Джон Шарп - Microsoft Visual C#. Подробное Руководство - 2017

32.973.2-018.
1
004.43
26

26 Microsoft Visual C#. . 8- . .: , 2017.
848.: . ( ).
ISBN 978-5-496-02372-6
, C#
Visual Studio 2015. , ,
, ,
, , LINQ, ,
- .
, Visual C# ,
, . Microsoft .NET
Visual Studio .
12+ ( 29 2010 . 436-.)
32.973.2-018.1
004.43
Microsoft Press. .

.
, , , -
. , ,

, .
ISBN 978-1509301041 . 2015 by CM Group, Ltd.

ISBN 978-5-496-02372-6 , 2017
,
, 2017
, 2017

...................................................................................................17
I. Microsoft Visual C# Microsoft

Visual Studio 2015..................................................................... 31
1. C#............................................................................................ 32
2. , .................................. 65
3. .................................. 93
4. ........................................... 125
5. ....... 147
6. ....................................................................... 168
II. C#.................... 195
7. ........................................... 196
8. .................................................... 222
9.
....................................................................................... 250
10. ..................................................................................... 272
11. .................................................. 297
12. ........................................................................................ 311
13. ................. 337
14. .................... 367

6
III. C# ........................... 391
15. ...................................................... 392
16. ............................................................................. 417
17. .......................................................................................... 435
18. .................................................................................. 469
19. ................................................................................. 496
20. .............................. 512
21. , ,
........................................................................................................ 546
22. ......................................................................................... 573
IV.
Windows C#............................................ 597
23. .............. 598
24.
........................................................................................ 649
25.
Windows.............................................................. 698
26.
Windows............................................................................................. 755
27.
Windows............................................................................................. 789

...................................................................................................17
..........................................................................................18
...........................................................................................18
............................................................................................................................19
.............................................................................19
.........................................................21
..................................................................................................................21
.................................................................................................................................22
...................................................................................................22
.........................................................................................23
.............................................................................................................................28
...........................................................................................29
...................................................................................................30
I. Microsoft Visual C#
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015.................................................. 31
1. C#..................................................................32
VisualStudio2015....................................................32
Visual Studio 2015.......................................33
....................................................................................38
Microsoft IntelliSense......................................38
..................................................................41
...........................................................................................45
............................................................46
.....................................................................................48
Visual Studio 2015.....................................49
....................................................................51
UWP-............................................................................................57
.........................................................61
.............................................................................................................................................64
....................................................................................................................64
2. , .......................65
............................................................................................................65
8
...........................................................................................66
..............................................................................................67
......................................................................................................68
...................................................................68
....................................................................................................69
.................................................................................70
........................................71
, .........................71
.....................................................................77
.................................................................................................................78
................................................................80
.................................................85
............................86
................................................................87
.............................88
...............................................................................89
....................................90
.............................................................................................................................................91
....................................................................................................................91
3. .......................93
..........................................................................................................................94
...............................................................................................................94
.......................................................................................95
-.................................................................................96
........................................................................................................................98
.......................................................................98
..................................................................101
............................................................101
.....................................................102
............................................................................................................103
........................................................................................................................104
............................................................................................................109
.............114
.................................................................115
..............................................................................116
,
.............................................................117
...........................................................................................................................................123
..................................................................................................................123
4. ............................... 125
........................................................................................126
....................................................................................126
................................126
....................................127
..........................................................................................................128
9
......129
if ..................................................130
if......................................................131
........................132
if-..............................................................................133
switch.......................................................................................139
switch............................................140
switch.......................................141
...........................................................................................................................................145
..................................................................................................................145
5. .... 147
..................................................148
while.........................................................................................................149
for.......................................................................................................154
for.................................156
do.......................................................................................................157
...........................................................................................................................................166
..................................................................................................................167
6. .................................................. 168
.....................................................................................................................169
.......................................................169
.........................................................................................171
.......................................173
.............................................................................173
........................................................................................179
......181
checked.............................................................................................182
...................................................................................183
...................................................................................................................186
finally....................................................................................................191
...........................................................................................................................................193
..................................................................................................................194
II. C#.................... 195
7. ............................. 196
.................................................................................197
....................................................................................................................197
.................................................................................198
.......................................................................................................199
..................................................................................................201
...............................................................................................202
....................................................212
.................................................................213
10
const.........214
................................................................214
.............................................215
...........................................................................................................218
...........................................................................................................................................220
..................................................................................................................220
8. .................................... 222
....................................................222
,
..............................................................................................................................229
, .........................................231
, ........232
ref out....................................................................................233
ref-..................................................................................................234
out-.................................................................................................235
................................................................................237
............................................................................................239
System.Object...................................................................................................................240
.........................................................................................................................................241
.....................................................................................................................................242
................................................................................244
is.............................................................................................................................245
as............................................................................................................................245
...........................................................................................................................................247
..................................................................................................................248
9.
.............................................................. 250
.........................................................................................................250
...............................................................................................251
.........................................................................................251
...........................................................252
..........................................................................253
..............................................................................................................256
.....................................................................................................257
, ....................259
............................................................................260
..........................................................261
.....................................................................266
...........................................................................................................................................270
..................................................................................................................271
10. ............................................................ 272
............................................................................................272
...............................................................................273
........................................................................................273
11
.................................................................................274
.......................................276
............................................................277
...........................................................277

...................................................................................................................279
..............................................................................................................281
..............................................................................282
...................................................................................283
...........................................................................................................................................295
..................................................................................................................295
11. .................................. 297
, ...........................................................................297
.....................................................................298
...........................................................................................300
params object[ ]...........................................................302
params-.....................................................................................304
.........................307
...........................................................................................................................................309
..................................................................................................................310
12. .............................................................. 311
?..........................................................................................................311
.................................................................................................312
System.Object.........................................................314
.........................................................................315
.......................................................................................................316
.............................................................................................318
...............................................................................319
override.................................321
..............................................................323
.......................................................................330
...........................................................................................................................................335
..................................................................................................................335
13. .......... 337
....................................................................................338
.................................................................................................339
....................................................................................................339
..........................................................................341
..........................................................................342
.......................................................................................342
, .........................................................345
.............................................................345
...................................................................................................................355
..........................................................................................................357
12
.................................................................................................................357
........................................................................................................358
.................................................358
...........................................................................................................................................365
..................................................................................................................366
14. ............ 367
..................................................................................................368
.....................................................................................................369
?.........................................................................371
?......................................................................................372
.......................................................................................................................373
..............................................................................................................374
.................................................................................374
...........................375
using IDisposable .............................................................376
Dispose ..........................................................................378
...........380
...........................................................................................................................................389
..................................................................................................................389
III. C# ........................... 391
15. ..................................... 392

..........................................393
?....................................................................................................................395
.....................................................................................................397
............................................................................................398
............................................................................................399
..........................................................................................................399
, .........................400
..........................................................................................402
............................................................................................403
....................................................................408
............................................410
...........................................................................................................................................414
..................................................................................................................415
16. ...................................................... 417
?...............................................................................................................417
..................................................................418
......................................................420
........................................422
...........................................................................423
...................................................................................................425
Windows.................................................427
13
...........................................................................................................................................433
..................................................................................................................434
17. ................................................................ 435

, object...................................................................................435
, ....................................................................................439
- ........................................442
..............................................................................................442
-...................................................................................................443
...............................................................................................443
....................446
-................................................................................................457
- .....................458
-...........................................................................460
.............................................................................................462
......................................................................................464
...........................................................................................................................................467
..................................................................................................................467
18. .......................................................... 469

?.................................................................................................469
List<T>................................................................................................471
LinkedList<T>...................................................................................474
Queue<T>...........................................................................................476
Stack<T>.............................................................................................477
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>............................................................478
SortedList<TKey, TValue>............................................................479
HashSet<T>.......................................................................................481
...................................................................482
Find, -...............................................................483
-.............................................................................................486
.........................................................................................488
...........................................488
...........................................................................................................................................493
..................................................................................................................494
19. .......................................................... 496

...................................................................................496
.................................................................498
IEnumerable .........................................................................503
...................................................505
................................................................................................................506
Tree<TItem>
.................................................................................................508
...........................................................................................................................................510
..................................................................................................................511
14
20. .................... 512

.............................................................................................513
.NETFramework...............................514
...................................................................516

...........................................................................................517

...............................................................................................518
.....................................................................521
- ..............................................................................................530
-...............................................................................................530
............................................531
..........................................................................................................532
.........................................................................................................533
..........................................................................................533
..................................................................................................533
...............................534
...................................................................................................536
...........................................................................................................................................543
..................................................................................................................543
21. , ,
.......................................................................... 546
LINQ?..........................................................................................................................547
LINQ C#.......................................................................548
.......................................................................................................................550
...........................................................................................................553
, ....................553
.........................................................................................................556
...........................................................................558
Tree<TItem>....................................................................560
LINQ ...................................................................................566
...........................................................................................................................................571
..................................................................................................................571
22. ............................................................... 573
..............................................................................................573
, ............................................................574
..............................................................................................575
...........................................................................576
....................................579
........................................................580
..................................................................581
..................................................................................................582
.............................................................................................................583
.......................................................590
15
..........................................................590
, .......591
....................................592
.....................................................................593
...........................................................................................................................................596
..................................................................................................................596
IV.
Windows C#............................................ 597
23. ........ 598

,
?...................................................................................................................599
.................................................................................599
Microsoft .NET Framework.....................601
, ThreadPool...........................................................................................602
, .................................................604
Task
....................................................................................................607
Parallel.............................621
Parallel..............................................................627
...............................................................................629
..............................................................................629

.......................................................................................................................645
...........................................................................................................................................646
..................................................................................................................646
24.
............................................................... 649
........................................................................................650
..........................................651
: .........................................................655
, .........................661
, ..................................................662
API- WindowsRuntime..............................664
PLINQ
........................................................................................................................668
PLINQ
..............................................................................668
PLINQ-.....................................................................................................674
......................................................674
............................................................................................................678
...........................679
.....................................................................................................682
, ........683
16

.........................................................................................................................................684
...........................................................................................................................................695
..................................................................................................................695
25.
Windows............................................ 698

Windows..................................................................................................................700

Windows.........................................................703
.........................706

Grid...................................................................................................................723

.......................................................................................................733
.........................................742
...........................................................................................................................................753
..................................................................................................................754
26.
Windows.................................................................. 755
Model-View-ViewModel.................................................................756
..........................757
...............................763

ComboBox....................................................................................................................769
(ViewModel)........................................................771
...........................................................776
...........................................................................................................................................787
..................................................................................................................787
27.
Windows.................................................................. 789
....................................................................................790
Azure SQL Database
AdventureWorks...................................................................................................................792
entity-....................................................................................................797
- REST..........................................................807
, REST -.............................824
.....835
...........................................................................................................................................844
..................................................................................................................845

Microsoft Visual C#
, , -
Microsoft .NET Framework. Visual C#
C++ Microsoft Visual Basic,

, .
C# 1.0 2001. C# 2.0 Visual
Studio 2005 ,
, . C# 3.0,
Visual Studio 2008, , --
, , ,
, Language-Integrated Query (LINQ). -
C#4.0 2010 ,
.

, , , -
, .
.NET Framework,
C# 4.0, ,
(Task Parallel Library (TPL)). TPL
, -
, -
. C# 5.0

, async await.
C# 6.0 , ,
.
, ( String.
Format !),
, , ,
. .
Microsoft Windows
10. Windows -

18
,
,
, . -
Windows 10
Windows (Universal Windows Platform (UWP)),
Windows 10, ,
, , ,
(Internet of Things
(IoT)). C#
,
.

,
,
,
.
, Visual Studio 2015,
,
, -
, .
, ,
!

, ,
C# Visual Studio 2015
.NET Framework 4.6. , -
C#
,
Windows 10.

, C#,
. -
C#.
,
,
19
Windows, ADO.NET, ASP.NET, Windows Communication

Foundation Windows Workflow Foundation. -
, , -
Microsoft Press.

.
I Microsoft Visual C# Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 -
C#
Visual Studio.
II C# -
C# ,
, .
III C# -
, C# ,
.
IV Windows
C# -
Windows 10 C#
, .

. ,
, C# ,
C, C++, Java Visual Basic. ,
, .
1. -
--
- .
2.
.
3. IV

20
- 1. -
-
, C, .
- 2. ,
C# C# Visual Studio 2015, -
6- 22-.
3. IV

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, C++ 2. ,
Java C# Visual Studio 2015, -
8- 22-.
3.
Windows IV
1. -
Visual Basic C#
.
2.
.
3.
Windows IV .
4. ,
-
C# Visual Studio 2015
1. -
.
2.

,
, -
.
,
.
21
,
.
, -
, ,
.

.
, ( ),
.
(+) ,
. , Alt+Tab , ,
Alt, Tab.

, ,
:
Windows 10 ( );
Visual Studio Community 2015, Visual Studio Professional 2015

Visual Studio Enterprise 2015.
Visual Studio 2015

Windows 10.
, 1,6 (-
2);
1 ( 32- ) 2 ( 64- )
( 512
);
10 ;
5400 ./;
22
, DirectX 9
1024 768;
DVD- ( Visual Studio DVD-);
-
.
Windows -
Visual Studio 2015 .
UWP-
. -

https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/dn706236.aspx.

,

.
, , - http://aka.
ms/sharp8e/companioncontent.

Visual Studio 2015.
Windows Visual Studio.

, -
, ,
.
1. CSharpSBS.zip, - ,
.
2. ,
. , Accept (),
Next ().
, -
-,
CSharpSBS.zip.
23

,
. , -
, .
NuGet,
. .
, ,
Visual Studio , -
, . -
, .

Visual Studio 2015, , .

,
.
Complete.
Chapter 1
TextHello .
, -

Hello ,
,
Chapter 2
PrimitiveDataTypes ,
,
-

MathsOperators
(+, , *, /, %)
Chapter 3
Methods
MathsOperators

DailyRate -
, -
Visual Studio 2015
24
DailyRate Using , ,
Optional Parameters , -

Chapter 4
Selection , -
, ,
if
SwitchStatement switch
XML-
Chapter 5
WhileStatement while, -
-

DoStatement

Chapter 6
MathsOperators MathsOperators
2 ,
-
. -

try catch,

Chapter 7
Classes -
, -
, . ,
new

Chapter 8
Parameters -
. -
ref out
Chapter 9
StructsAndEnums struct
,

25
Chapter 10
Cards -

Chapter 11
ParamsArray -
params ,
int-
Chapter 12
Vehicles -
.

ExtensionMethod ,
int-, , -
10 -

Chapter 13
Drawing
. ,
,

Drawing Using
Interfaces Drawing -
, ,

Chapter 14
GarbageCollectionDemo -
-
Dispose
Chapter 15
Drawing Using Drawing, -

Properties 13 -

AutomaticProperties -

26
Chapter 16
Indexers :
, , -
,

Chapter 17
BinaryTree ,
,

IteratorBinaryTree -
- Tree
Chapter 18
Cards 10, -

Chapter 19
BinaryTree -
IEnumerator<T>
- Tree
IteratorBinaryTree -
- Tree
Chapter 20
Delegates , -
, .
, , -
, ,

Chapter 21
QueryBinaryTree LINQ-
-

Chapter 22
ComplexNumbers , -
-

27
Chapter 23
GraphDemo
, UWP-.

Parallel GraphDemo GraphDemo Parallel

GraphDemo With
Cancellation
ParallelLoop , , -
Parallel

Chapter 24
GraphDemo GraphDemo 23, -

async await -
,

PLINQ
PLINQ

CalculatePI
.

Chapter 25
Customers
,
-. XAML-
,

Chapter 26
DataBinding Customers,
, -
.

INotifyPropertyChanged, -

28
ViewModel Customers
, ,
Model View ViewModel (-
)
Chapter 27
Web Service -,
- ASP.NET Web API, -
Customers
SQL Server. -
entity-, Entity
Framework

, , comp@piter.com
( , ).
!
- www.piter.com
.
, Win
dows 10 ,
26. Windows 10
.

, ,
, .
,
.
(Devon Musgrave) Microsoft
Press, . (
Microsoft Patterns & Practices,
.) , , ,
Windows 10 Visual Studio 2015, ,
,
!
(Jason Lee), -
, Content Master ( , ,
, ,
). -

. ,
, , ,
, ,
.
(Marc Young) , -

-
. .
, , ,
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30
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).
, -
, .
, ,
(
, ).

CM Group Ltd, ,

. .
30- . -
CP/M, -
C/Oracle UNIX,
, C# JavaScript,
, , Windows 10 Microsoft Azure.
Microsoft .NET
Framework, Windows Communication Foundation 4 Step
By Step ( Microsoft Press).
I
Microsoft
Visual C# Microsoft
Visual Studio 2015
C# ,
Visual Studio 2015.
I , Visual Studio -
, ,
, -
C#. ,
Visual Studio ,
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C#;
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Visual Studio 2015,
, -
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VisualStudio2015
Visual Studio 2015
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Windows. ,
,
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Visual Studio 2015 ,
.
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(graphical user interface (GUI)) .
Visual Studio 2015

Windows (Start), Visual
Studio 2015, . Visual Studio 2015,
, ,
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.)
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Visual Studio 2015

, . Visual Studio
2015
.
-
(integrated development environment (IDE)).
(Development Settings) Visual C#, Start
Visual Studio. IDE- Visual Studio 2015.
(File) (New),
(Project). (New Project).
34 1 C#
, ,
. -
, ,
.
(Installed),
(Templates) Visual C#.
.NET Framework 4.6 (Console
Application) (.1.2).
. 1.2
(Location) C:\Users\YourName\Documents\
Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter1. YourName
, Windows.
,
C:\Users\YourName\Documents
Documents.
, Visual Studio 2015 .

VisualStudio2015 35
(Name) TestHello ( ConsoleAppli

cation1). (Create Directory For
Solution) (Add To Source
Control), OK.
Visual Studio , .
(.1.3) ,
, ,
. (Cancel),
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Visual Studio (.1.4).
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36 1 C#
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Windows. .
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(Solution Explorer),
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VisualStudio2015 37
-
, Visual Studio 2015
.
TestHello. .
.
, Visual Studio 2015 ,
. -
Documents\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 1\TestHello, ,
TestHello.sln.
TestHello. C#.
, , -
, .

. TestHello.csproj
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 1\TestHello\TestHello
.
Properties. TestHello. (
Properties), , AssemblyInfo.cs.
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(References). -
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C# . Microsoft
.NET Framework . -
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Studio2015. -
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App.config. . -
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38 1 C#
Program.cs. C#, -
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Visual Studio 2015 , .

Program.cs Program, Main. C#
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Main . -
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Hello World!, Hello World
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Microsoft IntelliSense
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Console,
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Console C,
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Console.
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Console (.1.6),
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Main :
static void Main(string[] args)

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1> TestHello -> C:\Users\\Documents\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 1\
TestHello\TestHello\bin\Debug\TestHello.exe
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(.1.9).
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Chapter 1\ TestHello\TestHello). Visual Studio -
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bin. -
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46 1 C#
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System.Console.
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using. TestHello Visual
Studio 2015 Program.cs,
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using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using.
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Visual Studio 2015 using
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Program.cs
using:
//using System;
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}
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Microsoft.CSharp, System, System.Core, System.Data, System.Data.
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49

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Visual Studio 2015 :
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Visual Studio 2015.
, , ,
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Visual Studio 2015

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, Visual C#, Windows,
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XAML
Extensible Application Markup Language. -
Windows Universal Windows Platform
(GUI) . -
XAML .
(Location) \Microsoft Press\VCSBS\

Chapter 1, .
Hello.
OK.
UWP- ,
Windows 10 (.1.10).
, , Windows 10
,
.
50 1 C#
Enable your device for development

https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/xaml/dn706236.aspx.
. 1.10
UWP-
UWP- Visual Studio.

. -
-
. , MainPage.xaml,
C# MainPage.xaml.cs.
, ,
MainPage.xaml.
MainPage.xaml.
.
(.1.11).
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5- ,
XML- XAML, -
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-
XAML-,
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51
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Visual
Studio 2015, , , .
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Studio2015 .

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52 1 C#

XAML (All XAML Controls).
TextBlock
, .
TextBlock TextBox.
, ,
Del.
TextBlock,
( ),
.
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Visual Studio 2015,
, . ( ,
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, TextBlock ,
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Text,
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HorizontalAlignment VerticalAlignment,
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TextBlock
Margin ):
<TextBlock x:Name="textBlock" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,10,0,0"

TextWrapping="Wrap"
Text="TextBlock" VerticalAlignment="Top"/>
53
XAML
. XAML,
. , -
TextBlock, Margin.
(View) (Properties Window).
,
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XAML ,

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Grid. XAML, ,
TextBlock Grid.
. , ,
, Grid .
TextBlock,
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Text. FontSize, -
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FontSize
. 1.12
54 1 C#
pt , ,
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TextBlock
XAML, .
, FontSize= "26.667 ". ,

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).
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FontSize XAML 24. -
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-
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TextBox. , -
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TextBlock, ,
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55
TextBox
Name textBox userName (.1.13).
Name
. 1.13
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, Name Button ok -
Content Button OK,
. , Button
OK.
(.1.14).

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56 1 C#
. 1.14
, .1.15 -
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OK, . ,
OK,
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57
. 1.16
UWP-
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Visual Studio 2015.

