sn--v \n-c-p-sIm-v am-{Xw em-`-
n-em-b sa-t{Sm sd-bn ]--Xn-I tem-I-
v X-s hn-c-f-am-Wv. tI-{-k-m C-\n
km--n-I k-lm-bw \-In- F-v {]-
Jym-]n-n-p-v. sa-t{Sm ]--Xn-bp-sS t]-cn
hm-n-q-n-b -e-v hn--I \n-n-v
hn-p--Xn-eq-sS In-p- em-`w am-{X-am-Wv
\n-e-hn {]-Xo-n--s-Sp--Xv. Du-l---
h-S-n-eq-sS e-`n-p- em-`-s B-{i-bn-
v sa-t{Sm sd-bn sIm-n-bp-sS a-n-S--fn-
te-pw hn-I-kn-n-pw F-p-]-d-bp--Xv
F-{X-tm-fw {]m-tbm-Kn-Ia - m-Wv? F-m-bm-
epw s{S-bn Hm-Sn-p--Xn-t\-m sIm-
n sa-t{Sm sd-bn en-an--Un-s `m-hn-]-cn-
]m-Sn `q-an---h-S-hpw A-\p-_- A-`ym-k-
-fp-am-sW-p-d - v.
 [ k-m I-c-`q-an sa-t{Sm bm-Uv \n-m-W-n-\v th-n \n-e-hnep-tm-gm-Wv Cu sIm-Spw-{Iq-cX -[

FmWv hcm t]mIp-s

- Xv ]d-n-t-bn
kptcjv hnSm-p-g, ]mS-ti-Jc kwc-W kanXn
sat{Sm sdbn- bmUn-sbpw hnt-Pns \nmWw R \mp-Imsc BsI
Zpcn-X-n-em-gvn-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Rsf Hpw Adn-bn-n-n-. Hcp kp{]-`m-X-n
Ah hv a-Sn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. \mp-Im-tcmSv Imcy- hni-Zo-I-cn-m CXp-hsc
Bcpw Xm-dm-bn-n-. ]{X--fn hm-h--tm-gmWv sImn sat{Sm sdbn-en\v thn-
bmWv \new \nI-p--sX--dn--Xv. CsXv P\m-[n-]-Xy-am-Wv? Beph apX If-
a-tcn hsc-bp `mKs Db {]tZ-i--fn \npw Hgp-In-sb-p shw
]nSnp \nn-bn-cp ]mS--fmWv \nI--s--Xv. ChnsS tiJ-cn--s-Sp shw
sNdnb tXmSv hgn s]cn-bm-dn-te-mWv t]mbn-cp--Xv. B ssIhgn AS--tXmsS
Ign th\ ag-bv t]mepw ChnsS sh-s-p-m-bn. ]e hoSp-I-fnepw shw
Ib-dn. AtXm-sS-bmWv ]mSw \nI--en-s\-Xnsc FXnp-I hym]-I-am-Im XpS-n-
b-Xv. Ipdv hj-v apv hsc \ coXn-b Irjn \S-n-cp ]mS--fmWv
\nI--spt]m-b-Xv. sat{Sm sdbn enan-Uv ew hmp--Xn\v apv Xs Nne kzImcyhyn-I
sNdnb coXn-bn ChnsS \nI- \S-n-bn-cp-p. tXmSv sIn-b-S-p-sIm-mWv Ah ]mSw \nI-n-sb-Sp--
Xv. tXmSv AS-p-t]m-b-tXmsS ASp-p {]tZ-i--fnepw Irjn sNm Ign-bm-sX-bm-bn. Ah ]noSv Cu
ew sat{Sm sdbn enan--Un\v adnv hnp-I-bm-bn-cpp. Irjn \np-t]m-sb-n t]mbpw Cu ]mS-ti-J-
c--fm-bn-cpp shw ]nSn-p-\nn-bn-cp-Xv. C\n R-fpsS IpSn-shw app-sa-p-d-m-Wv. Ctm {]iv\-
ns cqX a\-n-emn ]e-cpw ka-c-n-\n-d-p-pv. Nqn-c ]m-b-n-ep--hv tZio-b-]mX
apw PwKvj-\n-tev t]mIp--Xn-\p Hcp hgnbpw sat{SmbpsS Bfp-I AS-p-sI-n, an-\-Sn-bn-em-n.
tI{ km-dns km-nI klm-b-m R \mp-ImcpsS apssI-bn Dm-n-sb-Sp tdmUm-bn-
cpp AXv. t\cn-Sm t]mIp {]iv\- a\-n-emn XpS-n-b-tXmsS Ctm \mp-Im ]ecpw {]Xn-tj-[-
n\v Xm-dm-Ip-p-v. BZyw AXm-bn-cp-n nXn. sat{Sm-bvsXnsc kwkm-cn-m Bsf Inm Ah-
-bm-bn-cpp Dm-bn-cp--Xv. C\nbpw ChnsS \nI- XpS-cp-sa-mWv tIp--Xv. AXv F-s\bpw
XSbWw. Cs-n IpSn-sh InmsX NmtI-n-h-cpw. FXnp \mp-Im-sc-sbmw tNv an-S XS-b-
Ww. Ahsc t_m[-h-XvI-cn-p--Xn-\mbn R ]mSw \nI--ens {]iv\--sfmw Nqn-m-WnpsImv
Hcp t\mokv \mn hnX-cWw sNpp-v. sshImsX henb s]mXp-tbm-K-samw Cm-cy-n hbvm
Ign-bp-sa-mWv Icp-Xp--Xv. ]I-cw e-apm-bnpw Fn-\mWv Chn-sS-s hv ]mSw \nI-p--sX-
mWv a\-n-em-Im--Xv.

