Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
z
Heat Flow Equation
Role of Thermal Conductivity
z Sedimentary Basins and Salt Domes
z Heat transport by fluids
z T measurements in wells
Metamorphic rocks
Depth (km)
z
15
20
25
30
Sources of Heat
z Radioactive elements in rocks produce heat
Thermal Uranium (235U) Lead (205Pb)+ heat
Gradient Thorium (232Th) Lead (208Pb)+ heat
Potassium (40K) Argon (40Ar) and
Calcium (43,44C) + heat
Geothermal
Physics of Heat
Gradient
z Heat?
Agitation of the atoms
Kinetic energy (at the atomic scale)
z Heat Flow?
Heat transfer per unit area
Transfer of the agitation of the atoms
Heat moves from hot to cold
Experiment:
Drink Hot coffee from metal Heat Flow Equation
cup and china cup Thermal Conductivity
q = -k . dT/dz
Heat flow (mW/m2) Thermal Gradient
T1 (cold)
q = -k . dT/dz
The Oil Window Role of Thermal Conductivity
Range of temperatures where maturation occurs: 60o 120o C z K (conductivity) W/moC
z Rock Type K
Te m pe rature (C)
(steel 46)
0
60o 100
120o 200 300
Salt 5.5
0
1 Dolomite 5.5
2
Granite 3.5
55 oC
3
/km Limestone 2.8 - 3.5
4
Depth (km)
5
oC
C/ Coal 0.3
m
7
8
km
Water 0.6
9
10
High K Low K
Sandstone K=2.5
T1 (cold)
Hydrodynamic Effects
Sedimentary Basin z Water transports heat with it, or takes it away
T T
K=2.5 Shale
K=3.5 Granite
gas
5600
inflow T1
T2
5650 T3
Horner Plot
Temperature Disequilibrium
z During drilling, they pump drilling mud down the
well to control pressure Equilibrium Temp
z Drilling fluid cools the wellbore