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Studio, ( X -
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.
UWP-
MainPage.xaml,
MainPage.xaml.cs.
:
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
58 1 C#
using System.Runtime.InteropServices.WindowsRuntime;
using Windows.Foundation;
using Windows.Foundation.Collections;
using Windows.UI.Xaml;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls.Primitives;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Data;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Input;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Media;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Navigation;
// " " .
// http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=402352&clcid=0x409
namespace Hello
{
/// <summary>
/// ,
/// .
/// </summary>
public sealed partial class MainPage : Page
{
public MainPage()
{
this.InitializeComponent();
}
}
}
using,
, UWP-,
MainPage.
MainPage, , -
InitializeComponent.
, .
.
7.
, ,
MainPage.xaml.cs, -
XAML- .
,
.
C# UWP-
, .
: Main
? , Main -
.
.
59

App.xaml. , ,
App.xaml.cs. UWP- App.xaml
, .
App.xaml.cs,
, :
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices.WindowsRuntime;
using Windows.ApplicationModel;
using Windows.ApplicationModel.Activation;
using Windows.Foundation;
using Windows.Foundation.Collections;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls.Primitives;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Data;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Input;
namespace Hello
{
/// <summary>
/// ,
/// Application .
/// </summary>
sealed partial class App : Application
{
/// <summary>
/// .
///
/// , main()
/// WinMain().
/// </summary>
public App()
{
Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.WindowsAppInitializer.InitializeAsync(
Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.WindowsCollectors.Metadata |
Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.WindowsCollectors.Session);
this.Suspending += OnSuspending;
}
/// <summary>
/// .
/// ,
/// , .
/// </summary>
/// <param name="e"> .</param>
60 1 C#
protected override void OnLaunched(LaunchActivatedEventArgs e)

{
#if DEBUG
if (System.Diagnostics.Debugger.IsAttached)
{
this.DebugSettings.EnableFrameRateCounter = true;
}
#endif
Frame rootFrame = Window.Current.Content as Frame;
// ,
// ,
if (rootFrame == null)
{
// , ,
//
rootFrame = new Frame();
rootFrame.NavigationFailed += OnNavigationFailed;
if (e.PreviousExecutionState ==
ApplicationExecutionState.Terminated)
{
//TODO:
//
}
//
Window.Current.Content = rootFrame;
}
if (rootFrame.Content == null)
{
//
// ,
//
rootFrame.Navigate(typeof(MainPage), e.Arguments);
}
//
Window.Current.Activate();
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender">,
/// </param>
/// <param name="e"> </param>
void OnNavigationFailed(object sender, NavigationFailedEventArgs e)
{
throw new Exception("Failed to load Page " +
e.SourcePageType.FullName);
}
61
/// <summary>
/// .
/// ,
/// .
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sender"> .</param>
/// <param name="e"> .</param>
private void OnSuspending(object sender, SuspendingEventArgs e)
{
var deferral = e.SuspendingOperation.GetDeferral();
//TODO:
//
deferral.Complete();
}
}
}
(,
///) , , -
OnLaunched, -
. ,
Frame,
MainPage, .

, ,
.

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OK.
MainPage.xaml, .
OK, .

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, , , ,
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, Click, okClick
. MainPage.xaml.cs ,
62 1 C#
. 1.17
MainPage okClick,
:
private void okClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
, -
3. using
( ,
):
using System;
...
using Windows.UI.Popups;
okClick , :
private void okClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
MessageDialog msg = new MessageDialog(", " + userName.Text);
msg.ShowAsync();
}
, OK.
,
,
. ,
63
MessageDialog , <>, <-

> , TextBox .
MessageDialog,
. MessageDialog -
Windows.UI.Popups,
.

, Visual Studio 2015.
, Visual Studio :
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Framework. .
,
MainPage.xaml, .
XAML- , ,
Button, . -
, Click,
okClick:
<Button x:Name="ok" ... Click="okClick" />
.

OK. ,
(.1.18).
. 1.18
64 1 C#

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67

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char finally new sizeof using
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class float object static void
const for operator string volatile
continue foreach Out struct while
decimal goto override switch
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delegate implicit private throw
Visual Studio 2015

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69
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age 42.
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age = 42;
70 2 ,
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age (42) :
Console.WriteLine(age);
Visual Studio 2015

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C# ,
. C#
.2.1.
2.1
-
,
int 32 231 231 1 int count;

(integers) count = 42;
long 64 263 263 1 long wait;

( wait = 42L;
)
float 32 3,41038 float away;

3,41038 away = 0.42F;
double 64 5,010324 double trouble;

- 1,710308 trouble = 0.42;

decimal 128 28 decimal coin;

coin = 0.42M;
string 16 string vest;

vest = "forty two";
char 16 0 216 1 char grill;

grill = 'x';
bool 8 true false bool teeth;

teeth = false;
71

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'age'" ( 'age' ), -
Console.WriteLine
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int age;
Console.WriteLine(age); //

C# PrimitiveDataTypes.
,
. .
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 2\PrimitiveDataTypes,
. PrimitiveDataTypes,
. ,
PrimitiveDataTypes.
.sln, Primitive
DataTypes.sln. .
Visual C# .csproj. , ,
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PrimitiveDataTypes,
MainPage.xaml.
.
73
,
, -
Ctrl+Alt+= Ctrl+Alt+-
(Zoom) .
XAML ,
ListBox.
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):
<ListBox x:Name="type" ... SelectionChanged="typeSelectionChanged">
<ListBoxItem>int</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>long</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>float</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>double</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>decimal</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>string</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>char</ListBoxItem>
<ListBoxItem>bool</ListBoxItem>
</ListBox>
ListBox
ListBoxItem.
, SelectionChanged (
1 Click, , -
). , ListBox
typeSelectionChanged. MainPage.xaml.cs.
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MainPage.xaml.cs.
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, MainPage.xaml.cs.
typeSelectionChanged.
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(Edit) (Find And Replace),
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74 2 ,
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75
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typeSelectionChanged,
typeSelectionChanged.
-
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4 -
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ListBox
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, . ,
float, showFloatValue.
, showFloatValue, :
private void showFloatValue()
{
float floatVar;
floatVar = 0.42F;
value.Text = floatVar.ToString();
}
. -
floatVar, float.
floatVar 0.42F.
F , , 0,42
. -
F, 0,42
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ToString -
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floatVar .

Text .
ToString
, .
, 7
.
showIntValue:
private void showIntValue()
{
value.Text = "to do";
}
,
int. showIntValue
,
:
{
int intVar;
intVar = 42;
value.Text = "to do";
}
intVar, -
int.
42. "to do"
intVar.ToString();.
:
{
int intVar;
intVar = 42;
value.Text = intVar.ToString();
}
. .
int. , -
Sample Value 42. Visual Studio,
.
77
showDoubleValue. ,
, ,
, :
private void showDoubleValue()
{
double doubleVar;
doubleVar = 0.42;
value.Text = doubleVar.ToString();
}
showIntValue, , -
doubleVar, ,
0,42.
showBoolValue. ,
:
private void showBoolValue()
{
bool boolVar;
boolVar = false;
value.Text = boolVar.ToString();
}
, ,
boolVar , true false.
false.
.
float, double bool. ,
Sample Value .
Visual Studio,
.

C# , :
(+) , () , (*)
(/) . +, , * /
,
. moneyPaidToConsultant -
750 ( ) 20 (
):
long moneyPaidToConsultant;
moneyPaidToConsultant = 750 * 20;
78 2 ,
, , -
. 750 * 20, * , 750
20 .

. -
, . ,
char, int,
long, float, double decimal. ,
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string
bool. , , -
string (
):
//
Console.WriteLine("Gillingham" - "Forest Green Rovers");
+.
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431 ( 44):
Console.WriteLine("43" + "1");
, -
, .NET Framework -
Int32.Parse,
.

C# ,
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+ .

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1. okClick
:
MessageDialog msg = new MessageDialog("Hello " + userName.Text);
79

:
MessageDialog msg = new MessageDialog($"Hello {userName.Text}");
$ ,
{ } , -
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{username.Text} .
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80 2 ,

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- ,
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-
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NaN not a number ( ). ,
0.0/0.0 NaN.
NaN Infinity .
10+NaN, NaN,
10+ Infinity, Infinity.
Infinity*0 NaN.

-
int.
MathsOperators
Visual Studio 2015 MathsOperators,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 2\MathsOperators .
.
(.2.4).
Left Operand ( ) 54, Right Operand
( ) 13. -
. Subtraction (),
Calculate (). Expression ()
54 13, Result () 0, , , .
/ Division (), Calculate.
Expression 54/13, Result 0.
/ Remainder ( ),
Calculate. Expression 54%13, Result
81
. 2.4
0. , ,
0.
,
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(Input string was not in a correct format). -
,
6 .
, Visual Studio,
.
, MathsOpe
rators . -
.
MathsOperators
MainPage.xaml (
MainPage.xaml, MathsOperators).
(Other Windows),
(Document Outline).
,
.
.
82 2 ,
, Page, -
. 1, -
Windows (Universal Windows Platform (UWP))
Grid , Grid-
. Grid,
, Grid (
Grid , Grid -
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(.2.5).
. 2.5
,
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,
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.)
TextBox, -
. ,
lhsOperand rhsOperand. Text
, .
, TextBlock, -
, expression
83
TextBlock,
, result.
. ,
MainPage.xaml.cs.
addValues. :
private void addValues()
{
int lhs = int.Parse(lhsOperand.Text);
int rhs = int.Parse(rhsOperand.Text);
int outcome = 0;
// TODO: Add rhs to lhs and store the result in outcome
expression.Text = $"{lhsOperand.Text} + {rhsOperand.Text}";
result.Text = outcome.ToString();
}
int lhs
, -
, lhsOperand. ,
Text TextBox , lhs
int, ,
lhs, . int -
int.Parse, .
int rhs -
, rhsOperand,
int.
int outcome.
, ,
rhs lhs outcome.
, , .
, ,
, expression.
Text, Expression .
, -
Text Result. , Text
string, int, ,
Text, int
string. ToString, -
int.
addValues -
, :
84 2 ,

{
int outcome = 0;
// TODO: Add rhs to lhs and store the result in outcome
outcome = lhs + rhs;
expression.Text = $"{lhsOperand.Text} + {rhsOperand.Text}";
}
lhs + rhs -
outcome.
subtractValues. ,
.
rhs lhs outcome.
, :
private void subtractValues()
{
int outcome = 0;
// TODO: Subtract rhs from lhs and store the result in outcome
outcome = lhs - rhs;
expression.Text = $"{lhsOperand.Text} - {rhsOperand.Text}";
}
multiplyValues, divideValues remainderValues.

, .
, :
private void multiplyValues()
{
int outcome = 0;
// TODO: Multiply lhs by rhs and store the result in outcome
outcome = lhs * rhs;
expression.Text = $"{lhsOperand.Text} * {rhsOperand.Text}";
}
private void divideValues()

{
int outcome = 0;
// TODO: Divide lhs by rhs and store the result in outcome
outcome = lhs / rhs;
expression.Text = $"{lhsOperand.Text} / {rhsOperand.Text}";
85
private void remainderValues()

{
int outcome = 0;
// TODO: Work out the remainder after dividing lhs by rhs and store the
// result in outcome
outcome = lhs % rhs;
expression.Text = $"{lhsOperand.Text} % {rhsOperand.Text}";
}
MathsOperators
,
.
54 Left Operand 13 Right Operand,
+ Addition, Calculate. Result 67.
Subtraction, Calculate. Result

41.
* Multiplication, Calculate. ,
Result 702.
/ Division, Calculate. ,
Result 4. 54/13 4,153846
, , C#,
. ,
.
% Remainder, Calculate. ,
2.
54 13 2: (54 ((54/13) 13)) = 2. ,
. (
, , (54/13) 13 54!)
Visual Studio .

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2 + 3 * 4
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int myInt;
int myInt2;
myInt2 = myInt = 10;
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myInt5 = myInt4 = myInt3 = myInt2 = myInt = 10;
88 2 ,
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int myInt, myInt2, myInt3 = 10;
C# ( ). -
myInt, myInt2 myInt3 myInt3
10. myInt myInt2.
myInt myInt2 :
myInt3 = myInt / myInt2;
, -
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:
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89
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. :
int x;
x = 42;
Console.WriteLine(x++); // x 43, 42
x = 42;
Console.WriteLine(++x); // x 43, 43
, ,
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, x .
while do, -
5 -
. ,
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90 2 ,
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:
int myInt;
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, ,
myOtherInt :
int myInt = myOtherInt * 99;
, , ,
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, ,
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:
var myVariable = 99;
var myOtherVariable = "Hello";
myVariable myOtherVariable -
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myVariable int, myOtherVariable string.
,
, ,
. ,
myVariable float, double string.
, var
, . -
:
var yetAnotherVariable; //
91
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97

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\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\ Chapter 3\Methods .

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MainPage.xaml.cs (
MainPage.xaml,
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private int addValues(int leftHandSide, int rightHandSide)\
{
expression.Text = $"{leftHandSide} + {rightHandSide}";
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98 3
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100 3
Methods.
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Methods. MainPage.xaml.
cs. calculateClick
try . (
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int leftHandSide = System.Int32.Parse(lhsOperand.Text);
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103
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Visual Studio 2015 DailyRate,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 3\DailyRate . -
DailyRate Program.cs,
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run
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void run()
{
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int noOfDays = readInt("Enter the number of days: ");
writeFee(calculateFee(dailyRate, noOfDays));
}
105
, run, readDouble
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106 3
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readDouble'). Visual Studio :
private double readDouble(string v)
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107
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108 3
readDouble. -
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calculateFee,
, "Program.
calculateFee".
calculateFee:
private object calculateFee(double dailyRate, int noOfDays)
{
}
, Visual Studio
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calculateFee , , -
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private double calculateFee(double dailyRate, int noOfDays)
{
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noOfDays;
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: Visual Studio, ,
double, writeFee.
109
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void:
private void writeFee(double v)
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private void writeFee(double v) => Console.WriteLine($"The consultant's fee is:
{v * 1.1}");

Visual Studio 2015 -
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Method). NewMethod.
, -
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(Start Without Debugging).
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Enter Your Daily Rate 525 .
Enter The Number of Days 17 .
110 3
-
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The consultant's fee is: 9817,5
, Visual Studio2015.

Visual Studio 2015. , ,
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run.
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double dailyRate = readDouble("Enter your daily rate: ");
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113
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int noOfDays = readInt("Enter the number of days: ");
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. Visual Studio 2015 (,
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writeFee(calculateFee(dailyRate, noOfDays));
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, calculateFee. -
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run.
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115
, DoWorkWithData,
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int arg1 = 99;
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int arg1 = 99;
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116 3
. optMethod
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void optMethod(int first, double second = 0.0, string third = "Hello")
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117
optMethod(third : "World", second : 123.45, first : 99);

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Visual Studio 2015 DailyRate,

\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 3\DailyRate Using Optional Parameters -
. DailyRate
Program.cs .
, Main
run.
Program run calculateFee. -
, ,
119
, -
. ,
calculateFee. (
.)
private double calculateFee(double dailyRate = 500.0, int noOfDays = 1)
{
Console.WriteLine("calculateFee using two optional parameters");
return dailyRate * noOfDays;
}
Program calculateFee,
, .
dailyRate double.
, :
private double calculateFee(double dailyRate = 500.0)
{
Console.WriteLine("calculateFee using one optional parameter");
int defaultNoOfDays = 1;
return dailyRate * defaultNoOfDays;
}
Program calculateFee.

:
private double calculateFee()
{
Console.WriteLine("calculateFee using hardcoded values");
double defaultDailyRate = 400.0;
int defaultNoOfDays = 1;
return defaultDailyRate * defaultNoOfDays;
}
run , ,
calculateFee :
public void run()
{
double fee = calculateFee();
Console.WriteLine($"Fee is {fee}");
}
-
. ,
(Peek Definition).
calculateFee .3.6.
120 3
. 3.6
,
, .
,
. -
:
calculateFee using hardcoded values
Fee is 400
run calculateFee, ,
, ,
. ,
Visual Studio.
run , calculateFee, -
, :
public void run()
{
double fee = calculateFee(650.0);
}
121
,
. :
calculateFee using one optional parameter
Fee is 650
run calculateFee, -
. ,
. , -
Visual Studio.
run , calculateFee:
public void run()
{
double fee = calculateFee(500.0, 3);
}
,
. :
calculateFee using two optional parameters
Fee is 1500
, run
calculateFee, .
, Visual Studio.
run , calculateFee,
dailyRate :
public void run()

{
double fee = calculateFee(dailyRate : 375.0);
}
,
. :
calculateFee using one optional parameter
Fee is 375
run calculateFee, -
.
,
. , -
Visual Studio.
122 3
run , calculateFee,
noOfDays:
public void run()
{
double fee = calculateFee(noOfDays : 4);
}
,
. :
Fee is 2000
run calculateFee, -
. (dailyRate)
.
calculateFee, .
, Visual Studio.
calculateFee, -
. theDailyRate
return, ,
:
private double calculateFee(double theDailyRate = 500.0, int noOfDays = 1)
{
Console.WriteLine("calculateFee using two optional parameters");
return theDailyRate * noOfDays;
}
run , calculateFee,
theDailyRate :
public void run()

{
double fee = calculateFee(theDailyRate : 375.0);
Console.WriteLine("Fee is {fee}");
}
,
. :
Fee is 375
, , -
, run calculateFee,
. run calculateFee,
123
.

, . -
, ,
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. calculateFee
aDailyRate: 375.0, , -
,
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Visual Studio.
, -
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, . ,
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. Visual Studio 2015 -
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{
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124 3
return, :
return , :
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double calculateFee(double dailyRate, int noOfDays)=>
dailyRate * noOfDays;
, -
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addValues(39, 3);
,

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(Generate Method
Stub Wizard)
- -

-
- , :
void optMethod(int first, double second = 0.0,
string third = "Hell")
{
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optMethod(first : 100, third : "World");
4

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126 4

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127
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age 42
== age == 100 false
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age 42
< age < 21 false

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> age > 16 true
>= age >= 30 true

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128 4
&& true ,
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, percent 0
100:
bool validPercentage;
validPercentage = (percent >= 0) && (percent <= 100);
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percent :
percent >= 0 && <= 100 //
,
. ,
validPercentage = percent >= 0 && percent <= 100

validPercentage = (percent >= 0) && (percent <= 100)
, && ,
>= <=.
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true. ||
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invalidPercentage , percent 0
100:
bool invalidPercentage;
invalidPercentage = (percent < 0) || (percent > 100);

, &&, ||,
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if 129

(percent >= 0) && (percent <= 100)
percent , -
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(percent < 0) || (percent > 100)
percent , -
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130 4
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if 131
if
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if ( booleanExpression )
statement-1;
else
statement-2;
booleanExpression true, -
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else statement-2 -
. else booleanExpression
false, , ,
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++:
int seconds;
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if (seconds == 59)
seconds = 0;
else
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true ( )
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int seconds;
...
if (seconds = 59) //
...
if (seconds == 59) //
132 4

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bool inWord;
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if (inWord == true) // ,
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seconds , minutes
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int seconds = 0;
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if (seconds == 59)
{
seconds = 0;
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{
seconds++;
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if 133
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if. ,
else, if, -
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true dayName
"Sunday". day , -
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if day .
if ,
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if ,
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if (day == 0)
{
dayName = "Sunday";
}
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{
134 4
dayName = "Monday";
}
else if (day == 2)
{
dayName = "Tuesday";
}
else if (day == 3)
{
dayName = "Wednesday";
}
else if (day == 4)
{
dayName = "Thursday";
}
else if (day == 5)
{
dayName = "Friday";
}
else if (day == 6)
{
dayName = "Saturday";
}
else
{
dayName = "unknown";
}
, ,
if, .
if
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Selection,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 4\Selection .
.
firstDate secondDate. -
. Compare ().
, ,
:
firstDate == secondDate : False
firstDate != secondDate : True
firstDate < secondDate : False
firstDate <= secondDate : False
firstDate > secondDate : True
firstDate >= secondDate : True
firstDate == secondDate true,

firstDate, secondDate . ,
if 135

. .4.1.
. 4.1
Visual Studio 2015.

. MainPage.xaml.cs.
compareClick, :
private void compareClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)

{
int diff = dateCompare(firstDate.Date.LocalDateTime,
secondDate.Date.LocalDateTime);
info.Text = "";
show("firstDate == secondDate", diff == 0);
show("firstDate != secondDate", diff != 0);
show("firstDate < secondDate", diff < 0);
show("firstDate <= secondDate", diff <= 0);
show("firstDate > secondDate", diff > 0);
show("firstDate >= secondDate", diff >= 0);
}
, Compare.
firstDate.Date.LocalDateTime secondDate.Date.LocalDateTime
136 4
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138 4
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Visual Studio 2015 DoStatement,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 5\DoStatement .
MainPage.xaml. -
number,
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160 5
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176 6
Left Operand John, Right Operand 2.

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178 6
try
{
int outcome = 0;

expression.Text = $"{lhs} + {rhs}";
}
{
result.Text = fEx.Message;
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Left Operand John, Right
Operand 2. + Addition, Calculate.
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John 10. Right Operand Sharp,
Calculate.
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Left Operand 10 John, Subtraction,
Calculate.
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179
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{
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}
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{
multiplyValues();
}
else if ((bool)division.IsChecked)
{
divideValues();
}
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{
remainderValues();
}
}
{
}
}
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181
Left Operand John, Right

Operand 2. + Addition, Calculate.
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calculateClick.
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183
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int long.
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Visual Studio 2015.

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Left Operand 9876543, Right Operand 9876543.
* Multiplication, Calculate. Result -
1195595903. .
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32- , int.
184 6
Visual Studio .
MainPage.xaml.cs
multiplyValues, :
private void multiplyValues()

{
int outcome = 0;
outcome = lhs * rhs;

expression.Text = $"{lhs} * {rhs}";
}
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OverflowException,
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9876543, Right Operand 9876543. *Multiplication,
Calculate. Visual Studio -
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. , -
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Visual Studio 2015 Classes,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 7\Classes .
Program.cs,
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206 7
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208 7
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210 7
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212 7
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217

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226 8
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Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Parameters,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 8\Parameters .
C#: Pass.cs, Program.cs WrappedInt.cs.
Pass.cs. Pass,
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,
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228 8
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249
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252 9
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Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 StructsAndEnums,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 9\StructsAndEnums -
.
Month.cs. ,
StructsAndEnums // TODO:.
// TODO: -
Month,
StructsAndEnums. .
12 Month January
December.
namespace StructsAndEnums
{
enum Month
{
January, February, March, April,
May, June, July, August,
September, October, November, December
}
}
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, doWork
.
doWork ,
Month- first, Month.
January. first
. doWork :
{
Month first = Month.January;
Console.WriteLine(first);
}
Month , Microsoft
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255

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January.
,
Visual Studio 2015.
doWork (
),
first :
{
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first++;
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January February.
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, ,
doWork, first -
Month.December:
{
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first++;
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256 9
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Console.WriteLine(f.ToString());
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string s = "42";
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257
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bool System.Boolean
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struct,
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258 9
struct Time
{
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}
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struct Time
{
private int hours, minutes, seconds;
...
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this.minutes = mm % 60;
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{
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this.minutes = mm;
} // : seconds
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260 9
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struct Time
{
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261
struct Time
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262 9
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now ,
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.9.4.
.
.
263
. 9.4

Date.cs, StructsAndEnums.
TODO Date, -
StructsAndEnums.
: int
year, Month month ( -
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Date :
struct Date
{
private int year;
private Month month;
private int day;
}
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year day
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264 9
year day .
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mm int- dd . -
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):
struct Date
{
private int year;
private Month month;
private int day;
public Date(int ccyy, Month mm, int dd)

{
this.year = ccyy - 1900;
this.month = mm;
this.day = dd - 1;
}
}
Date ToString.
, .
, year year + 1900,
day day + 1.
ToString :
struct Date
{
...
public override string ToString()
{
string data = $"{this.month} {this.day + 1} {this.year + 1900}";
return data;
}
}
265
ToString ,
. , ,
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, , ,
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StructsAndEnums.Date. , -
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month, this.day + 1 this.year
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. doWork ,
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Date-. doWork ,
defaultDate Console.
WriteLine.
Console.WriteLine
ToString.
doWork :
{
...
Date defaultDate = new Date();
Console.WriteLine(defaultDate);
}
new Date() IntelliSense -

, Date .
, -
. ,
January 1 1900.
Visual Studio 2015.