sat{Sm-bpsS `qan Xnv Xn-bp-am-bn _--an-m- dn-b F-t-v

sa-t{Sm sd-bn-en-s ad-hn F-d-Wm-Ip-fw
Pn--bn-se X-s G--hpw h-en-b ]m-S-ti-J-
c-f - m-b N-h-m-SwI-t-]m-Sw]-m-n-
m-Sw F-o ]m-S-ti-J-c- \n-b-a-hn-cp--
am-bn, bp--Im-em-Sn-m-\-n \n-I-n-
sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. tI-h-ew 48 Hmfw
G am-{Xw \n-I-m A-\p-a-Xn e-`n-n-
p- D--c-hn-s a-d-hn-em-Wv G-I-tZ-iw
300 G- ]m-S-ti-J-c-hpw A-Xn-t\m-Sp tN-
p- s]-cn-bm \-Zn-bp-sS \o-Nm-ep-I-fpw
]q--am-bn \n-I-n-sm-n-cn-p--Xv.
200506 K-h-san-\v th-n U-
ln sa-t{Sm sd-bn k-a-n-n-p- dn-
tm-p-I {]-Im-cw 6 sl-Iv-S ]m-S-ti-J-
cw am-{X-am-Wv sIm-n sa-t{Sm bm-Uv \n-
m-W-n-\v th-n ip-]m-i sN-bv-X-Xv.
F-m 2011-13 Im-e-L--n AtX
s{]m-P-Iv-Sn-\p th-n 19 sl-Iv-S-dpw ]n-o-Sv
sa-t{Sm hn-t-Pv F- t]-cn sa-t{Sm ]--
I--h-S-n-te-v `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw cm-jv-
{So-b {]-h--I-cpw tN-p Np-h-Sp-am-p-I-
bm-Wv D-m-b-Xv. \n-e-hn \n-m-W-n-
en-cn-p- sa-t{Sm sd-bn I-S-p-t]m-Ip-
I-f-a-t-cn `m-K-,v \n-ew -]-cn-h--\w
t]m-epw B-h-iy-an-m- k-m I-c-`q-an
sa-t{Sm bm-Uv \n-m-W-n-\v th-n \n-
e-hnep-tm-gm-Wv am--ln-m- Cu
sIm-Spw-{Iq-cX
- cm-jv{- So-bk-m`q-am-^n-
b-I tN-v \-S-n-sm-n-cn-p--Xv.
tI-c-f X-o--Ss\-h-b \n-b-aw
2008 {]-Im-cw X-o--S-]m-S-ti-J-c-
\n-I-p--Xn-\p- Xo-cp-am-\w F-Sp-
p--Xn-\v {]m-tZ-in-I \n-co--W k-an-Xn-
bp-sS-tbm, {Km-a-k-`-bp-sS-tbm A-\p-a-Xn/ip-
]m-i B-h-iy-am-Wv. F-m sa-t{Sm-bp-sS
t]-cv ]-d-v \n-I-n-sb-Sp-p- N-h-m-
S-v {]m-tZ-in-I \n-co--W k-an-Xn-bp-sS-
tbm {Km-ak- ` - b
- p-St- bm ]-m-b
- n-s-tbm