266 9
doWork . -
weddingAnniversary
July 4 2015. (
, .)
weddingAnniversary.
doWork :
{
...
Date weddingAnniversary = new Date(2015, Month.July, 4);
Console.WriteLine(weddingAnniversary);
}
, ,
July 4 2015. -
Visual Studio 2015.

,
, , ,
,
. ,
:
Date now = new Date(2012, Month.March, 19);
Date copy = now;
.9.5.
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:
Date now;
Date copy = now; // : now
,
, -
,
. ,
, -
. , , Time
, , now copy,
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267
. 9.5
C++ ,
.

Date.cs, StructsAndEnums.
Date ,
. month December,
month January year :
struct Date
{
...
public void AdvanceMonth()
{
this.month++;
if (this.month == Month.December + 1)
{
this.month = Month.January;
this.year++;
}
}
}
Program.cs. doWork
,
defaultDate.
268 9
, ,
doWork. weddingAnniversary
weddingAnniversaryCopy :

{
...
Date weddingAnniversaryCopy = weddingAnniversary;
Console.WriteLine($"Value of copy is {weddingAnniversaryCopy}");
}
-
doWork. AdvanceMonth
weddingAnniversary, weddingAnniversary
weddingAnniversaryCopy :
{
...
weddingAnniversary.AdvanceMonth();
Console.WriteLine($"New value of weddingAnniversary is
{weddingAnniversary}");
Console.WriteLine($"Value of copy is still {weddingAnniversaryCopy}");
}
,
. , -
:
July 4 2015
Value of copy is July 4 2015
New value of weddingAnniversary is August 4 2015
Value of copy is still July 4 2015
weddingAnni
versary (July 4 2015).
weddingAnniversaryCopy. , ,
weddingAnniversary (July 4 2015). -
weddingAnniversary
(August 4 2015).
weddingAnniversaryCopy. ,
July 4 2015 .
Date ,
, . -
,
. -
.
269
Visual Studio 2015.

Date.cs. Date,
, , :
class Date
{
...
}
,
. , -
:
July 4 2015
Value of copy is July 4 2015
New value of weddingAnniversary is August 4 2015
Value of copy is still August 4 2015
.
, weddingAnniversaryCopy
August 4 2015.
WINDOWS
C# -
(common language runtime (CLR)), .NET Framework.
CLR
(
Java, ).
C# C# , -
, (Common
Intermediate Language (CIL)). .
C# CLR CIL-
,
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, .NET
Framework, Visual Basic F#.
Windows 7 -
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Win32 API-,
Windows. ( , CLR
.NET Framework Win32 API,
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270 9
C++. .NET Framework

-
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.
Windows
Windows Runtime, WinRT.
Win32 API API- Windows,
-
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WinRT, Win32. CLR Windows 10 -
WinRT: , C#
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271
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Visual Studio 2015 10 .
Visual Studio 2015,
. -
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enum, ,
-
, :
, -
, , :
Season currentSeason;
- ,
, , :
currentSeason = Spring; //
currentSeason = Season.Spring; //
struct,
,
(, ), :
struct Time
{
public Time(int hh, int mm, int ss)
{ ... }
...
}
, ,
, :
Time now;

- , :
Time lunch = new Time(12, 30, 0);
10

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;
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Circle, Date ..). , ?
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273

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int- pins ( -
) :
int[] pins; //
Microsoft Visual Basic,

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Date-:
Date[] dates;
,
places ( Place), people (
Person) times ( Time).

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274 10
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pins, :
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int[] pins = new int[size];
0. , -
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275
"01/01/0001 00:00:00". -
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, ,
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.
pins :
Random r = new Random();
int[] pins = new int[4]{ r.Next() % 10, r.Next() % 10,
r.Next() % 10, r.Next() % 10 };
System.Random -
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0 Int32.MaxValue. Next ,
-
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, ,
, -
. ,
. , -

.

:
int[] pins = new int[3]{ 9, 3, 7, 2 }; //
int[] pins = new int[4]{ 9, 3, 7 }; //
int[] pins = new int[4]{ 9, 3, 7, 2 }; //
, new-
.

:
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
,
:
Time[] schedule = { new Time(12,30), new Time(5,30) };
276 10

-
, . , ,
, , pins int-,
double, string, struct
, int.
, C# -
:
var names = new[]{"John", "Diana", "James", "Francesca"};
C# , names
.
. -,
names var,
var[]. -,
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,
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No best type found for implicitly-typed
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var bad = new[]{"John", "Diana", 99, 100};
,
- . -
double-, 3.5 99.999
double C# -
1 2 double-:
var numbers = new[]{1, 2, 3.5, 99.999};
, ,
.

, 7
.
, , -
:
var names = new[] { new { Name = "John", Age = 50 },
new { Name = "Diana", Age = 50 },
new { Name = "James", Age = 23 },
new { Name = "Francesca", Age = 21 } };
277

,
, .
, -
0, 1. 1 .
, 2 ( ) pins
int- :
int myPin;
myPin = pins[2];
, ,
:
myPin = 1645;
pins[2] = myPin;

.
, , -
, IndexOutOfRangeException:
try
{
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
Console.WriteLine(pins[4]); // , 4-, ,
// 3
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex)
{
...
}

Microsoft .NET Framework
System.Array, -
. , ,
Length,
for. -
pins :
278 10
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
for (int index = 0; index < pins.Length; index++)
{
int pin = pins[index];
Console.WriteLine(pin);
}
Length , ,
. 15 -
.
,
0,
Length 1. C# foreach,
,
. , ,
for, , foreach:
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
foreach (int pin in pins)
{
}
foreach (
int pin), .
. -
foreach -
:
, ,
for.
for .
foreach .
(, -
) (, ),
for.
foreach 0
Length 1.
- ,
for.
,
, for.
, -
for. , foreach
, .
279
-
foreach .
var -
C#
. ,
, , , -
. , -
, :
var names = new[] { new { Name = "John", Age = 50 },

new { Name = "Diana", Age = 50 },
new { Name = "James", Age = 23 },
new { Name = "Francesca", Age = 21 } };
foreach (var familyMember in names)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Name: {familyMember.Name}, Age: {familyMember.Age}");
}

C# ,
.

, . ,
ProcessData, -
.

:
public void ProcessData(int[] data)
{
foreach (int i in data)
{
...
}
}
, ,
, ProcessData , ,
,
, ,
.
280 10

. . -
,
. , ,
:
public int[] ReadData()
{
Console.WriteLine("How many elements?");
string reply = Console.ReadLine();
int numElements = int.Parse(reply);
int[] data = new int[numElements];
for (int i = 0; i < numElements; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Enter data for element {i}");
reply = Console.ReadLine();
int elementData = int.Parse(reply);
data[i] = elementData;
}
return data;
}
ReadData :
int[] data = ReadData();
MAIN
, , Main
:
{
...
}
, Main
.
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. Windows
(common language runtime (CLR)),
Main.
,
,
.
, .
MyFileUtil, -
.
ProcessFile ( ),
:
281

{
foreach (string filename in args)
{
ProcessFile(filename);
}
}
MyFileUtil
:
MyFileUtil C:\Temp\TestData.dat C:\Users\John\Documents\MyDoc.txt
. -
MyFileUtil.

(,
System.Array).
. ,
, ,
:
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
int[] alias = pins; // alias pins
, pins[1],
alias[1].
( ),
, .
-, , -
, , . -, -
:
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
int[] copy = new int[pins.Length];
for (int i = 0; i < pins.Length; i++)
{
copy[i] = pins[i];
}
,
Length .
,
, System.Array ,
282 10
. ,
CopyTo
. pins, -
, copy:
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
pins.CopyTo(copy, 0);
-
System.Array Copy.
CopyTo, Copy
:
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
Array.Copy(pins, copy, copy.Length);
Aray.Copy
length. ,
ArgumentOutOfRangeException. ,
, ArgumentException.
System.Array
Clone.
:
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
int[] copy = (int[])pins.Clone();
Clone 8. Clone
Array object, Array, -

. , Clone, CopyTo Copy -
(
8). ,
Clone , , . -
.
, -
for.

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.
283
. , , -
, .
items, 24
. ,
, , -
:
int[,] items = new int[4, 6];
, -
, ( ),
.
items:
items[2, 3] = 99; // (2, 3) 99
items[2, 4] = items [2,3]; // (2, 3) (2, 4)
items[2, 4]++; // (2, 4)
-
.
cube. ,
:
int[, ,] cube = new int[5, 5, 5];
cube[1, 2, 1] = 101;
cube[1, 2, 2] = cube[1, 2, 1] * 3;

. .
cube 125 (5 5 5). , -
, 625 .
,
.
, -
, OutOfMemoryException.

C# -
. .
, , items,
40, 160 :
int[,] items = new int[4, 40];
284 10
,
.
,
.
, :
int[][] items = new int[4][];
int[] columnForRow0 = new int[3];
items[0] = columnForRow0;
...
3 ,
10 , 40 25 .
items, ,
, , -
. ,
items 78, 160,
.
.
, items ,
int-:
int[][] items;
items -
, :
items = new int[4][];
columnForRow0 columnForRow3 int-

, , -
. ,
items, :
, , -
columnForRow0
items, .
, columnForRow0,
285
items. -
:
columnForRow0[1] = 99;
items[0][1] = 99;
,
, .

Java, . Java , -
, .
-
, .
, -
( 52 ).
, .

Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Cards,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 10\Cards .
, -
. Card Game
North, South, East West.
, (). , -
. Deal () (.10.2).
-

Windows (Universal Windows Platform (UWP)), UWP-,
, .
Deal. . , ,
, .
Visual Studio 2015
.
Value.cs -
. Value,
:
enum Value { Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Jack,
Queen, King, Ace }
286 10
. 10.2
Suit.cs. , -
:
enum Suit { Clubs, Diamonds, Hearts, Spades }
PlayingCard.cs .
PlayingCard, .
class PlayingCard
{
private readonly Suit suit;
private readonly Value value;
public PlayingCard(Suit s, Value v)

{
this.suit = s;
this.value = v;
}

{
string result = $"{this.value} of {this.suit}";
return result;
}
287
public Suit CardSuit()

{
return this.suit;
}
public Value CardValue()
{
return this.value;
}
}
, -
. .
-
, .

, .
CardValue CardSuit,
, ToString
.
- CardValue CardSuit
, , 15.
Pack.cs. Pack, -
. Pack
NumSuits CardsPerSuit,
. -
. cardPack
PlayingCard. -
,
. randomCardSelector , -
Random. randomCardSelector
:
class Pack
{
public const int NumSuits = 4;
public const int CardsPerSuit = 13;
private PlayingCard[,] cardPack;
private Random randomCardSelector = new Random();
...
}
Pack .
, // TODO:.
288 10
, -
, cardPack
:
public Pack()
{
this.cardPack = new PlayingCard[NumSuits, CardsPerSuit];
}
Pack , .
cardPack
:
public Pack()
{
this.cardPack = new PlayingCard[NumSuits, CardsPerSuit];
for (Suit suit = Suit.Clubs; suit <= Suit.Spades; suit++)
{
for (Value value = Value.Two; value <= Value.Ace; value++)
{
this.cardPack[(int)suit, (int)value] = new PlayingCard(suit, value);
}
}
}
for
Suit, ,
.
PlayingCard
cardPack.

. suit value .
, , ,
int-.
Pack DealCardFromPack.
, ,
,
.
.
, NotImplementedException,
, :
public PlayingCard DealCardFromPack()
{
Suit suit = (Suit)randomCardSelector.Next(NumSuits);
}
289
Next,
randomCardSelector
, . Next -
, -

. , int, ,
Suit-, -
.
, .
-
.
while,
. IsSuitEmpty, -
, ( -
). ,
(
) . ,
,
:
{
while (this.IsSuitEmpty(suit))
{
suit = (Suit)randomCardSelector.Next(NumSuits);
}
}
,
.
. , -
, , , ,
. , :
IsCardAlreadyDealt (
), , , ,
, ,
, .
, DealCardFromPack
, :
{
...
Value value = (Value)randomCardSelector.Next(CardsPerSuit);
290 10
while (this.IsCardAlreadyDealt(suit, value))

{
value = (Value)randomCardSelector.Next(CardsPerSuit);
}
}
, .
DealCardFromPack
cardPack -
null:
{
...
PlayingCard card = this.cardPack[(int)suit, (int)value];
this.cardPack[(int)suit, (int)value] = null;
return card;
}
IsSuitEmpty. , -
Suit , ,
.
, NotImplementedException,
, :
private bool IsSuitEmpty(Suit suit)
{
bool result = true;
{
if (!IsCardAlreadyDealt(suit, value))
{
result = false;
break;
}
}
return result;
}

IsCardAlreadyDealt (
) , cardPack
.
, result false
break . ,
, result true.
result
.
291
IsCardAlreadyDealt.
, -
. , DealCardFromPack
cardPack
null. ,
:
private bool IsCardAlreadyDealt(Suit suit, Value value)
=> (this.cardPack[(int)suit, (int)value] == null);
true, cardPack
null, false .

. Hand.cs.
Hand, , (
, ).
int-
HandSize , ,
(13).
PlayingCard, HandSize.
playingCardCount , -
, :
class Hand
{
public const int HandSize = 13;
private PlayingCard[] cards = new PlayingCard[HandSize];
private int playingCardCount = 0;
...
}
ToString , ,
. foreach
cards,
PlayingCard ToString.
(\n):
{
string result = "";
foreach (PlayingCard card in this.cards)
{
result += $"{card.ToString()}\n";
}
return result;
}
292 10
Hand AddCardToHand.
, , .
, :
public void AddCardToHand(PlayingCard cardDealt)
{
if (this.playingCardCount >= HandSize)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Too many cards");
}
this.cards[this.playingCardCount] = cardDealt;
this.playingCardCount++;
}
, -
. , ArgumentException (
, ). -
cards , playingCardCount,
.
MainPage.xaml -
MainPage.xaml.cs.
Card Game. dealClick.
, Deal.
try- ,
, .
try- , :
private void dealClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
try
{
pack = new Pack();
}
{
...
}
}
. ,
-

. ,
.
try- , :
293
try
{
pack = new Pack();
for (int handNum = 0; handNum < NumHands; handNum++)
{
hands[handNum] = new Hand();
}
}
{
...
}
for ,
, hands.
, .
for , :
try
{
...
{
hands[handNum] = new Hand();
for (int numCards = 0; numCards < Hand.HandSize; numCards++)
{
PlayingCard cardDealt = pack.DealCardFromPack();
hands[handNum].AddCardToHand(cardDealt);
}
}
}
{
...
}
for -
DealCardFromPack,
, AddCardToHand,
, .
for ,
:
try
{
...
{
...
}
north.Text = hands[0].ToString();
294 10
south.Text = hands[1].ToString();
east.Text = hands[2].ToString();
west.Text = hands[3].ToString();
}
{
...
}
, ,
.
north, south, east west. ,
, ToString.
- ,
,
.
.
Card Game, Deal. -

, (.10.3).
. 10.3
295
Deal . , -
.
Visual Studio .
-
. , ,
, ,

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.
,
Visual Studio 2015,
. -
, .
, -
, -
, :
bool[] flags;
- new,
,
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bool[] flags = new bool[10];
- , -
- , :
bool[] flags = { true, false, true, false };
Length, :
bool[] flags = ...;
...
int noOfElements = flags.Length;
296 10
,
- , -
. , -
, , :
bool initialElement = flags[0];
- for foreach, :
- bool[] flags = { true, false, true, false };
for (int i = 0; i < flags.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(flags[i]);
}
foreach (bool flag in flags)
{
Console.WriteLine(flag);
}
, ,
-
, ,
,
. ,
table
-
:
int[,] table;
table = new int[4,6];
.

. ,
items -
, :
int[][] items;
items = new int[4][];
items[0] = new int[3];
11

, :
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params;
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params
;
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298 11
. -
Microsoft Visual C# Console.WriteLine.
,
, .
WriteLine Console:
class Console
{
public static void WriteLine(Int32 value)
public static void WriteLine(Double value)
public static void WriteLine(Decimal value)
public static void WriteLine(Boolean value)
public static void WriteLine(String value)
...
}
WriteLine -
, System,
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int,
Int32. C#-
9 .
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Console.WriteLine,
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:
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299
int-, Min
, int-:
class Util
{
public static int Min(int[] paramList)
{
// .
// , ArgumentException, ,
// .
if (paramList == null || paramList.Length == 0)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Util.Min: not enough arguments");
}
// ,
// ,
int currentMin = paramList[0];
//
// , , , currentMin
foreach (int i in paramList)
{
// , , ,
// currentMin, currentMin
if (i < currentMin)
{
currentMin = i;
}
}
// currentMin
// , .
return currentMin;
}
}
ArgumentException ,
, -
.
Min int-
first second, :
int[] array = new int[2];
array[0] = first;
array[1] = second;
int min = Util.Min(array);
Min int-
( first, second third) :
300 11

array[0] = first;
array[1] = second;
array[2] = third;
, -
, :
, . ,
:
int min = Util.Min(new int[] {first, second, third});
, ,
.
,
Min .

params-,
.
params,
. , , Min,
, params-:
class Util
{
public static int Min(params int[] paramList)
{
// ,
}
}
params Min -
, ,
, .
,
:
int min = Util.Min(first, second);
, :
array[0] = first;
array[1] = second;
301

, , -
, :
int min = Util.Min(first, second, third);
Min ( , )
Min, params.
, Min
int-. int-,
int- , ,
, .
C C++
params varargs
stdarg.h. Java varargs, -
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params- .
params .
:
//
public static int Min(params int[,] table)
...
, params,
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params .
:
// :
public static int Min(int[] paramList)
...
...
params- ref
out:
//
public static int Min(ref params int[] paramList)
...
public static int Min(out params int[] paramList)
...
params . ( ,
params-.)
:
302 11
//
public static int Min(params int[] paramList, int i)
...
, params,
params -. ,

:
public static int Min(int leftHandSide, int rightHandSide)

...
...
Min , -
int-. -
int-.
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params-, ,
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params object[ ]
int- .
int-. , -
, ? C#
. , object -
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class Black
{
public static void Hole(params object[] paramList)
...
}
Black.Hole ( ),
.
303
,
object-, 0:
Black.Hole();
// Black.Hole(new object[0]);
Black.Hole , null.
, -
null :
Black.Hole(null);
Black.Hole .
, , ,
:
object[] array = new object[2];
array[0] = "forty two";
array[1] = 42;
Black.Hole(array);
Black.Hole ,
object-:
Black.Hole("forty two", 42);
// Black.Hole(new object[]{"forty two", 42});
CONSOLE.WRITELINE
Console WriteLine.
:
public static void WriteLine(string format, params object[] arg);
WriteLine
, C#
. WriteLine -
, ,

, ( {i} i- -
, ).
( fname lname , mi char,
age int):
Console.WriteLine("Forename:{0}, Middle Initial:{1}, Last name:{2},
Age:{3}", fname, mi, lname, age);
:
Console.WriteLine("Forename:{0}, Middle Initial:{1}, Last name:{2},
Age:{3}", new object[4]{fname, mi, lname, age});
304 11
params-

Sum. -
int- int-.
Sum, params int[].
params, ,
Sum . Sum
.
, params-
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 ParamsArray,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 11\ParamsArray -
.
ParamsArray Program.cs Program,
doWork, . Sum
Util (
utility), .

ParamsArray, ParamsArray,
(Add), (Class).
ParamsArray
. (Name) Util.cs,
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Util.cs. Util,
ParamsArray.
Util Sum.
int- params- int-
paramList. :
public static int Sum(params int[] paramList)
{
}
Sum paramList.
,
null .
,
ArgumentException. (, ,
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305
Sum , . -
ArgumentException, paramList null.
Sum :

{
if (paramList == null)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Util.Sum: null parameter list");
}
}
Sum ,
ArgumentException,
:
{
if (paramList == null)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Util.Sum: null parameter list");
}
if (paramList.Length == 0)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Util.Sum: empty parameter list");
}
}
, -
. foreach; , -
.
, , -
sumTotal 0:
{
...
if (paramList.Length == 0)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Util.Sum: empty parameter list");
}
int sumTotal = 0;
}
Sum foreach, -
paramList. foreach
sumTotal.
return -
sumTotal. :
306 11

{
...
int sumTotal = 0;
foreach (int i in paramList)
{
sumTotal += i;
}
return sumTotal;
}
, ,
.
Util.Sum
Program.cs doWork -
// TODO: :
Console.WriteLine(Util.Sum(null));
.
, :
Exception: Util.Sum: null parameter list

. ,
Visual Studio 2015.
Console.WriteLine,
doWork, :
Console.WriteLine(Util.Sum());
.
.
. ,
:
Exception: Util.Sum: empty parameter list

. ,
Visual Studio 2015.
Console.WriteLine,
doWork, :
Console.WriteLine(Util.Sum(10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
307
. , -
, 55.
, Visual Stu
dio2015.

3 -
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Visual Studio 2015 ParamsArray
Util.cs. Sum Util
Console.WriteLine:
308 11

{
Console.WriteLine("Using parameter list");
...
}
Util Sum.
int-,
.
Using optional parameters (
),
. -
:
class Util
{
...
public static int Sum(int param1 = 0, int param2 = 0, int param3 = 0,
int param4 = 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Using optional parameters");
int sumTotal = param1 + param2 + param3 + param4;
return sumTotal;
}
}
Program.cs. doWork
:
Console.WriteLine(Util.Sum(2, 4, 6, 8));
Sum, int-.
Sum.
,
, -
:
Using optional parameters
20
, , -
.
. Visual Studio.
doWork , Sum, -
(8):
Console.WriteLine(Util.Sum(2, 4, 6));
309
,
, -
:
Using optional parameters
12
- , ,
,
. C#
, , ,
, .
Visual Studio.
doWork , Sum,
:
Console.WriteLine(Util.Sum(2, 4, 6, 8, 10));
,
, -
:
Using parameter list
30
, , -
, ,
, .
Visual Studio.
,
, .
, params- object
, .
, , ,
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, , .
,
310 11
Visual Studio 2015,

. -
, .
, - , params-
. , ,
bool-,
:
someType Method(params bool[] flags)
{
...
}
, - , params-,
object, :
someType Method(params object[] paramList)
{
...
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12

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new, virtual override;
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protected;
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312 12
, . ,
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Horse () Whale ().
, -
, Trot (
) Swim ( ). ,
, Breathe
SuckleYoung?
, -
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Human Aardvark.
, C# -
. , ,
, Mammal (-
), ,
. , Horse, Whale, Human Aardvark
Mammal. -
Mammal (Breathe, SuckleYoung
..), ,
: Trot
Horse Swim Whale.
, Breathe (),
Mammal.

, ,
:
class :
{
...
}
313
, -
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class :
{
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}
, Mammal,
Breathe SuckleYoung,
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class Mammal
{
public void Breathe()
{
...
}
public void SuckleYoung()
{
...
}
...
}
, ,
,
:
class Horse : Mammal
{
...
public void Trot()
{
...
}
}
class Whale : Mammal

{
...
public void Swim()
{
...
}
}
314 12
C++ ,
,
, . C#
. Java,
extends.
Horse Trot, Breathe

SuckleYoung:
Horse myHorse = new Horse();
myHorse.Trot();
myHorse.Breathe();
myHorse.SuckleYoung();
Whale,
Swim, Breathe SuckleYoung. Trot , -
Horse.
, .
,
, ,
.

System.ValueType. ( 13.) -
, Microsoft .NET Framework
,
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System.Object
System.Object . -
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C# Mammal
(, ,
):
class Mammal : System.Object
{
...
}
System.Object
,
Mammal, Horse Whale. ,

315
System.Object. , ToString (
2 , -
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.

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base:
class Mammal //
{
public Mammal(string name) //
{
...
}
...
}
class Horse : Mammal //

{
public Horse(string name)
: base(name) // Mammal(name)
{
...
}
...
}
-
,
-
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{
316 12
{
...
}
...
}
:
{
: base()
{
...
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...
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new. ,
C# , -
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Mammal, Horse Whale , ,
:
class Mammal
{
...
}
{
...
}
{
...
}
...
Horse myHorse = new Horse(...);
Whale myWhale = myHorse; //
317
,
, -
. :
Mammal myMammal = myHorse; // , Mammal Horse
, (Horse )
(Mammal), Horse -
Mammal. , Horse
Mammal: ,
Mammal, ,
, Horse. , -
Mammal- Whale-.
: Horse- Whale- Mammal-
,
Mammal. , Horse
Whale, Mammal :
Mammal myMammal = myHorse;
myMammal.Breathe(); // - Breathe Mammal
myMammal.Trot(); // - Trot Mammal
, object-
. , object System.Object
System.Object , .
, .
Mammal- Horse-:
Mammal myMammal = newMammal(...);
Horse myHorse = myMammal; //
, ,
Mammal-, ,
(Horse), (Whale). Mammal-
Horse- ,
as or ,
, -
cast ( as or,
7 ).
as , myMammal
Horse-, ,
myHorseAgain ,
318 12
Horse-. myMammal -
(Mammal), as
, null:
Mammal myMammal = myHorse; // myMammal Horse
...
Horse myHorseAgain = myMammal as Horse; // : myMammal Horse
...
Whale myWhale = new Whale(...);
myMammal = myWhale;
...
myHorseAgain = myMammal as Horse; // null - myMammal Whale

.
,
, ,
. -
, ,
.
,
, .
, , -
, .
( ) ,
. ,
, , Horse.Talk
Mammal.Talk:
class Mammal
{
...
public void Talk() // ,
//
{
...
}
}

{
...
319
public void Talk() // , !

{
...
}
}
,
. Horse
Talk, ,
Mammal. Talk Horse
Talk Mammal, Horse.Talk.
,
.

, Mammal.Talk,
, new:
class Mammal
{
...
public void Talk()
{
...
}
}

{
...
new public void Talk()
{
...
}
}
new , -
- . .
, new : , ,
.

.
ToString System.Object. ToString
.
System.Object
, .
320 12
ToString, System.Object, ,
?
,
.
ToString System.Object. , ,
, , Mammal Horse.
. ?
.
, , , ToString
, -

. . -
ToString, System.Object,
. ,
ToString ,
, System.Object.
System.Object ,
, ToString
.
, , . -
.

, ,
, , -
, ,

. ,
, .
, -
virtual. , ToString System.Object
:
namespace System
{
class Object
{
public virtual string ToString()
{
...
}
...
}
...
}
321
Java, -
, C# .

override
,

override:
{
...
{
...
}
}
-
,
base:
{
string temp = base.ToString();
...
}
, -
,
virtual override.
,

. ,
. -
,
, .
-
: ,
.
.
,
. , ,
, .
322 12

override, , .
,
. , -
, , ,
, new.

.
,
virtual, .

,
, , -
. ,
Mammal:
class Mammal
{
...
public virtual string GetTypeName()
{
return "This is a mammal" ;
}
}

{
...
public override string GetTypeName()
{
return "This is a horse";
}
}
{
...
public override string GetTypeName()
{
return "This is a whale";
}
}
class Aardvark : Mammal
{
...
}
323
: -, override,
GetTypeName Horse Whale,
-, , Aardvark GetTypeName.
:
Mammal myMammal;
Whale myWhale = new Whale(...);
Aardvark myAardvark = new Aardvark(...);
myMammal = myHorse;
Console.WriteLine(myMammal.GetTypeName()); // Horse
myMammal = myWhale;
Console.WriteLine(myMammal.GetTypeName()); // Whale
myMammal = myAardvark;
Console.WriteLine(myMammal.GetTypeName()); // Aardvark
Console.
WriteLine?
This is a mammal, GetTypeName -
myMammal, Mammal.
, myMammal Horse. (-
, Horse- Mammal-,
Horse Mammal.) GetTypeName
, ,
Horse.GetTypeName, -
This is a horse. -
Console.WriteLine, This is a whale.
Console.WriteLine Aardvark.
Aardvark GetTypeName,
, Mammal This is a mammal.
-
,
.

public private
: ,
.
-
. ,
- , -
.
,

.
324 12
, -
,
.
protected. .
,
. ,

.
, -
. , -
.
C#
. -

, , , -
. ,
-
.
, .
,
.
-
, ,
.

.
Vehicle Airplane Car.
Vehicle StartEngine
StopEngine, ,
, .
, Vehicle Drive,
, -
.

Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Vehicles,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 12\Vehicles . -
Vehicles Program.cs, Program
Main doWork, .
325
Vehicles,
, . -
,
. Vehicle.cs
. Vehicle.cs, -
.
Vehicle.
Vehicle StartEngine StopEngine,
:
class Vehicle
{
public void StartEngine(string noiseToMakeWhenStarting)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Starting engine: {noiseToMakeWhenStarting}");
}
public void StopEngine(string noiseToMakeWhenStopping)

{
Console.WriteLine($"Stopping engine: {noiseToMakeWhenStopping}");
}
}
, -
Vehicle. noiseToMakeWhenStarting (
) noiseToMakeWhenStopping ( )
,
.
.
. Airplane.cs
. , -
Airplane, .
Airplane ,
, Vehicle:
class Airplane : Vehicle
{
}
Airplane TakeOff () Land (), -

:
{
public void TakeOff()
{
Console.WriteLine("Taking off");
326 12
public void Land()

{
Console.WriteLine("Landing");
}
}
Project . -
. Car.cs -
. ,
Car, .
Car , ,
Vehicle:
class Car : Vehicle
{
}
Car Accelerate () Brake (),

:
class Car : Vehicle
{
public void Accelerate()
{
Console.WriteLine("Accelerating");
}
public void Brake()

{
Console.WriteLine("Braking");
}
}
Vehicle.cs. Vehicle -
Drive, :
class Vehicle
{
...
public virtual void Drive()
{
Console.WriteLine("Default implementation of the Drive method");
}
}
Program.cs. doWork
//TODO: , Airplane
, :
327

{
Console.WriteLine("Journey by airplane:");
Airplane myPlane = new Airplane();
myPlane.StartEngine("Contact");
myPlane.TakeOff();
myPlane.Drive();
myPlane.Land();
myPlane.StopEngine("Whirr");
}
doWork -
, .
Car .
{
...
Console.WriteLine("\nJourney by car:");
Car myCar = new Car();
myCar.StartEngine("Brm brm");
myCar.Accelerate();
myCar.Drive();
myCar.Brake();
myCar.StopEngine("Phut phut");
}
. ,
,
(.12.1).
,
Drive,
.
. 12.1
328 12
, Visual Studio2015.
Airplane. Airplane -
Drive, :
{
...
public override void Drive()
{
Console.WriteLine("Flying");
}
}
IntelliSense .
IntelliSense Drive, Visual Studio
, base.Drive. -
, .
Car. Car
Drive, :
class Car : Vehicle
{
...
public override void Drive()
{
Console.WriteLine("Motoring");
}
}
.
, Airplane
Flying, Car Motoring (.12.2).
. 12.2
329
, Visual Stu
dio2015.
Program.cs. doWork -
, :
{
...
Console.WriteLine("\nTesting polymorphism");
Vehicle v = myCar;
v.Drive();
v = myPlane;
v.Drive();
}
, -
Drive. Vehicle- -
Car ( , Car-
Vehicle-), Vehicle-
Drive. Vehicle-
Airplane , -
Drive.
. ,
, ,
(.12.3):
Testing polymorphism
Motoring
Flying
. 12.3
330 12
Drive , ( -
) , Drive
Vehicle-, ,
. Vehicle-
Car, Car.Drive. Vehicle-
Airplane, Airplane.Drive.
, Visual Stu
dio2015.

, -
, -
.
,
, .
, , int
Negate, ,
, .
(,
(), .)

NegInt32, System.Int32 (int -
System.Int32), Negate:
class NegInt32 : System.Int32 // !
{
public int Negate()
{
...
}
}
Negate NegInt32
, System.Int32.
.
NegInt32, -
int-,
int- NegInt32.
System.Int32 , ,
.
331
.

( ) . -
,
.

this ,
. ,
Negate int:
static class Util
{
public static int Negate(this int i)
{
return -i;
}
}
,
this, -
Negate, , this, int
, int.
, Util
. ( , using,
, Util, using
static, Util.)

(.):
int x = 591;
Console.WriteLine($"x.Negate {x.Negate()}");
, Util - ,
Negate, . C# -
,
. Util.Negate,
int- -
,
:
int x = 591;
Console.WriteLine($"x.Negate {Util.Negate(x)}");
int .

332 12
int - 10
.

Visual Studio 2015 ExtensionMethod,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 12\ExtensionMethod .
Util.cs.
Util, Extensions. ,
.
, //TODO:.
Util
ConvertToBase. : int-
i, this, -
, int, int-
baseToConvertTo ( ).
, i,
, baseToConvertTo.
int- .
ConvertToBase :
static class Util
{
public static int ConvertToBase(this int i, int baseToConvertTo)
{
}
}
ConvertToBase if, ,
baseToConvertTo 2 10.
, , -
. baseToConvertTo
, .
ConvertToBase :
{
if (baseToConvertTo < 2 || baseToConvertTo > 10)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Value cannot be converted to base " +
baseToConvertTo.ToString());
}
}
333
ConvertToBase ,
ArgumentException, , .
,
10 . (

5
.)
{
...
int result = 0;
int iterations = 0;
do
{
int nextDigit = i % baseToConvertTo;
i /= baseToConvertTo;
result += nextDigit * (int)Math.Pow(10, iterations);
iterations++;
}
while (i != 0);
return result;
}
Program.cs. using System;,

, using:
using Extensions;
, UTIL,
. , Program.cs
ConvertToBase .
doWork Program ,
, //TODO::
{
int x = 591;
for (int i = 2; i <= 10; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine($"{x} in base {i} is {x.ConvertToBase(i)}");
}
}
int- x 591.
( .)
591
334 12
2 10 (.12.4). ,
ConvertToBase IntelliSense,
Console.WriteLine x (.).
. 12.4
. , -
, 591
(.12.5).
. 12.5
335
,
, , -
.
.
,
Visual Studio 2015,
. -
, .
,
, :
class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{
...
}
-
- base
-
, :
class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{
...
public DerivedClass(int x) : base(x)
{
...
}
...
}
336 12

virtual, :
class Mammal
{
public virtual void Breathe()
{
...
}
...
}
-
, override, :
- {
public override void Breathe()
{
...
}
...
}
-
. ,
this, :
static class Util
{
public static int Negate(this int i)
{
return -i;
}
}
13

, :
,
;
;
;
;
,
.
, ,
, -
.
, ,
, .
,
.
, ,
.
, , -
, -
.
, ,
, ,
.
338 13

, ,
, . ,
, RetrieveInOrder,
,
, . (
, -
.) -
, , -
,
, ,
, -
.

, (
), , ,
. , -
,
?
ToString, 12 ,
,
.
. -
,
. , ,
-
. ,
, CompareTo,
, RetrieveInOrder,
:
int CompareTo(object obj)
{
// , obj
// , , obj
// , , obj
...
}
, CompareTo, -
,
, . , -
. ,
339
, , .
CompareTo
.
,
. , -
. .
,
, .

, -
, class
interface. , , ,
, ,
(public, private protected). , -
,
, ,
. -
, :
interface IComparable
{
int CompareTo(object obj);
}
Microsoft .NET
, I.
C#. , IComparable
System.
, -
, .

, , -
, .
, ,
,
. , ,
, .
340 13
, , Mammal-,
12, , -
(land-bound), NumberOfLegs,
int-
( ). (
.) ILandBound, ,
:
interface ILandBound
{
int NumberOfLegs();
}
Horse. -

( NumberOfLegs):
class Horse : ILandBound
{
...
public int NumberOfLegs()
{
return 4;
}
}

,
:
.
, ref out, .
, , -
. ,
.

- , .
(IDE) Microsoft Visual Studio -

,
, .
Implement Interface ,
. -
. .

. C#
341
as, ,
, Java. C#
. , ,
.
Horse, Mammal,
ILandBound:
{
...
}
class Mammal
{
...
}
class Horse : Mammal , ILandBound

{
...
}
InterfaceA ,
InterfaceB. , -
. ,
InterfaceA, ,
InterfaceB, InterfaceA.

, -
, , ,
, ,
. , Horse-
ILandBound-:
ILandBound iMyHorse = myHorse; //
, (horses) ,
(land-bound mammals),
ILandBound- Horse-
, ,
Horse-, - ,
ILandBound.
,
,
342 13
, ,
. , FindLandSpeed
, ILandBound:
int FindLandSpeed(ILandBound landBoundMammal)
{
...
}
, ,
, is, 8
. is
, ,
, . ,
, myHorse ILandBoun, -
myHorse ILandBound:
if (myHorse is ILandBound)
{
ILandBound iLandBoundAnimal = myHorse;
}
,
, .

, -
.
, .
, -
.
, . , -
, IGrazable (),
ChewGrass ( ) .
Horse :
class Horse : Mammal, ILandBound, IGrazable
{
...
}

,
. ILandBound
343
Horse, , : Horse -
ILandBound, NumberOfLegs ,
ILandBound:
{
int NumberOfLegs();
}
class Horse : ILandBound

{
...
{
return 4;
}
}
- , -
, Horse .
,
. , ,
.
, leg. -
, ,
:
interface IJourney
{
int NumberOfLegs();
}
, Horse,
:
class Horse : ILandBound, IJourney

{
...
{
return 4;
}
}
,
? : !
C# , ,
.
344 13

, -
, .
, :
class Horse : ILandBound, IJourney

{
...
int ILandBound.NumberOfLegs()
{
return 4;
}
int IJourney.NumberOfLegs()
{
return 3;
}
}
,
.
,
:
(public). , -
, .
. Horse- ,
NumberOfLegs, -
. , Horse .
. Horse,
: ,
ILandBound, , IJourney?
Horse horse = new Horse();

...
//
int legs = horse.NumberOfLegs();
? Horse-
:
Horse horse = new Horse();

...
IJourney journeyHorse = horse;
int legsInJourney = journeyHorse.NumberOfLegs();
ILandBound landBoundHorse = horse;
int legsOnHorse = landBoundHorse.NumberOfLegs();
.
345
,
, .
.
- , .
.
- . -

.
. -
, ,
. ( 14 -
.)
. -
.
- (, ,
, ).
- ,
.
,
- , - -
.

,
.
IDraw IColor, -
, .
, ,
( ,
, ).
IDraw :
SetLocation
x y;
Draw ,
SetLocation.
346 13
IColor SetColor.
. , .
IDraw IColor
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Drawing,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 13\Drawing .
Drawing .
DrawingPad. canvas
() drawingCanvas.
.
Drawing. -
.
Drawing, Visual C#,
. .
IDraw.cs, .
Visual Studio IDraw.cs . -
IDraw.cs :
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace Drawing
{
interface IDraw
{
}
}
IDraw.cs using:
Canvas,
Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls
Windows (Universal Windows Platform (UWP)).
IDraw ,
:
interface IDraw
{
void SetLocation(int xCoord, int yCoord);
void Draw(Canvas canvas);
}
347
.
-
. IColor.cs,
. Visual Studio IColor.cs -
. IColor.cs .
IColor.cs using:
using Windows.UI;
Color,
Windows.UI UWP-.
IColor ,
:
interface IColor
{
void SetColor(Color color);
}
IDraw IColor.
.
Square Circle.
.
Square Circle
Project . ,
Drawing .
Square.cs, .
Visual Studio Square.cs .
Square.cs :
using Windows.UI;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Shapes;
Square (),
IDraw IColor:
class Square : IDraw, IColor
{
}
Square ,
:
348 13

{
private int sideLength;
private int locX = 0, locY = 0;
private Rectangle rect = null;
}
Square -
. Rectangle Windows.UI.Xaml.
Shapes UWP-. -
. Square ,
:
{
...
public Square(int sideLength)
{
this.sideLength = sideLength;
}
}
sideLength
.
Square IDraw.

(.13.1).
. 13.1
Visual Studio
IDraw . , Square
349
. , Visual Studio,
:
void IDraw.SetLocation(int xCoord, int yCoord)
{
}
void IDraw.Draw(Canvas canvas)

{
}
NotImplemented
Exception. , .
, IDraw.SetLocation, -
NotImplementedException, ,
:
{
this.locX = xCoord;
this.locY = yCoord;
}
locX locY
Square.
, IDraw.Draw, ,
:
{
if (this.rect != null)
{
canvas.Children.Remove(this.rect);
}
else
{
this.rect = new Rectangle();
}
this.rect.Height = this.sideLength;
this.rect.Width = this.sideLength;
Canvas.SetTop(this.rect, this.locY);
Canvas.SetLeft(this.rect, this.locX);
canvas.Children.Add(this.rect);
}
Square- Rectangle-.
( (square) .) Rectangle
(, ),
350 13
. (height) (width) Rectangle

sideLength.
Rectangle SetTop
SetLeft, Canvas, Rectangle .
( .)
Square SetColor IColor:
void IColor.SetColor(Color color)
{
if (this.rect != null)
{
SolidColorBrush brush = new SolidColorBrush(color);
this.rect.Fill = brush;
}
}
, Square . ( rect
null-, .)
Fill rect , -
SolidColorBrush-. ( SolidColorBrush
.)
. -
Drawing Circle.cs, -
. Visual Studio Circle.cs
.
Circle.cs using:
using Windows.UI;
Circle, -
IDraw IColor, :
class Circle : IDraw, IColor
{
}
Circle , -
:
{
private int diameter;
private int locX = 0, locY = 0;
private Ellipse circle = null;
}
351
Circle- .
Ellipse ,
.
Circle , :
{
...
public Circle(int diameter)
{
this.diameter = diameter;
}
}
diameter.
Circle SetLocation:
{
this.locX = xCoord;
this.locY = yCoord;
}
IDraw ,
Square.
Circle Draw:
{
if (this.circle != null)
{
canvas.Children.Remove(this.circle);
}
else
{
this.circle = new Ellipse();
}
this.circle.Height = this.diameter;
this.circle.Width = this.diameter;
Canvas.SetTop(this.circle, this.locY);
Canvas.SetLeft(this.circle, this.locX);
canvas.Children.Add(this.circle);
}
IDraw.
Draw Square, , Circle-
Ellipse-. (
.)
352 13
Circle SetColor:
void IColor.SetColor(Color color)
{
if (this.circle != null)
{
this.circle.Fill = brush;
}
}
IColor. ,
, Square.
Square Circle ,
.
Square Circle
DrawingPad.xaml. -
, Canvas-,
.
. ( .)
Tapped .
Visual Studio drawingCanvas_Tapped
DrawingPad . , -

, . -
20
.
DrawingPad.xaml.cs using:
using Windows.UI;
Windows.UI Colors,
.
drawingCanvas_Tapped ,
:
private void drawingCanvas_Tapped(object sender, TappedRoutedEventArgs e)
{
Point mouseLocation = e.GetPosition(this.drawingCanvas);
Square mySquare = new Square(100);
if (mySquare is IDraw)
{
353
IDraw drawSquare = mySquare;

drawSquare.SetLocation((int)mouseLocation.X, (int)mouseLocation.Y);
drawSquare.Draw(drawingCanvas);
}
}
TappedRoutedEventArgs -
. , GetPosition
Point, x y .
Square-. ,
IDraw ( , ,

),
. ,

. ( SetLocation Draw Square
IDraw.)
Square
. , x y Point
(double),
(int).
Draw Square-.
drawingCanvas_Tapped ,
:
private void drawingCanvas_Tapped(object sender, TappedRoutedEventArgs e)
{
...
if (mySquare is IColor)
{
IColor colorSquare = mySquare;
colorSquare.SetColor(Colors.BlueViolet);
}
}
Square IColor:
, Square -
SetColor Square- Colors.
BlueViolet.
SetColor, Draw,
SetColor Square-,
. SetColor Draw, Square-
.
DrawingPad.xaml
Canvas.
354 13
RightTapped,
.
, -
, ,
.
drawingCanvas_RightTapped ,
:
private void drawingCanvas_RightTapped(object sender,
RightTappedRoutedEventArgs e)
{
Point mouseLocation = e.GetPosition(this.drawingCanvas);
Circle myCircle = new Circle(100);
if (myCircle is IDraw)
{
IDraw drawCircle = myCircle;
drawCircle.SetLocation((int)mouseLocation.X, (int)mouseLocation.Y);
drawCircle.Draw(drawingCanvas);
}
if (myCircle is IColor)
{
IColor colorCircle = myCircle;
colorCircle.SetColor(Colors.HotPink);
}
}
, , , -
drawingCanvas_Tapped, ,
, .
,
.
Drawing Pad, ,
, .
.
,
,
. .
, -

. .13.2 ,
Windows 10.
Visual Studio .
355
. 13.2

ILandBound IGrazable,
,
,
C#-.
.
, :
class Horse : Mammal, ILandBound, IGrazable
{
...
void IGrazable.ChewGrass()
{
Console.WriteLine("Chewing grass");
//
}
}
356 13
class Sheep : Mammal, ILandBound, IGrazable

{
...
{
// ,
}
}
. -
, -
.
, . -
, ,
:
class GrazingMammal : Mammal, IGrazable
{
...
{
//
}
}
class Horse : GrazingMammal, ILandBound

{
...
}
class Sheep : GrazingMammal, ILandBound

{
...
}
, : -
GrazingMammal ( Mammal).
. GrazingMammal
.
, . GrazingMammal
, .
,
, abstract:
abstract class GrazingMammal : Mammal, IGrazable
{
...
}
357
GrazingMammal-,
:
GrazingMammal myGrazingMammal = new GrazingMammal(...); //

. ,
( 12), -
, .
. -
. GrazingMammal
DigestGrass: -
,
DigestGrass.
,
, , -
.
abstract class GrazingMammal : Mammal, IGrazable
{
public abstract void DigestGrass();
...
}

,
. -
, . ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. , -
, ,
. C#,
sealed (),
, -
, :
sealed class Horse : GrazingMammal, ILandBound
{
...
}
358 13
- Horse
, . ,
-
.

sealed , -
. ,
.
, overrid, -
sealed override. interface, virtual, override
sealed .
.