19
2014 Pq
 [ Cu {]-tZ-iw F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn--bn-se H-cp P-e kw-`-c-Wn-bm-bn-cp-p [
bm-sXm-cp hn-[ A-\p-a-Xn-bpw C-. tI-{
h-\w ]-cn-n-Xn a-{m-e-b-n-s \n-t-
i-{]-Im-cw G-I-tZ-iw ]-v G--dn A-[n-
Iw \n-ew ]-cn-h--\-s-Sp-p--Xn-\v ]m-
cn-n-Xn-I B-Lm-X ]T-\w B-h-iy-am-Wv.
F-m sa-t{Sm bm-Uv \n-m-Ww \n-e-hn-
en-cn-p- Cu ]m-S-ti-J-c--fn bm-sXm-
cp hn-[ ]m-cn-n-Xn-I B-Lm-X ]T-\--
fpw k-m Aw-Ko-Ir-X G-P-kn-I H-
pw \-S-n-bn-n-s-p am-{X-a-, Cu ]m-S-
ti-J-c- tc-J-I-fn C-tm-gpw ]-cn-h-
-\w \-S-n-bn-n- F-m-Wv sa-t{Sm sd-
bn-epw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw Xp-S--bm-bn {]-
N-cn-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. C-{X-tb-sd km-
aq-ln-I ]m-cn-n-Xn-I hn-cp--am-b \-S-]-
Sn Nn-e km-aq-ly a-\p-jym-h-Im-i ]-cn-
n-Xn {]-h--I tIm-S-Xn-bn-epw, Nn-e
A-[n-Im-c tI-{--fn-epw ]-cm-Xn-I D--
bn--tm-gm-Wv h-f-sc A-Sn-b-n-c-am-bn X-
o--S \n-b-a-n t]m-epw t`-Z-K-Xn h-
cp-m k-m-cpw cm-jv-{So-b t\-Xr-Xz-hpw
tN-p Kq-Um-tem-N-\ \-S-n-sm-n-cn-
p-X - v.
2011 h-sc ]q-W-am-bn s\-h-b B-
bn \n-e-\n-n-cp- Cu {]-tZ-iw F-d-Wm-Ip-
fw Pn--bn-se H-cp P-e kw-`-c-Wn-bm-bn-cp-
p. a-g-m-e-v Np-p-]m-Sp-ap- a-e-tbm-c-
ta-J-e-bn \n-v H-gp-In-sb-p- a-g-sh-
w kw-`-cn-p sh-bv-m-\pw, k-ao-]-{]-tZ-i-
-fn sh--sm-w H-gn-hm-m-\pw A-hn-
Sp-s B-hm-k hy-h--sb ]-cn-t]m-jn-n-
p--Xn-\pw Cu ]m-S-ti-J-c- h-en-b
]-p h-ln-p-p-v. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn--bn-
se 18 In-tem-ao--tdm-fw Np--f-hn h-cp-
{]-tZ-i--fn-se `q-K-` P-e hy-Xn-bm-\-
\n-b-{n-p--Xn Cu ]m-S-ti-J-c-v
h-en-b ]-m-Wp--sX-v ]T-\--fn hy-
-am--s-n-p-v. F-m C-v Cu ]m-S- ]mcm-hm-c- n-cb
ti-J-c--fn-se `o-a-am-b \n-I- aq-ew
k-ao-]-{]-tZ-i--fn-se In-W-dp-I-fn h-en-b
tXm-Xn-ep- `q-K-` P-e-hy-Xn-bm-\w D-v
F--Xv Cu ]T-\--sf n-co-I-cn-p-p-
v. I-gn- sa-bv am-k-n-ep-m-b H-cp
th-\ a-g-bn N-h-m-S-n-\v Np-p-]m-Sp-
ap- Nq-n--c ]-m-b-n-se ]-e {]-
tZ-i--fpw (F.-sI.-Pn. tIm-f-\n-bp--sS),
tdm-Up-I-fpw ]q--am-bpw sh--n-\-Sn-bn-
em-bn. 24 A-Sn-tbm-fw ho-Xn-bn s]-cn-bm-dp-
am-bn tN-v H-gp-In-bn-cp- hn-Sm-p-g ]p-
-tm-Sv C-v c--c A-Sn-bm-bn Np-cp-n-
bn-cn-p-p. c-p a-kq-Wp-I-fn-em-bn G-
20
2014 Pq
gp-am-k-tm-fap a-g-m-ew Cu sIm-w
F--s\-bm-Wv A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-I F--
Xn k-ao-]-hm-kn-I-fn h-en-b co-Xn-bn-ep-
B-i--I D-f-hm-p-p-v.
20052006 ap-X hn-hn-[ A-[n-Im-c tI-
{--fn sIm-n sa-t{Sm sd-bn-en-s\ kw-
_-n-v N-- B-cw-`n-p-tm X-s F-
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