-
, . Square Circle
.
DrawingShape, -
Square Circle .
DrawingShape
Visual Studio Drawing.

Drawing, \Microsoft Press\VCSBS\
Chapter 13\Drawing Using Interfaces .
Drawing, -
. .
Drawing.
DrawingShape.cs, . Visual Studio
.
359
DrawingShape.cs
using:
using Windows.UI;
Circle
Square.
DrawingShape-.
DrawingShape,
( ):
abstract class DrawingShape
{
}
DrawingShape ,
:
{
protected int size;
protected int locX = 0, locY = 0;
protected Shape = null;
}
locX locY
Square, Circle, -
.
.
(sideLength diameter),
. size.
Square
Rectangle, Circle Ellipse-.
, Shape,
.NET Framework.
DrawingShape Shape.
DrawingShape :
{
...
public DrawingShape(int size)
{
this.size = size;
}
}
360 13
DrawingShape- size.
DrawingShape SetLocation SetColor,
. -
, ,
DrawingShape. ,
. , DrawingShape
IDraw IColor ( -
Square Circle, ),
:
{
...
public void SetLocation(int xCoord, int yCoord)
{
this.locX = xCoord;
this.locY = yCoord;
}
public void SetColor(Color color)

{
if (this.shape != null)
{
this.shape.Fill = brush;
}
}
}
DrawingShape Draw. ,
, ,
.
shape null-, . ,
, shape-
. ( , Square
Rectangle, Circle Ellipse.)

{
...
public virtual void Draw(Canvas canvas)
{
if (this.shape == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("Shape is null");
}
this.shape.Height = this.size;
this.shape.Width = this.size;
Canvas.SetTop(this.shape, this.locY);
361
Canvas.SetLeft(this.shape, this.locX);
canvas.Children.Add(this.shape);
}
}
DrawingShape . -
Square Circle,
, .
Square Circle
DrawingShape
Square. Square,
DrawingShape
, IDraw IColor:
class Square : DrawingShape, IDraw, IColor
{
...
}
, , Square,
.
Square sideLength, rect, locX locY.
, DrawingShape.
, -
, :
class Square : DrawingShape, IDraw, IColor
{
public Square(int sideLength)
: base(sideLength)
{
}
...
}
, ,
.
Square IDraw.SetLocation IColor.SetColor. -
DrawingShape.
Draw. public
override, IDraw.
DrawingShape,
, Square:
362 13
public override void Draw(Canvas canvas)

{
...
}
Draw , :
{
{
canvas.Children.Remove(this.shape);
}
else
{
this.shape = new Rectangle();
}
base.Draw(canvas);
}
shape,
DrawingShape, Rectangle ,
. DrawingShape
Draw.
Circle,
Circle diameter
Draw shape Ellipse-.
Circle :
class Circle : DrawingShape, IDraw, IColor
{
public Circle(int diameter)
: base(diameter)
{
}

{
{
canvas.Children.Remove(this.shape);
}
else
{
this.shape = new Ellipse();
}
base.Draw(canvas);
}
}
363
. Drawing
Pad, , -
Square- (), Circle-
(). , .
Visual Studio .
WINDOWS RUNTIME
9 -
, Windows Windows 8
Windows Runtime (WinRT) -
API- Windows,
. (
, -
.NET Framework; C++,
C#.) .NET Framework
(common language runtime (CLR)).
.NET Framework -
. Windows 7
CLR API-
Windows.
, Windows 10, -
( 4.6),
C#-, Windows 7,
Windows 10.
Windows 10 UWP- -
WinRT. , UWP-, -
, C#, CLR WinRT,
API- Windows. Microsoft
CLR WinRT, -
, .NET Framework,
WinRT.
, Int32 .NET Framework (int C#),
,
WinRT. CLR WinRT -
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.NET Framework 4.6. UWP-
,
.NET Framework 4.6. ( IntelliSense Visual Studio 2015

C# UWP-, , -
WinRT.)
WinRT ,
.NET Framework
, .NET Framework, -
364 13
. WinRT
CLR ,
, .NET Framework, -
.
, CLR WinRT, CLR -
, WinRT,
:
, ,
,
WinRT. 9
( WinRT
, ). -
WinRT ,
.
, -
WinRT .NET Framework,
WinRT WinRT.
.NET Framework (,
) , C#
(int, long, float, double, string ..).
, .NET Framework, -
WinRT.
System.Object,
ToString, .
, ,
, , . ,
(, ) Windows.
WinRT
. -
. ,
, -
.
, .NET
Framework, UWP-,
.
, WinRT
.
, WinRT
C#.
.
365
, -
. () () -
,
.13.1.
13.1
abstract
new * **
override ***
private
protected ****
public
sealed
virtual
*
.
** , .
*** , .
**** ,
.
,
Visual Studio 2015,
. -
, .
366 13
- interface, :
interface IDemo
{
string GetName();
string GetDescription();
}
- , ,
-,
, , :
class Test : IDemo
{
public string IDemo.GetName()
{
...
}
public string IDemo.GetDescription()
{
...
}
}
- , abstract.
, -
- abstract, , :
- abstract class GrazingMammal
{
, - abstract void DigestGrass();
...
}
- , sealed, -
, :
- sealed class Horse
{
...
}
14

, :
, ;
, ;
-
try-finally;
-
using;
IDisposable -
.

, . (, -
,
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?
new, ?
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368 14

, .
new.
Square, 13 -
.
int sizeOfSquare = 99;
Square mySquare = new Square(sizeOfSquare); // Square
, new ,
.
1. new .
.
2. new ,
. .
, C++,
, C# new, ,
.

(.). , Square Draw,
:
mySquare.Draw();
Square, -
DrawingShape -
IDraw. 13.
mySquare ,
Square- . ,
. ( , -
.) ,
.
1. (common language runtime (CLR)) -
.
.
2. CLR , , ; ,
, .
.
369
, C++,
, C# delete. CLR.

, , -
. CLR
, ,
.
(, ), ,

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, ,
.

. , ,
, Windows. , ,
, ,
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using, .)
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class FileProcessor
{
FileStream file = null;
public FileProcessor(string fileName)
{
this.file = File.OpenRead(fileName); // open file for reading
}
~FileProcessor()
{
this.file.Close(); // close file
}
}
370 14
.
-
, , :
struct MyStruct
{
~MyStruct() { ... } //
}
, public.
,
CLR, :
public ~FileProcessor() { ... } //
- . -
, :
~FileProcessor(int parameter) { ... } //
C#, , -
Object.Finalize.

class FileProcessor
{
~FileProcessor() { // }
}
:
class FileProcessor
{
protected override void Finalize()
{
try { // }
finally { base.Finalize(); }
}
}
Finalize try-
, finally, -
Finalize. ( try finally
6 .) ,
, -
.
, . -
, Finalize,
Finalize.
371
?
, C#, .
. CLR -
. , ,
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FileProcessor myFp
referenceToMyFp:
FileProcessor myFp = new FileProcessor();
FileProcessor referenceToMyFp = myFp;
? ! -
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. myFp , -
, - (
referenceToMyFp) , FileProcessor,
( ). , -
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,
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372 14
.
.
, .
,
.
.
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.
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-
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, .
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( ,
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Collect GC, System.
. GC.Collect
,
GC.Collect -
, , , -
. CLR.
,
. ,
, , , : -
, .
, , ,
, . ,
,
.
?
-
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373
. ,
, ,
,
, .
. Windows
,
.
,
-
. -
.
,
, , ( -
Microsoft
), , ,
, .
1. ,
.
,
. , ,
.
2. , ,
( (freachable)).
, ,
, , .
3. ,
( ), -
,
. ,
.
4. .
5. ,
(, freachable-), -
Finalize.
, ,
. ,
374 14
freachable-
. ,
. , -
, ,
. (
using.)
. -
, ,
, -
. , -
.
. , ,
, .

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, ,
. -
, ,
, .

. , ,
. -
, .
(disposal method) -
, . , -
C# .

, , -
TextReader System.IO.
.
TextReader Close, .
StreamReader, ,
, StringReader, ,
TextReader,
Close. ,
StreamReader :
375
TextReader reader = new StreamReader(filename);

string line;
while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null)
{
Console.WriteLine(line);
}
reader.Close();
ReadLine
. , ReadLine
null. , Close
, -
. :
. ReadLine WriteLine -
, Close
. ,
.
, -
Close, , ,
finally. , -
, :
try
{
string line;
{
}
}
finally
{
reader.Close();
}
finally ,
, .
,
. (
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, ,
. (,
376 14
, null-
finally, null-.)
. , -
,
.
finally .
,
.
using.
using IDisposable
using -
. ,
, using.
using, , -
using, . ,
, , -
.
using :
using ( type variable = initialization )
{
StatementBlock
}
Close TextReader:
using (TextReader reader = new StreamReader(filename))
{
string line;
{
}
}
using :
{
try
{
377
string line;
{
}
}
finally
{
if (reader != null)
{
((IDisposable)reader).Dispose();
}
}
}
using
. , , -
using,
-
.
, using, ,
IDisposable.
System Dispose:
namespace System
{
interface IDisposable
{
void Dispose();
}
}
Dispose -
. , StreamReader
IDisposable, Dispose Close, .
using , -
,
. ,
, try-finally.
, :
,
;
;
. -
, using (
reader), using,
378 14
,
.
Dispose

IDisposable, using
? , -
, . ,
Dispose, , , ,
, ,
using. Dispose
. .
Dispose, ,
, .
,
IDisposable:
class Example : IDisposable
{
private Resource scarce; //
private bool disposed = false; // , ,

//
...
~Example()
{
this.Dispose(false);
}
public virtual void Dispose()

{
this.Dispose(true);
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}
protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)

{
if (!this.disposed)
{
if (disposing)
{
//
...
}
//
...
this.disposed = true;
}
}
379
public void SomeBehavior() // Example

{
checkIfDisposed();
...
}
...
private void checkIfDisposed()

{
if (this.disposed)
{
throw new ObjectDisposedException("Example: object has been
disposed of");
}
}
}
Example.
IDisposable.
Dispose
.
Dispose
Dispose, ,
true. -
.
Dispose,
, -
false.
.
Dispose . -
disposed , , -

. (
Dispose, , ,
Dispose CLR
.) .
Dispose
(, ) (-
, ). disposing
true, Dispose.
.
disposing false,
.
(
380 14
),

.
Dispose GC.SuppressFinalize.

, .
, SomeBehavior, ,
, .

-
using -
. ,
,
.
Calculator, ,
. -
- -
. , ,
IDisposable.
,
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 ,
. . -
Visual C#
. .
, , GarbageCollectionDemo.
Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 14
OK.
-
, , Microsoft Press\VCSBS\
Chapter 14.
Visual Studio Program.cs

. .
381
GarbageCollectionDemo. ,
. Calculator.cs
. Calculator,
.
Calculator Divide (
):
class Calculator
{
public int Divide(int first, int second)
{
return first / second;
}
}
, -
.
, .
Divide Calculator -
, :
class Calculator
{
public Calculator()
{
Console.WriteLine("Calculator being created");
}
...
}
,
Calculator-.
Calculator ,
:
class Calculator
{
...
~Calculator()
{
Console.WriteLine("Calculator being finalized");
}
...
}
, ,
, .
-
- .
382 14
Program.cs . Main Program

, :

{
Calculator calculator = new Calculator();
Console.WriteLine($"120 / 15 = {calculator.Divide(120, 15)}");
Console.WriteLine("Program finishing");
}
Calculator-, Divide (-
), ,
.
. , -
:
Calculator being created

120 / 15 = 8
Program finishing
Calculator being finalized
, Calculator-
, ,
Main.
Visual Studio 2015.
CLR , , -
, , , -
. ,
Calculator- ,
CLR .
, -
, ,

, , ,
. ,
;
,
.
, , -
, .
Calculator
IDisposable, Calculator- -
.
383
IDisposable
Calculator.cs.
Calculator, IDisposable (-
):
class Calculator : IDisposable
{
...
}
Calculator Dispose. -
IDisposable:
{
...
public void Dispose()
{
Console.WriteLine("Calculator being disposed");
}
}
Dispose , , -
. ,
Console.WriteLine, ,
, Dispose . -
-
Dispose. ,
, .
Dispose ,
Dispose , ,
Dispose.
, ,
Dispose. ( ,
, , ,
.)
~Calculator()
{
Console.WriteLine("Calculator being finalized");
this.Dispose();
}
Calculator-, Dispose
-
( , calculator.Dispose()),
Calculator- using.
.
384 14
Program.cs. Main,
Calculator- Divide, , -
:
{
using (Calculator calculator = new Calculator())
{
}
}
. ,
:
120 / 15 = 8
Calculator being disposed
Program finishing
using Dispose , -
Program finishing.
, Calculator- - -
Dispose.
, .
Visual Studio 2015.
-
, ,
.

, ,
Dispose, .

Calculator.cs. Calculator -
disposed , ,
false:
{
private bool disposed = false;
...
}
385
-
Dispose.
Dispose , -
, disposed false.
disposed true ( -
):
{
if (!this.disposed)
{
}
}
. , -
:
120 / 15 = 8
Program finishing
Calculator- ,
. , -
, .
Visual Studio 2015.
Dispose Calculator ,
:
{
if (!this.disposed)
{
}
}
GC
, -
. SuppressFinalize, ,
,
.
386 14
GC ,
. , ,
CLR,
-
. SuppressFinalize ,

( , , ,
, , ).
, , ,
, .
. , -
:
120 / 15 = 8
Program finishing
, , Calculator-
.
Visual Studio 2015.
disposed -
, ,
. , -
,
,
. ,

, Dispose, -
.
disposed
Dispose, -
,
, .

, C# lock
, :
{
lock(this)
{
if (!disposed)
387
{
}
}
}
lock
. lock (-
this) . , -
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lock, , -
, ,
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lock,
,
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disposed true,
if (!disposed).
, -
. ,
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. ( ,
, :
,
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.)
Dispose: using Dispose(),
Dispose(true),
Dispose(false). -
, Dispose
true.
Dispose .
using -
,
.
, -
, using.
Program.cs. ,
Divide Calculator, , :
388 14

{
using (Calculator calculator = new Calculator())
{
}
}
120 0.
.
DivideByZeroException.
GarbageCollectionDemo (.14.1).
( .)
. 14.1
, Calculator being disposed -

(.14.2).

,
.
Visual Studio 2015.

389
. 14.2
, .NET
Framework -
, . ,

. , -
using -
IDisposable
.
, -
.
Visual Studio 2015,
. -
, .

- , -
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(, public),
, :
390 14

class Example
{
~Example()
{
...
}
}
- .

GC.Collect

( -
)
- ( -
) , :
class TextReader
( {
...
- public virtual void Close()
{
...
-
}
- }
) class Example
{
void Use()
{
// reader
reader.Close();
}
}
IDisposable, :
- class SafeResource : IDisposable
- {
...
- public void Dispose()
{
//
}
}
- using, :
- using (SafeResource resource = new SafeResource())
{
// SafeResource
- ...
, - }

IDisposable
III

C#
-
C#, ,
, . ,
(common language runtime (CLR))
, ,
C#. III,
, -
C#
,
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III C#: , -
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, ,
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C# (Language-Integrated
Query (LINQ)), -
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C# .
15

, :
;
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get;
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set;
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;
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.
,
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393

.
, -
x y. ,
x 0 1280, y 0
1024:
struct ScreenPosition
{
public int X;
public int Y;
public ScreenPosition(int x, int y)

{
this.X = rangeCheckedX(x);
this.Y = rangeCheckedY(y);
}
private static int rangeCheckedX(int x)

{
if (x < 0 || x > 1280)
{
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("X");
}
return x;
}
private static int rangeCheckedY(int y)

{
if (y < 0 || y > 1024)
{
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("Y");
}
return y;
}
}
, , ,
,
. ,
, .
, ScreenPosition , ,
,
.
( , )
394 15
,
X, Y :
ScreenPosition origin = new ScreenPosition(0, 0);
...
int xpos = origin.X;
origin.Y = -100; // !
, -
,
-
.
. , X
(GetX) (SetX). , SetX -
:
{
...
public int GetX()
{
return this.x;
}
public void SetX(int newX)

{
this.x = rangeCheckedX(newX);
}
...
private static int rangeCheckedX(int x) { ... }
private static int rangeCheckedY(int y) { ... }
private int x, y;
}

, . -
ScreenPosition
, , -
. X
10. , X,
GetX, X, -
SetX.
int xpos = origin.GetX();
origin.SetX(xpos + 10);
, X:
origin.X += 10;
? 395
,
, , , , . -
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), ,
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AccessModifier Type PropertyName
{
get
{
//
}
set
{
//
}
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get set. get , ,
set , .
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ScreenPosition,
. , :
_x _y
;
X Y -
;
, ,
value:
396 15
{
private int _x, _y;
public ScreenPosition(int X, int Y)

{
this._x = rangeCheckedX(X);
this._y = rangeCheckedY(Y);
}
public int X
{
get { return this._x; }
set { this._x = rangeCheckedX(value); }
}
public int Y
{
get { return this._y; }
set { this._y = rangeCheckedY(value); }
}
private static int rangeCheckedX(int x) { ... }

private static int rangeCheckedY(int y) { ... }
}
-
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get .
,
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7
? 397
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Employee. employeeID ,
EmployeeID :
class Employee
{
private int employeeID;
public int EmployeeID
{
get { return this.EmployeeID; }
set { this.EmployeeID = value; }
}
}
, -
EmployeeID
StackOverflowException. , get set
( E),
( e), -
,
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, ,
, - -
.
-
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(
) ( ).
, X Y -
ScreenPosition:
ScreenPosition origin = new ScreenPosition(0, 0);
int xpos = origin.X; // origin.X.get
int ypos = origin.Y; // origin.Y.get
398 15
,
. , -
, ,
, get . ,
, ,
, , set :
origin.X = 40; // origin.X.set value, 40
origin.Y = 100; // origin.Y.set value, 100
,
set value.
.
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, get, set. ,
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get set:
origin.X += 10;
,
.
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X ScreenPosition :
{
private int _x;
...
public int X
{
}
}
X set, , -
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origin.X = 140; //
? 399

,
set. -
. , X
ScreenPosition :
{
private int _x;
...
public int X
{
set { this._x = rangeCheckedX(value); }
}
}
X get,
, X :
Console.WriteLine(origin.X); //
origin.X = 200; //
origin.X += 10; //
, ,
, . , -
, ,
.
. , ,
.

, -
public, private protected.
get set .
, ScreenPosition -
set X Y (private). (
get , .)
{
private int _x, _y;
...
public int X
{
400 15
private set { this._x = rangeCheckedX(value); }

}
public int Y
{
private set { this._y = rangeCheckedY(value); }
}
...
}

.

. , -
, .
, -
, , . -
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, .)
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( new):
ScreenPosition location;
location.X = 40; // , location
//
, , -
X , , -
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, 401
ref- out-
( ).
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MyMethod(ref location.X); //
get
set. ,
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get set .
set
value.
const:
const int X { get { ... } set { ... } } //

-
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,
, .

. , , -
.
Balance, BankAccount:
class BankAccount
{
private decimal _balance;
...
public decimal Balance
{
get { return this._balance; }
set { this._balance = value; }
}
}
, -
,
. ( ,
, , ,
!) -
402 15
, .
,
BankAccount
Deposit Withdraw:
class BankAccount
{
private decimal _balance;
...
public decimal Balance { get { return this._balance; } }
public void Deposit(decimal amount) { ... }
public bool Withdraw(decimal amount) { ... }
}

13
. , -
. get set ,
get set :
interface IScreenPosition
{
int X { get; set; }
int Y { get; set; }
}
, , -
X Y get set.
struct ScreenPosition : IScreenPosition
{
...
public int X
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
public int Y
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}
,
,
:
403
class ScreenPosition : IScreenPosition

{
...
public virtual int X
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
public virtual int Y

{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}
. , -
virtual ,
.

, 13.
public virtual
:
{
...
int IScreenPosition.X
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
int IScreenPosition.Y
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}

13, ,
-
. , ,
Circle Square DrawingShape.
SetLocation SetColor,
404 15
.
DrawingShape ,
.

Visual Studio 2015 Drawing,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 15\Drawing Using Properties .
DrawingShape.cs.
DrawingShape, 13, ,
, , size
_size, locX locY _x _y:
{
protected int _size;
protected int _x = 0, _y = 0;
...
}
IDraw.cs Drawing.
SetLocation:
interface IDraw
{
void SetLocation(int xCoord, int yCoord);
...
}
_x _y
DrawingShape .
. SetLocation
X Y, :
interface IDraw
{
int X { get; set; }
int Y { get; set; }
...
}
DrawingShape SetLocation -
X Y:
public int X
{
set { this._x = value; }
}
405
public int Y
{
set { this._y = value; }
}
DrawingPad.xaml.cs
drawingCanvas_Tapped.
.
. ,
SetLocation .
if
:
{
drawSquare.SetLocation((int)mouseLocation.X, (int)mouseLocation.Y);
}
, X Y Square,
:
{
drawSquare.X = (int)mouseLocation.X;
drawSquare.Y = (int)mouseLocation.Y;
}
drawingCanvas_RightTapped.

.
.
, SetLocation
Circle, X Y,
:
if (myCircle is IDraw)
{
IDraw drawCircle = myCircle;
drawCircle.X = (int)mouseLocation.X;
drawCircle.Y = (int)mouseLocation.Y;
drawCircle.Draw(drawingCanvas);
}
IColor.cs.
SetColor:
406 15
interface IColor
{
void SetColor(Color color);
}

Color:
interface IColor
{
Color Color { set; }
}

set, get.
, DrawingShape -
,
, , .
,
( Color).
DrawingShape. SetColor
Color:
public Color Color
{
set
{
{
SolidColorBrush brush = new SolidColorBrush(value);
this.shape.Fill = brush;
}
}
}
set , -
SetColor, , ,
SolidColorBrush, value.
DrawingPad.xaml.cs.
drawingCanvas_Tapped , Square-,
, :
if (mySquare is IColor)
{
IColor colorSquare = mySquare;
colorSquare.Color = Colors.BlueViolet;
}
407
, Circle-
drawingCanvas_RightTapped:
if (myCircle is IColor)
{
IColor colorCircle = myCircle;
colorCircle.Color = Colors.HotPink;
}
,
.
, , . -

,
.
(.15.1).
. 15.1

408 15

, ,
. ,
, get set
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
.
,
, ,
. C#
, ,
, C# .
, (,
- - -
),

. -
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, , ,
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.
.
C# ,
.
C# :
class Circle
{
public int Radius{ get; set; }
...
}
Circle Radius. -
, , ,
get set . C#
, :
409
class Circle
{
private int _radius;
public int Radius{
get
{
return this._radius;
}
set
{
this._radius = value;
}
}
...
}
, ,
, ,
, ,
.

. -
,
, private, public protected.
, ,
, set:
class Circle
{
public DateTime CircleCreatedDate { get; }
...
}
, , -

. ,
, , , ,
.
,
, . C#
,
, .
:
class Circle
{
public Circle()
410 15
{
CircleCreatedDate = DateTime.Now;
}
public DateTime CircleCreatedDate { get; }

...
}
:
class Circle
{
public DateTime CircleCreatedDate { get; } = DateTime.Now;
...
}
,
, -
, , ,
, !
.
get -
.
7 .
,
.
, , :
public class Triangle
{
private int side1Length;
//
public Triangle()
{
this.side1Length = this.side2Length = this.side3Length = 10;
}
// side1Length
public Triangle(int length1)
{
411
this.side1Length = length1;
this.side2Length = this.side3Length = 10;
}
// side1Length side2Length,
// side3Length
public Triangle(int length1, int length2)
{
this.side3Length = 10;
}
//
public Triangle(int length1, int length2, int length3)
{
}
}
, ,
, -
, .
, :

. , Triangle
,
side1Length side3Length, -
int-,
, side1Length side2Length.
Triangle- -
, ,
.

:
public class Triangle
{
private int side1Length = 10;
public int Side1Length

{
set { this.side1Length = value; }
}

{
412 15

}

{
}
}

, . -
, Triangle-
:
Triangle tri1 = new Triangle { Side3Length = 15 };
Triangle tri2 = new Triangle { Side1Length = 15, Side3Length = 20 };
Triangle tri3 = new Triangle { Side2Length = 12, Side3Length = 17 };
Triangle tri4 = new Triangle { Side1Length = 9, Side2Length = 12,
Side3Length = 15 };
. -
C# ,
, set
. -
-
. , Triangle ,
, ,
:
Triangle tri5 = new Triangle("Equilateral triangle") { Side1Length = 3,
Side2Length = 3,
Side3Length = 3 };
, , -
. ,
,
.
,
, -
.
,

.
-
, , , -
, .
413

Visual Studio 2015 AutomaticProperties,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 15\AutomaticProperties .
AutomaticProperties Program.cs,
Program Main doWork,
.

AutomaticProperties, , ,
AutomaticProperties.
Polygon.cs .
Polygon.cs, Polygon, -
.
Polygon NumSides
SideLength, :
class Polygon
{
public int NumSides { get; set; }
public double SideLength { get; set; }
}
Polygon ,
:
class Polygon
{
...
public Polygon()
{
this.NumSides = 4;
this.SideLength = 10.0;
}
}
NumSides
SideLength.
10 .
Program.cs. doWork -
, , //TODO::
{
Polygon square = new Polygon();
Polygon triangle = new Polygon { NumSides = 3 };
Polygon pentagon = new Polygon { SideLength = 15.5, NumSides = 5 };
}
414 15
Polygon-. square
. triangle pentagon
,
, Polygon.
triangle NumSides 3,
SideLength 10.0.
pentagon SideLength NumSides.
doWork , :
{
...
Console.WriteLine($"Square: number of sides is {square.NumSides}, length of
each side is {square.SideLength}");
Console.WriteLine($"Triangle: number of sides is {triangle.NumSides},
length of each side is {triangle.SideLength}");
Console.WriteLine($"Pentagon: number of sides is {pentagon.NumSides},
length of each side is {pentagon.SideLength}");
}
NumSides
SideLength Polygon.
. ,
-
.15.2 .
. 15.2
, Visual
Studio 2015.
, , -
, .
, -
.
415
,
Visual Studio 2015,
. ,
.
- , , get
, set, :
{
...
public int X
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}
- ,
, get, :
{
...
public int X
{
get { ... }
}
...
}
- ,
, set, :
{
...
public int X
{
set { ... }
}
...
}
416 15
, get
set , :
interface IScreenPosition
{
int X { get; set; } //
int Y { get; set; } //
}
, -
, , :
{
public int X
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
public int Y
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
}
- -
get set, :
class Polygon
{
public int NumSides { get; set; }
}
, ,
-
, , :
class Circle
{
public DateTime CircleCreatedDate
{ get; } = DateTime.Now;
...
}
, -
, -
, :
Triangle tri3 =
new Triangle { Side2Length = 12,
Side3Length = 17 };
16

, :
,
;
, -
get;
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set;
, ;
, -
.
15

. -
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418 16
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, , , int-.

int- .
int- 32 ,
0, 1. -
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int-
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(false), int- .
C# ,
int- . -
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204) ~,
00110011 ( 51)
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C# -
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C# 205).
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? 419
204 11001100,
00110000, 48.)
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204 | 24 220 (204 11001100, 24 00011000,
220 11011100);
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204 & 24 8 (204 11001100, 24
00011000, 8 00001000);
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(11001100 ^ 00011000 11010100).
int-
. ,
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bits :
(bits & (1 << 5)) != 0
-
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, bits 42. -
00101010. 1
00000001, 1 << 5 00100000,
. bits
& (1<<5) 00101010 & 00100000,
00100000, .
bits 65, 01000001,
01000001 & 00100000,
00000000, .
420 16
, ,
6 -
&=, :
bits &= ~(1 << 5)
, 6 ,
(|). -
|=:
bits |= (1 << 5)
, , -
, .
:
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, .

, .
int- , .
int-
, , , ,
bits -
( ,
):
bits[5]
true
:
bits[3] = true
C -
true 1, false -
0. , bits[3] = true :
bits 1.
, -
int- ,
.
? 421
, ,
, -
int-.
. IntBits. int-
( ), ,
IntBits
.
IntBits ,
, .
struct IntBits
{
private int bits;
public IntBits(int initialBitValue)

{
bits = initialBitValue;
}
//
}
, -
.
this, ,
,
. IntBits
, :
struct IntBits
{
...
public bool this [ int index ]
{
get
{
return (bits & (1 << index)) != 0;
}
set
{
if (value) // value true, ,
bits |= (1 << index);
else
bits &= ~(1 << index);
}
}
}
422 16
.
: -
, ,
, .
this .
( -
), this.
, , get set.
get set
.
, ,
, . get set
, -
.
,
, -
.
int- -
IntBits , , -
:
int adapted = 126; // 126 01111110
IntBits bits = new IntBits(adapted);
bool peek = bits[6]; // 6;
// true (1)
bits[0] = true; // 0 true (1)
bits[3] = false; // 3 false (0)
// bits 01110111,
119
, .
.

-
, , get
. :
bool peek = bits[6];
? 423
get
bits, index 6.
-
, ,
set , index ,
:
bits[3] = true;
set
bits, index 3. -
, , ( true),
set
value. value , (
bool).
/.
, get, set.
, (^),
6 bits:
bits[6] ^= true;
:
bits[6] = bits[6] ^ true;
-
, get set.
, get
( ) set (
).

,
, . -
.
,
( ),
:
public int this [ string name ] { ... } //
424 16
( , ),
:
public Name this [ PhoneNumber number ] { ... }
public PhoneNumber this [ Name name ] { ... }
ref- out-,
:
IntBits bits; // bits
Method(ref bits[1]); //
,
, ,
, -
.
, Data, :
struct Wrapper
{
private int[] data;
...
public int[] Data
{
get { return this.data; }
set { this.data = value; }
}
}
, :
Wrapper wrap = new Wrapper();
...
int[] myData = wrap.Data;
myData[0]++;
myData[1]++;
. -
, myData ,
data Wrapper. ,
myData, data, myData[0]++ -
, data[0]++.
, get set Data -
Clone, data,
, . (
Clone 8
.) , Clone ,
:
425
struct Wrapper
{
private int[] data;
...
public int[] Data
{
get { return this.data.Clone() as int[]; }
set { this.data = value.Clone() as int[]; }
}
}

.
-
,
:
struct Wrapper
{
private int[] data;
...
public int this [int i]
{
get { return this.data[i]; }
set { this.data[i] = value; }
}
}
,
:
Wrapper wrap = new Wrapper();
...
int[] myData = new int[2];
myData[0] = wrap[0];
myData[1] = wrap[1];
myData[0]++;
myData[1]++;
myData
Wrapper-.
Wrapper-, :
wrap[0]++;

.
get, set ,
426 16
get set .
-
, :
interface IRawInt
{
bool this [ int index ] { get; set; }
}
struct RawInt : IRawInt
{
...
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}
,
.
get set:
class RawInt : IRawInt
{
...
public virtual bool this [ int index ]
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}

, 13 -
.
public (, ,
):
{
...
bool IRawInt.this [ int index ]
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}
Windows 427

Windows
-
. PhoneBook :
, Name ()
PhoneNumber ( ), , ,
PhoneNumber Name. ( Name
PhoneNumber .) -
.

Microsoft Visual Studio Indexers,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 16\Indexers .

, -
.
.
Name ()
Phone Number ( ). :
,
. -
, Add (),
, ,
. , Add ,
. , .16.1.
.
Name.cs Indexers.
Name. . -
.
Text, .
( Equals GetHashCode
Name-, .)
PhoneNumber.cs PhoneNumber.
Name.
PhoneBook.cs PhoneBook.
428 16
. 16.1
: Name-
names PhoneNumber- phoneNumbers. PhoneBook
Add,
. ,
Add. enlargeIfFull Add
, .
, ,
, .
Add , -
.
PhoneBook , -
. -

.
Windows 429

PhoneBook.cs // TODO: write 1st indexer here,
,
PhoneBook, .
Name-,
PhoneNumber-. get .
:
sealed class PhoneBook
{
...
public Name this[PhoneNumber number]
{
get
{
}
}
...
}
get,
.
,
. IndexOf, -
Array. IndexOf ,
,
. IndexOf -
(phoneNumbers). IndexOf .
IndexOf , ,
1. ,
,
Name-. (, Name , ,
name null.)
{
...
public Name this [PhoneNumber number]
{
get
{
int i = Array.IndexOf(this.phoneNumbers, number);
if (i != -1)
{
return this.names[i];
}
else
{
430 16
return new Name();

}
}
}
...
}
// TODO: write 2nd indexer here ,

PhoneBook, -
PhoneNumber- Name-. -
, . (
, PhoneNumber ,
.)
:
{
...
public PhoneNumber this [Name name]
{
get
{
int i = Array.IndexOf(this.names, name);
if (i != -1)
{
return this.phoneNumbers[i];
}
else
{
return new PhoneNumber();
}
}
}
...
}
-
, , , ,
. Name PhoneNumber -
( ),
.
,
, , , ,
.

MainPage.xaml.cs findByNameClick.
Find By Name ( ).
Windows 431
. // TODO:
, . -
:
Tex, name.
, ;
, -
, PhoneBook.
(, MainPage PhoneBook-
phoneBook.) Name-
PhoneBook;
Text,
PhoneNumber, null ,
phoneNumber.
Not Found, -
, .
findByNameClick
:
private void findByNameClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
string text = name.Text;
if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(text))
{
Name personsName = new Name(text);
PhoneNumber personsPhoneNumber = this.phoneBook[personsName];
phoneNumber.Text = String.IsNullOrEmpty(personsPhoneNumber.Text) ?
"Not Found" : personsPhoneNumber.Text;
}
}
, ,
.
String- IsNullOrEmpty -
, null-.

. true, null -
, false.
, Text phoneNumber ,
? :,
ifelse. : -
,
true -
false.
432 16
String.IsNullOrEmpty(personsPhoneNumber.Text)
true, ,
, Not Found; -
, Text personsPhoneNumber.
? : :
= < > ? <, true> : <,
false>
MainPage.xaml.cs findByPhoneNumberClick, -
findByNameClick. findByPhoneNumberClick
Find By Phone Number ( ).
, // TODO:.
, . ( -
.)
Text
phoneNumber. , , .
, ,
PhoneBook.
name -
Text, Name.
:
private void findByPhoneNumberClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
string text = phoneNumber.Text;
if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(text))
{
PhoneNumber personsPhoneNumber = new PhoneNumber(text);
Name personsName = this.phoneBook[personsPhoneNumber];
name.Text = String.IsNullOrEmpty(personsName.Text) ?
"Not Found" : personsName.Text;
}
}
-
.

. -
,
Add () (
). Add ()
433
Add ,
.
, -
. ,

.
, .
Name Find
By Name ( ).
Phone Number ,
.
Phone Number ,
Find By Phone Number ( ). -
Name .
Name , ,
Find By Name ( ).
Phone Number ,
, Not Found.
Visual Studio 2015.
, ,
, .
, -
,
get, , set,
, .
, -
Visual Studio 2015, -
.
, .
434 16
- , this,
-
. get
/ set, :
struct RawInt
{
...
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}
get / set, :
- interface IRawInt
{
bool this [ int index ] { get; set; }
}
- , , -
- , :
{
...
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}
, -
, , , :
, {
- ...
- bool IRawInt.this [ int index ]
{
get { ... }
set { ... }
}
...
}
17
, :
;
, -
;
- ,
;
;
, ,
, .
8 ,
object .
,
,
object.
object -
.
, . -
, .
, ,
.
, object
, , ,
. , -
,
. :
436 17
class Queue
{
private const int DEFAULTQUEUESIZE = 100;
private int[] data;
private int head = 0, tail = 0;
private int numElements = 0;
public Queue()
{
this.data = new int[DEFAULTQUEUESIZE];
}
public Queue(int size)

{
if (size > 0)
{
this.data = new int[size];
}
else
{
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("size", "Must be greater than
zero");
}
}
public void Enqueue(int item)

{
if (this.numElements == this.data.Length)
{
throw new Exception("Queue full");
}
this.data[this.head] = item;
this.head++;
this.head %= this.data.Length;
this.numElements++;
}
public int Dequeue()

{
if (this.numElements == 0)
{
throw new Exception("Queue empty");
}
int queueItem = this.data[this.tail];

this.tail++;
this.tail %= this.data.Length;
this.numElements--;
return queueItem;
}
}

. .
, object 437
, Enqueue, -
Dequeue. head tail ,
.
numElements , .
Enqueue Dequeue ,
,
. ,
Queue- . ,
, :
Queue queue = new Queue(); // Queue-
queue.Enqueue(100);
queue.Enqueue(-25);
queue.Enqueue(33);
Console.WriteLine($"{queue.Dequeue()}"); // 100
Console.WriteLine($"{queue.Dequeue()}"); // -25
Console.WriteLine($"{queue.Dequeue()}"); // 33
Queue int-, ,
, ,
, Circle (. 7 -
), Horse Whale (. 12 -
)? , Queue
,
Horse- :
Queue queue = new Queue();

queue.Enqueue(myHorse); // : Horse int
//
,
Queue object,
Enqueue Dequeue ,
object :
class Queue
{
...
private object[] data;
...
public Queue()
{
this.data = new object[DEFAULTQUEUESIZE];
}

{
438 17
...
this.data = new object[size];
...
}
public void Enqueue(object item)

{
...
}
public object Dequeue()

{
...
object queueItem = this.data[this.tail];
...
return queueItem;
}
}
,
object.
( , ) System.Object Microsoft
.NET Framework ( C# object System.Object). , -
Enqueue Dequeue ,
Circles, Horses, Whales , -
. , Dequeue
,
object:
queue.Enqueue(myHorse); // , Horse
...
Horse dequeuedHorse = (Horse)queue.Dequeue(); // object
// Horse
,
,
object Horse. -
object . ,
, :
queue.Enqueue(myHorse);
...
Circle myCircle = (Circle)queue.Dequeue(); //
,
System.
, 439
Horse Circle-,
. ,
,
.
, , .

object
,
.
,
:
int myInt = 99;
queue.Enqueue(myInt); // int object
...
myInt = (int)queue.Dequeue(); // object int
Queue ,
object, . , -
, int-,
.
int-
, (
8).
- ,
, -
.
,
, , .
,
, C#
,
, , -
, . C# ,
, , :
class Queue<T>
{
...
}
440 17
T
, .
- Queue ,
T (Circle, Horse, int ..).
:
class Queue<T>
{
...
private T[] data; // 'T', 'T'
...
public Queue()
{
this.data = new T[DEFAULTQUEUESIZE]; // 'T'
//
}

{
...
this.data = new T[size];
...
}
public void Enqueue(T item) // 'T'

//
{
...
}
public T Dequeue() // 'T'

{
...
T queueItem = this.data[this.tail]; //
// 'T'
...
return queueItem;
}
}
T C#
, T.
, Queue-.
Queue- int- Queue- Horse-:
Queue<int> intQueue = new Queue<int>();
Queue<Horse> horseQueue = new Queue<Horse>();
, -
.
Dequeue,
:
, 441
intQueue.Enqueue(99);
int myInt = intQueue.Dequeue(); //
Horse myHorse = intQueue.Dequeue(); // :
// 'int' 'Horse'
//
, T
.
, T
. :
struct Person
{
...
}
...
Queue<int> intQueue = new Queue<int>();
Queue<Person> personQueue = new Queue<Person>();
,
Person-. -
Enqueue Dequeue. intQueue :
public void Enqueue(int item);
public int Dequeue();
personQueue :
public void Enqueue(Person item);
public Person Dequeue();

Queue, object. , -
-, item Enqueue
, , .
, Dequeue, ,
.
.
System.Collections.Generic
.NET Framework Queue,
, . -
, 18
.

. , ,
(, , - ):
Queue<Queue<int>> queueQueue = new Queue<Queue<int>>();
442 17
- . , -
Dictionary,
System.Collections.Generic .NET Framework,
: ,
( 18).
,
, , .
-

-, , -
, ,
. ,
Queue, object,
. , -
object, object.
, ,

object- object-.
Queue<T>.
(, Queue<int> Queue<Horse>)
-
, -. , Queue<int>
Queue<Horse>,
. -
,
. --
(Queue<int>, Queue<Horse> ..) -
,
( ,
).

, , --
, , . -
, PrintableCollection (,
), , ,
- 443
, Print. , -
.
, -
, ,
, . ,
IPrintable Print, -
PrintableCollection:
public class PrintableCollection<T> where T : IPrintable
-
, , , T,
IPrintable. ,
.
-
System.Collections.Generic .NET
Framework -.
-, -
. ,
.

, -
,
, ,
.
,
.
, .
(Donald
E. Knuth) , 3 (-
Addison-Wesley Professional 1998 ,
). ,
.
() ,
:
444 17
(datum), , , -
.
, .
,
. .
.17.1.
. 17.1

. -

, ,
. I -
B:
"B" ,
"B" "I"

"N" "B"
"N" , "I",

"B" ,

"B" "I"

"I" "B"
- 445

"B"

"B" "I"

"I" "B"

, -

.

. -
, ,
.

-
.
-
, -
,
.
, , .17.2.

. -
:
.17.3. -
,
.
446 17
: 1, 5, -2, 1, 6 : 5, -2, 1, 6
()
: -2, 1, 6 : 1, 5, -2, 1, 6
: 6 :
. 17.2

, . -
,
.
- 447
: -2 : -2, 1
: -2, 1, 1 : -2, 1, 1, 5
: -2, 1, 1, 5, 6
. 17.3
-
. ,
.
- ,
.
( , ),
. ,
.dll.

448 17
using.
.
SYSTEM.ICOMPARABLE SYSTEM.ICOMPARABLE<T>

. -
, int, <, >
==. , - ,
Mammal Circle, ?
,
( , ) -
, IComparable.
CompareTo, , , -
, ,
.
Circle,
7. :
class Circle
{
public Circle(int initialRadius)
{
}

{
}
private double radius;
}
, System.
IComparable CompareTo. CompareTo
Circle- .
:
- 449
class Circle : System.IComparable

{
...
public int CompareTo(object obj)
{
Circle circObj = (Circle)obj; //
//
if (this.Area() == circObj.Area())
return 0;
if (this.Area() > circObj.Area())
return 1;
return -1;
}
}
System.IComparable, ,
object. -
. , , , , -
CompareTo - Circle.
System.IComparable Area
. Circle
- , . System
- IComparable<T>, -
:
int CompareTo(T other);
, object,
(T) ,
. , -
Circle:
class Circle : System.IComparable<Circle>
{
...
public int CompareTo(Circle other)
{
if (this.Area() == other.Area())
return 0;
if (this.Area() > other.Area())
return 1;
return -1;
}
}
CompareTo , -
IComparable<Circle>. -
System.IComparable<T>, System.IComparable.
,
.NET Framework.
450 17
Tree<TItem>
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015
.
Visual C#. -
. BinaryTree.
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 17
, OK.
Class Library, , -
.
, , -
, (
), .
Class1.cs,
, Tree.cs.
Visual Studio ,
.
Tree Tree<TItem>,
:
public class Tree<TItem>
{
}
Tree<TItem> ,
, TItem , -
- IComparable<TItem>.
. -
Tree<TItem> :
public class Tree<TItem> where TItem : IComparable<TItem>
{
}
Tree<TItem>
: TItem- NodeData Tree<TItem>-
LeftTree RightTree, :

{
public TItem NodeData { get; set; }
public Tree<TItem> LeftTree { get; set; }
public Tree<TItem> RightTree { get; set; }
}
- 451
Tree<TItem> ,
TItem- nodeValue.
NodeData nodeValue LeftTree RightTree
null-,
:
{
...
public Tree(TItem nodeValue)
{
this.NodeData = nodeValue;
this.LeftTree = null;
this.RightTree = null;
}
}
, -
: Tree, Tree<TItem>.
Tree<TItem> Insert,
. TItem-
.
:
public class Tree<TItem> where TItem: IComparable<TItem>
{
...
public void Insert(TItem newItem)
{
}
}
Insert
.
, Insert , .
, .
, ,
Insert :
...
"N" "B"
"N" "I"
"B"

"B" "I" ,

452 17

"I" "B"

...
Insert ,
TItem currentNodeValue. ,
, NodeData,
:
{
TItem currentNodeValue = this.NodeData;
}
Insert
if-else,
currentNodeValue. CompareTo,
IComparable<T>, ,
, :
{
TItem currentNodeValue = this.NodeData;
if (currentNodeValue.CompareTo(newItem) > 0)
{
//
}
else
{
//
}
}
if //
:
if (this.LeftTree == null)
{
this.LeftTree = new Tree<TItem>(newItem);
}
else
{
this.LeftTree.Insert(newItem);
}
. ,
, -
,
Insert.
- 453
else if-else
// -
, :
if (this.RightTree == null)
{
this.RightTree = new Tree<TItem>(newItem);
}
else
{
this.RightTree.Insert(newItem);
}
Tree<TItem> Insert
WalkTree. ,
, ,
. :
public string WalkTree()
{
}
WalkTree ,
. ,
.
:
public string WalkTree()
{
string result = "";
if (this.LeftTree != null)
{
result = this.LeftTree.WalkTree();
}
result += $" {this.NodeData.ToString()} ";
if (this.RightTree != null)
{
result += this.RightTree.WalkTree();
}
return result;
}
.
,
.
Tree<TItem>
.
454 17
Tree<TItem>
BinaryTree,
.
BinaryTree,
BinaryTree.
, . -
BinaryTreeTest. \Microsoft
Press\VCSBS\Chapter 17 , OK.
Visual Studio 2015

. BinaryTree
Tree<TItem>.
BinaryTreeTest,
(Set As Startup
Project). BinaryTreeTest. -
.
BinaryTreeTest,
, .

BinaryTreeTest (.17.4), .
BinaryTree, ,
OK.
BinaryTreeTest
BinaryTree.
BinaryTreeTest, BinaryTree, -
. BinaryTreeTest
Tree<TItem>.
-
, , (
.dll), .
.
.
, Program,
Program.cs, using,
:
using BinaryTree;
- 455
. 17.4
Main ,
:
{
Tree<int> tree1 = new Tree<int>(10);
tree1.Insert(5);
tree1.Insert(11);
tree1.Insert(5);
tree1.Insert(-12);
tree1.Insert(15);
tree1.Insert(0);
tree1.Insert(14);
tree1.Insert(-8);
tree1.Insert(10);
tree1.Insert(8);
tree1.Insert(8);
string sortedData = tree1.WalkTree();

Console.WriteLine($"Sorted data is: {sortedData}");
}
-
. , 10.
Insert , WalkTree ,
456 17
,
.
, int C#
System.Int32: int-,
System.Int32. System.Int32
IComparable IComparable<T>,
Tree<int>-. string
System.String, IComparable IComparable<T>.
,
. .
. , -
:
12 8 0 5 5 8 8 10 10 11 14 15
Visual Studio 2015.

Main Program -
, :
{
...
Tree<string> tree2 = new Tree<string>("Hello");
tree2.Insert("World");
tree2.Insert("How");
tree2.Insert("Are");
tree2.Insert("You");
tree2.Insert("Today");
tree2.Insert("I");
tree2.Insert("Hope");
tree2.Insert("You");
tree2.Insert("Are");
tree2.Insert("Feeling");
tree2.Insert("Well");
tree2.Insert("!");
sortedData = tree2.WalkTree();
}
, -
.
.
,
. .
- 457
. ,
, ,
(.17.5):
! Are Are Feeling Hello Hope How I Today Well World You You
. 17.5
Visual Studio 2015.
-
- --
.
- -
, ,
, -.
-, , -
( ).
- --
. ,
, ,
.
-
, - (
). , - Swap<T>, -
,
.
, -:
static void Swap<T>(ref T first, ref T second)
{
T temp = first;
first = second;
second = temp;
}
458 17
. -
, Swap<T>
:
int a = 1, b = 2;
Swap<int>(ref a, ref b);
...
string s1 = "Hello", s2 = "World";
Swap<string>(ref s1, ref s2);
- -
, -
Swap<T>
. Swap<int>
Swap<string>, -, -
, .
- -
. Tree<TItem>
Insert. -
, Insert .
- InsertIntoTree,
,
.
.
InsertIntoTree
. Co
BuildTree. \Microsoft Press\
VCSBS\Chapter 17 .
, OK.
.
BuildTree (
, ).
,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 17\BinaryTree\BinaryTree\bin\Debug
, BinaryTree.dll,
.
- 459
BinaryTree.dll
BuildTree , ,
OK. BinaryTree
, .
, Program.cs,
using:
using BinaryTree;
, Tree<TItem> -
.
Main Program InsertIntoTree.
(static void),
Tree<TItem> params- TItem data.
tree , , -
.
:
static void InsertIntoTree<TItem>(ref Tree<TItem> tree,
params TItem[] data)
{
}
TItem, , ,
IComparable<TItem>.
InsertIntoTree, where,
:
params TItem[] data) where TItem :IComparable<TItem>
{
}
InsertIntoTree , -
.
params, Insert.
tree null,
Tree<TItem> tree :
params TItem[] data) where TItem : IComparable<TItem>
{
foreach (TItem datum in data)
{
if (tree == null)
460 17
{
tree = new Tree<TItem>(datum);
}
else
{
tree.Insert(datum);
}
}
}
InsertIntoTree
Main Program ,
, Tree -
,
InsertIntoTree, ,
WalkTree Tree:

{
Tree<char> charTree = null;
InsertIntoTree<char>(ref charTree, 'M', 'X', 'A', 'M', 'Z', 'Z', 'N');
string sortedData = charTree.WalkTree();
}
,
. .
.
:
A M M N X Z Z
Visual Studio 2015.
-
8 , object
. ,
:
string myString = "Hello";
object myObject = myString;
, String
Object, , .
- 461
, -
:
interface IWrapper<T>
{
void SetData(T data);
T GetData();
}
class Wrapper<T> : IWrapper<T>
{
private T storedData;
void IWrapper<T>.SetData(T data)

{
this.storedData = data;
}
T IWrapper<T>.GetData()
{
return this.storedData;
}
}
Wrapper<T> .
IWrapper SetData,
Wrapper<T> , GetData, -
Wrapper<T> .
:
Wrapper<string> stringWrapper = new Wrapper<string>();
IWrapper<string> storedStringWrapper = stringWrapper;
storedStringWrapper.SetData("Hello");
Console.WriteLine($"Stored value is {storedStringWrapper.GetData()}");
Wrapper<string>. SetData,
IWrapper<string>. ( Wrapper<T>
,
.) -
IWrapper<string> GetData. ,
Stored value is Hello (
Hello).
:
IWrapper<object> storedObjectWrapper = stringWrapper;
,
IWrapper<string> , ,
object, string. ?
462 17
, ( , -
, ), -
, .
, , Cannot
implicitly convert type Wrapper<string> to IWrapper<object> (
Wrapper<string> IWrapper<object>
).
:
IWrapper<object> storedObjectWrapper = (IWrapper<object>)stringWrapper;
,
, , -
. ,
,
Circle- :
IWrapper<object> storedObjectWrapper = (IWrapper<object>)stringWrapper;
Circle myCircle = new Circle();
storedObjectWrapper.SetData(myCircle);
IWrapper<T> ().
IWrapper<A> IWrapper<B>,
A B. C#
, .

, IWrapper<T>
IStoreWrapper<T> IRetrieveWrapper<T>, ,
Wrapper<T> :
interface IStoreWrapper<T>
{
void SetData(T data);
}
interface IRetrieveWrapper<T>
{
T GetData();
}
class Wrapper<T> : IStoreWrapper<T>, IRetrieveWrapper<T>

{
private T storedData;
- 463
void IStoreWrapper<T>.SetData(T data)

{
this.storedData = data;
}
T IRetrieveWrapper<T>.GetData()
{
return this.storedData;
}
}
Wrapper<T> , , -
, SetData GetData
:
Wrapper<string> stringWrapper = new Wrapper<string>();
IStoreWrapper<string> storedStringWrapper = stringWrapper;
storedStringWrapper.SetData("Hello");
IRetrieveWrapper<string> retrievedStringWrapper = stringWrapper;
Console.WriteLine($"Stored value is {retrievedStringWrapper.GetData()}");
?
IRetrieveWrapper<object> retrievedObjectWrapper = stringWrapper;
, ,
, . , ,
C#
, .
IRetrieveWrapper<T> GetData
, Wrapper<T>-, - -
. , -
,
,
-
.
out:
interface IRetrieveWrapper<out T>
{
T GetData();
}
. -
A B , A
B, IRetrieveWrapper<A>-
IRetrieveWrapper<B>-.
:
464 17
// string object,
//
IRetrieveWrapper<object> retrievedObjectWrapper = stringWrapper;
out ,
.
,
out .
. ,
. , -
, int :
Wrapper<int> intWrapper = new Wrapper<int>();
IStoreWrapper<int> storedIntWrapper = intWrapper; //
...
//
IRetrieveWrapper<object> retrievedObjectWrapper = intWrapper;
, .NET
Framework, IEnumerable<T>, -
19 .

( 18). - out -
.

, , -
, ,
- B
A , B A. -
,
.NET Framework.
System.Collections.Generic .NET
IComparer, :
public interface IComparer<in T>
{
int Compare(T x, T y);
}
, , Compare,
, -
T. , Compare
- 465
: , x y ,
, x y, , -
x y. ,
-. ( GetHashCode
Object. , -
.
.)
class ObjectComparer : IComparer<Object>
{
int IComparer<Object>.Compare(Object x, Object y)
{
int xHash = x.GetHashCode();
int yHash = y.GetHashCode();
if (xHash == yHash)
return 0;
if (xHash < yHash)
return -1;
return 1;
}
}
ObjectComparer-
IComparer<Object> Compare:
Object x = ...;
Object y = ...;
ObjectComparer objectComparer = new ObjectComparer();
IComparer<Object> objectComparator = objectComparer;
int result = objectComparator.Compare(x, y);
. ,
IComparer-,
, :
IComparer<String> stringComparator = objectComparer;
-
, .
, IComparer<T>,
. Compare
. Objects,
, , Strings,
Objects. ,
String , Object,
.
466 17
- . C#
, -
, Compare,
, ,
? IComparer,
, in:
{
}
in C#,
T, ,
T. T ,
. ,
-, , -
, , .
, A , ,
B A,
( - -
), . ,
B A.
-
, .
, - List<T> ( -
System.Collections.Generic) Sort
BinarySearch IComparer<T>. List<Object>
, Sort BinarySearch
. -
Sort BinarySearch ,
,
,
. , , ,
. -
, , ,
.
. - -
, . (
.)
. -
,
467
. ( -
, ,
, .)
, -
. - -
in .
,
. ,
. ,
- -. , -
-,
.
,
Visual Studio 2015,
. ,
.
-
, :
Queue<int> myQueue = new Queue<int>();
, , :
public class Tree<TItem>
{
...
}

, where, :
- public class Tree<TItem>
where TItem : IComparable<TItem>
{
...
}
468 17
--
, :
static void InsertIntoTree<TItem>
(Tree<TItem> tree, params TItem[] data)
{
...
}
- ,
:
InsertIntoTree<char>(charTree, 'Z', 'X');
-
out.
,
, -
:
interface IRetrieveWrapper<out T>
{
T GetData();
}
- -
in. -
,
:
{
}
18

, :
, -
, .NET Framework;
;
;
, , -
;

.
10 , -
. , ,
, . -
, ,
,
- . ,
.
- -
, , , -
, 17
, .
.
?
Microsoft .NET ,
,
.
470 18
17 , System.
Collections.Generic.
, -
: , -
,
.
, -
, .
, Stack<T>
,
Push Pop.
Pop
. Queue<T> Enqueue
Dequeue, 17. Enqueue -
, Dequeue ,
.
, .18.1.
18.1
List<T> , , ,
,

Queue<T> ,
,
,

Stack<T> , -
,
,
, ,
LinkedList<T> ,
.
, , -
,
HashSet<T> , -
.
, -
HashSet<T>-, -
HashSet<T>-

? 471
18.1 ()
Dictionary<TKey, , -
TValue> ,
SortedList<TKey, .
TValue> IComparable<T>-
.

.NET Framework.
.NET Framework System.

Collections .
, , C# -
( C#, .NET Framework -
2.0). , ,
-
.
,
.
Windows (UWP) .
BitArray.
int-,
true (1) false (0). ,
IntBits, 16 .
BitArray UWP-.
,
System.Collections.Concurrent. , -
,
. 24
.
List<T>
- List<T> .
, , -
List<T>
,
.
List<T> ,
,
.
472 18

, ( ,
),
, .

. ,
.

, .
!
List<T> ,
.
List<T> .
.
,
.
, List<T> .
List<T> -
Remove . List<T>
, . RemoveAt
, List<T>.
List<T>,
Add,
. List<T> .
List<T>,
Insert. List<T> -
.
List<T>-,
Sort.
,
List<T> foreach, -
. ,
foreach, List<T>,
Remove, Add Insert -
, , -
List<int>,
:
? 473
using System;
...
List<int> numbers = new List<int>();
// List<int> Add
foreach (int number in new int[12]{10, 9, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5, 10, 4, 3, 2, 1})
{
numbers.Add(number);
}
//
//
// ,
numbers.Insert(numbers.Count-1, 99);
// , 7 (4- 3)
numbers.Remove(3);
// , 7- 6 (10)
numbers.RemoveAt(6);
// 11 for
Console.WriteLine("Iterating using a for statement:");
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.Count; i++)
{
int number = numbers[i]; //
// ,
Console.WriteLine(number);
}
// 11 foreach
Console.WriteLine("\nIterating using a foreach statement:");
foreach (int number in numbers)
{
}
, :
Iterating using a for statement:
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
99
1
Iterating using a foreach statement:
10
9
8
474 18
7
6
5
4
3
2
99
1
List<T>
. -
List<T> Count,
Length.
LinkedList<T>
LinkedList<T> . -
-
( Next) ( Previous).
Previous null,
Next , .
List<T>, LinkedList<T> -
, , .
AddFirst

Previous -
.
AddLast,
Next
.
( ) -
AddBefore AddAfter.
LinkedList<T> ,
First, Last .

Next
Previous, ,
null.
foreach,
LinkedList<T>-, .
LinkedList<T>
Remove, RemoveFirst RemoveLast.
? 475
LinkedList<T>.
, , -
for, Next
Previous, null,
:
using System;
...
LinkedList<int> numbers = new LinkedList<int>();
// List<int> AddFirst
foreach (int number in new int[] { 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 })
{
numbers.AddFirst(number);
}
// for
Console.WriteLine("Iterating using a for statement:");
for (LinkedListNode<int> node = numbers.First; node != null; node = node.Next)
{
int number = node.Value;
}
// foreach
Console.WriteLine("\nIterating using a foreach statement:");
{
}
//
Console.WriteLine("\nIterating list in reverse order:");
for (LinkedListNode<int> node = numbers.Last; node != null; node = node.Previous)
{
}
, :
Iterating using a for statement:
2
4
6
8
10
Iterating using a foreach statement:
2
4
6
8
10
476 18
Iterating list in reverse order:

10
8
6
4
2
Queue<T>
Queue<T> .
( Enqueue)
( Dequeue).
Queue<int>- -
:
using System;
...
Queue<int> numbers = new Queue<int>();
//
Console.WriteLine("Populating the queue:");
foreach (int number in new int[4]{9, 3, 7, 2})
{
numbers.Enqueue(number);
Console.WriteLine($"{number} has joined the queue");
}
//
Console.WriteLine("\nThe queue contains the following items:");
{
}
//
Console.WriteLine("\nDraining the queue:");
while (numbers.Count > 0)
{
int number = numbers.Dequeue();
Console.WriteLine($"{number} has left the queue");
}
, :
Populating the queue:
9 has joined the queue
The queue contains the following items:
9
3
? 477
7
2
Draining the queue:
9 has left the queue
Stack<T>
Stack<T> .
( pop).
: -
, .
( , ,
, !)
, , foreach
:
using System;
...
Stack<int> numbers = new Stack<int>();
//
Console.WriteLine("Pushing items onto the stack:");
foreach (int number in new int[4]{9, 3, 7, 2})
{
numbers.Push(number);
Console.WriteLine($"{number} has been pushed on the stack");
}
//
Console.WriteLine("\nThe stack now contains:");
{
}
//
Console.WriteLine("\nPopping items from the stack:");
while (numbers.Count > 0)
{
int number = numbers.Pop();
Console.WriteLine($"{number} has been popped off the stack");
}
, :
Pushing items onto the stack:
9 has been pushed on the stack
478 18

The stack now contains:
2
7
3
9
Popping items from the stack:
2 has been popped off the stack
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>
List<T>
. -
(, [4]), 4,
. ,
, , string,
double Time. -
.
, ,
.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue> ,
, -
, .
Dictionary<TKey, TValue> .
Dictionary<TKey, TValue> -
.
Add , .
-
( ),
, :
.
ContainsKey.
, ,
. -
.
? 479
Dictionary<TKey,
TValue> foreach, KeyValue
Pair<TKey, TValue>. ,
, Dictionary<TKey, TValue>,
Key Value. -
,
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.
, -
, :
using System;
...
Dictionary<string, int> ages = new Dictionary<string, int>();
// Dictionary
ages.Add("John", 51); // Add
ages.Add("Diana", 50);
ages["James"] = 23; // ,
ages["Francesca"] = 21;
// foreach,
// KeyValuePair
Console.WriteLine("The Dictionary contains:");
foreach (KeyValuePair<string, int> element in ages)
{
string name = element.Key;
int age = element.Value;
Console.WriteLine($"Name: {name}, Age: {age}");
}
:
The Dictionary contains:
Name: John, Age: 51
Name: Diana, Age: 50
Name: James, Age: 23
Name: Francesca, Age: 21
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>. -
, .
SortedList<TKey, TValue>
SortedList<TKey, TValue> Dictionary<TKey, TValue>
, .
, -
, SortedList.
480 18
SortedList<TKey, TValue>
, SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>,
( ),
SortedList<TKey, TValue> .
SortedList<TKey, TValue> ,
, -
.
. SortedList<TKey, TValue> -

. ,
SortedList<TKey, TValue> -
.
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>, SortedList<TKey, TValue>
.
SortedList<TKey, TValue> -
foreach, KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>.
KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>
Key.
,
, ,
SortedList<TKey, TValue>:
using System;
...
SortedList<string, int> ages = new SortedList<string, int>();
// SortedList
ages.Add("John", 51); // Add
ages.Add("Diana", 50);
ages["James"] = 23; // ,
ages["Francesca"] = 21;
// foreach,
// KeyValuePair
Console.WriteLine("The SortedList contains: ");
foreach (KeyValuePair<string, int> element in ages)
{
string name = element.Key;
int age = element.Value;
Console.WriteLine($"Name: {name}, Age: {age}");
}
, , -
:
? 481
The SortedList contains:

Name: Diana, Age: 50
Name: Francesca, Age: 21
Name: James, Age: 23
Name: John, Age: 51
HashSet<T>
HashSet<T> ,
-
.
HashSet<T> Add, -
Remove.
HashSet<T> IntersectWith, UnionWith
ExceptWith. HashSet<T>,
, ,
, , ,
HashSet<T>-. -
, HashSet<T>-
. ,
HashSet<T>-
, IsSubsetOf, IsSupersetOf,
IsProperSubsetOf IsProperSupersetOf.
.
HashSet<T>- -, -
.
HashSet<T>- .
, HashSet<T>-,
IntersectWith ,
:
using System;
...
HashSet<string> employees = new HashSet<string>(new string[]
{"Fred","Bert","Harry","John"});
HashSet<string> customers = new HashSet<string>(new string[]
{"John","Sid","Harry","Diana"});
employees.Add("James");
customers.Add("Francesca");
Console.WriteLine("Employees:");
foreach (string name in employees)
{
482 18
Console.WriteLine(name);
}
Console.WriteLine("\nCustomers:");
foreach (string name in customers)
{
}
Console.WriteLine("\nCustomers who are also employees:");

customers.IntersectWith(employees);
foreach (string name in customers)
{
}
:
Employees:
Fred
Bert
Harry
John
James
Customers:
John
Sid
Harry
Diana
Francesca
Customers who are also employees:
John
Harry
SortedSet<T>,
HashSet<T>. , , ,
. SortedSet<T> HashSet<T>
, , ,
SortedSet<T> HashSet<T>.

, -
(Add List<T>, Enqueue
Queue<T>, Push Stack<T> ..)
.
, , ,
Find, - 483
. , -
List<int>- numbers, -
Add:
List<int> numbers = new List<int>(){10, 9, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5, 10, 4, 3, 2, 1};
C# -
Add. ,
, Add. ( Stack<T> Queue<T>
.)
, , -
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>,
, :
Dictionary<string, int> ages = new Dictionary<string, int>()
{
["John"] = 51,
["Diana"] = 50,
["James"] = 23,
["Francesca"] = 21
};

:
Dictionary<string, int> ages = new Dictionary<string, int>()
{
{"John", 51},
{"Diana", 50},
{"James", 23},
{"Francesca", 21}
};
,
.
, ,
, .
Find, -
- Dictionary<TKey, TValue>,
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue> SortedList<TKey, TValue>,
, , , -
, ,
. ,
484 18
, List<T> LinkedList<T>,
, , ,
Find.
Find ,
. ,
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http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Haskell.
3 ,
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:
true false.
Find ( ) List<Person>,
Person . Find ,
ID 3:
struct Person
{
public int ID { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
Find, - 485
}
...
//
List<Person> personnel = new List<Person>()
{
new Person() { ID = 1, Name = "John", Age = 51 },
new Person() { ID = 2, Name = "Sid", Age = 28 },
new Person() { ID = 3, Name = "Fred", Age = 34 },
new Person() { ID = 4, Name = "Paul", Age = 22 },
};
// , ID 3
Person match = personnel.Find((Person p) => { return p.ID == 3; });
Console.WriteLine($"ID: {match.ID}\nName: {match.Name}\nAge: {match.Age}");
:
ID: 3
Name: Fred
Age: 34
Find (Person p) => { return p.ID == 3; }

-, .
:
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Find
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486 18
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Person match = personnel.Find(p => p.ID == 3);
-
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Find, - 487
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488 18
control.Add(delegate(int param1, string param2))

{ /* , param1 param2 */ ... });
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Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Cards,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 18\Cards .
489
10,
. PlayingCard ,
, -
.
Pack.cs.
using:
Pack , , -
cardPack Dictionary<Suit,
List<PlayingCard>>:
class Pack
{
...
private Dictionary<Suit, List<PlayingCard>> cardPack;
...
}

. (Dictionary),
, .
Pack. -
, ,
cardPack Dictionary-, :
public Pack()
{
this.cardPack = new Dictionary<Suit, List<PlayingCard>>(NumSuits);
...
}
Dictionary- -
,
,
. ( ,
, - ).
Dictionary-
( ), ,
(NumSuits 4).
for List<PlayingCard>
cardsInSuit, , ,
, CardsPerSuit. -
:
490 18
public Pack()
{
this.cardPack = new Dictionary<Suit, List<PlayingCard>>(NumSuits);
for (Suit = Suit.Clubs; suit <= Suit.Spades; suit++)
{
List<PlayingCard> cardsInSuit = new List<PlayingCard>(CardsPerSuit);
{
...
}
}
}
, , for,
, PlayingCard:
{
{
cardsInSuit.Add(new PlayingCard(suit, value));
}
}
Dictionary- cardPack for

List, suit:
{
{
cardsInSuit.Add(new PlayingCard(suit, value));
}
this.cardPack.Add(suit, cardsInSuit);
}
DealCardFromPack.
, .
, ,
,
Dictionary-. , ,
( ) : ,
. Find -
, -
. PlayingCard (
PlayingCard).
,
while:
491

{
while (this.IsSuitEmpty(suit))
{
suit = (Suit)randomCardSelector.Next(NumSuits);
}
Value value = (Value)randomCardSelector.Next(CardsPerSuit);
while (this.IsCardAlreadyDealt(suit, value))
{
value = (Value)randomCardSelector.Next(CardsPerSuit);
}
List<PlayingCard> cardsInSuit = this.cardPack[suit];

PlayingCard card = cardsInSuit.Find(c => c.CardValue == value);
cardsInSuit.Remove(card);
return card;
}
IsCardAlreadyDealt. , ,
,
null. , ,
Dictionary- cardPack
.
, List<T>-, -
Exists. Find ,
.
, true, -
, false, .
List<T> PlayingCard-,
Exists , true,
PlayingCard ,
, IsCardAlreadyDealt. ,
:
private bool IsCardAlreadyDealt(Suit suit, Value value)
{
List<PlayingCard> cardsInSuit = this.cardPack[suit];
return (!cardsInSuit.Exists(c => c.CardSuit == suit && c.CardValue == value));
}
Hand.cs.
using:
Hand -
cards . ,
492 18
, cards, List<PlayingCard>-
:
class Hand
{
public const int HandSize = 13;
private List<PlayingCard> cards = new List<PlayingCard>(HandSize);
...
}
AddCardToHand.
: , ,
, cards ,
playingCardCount. ,
Add List<PlayingCard>-.
-
, ,
Count. ,
playingCardCount
if, ,
Count, .
,
:
public void AddCardToHand(PlayingCard cardDealt)
{
if (this.cards.Count >= HandSize)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Too many cards");
}
this.cards.Add(cardDealt);
}
,
.
Card Game Deal.
Deal .
.
,
, . Deal,
.
.18.1.
493
. 18.1

,
. , -
,
. - -
.
,
Visual Studio 2015,
. -
, .
494 18
, :
List<PlayingCard> cards = new List<PlayingCard>();
- , - - -
( ) -
Add Insert. Queue<T>-
Enqueue, Stack<T>- Push,
:
HashSet<string> employees = new HashSet<string>();
employees.Add(John);
...
LinkedList<int> data = new LinkedList<int>();
data.AddFirst(101);
...
numbers.Push(99);
, - -
Remove. Queue<T>-
Dequeue, Stack<T>-
Pop, :
HashSet<string> employees = new HashSet<string>();
employees.Remove(John);
...
LinkedList<int> data = new LinkedList<int>();
data.Remove(101);
...
...
int item = numbers.Pop();
- Count, :
List<PlayingCard> cards = new List<PlayingCard>();
...
int noOfCards = cards.Count;
- -
, .
Find, :
Dictionary<string, int> ages =
new Dictionary<string, int>();
ages.Add(John, 47);
int johnsAge = ages[John];
...
List<Person> personnel = new List<Person>();
495
: Stack<T>, Queue<T> -
, -
, -
Contains
- for foreach, :
LinkedList<int> numbers = new LinkedList<int>();
...
for (LinkedListNode<int> node = numbers.First;
node != null; node = node.Next)
{
}
...
{
}
19

, :
-
;
-
;
-
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10 18
, -
. 10
foreach,
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.
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.

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. :
int[] pins = { 9, 3, 7, 2 };
foreach (int pin in pins)
{
}
497
foreach ,
, -
:
.
? -
, , System.
Collections.IEnumerable.
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System.Array. , -
IEnumerable.
IEnumerable GetEnumerator:
IEnumerator GetEnumerator();
-,
System.Collections.IEnumerator. - -
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:
object Current { get; }
bool MoveNext();
void Reset();
. -
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MoveNext, true,
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Reset. GetEnumerator -
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Current,
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, -
IEnumerable,
IEnumerator GetEnumerator
.
IEnumerable IEnumerator
, . , -
.
498 19
, , Current
IEnumerator ,
, , .
, , , Microsoft
.NET Framework - IEnumerator<T>,
Current, T.
IEnumerable<T>, GetEnumerator,
Enumerator<T>.
System.Collections.Generic,
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, .

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17 ,
. - -
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. , ,
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TreeEnumerator
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 BinaryTree, -
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 19\BinaryTree .
BinaryTree, -
17. ,
BinaryTree.
BinaryTree.
,
499
BinaryTree. ,
TreeEnumerator.cs, .
TreeEnumerator, Tree<TItem>-.
,
IEnumerator<T>-. ,
Tree<TItem>-,
, -
IComparable<TItem>- ( BinaryTree ,
,
).
, TreeEnumerator.cs,
TreeEnumerator, . -
:
class TreeEnumerator<TItem> : IEnumerator<TItem> where TItem : IComparable<TItem>
{
}
TreeEnumerator<TItem> ,
:
{
private Tree<TItem> currentData = null;
private TItem currentItem = default(TItem);
private Queue<TItem> enumData = null;
}
currentData ,
, currentItem -
, Current. enumData
, , MoveNext
. default
,
.
, TreeEnumerator<TItem>
Tree<TItem>- data. -
, currentData data:
{
...
public TreeEnumerator(Tree<TItem> data)
{
this.currentData = data;
}
}
500 19
TreeEnumerator<TItem> -
populate:

{
...
private void populate(Queue<TItem> enumQueue, Tree<TItem> tree)
{
if (tree.LeftTree != null)
{
populate(enumQueue, tree.LeftTree);
}
enumQueue.Enqueue(tree.NodeData);
if (tree.RightTree != null)
{
populate(enumQueue, tree.RightTree);
}
}
}
,
. , ,
WalkTree Tree<TItem>, -
17. ,
NodeData .
TreeEnumerator<TItem>. -
IEnumerator<TItem>. -
( )
. -
IEnumerator<TItem> IEnumerator,
. Dispose
IDisposable.
IEnumerator<TItem>
IEnumerator IDisposable, - .
, IEnumerator<TItem>, -
- Current. MoveNext Reset -
IEnumerator. IDisposable -
14 .
.
, NotImplementedException.
.
MoveNext , :
501
bool IEnumerator.MoveNext()
{
if (this.enumData == null)
{
this.enumData = new Queue<TItem>();
populate(this.enumData, this.currentData);
}
if (this.enumData.Count > 0)
{
this.currentItem = this.enumData.Dequeue();
return true;
}
return false;
}
MoveNext .
, -
, , .
( MoveNext , , -
Current, ,
.)
populate
, .
MoveNext -
, ,
, , , . ,
MoveNext ,
Current. MoveNext (
currentItem , -
) Current,
true false .
get - Current -
, :
TItem IEnumerator<TItem>.Current
{
get
{
if (this.enumData == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("Use MoveNext before calling
Current");
}
return this.currentItem;
}
}
502 19
,
, , , , -
currentItem, default.
currentItem TItem.
, ,
TItem,
. .
null. ,
TItem, , . (
null,
.) ,
0, , ,
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0, false.)
Current.
System.Collections.IEnumerator.Current -
, NotImplementedException.
, MoveNext, Current -
enumData. ( MoveNext
null.) ,
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. -
MoveNext,
currentItem, Current
.
IDisposable.Dispose . throw new
NotImplementedException();,
. - ,
, .
. Dispose
14.
503
void IDisposable.Dispose()
{
// throw new NotImplementedException();
}
,
.
IEnumerable
-
, IEnumerable<T>.
TreeEnumerator<TItem> GetEnumerator.
IEnumerable<TItem>
Tree<TItem>
Tree.cs, -
Tree<TItem>. Tree<TItem>
, ,
IEnumerable<TItem>:
public class Tree<TItem> : IEnumerable<TItem> where TItem : IComparable<TItem>
, -
.
IEnumerable<TItem>.

. IEnumerable<TItem>.
GetEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator, .
IEnumerable
, - IEnumerable<TItem>
IEnumerable.
- IEnumerable<TItem>.GetEnumerator, -
. ,
, GetEnumerator(),
throw:
IEnumerator<TItem> IEnumerable<TItem>.GetEnumerator()
{
return new TreeEnumerator<TItem>(this);
}
504 19
GetEnumerator - -
.
TreeEnumerator<TItem>-, , .
,
.
Tree<TItem>, -

foreach.

BinaryTree,
, .
, .
EnumeratorTest, \Microsoft
Press\VCSBS\Chapter 19\BinaryTree ,
OK.
, Visual C#
. -
Visual Basic C++.
Enumera
torTest, .
.
EnumeratorTest
. BinaryTree,
OK. EnumeratorTest
BinaryTree.
Program
using:
using BinaryTree;
Main ,
.
:
{
Tree<int> tree1 = new Tree<int>(10);
tree1.Insert(5);
tree1.Insert(11);
tree1.Insert(5);
505
tree1.Insert(-12);
tree1.Insert(15);
tree1.Insert(0);
tree1.Insert(14);
tree1.Insert(-8);
tree1.Insert(10);
}
foreach,
:
{
...
foreach (int item in tree1)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
}
.
(.19.1):
12, 8, 0, 5, 5, 10, 10, 11, 14, 15
. 19.1
, -
.
, C# ,
.
506 19
, -
.
, , -
. ,
, C#
. -
,
.

BasicCollection<T>. FillList
List<T>-. -
, BasicCollection<T>
IEnumerable<T>. GetEnumerator :
using System;
using System.Collections;
class BasicCollection<T> : IEnumerable<T>

{
private List<T> data = new List<T>();
public void FillList(params T [] items)

{
foreach (var datum in items)
{
data.Add(datum);
}
}
IEnumerator<T> IEnumerable<T>.GetEnumerator()
{
foreach (var datum in data)
{
yield return datum;
}
}
IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
{
//
}
}
GetEnumerator
. , :
507
IEnumerator<T>.
, .
yield.
, .
, , yield -
, .
, GetEnumerator
, , ,
. ,
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.
, .
GetEnumerator .
IEnumerator<T>,
Current MoveNext. -
, GetEnumerator.
, , ( -
, ),
,
. , , ,
,
:
BasicCollection<string> bc = new BasicCollection<string>();
bc.FillList("Twas", "brillig", "and", "the", "slithy", "toves");
foreach (string word in bc)
{
Console.WriteLine(word);
}
bc :
Twas, brillig, and, the, slithy, toves
-
, ,
IEnumerable, -
. , Reverse
BasicCollection<T> , , :
class BasicCollection<T> : IEnumerable<T>

{
...
public IEnumerable<T> Reverse
{
508 19
get
{
for (int i = data.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
yield return data[i];
}
}
}
}
:
BasicCollection<string> bc = new BasicCollection<string>();
bc.FillList("Twas", "brillig", "and", "the", "slithy", "toves");
foreach (string word in bc.Reverse)
{
Console.WriteLine(word);
}
bc :
toves, slithy, the, and, brillig, Twas
Tree<TItem>

Tree<TItem>
. ,
, ,
MoveNext,
,
, ,
, WalkTree, 17.
Tree<TItem>
Visual Studio 2015 BinaryTree,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 19\IteratorBinaryTree .
BinaryTree, 17.
Tree.cs. Tree<TItem>
, , ,
IEnumerable<TItem>:
public class Tree<TItem> : IEnumerable<TItem> where TItem : IComparable<TItem>
{
...
}
509
-
IEnumerable<TItem>.
,
IEnumerable<TItem>.GetEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator.
- IEnumerable<TItem>.GetEnumerator. -
GetEnumerator , :
IEnumerator<TItem> IEnumerable<TItem>.GetEnumerator()
{
if (this.LeftTree != null)
{
foreach (TItem item in this.LeftTree)
{
yield return item;
}
}
yield return this.NodeData;
if (this.RightTree != null)
{
foreach (TItem item in this.RightTree)
{
yield return item;
}
}
}
, , ,
, 17
. LeftTree ,
foreach
GetEnumerator, . -
, .
NodeData ,
. -
, ,
NodeData . -
,
.

BinaryTree,
. -
\Microsoft Press\
VCSBS\Chapter 19\BinaryTree\EnumeratorTest, EnumeratorTest,
510 19
. ,
, .

EnumeratorTest, -
. ,
EnumeratorTest, BinaryTree,
.
.
EnumeratorTest
. BinaryTree,
OK.
, EnumeratorTest -
BinaryTree. ,
, ,
.
Program.cs EnumeratorTest.
Main. ,
Tree<int>-, -
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. ,
. -
. , :
12, 8, 0, 5, 5, 10, 10, 11, 14, 15
Visual Studio 2015.
, ,
,
IEnumerable<T> IEnumerator<T>. ,
.
,
Visual Studio 2015 20 -
.
.
, .
511
IEnumerable -
, GetEnumerator, IEnumerator,
- :
foreach public class Tree<TItem> : IEnumerable<TItem>
{
...
IEnumerator<TItem> GetEnumerator()
{
...
}
}
, -
IEnumerator,
Current MoveNext (, , -
Reset), :
public class TreeEnumerator<TItem> :
IEnumerator<TItem>
{
...
TItem Current
{
get
{
...
}
}
bool MoveNext()
{
...
}
}
, -
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yield) , :
IEnumerator<TItem> GetEnumerator()
{
for (...)
{
yield return ...
}
}
20

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Processor p = new Processor();
p.performCalculation();
514 20
, .
, int- int-.
performCalculationDelegate,
performCalculation,
Processor. ,
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( ):
Processor p = new Processor();
delegate ... performCalculationDelegate ...;
performCalculationDelegate = p.performCalculation;
, , ,
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515
, . -
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, ,
-
. ,
.
Find :
struct Person
{
public int ID { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
}
...
List<Person> personnel = new List<Person>()
{
new Person() { ID = 1, Name = "John", Age = 47 },
new Person() { ID = 2, Name = "Sid", Age = 28 },
new Person() { ID = 3, Name = "Fred", Age = 34 },
new Person() { ID = 4, Name = "Paul", Age = 22 },
};
...
// , ID 3
,
List<T>, Average, Max, Min, Count Sum.
Func. ,
( ).
Average
personnel ( Func<T> , Age
), Max -
ID, Count ,
Age 30 39 :
double averageAge = personnel.Average(p => p.Age);
Console.WriteLine($"Average age is {averageAge}");
...
int id = personnel.Max(p => p.ID);
Console.WriteLine($"Person with highest ID is {id}");
...
int thirties = personnel.Count(p => p.Age >= 30 && p.Age <= 39);
Console.WriteLine($"Number of personnel in their thirties is {thirties}");
:
Average age is 32.75
Person with highest ID is 4
Number of personnel in their thirties is 1
516 20
, -
.NET Framework. -
. ,
, ,
.
FUNC<T, > ACTION<T, >

, Average, Max, Count List<T>,
- Func<T, TResult>; -
, , .
Average, Max List<Person>, ,
T ( Person),
TResult , .
TResult int, ,
Count, :
int thirties = personnel.Count(p => p.Age >= 30 && p.Age <= 39);
, Count ,
Func<Person, int>.
, -
List<T>,
, .NET Framework
. System
Func, Func<TResult> , -
, - , Func<T1, T2, T3, T4,
, T16, TResult> , 16 .
, ,
Func. -
Func 21 ,
, .
Func System
Action. Action -
, , ( void).
Action Action<T>
( , ) Action<T1, T2,
T3, T4, , T16>.

,
. ,
517
,
: ,
, .. -
. ,
,
.
, , .
, ,
,
!
, -
,
( ):
StopFolding(); //
FinishWelding(); //
PaintOff(); //

:
class Controller
{
// ,
private FoldingMachine folder;
private WeldingMachine welder;
private PaintingMachine painter;
...
public void ShutDown()
{
folder.StopFolding();
welder.FinishWelding();
painter.PaintOff();
}
...
}
,
.
, , Controller
.
518 20
, : -
. (
, , .)
:
void methodName();
. -
, ,
. :
delegate void stopMachineryDelegate();
:
delegate;
( void),
(stopMachineryDelegate) ( ).

, -
+=. :
class Controller
{
delegate void stopMachineryDelegate(); //
private stopMachineryDelegate stopMachinery; //
...
public Controller()
{
this.stopMachinery += folder.StopFolding;
}
...
}
. , -
, .
, + -
. ( 22
.) , -
.
+= -
. .
519

-
new:
this.stopMachinery = new stopMachineryDelegate(folder.StopFolding);
, :
public void ShutDown()
{
this.stopMachinery();
...
}
, ,
. , , ,
.
, -
,
NullReferenceException.
,
.
, +=:
public Controller()
{
this.stopMachinery += welder.FinishWelding;
this.stopMachinery += painter.PaintOff;
}
Shutdown Controller this.

stopMachinery(), -
. Shutdown ,
.
,
=:
this.stopMachinery -= folder.StopFolding;

Controller. Controller
, stopMachineryDelegate
,
520 20
Controller .
.
stopMachinery :
public stopMachineryDelegate stopMachinery;
stopMachinery ,
, :
private stopMachineryDelegate stopMachinery;
...
public stopMachineryDelegate StopMachinery
{
get
{
return this.stopMachinery;
}
set
{
this.stopMachinery = value;
}
}
, Add
Remove. Add
, Remove (
, -
):
public void Add(stopMachineryDelegate stopMethod)
{
this.stopMachinery += stopMethod;
}
public void Remove(stopMachineryDelegate stopMethod)

{
this.stopMachinery -= stopMethod;
}
- , ,
Add Remove. -
,
.
, ,
, Controller.
Controller ,
(
Add Remove):
521
Controller control = new Controller();

FoldingMachine folder = new FoldingMachine();
WeldingMachine welder = new WeldingMachine();
PaintingMachine painter = new PaintingMachine();
...
control.Add(folder.StopFolding);
control.Add(welder.FinishWelding);
control.Add(painter.PaintOff);
...
control.ShutDown();
...

, -
Wide World Importers,
. ,
,
, Wide World Importers,
. , -
,
. ,
Checkout ( ).
.
.
.

(, -
), .
,
.
-
, , , .
, ,

, -
. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
522 20
Wide World Importers

Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Delegates, -
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 20\Delegates .
. -
. , ,
( ).
GridView, -
(.20.1).
. 20.1
, Add
(), .
( Age
Restricted Yes). , -
Order Details ( ).
,
. ( -
.)
Order Details Checkout ( ). -
, , .
(ID), ID
. ,
, Visual Studio 2015, .
523
Delegates,
Package.appxmanifest. . -
(Packaging).
(Package Name). -
(globally unique identifier (GUID)).
, %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Packages\
yyy\LocalState, yyy , GUID,
. -
Wide World Importers. ,
audit-nnnnnn.xml ( nnnnnn
), dispatch-nnnnnn.txt.
,
, .
audit-nnnnnn.xml ,
.
,
.
Visual Studio audit-nnnnnn.xml.

,
. (.20.2).
. 20.2
524 20
, Visual Studio.
dispatch-nnnnnn.txt.
ID .
(.20.3).
. 20.3

, Visual Studio -
.
Delegates. . -
MainPage.xaml,
MainPage.xaml.cs.
AuditService. ,
.
Auditor.
AuditOrder, audit-nnnnnn.xml,
-
.
DeliveryService. ,
, . ,
, Shipper,
ShipOrder, ,
.
, , Auditor Shipper classes,

.
DataTypes. ,
. Product , -
, ProductsDataSource.
(
. -
-.) Order OrderItem
525
, (order)
(order items).
MainPage.xaml.cs,
Delegates, MainPage.
:
...
private Auditor auditor = null;
private Shipper shipper = null;
public MainPage()
{
...
this.auditor = new Auditor();
this.shipper = new Shipper();
}
auditor shipper Auditor

Shipper, .
CheckoutButtonClicked.
Checkout, .
:
private void CheckoutButtonClicked(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
try
{
// ,
if (this.requestPayment())
{
this.auditor.AuditOrder(this.order);
this.shipper.ShipOrder(this.order);
}
...
}
...
}
, .
, AuditOrder
auditor, ShipOrder shipper.
-.
( if)
:
Order Details.

requestPayment true, ,
. -
.
526 20
, -
, Auditor Shipper ,
. , -
. , , -
, - , ,
,
.
, -
-, .
- Auditor Shipper,
,
.
CheckoutController. -
-
, ,
. CheckoutController
.
CheckoutController
Delegates,
, .
Windows, -
.
( Windows). CheckoutService,
OK.
CheckoutService, -
Class1.cs .
CheckoutController.cs, . ,
Visual Studio Class1 CheckoutController.
CheckoutService ,
.
CheckoutService .
DataTypes, OK. CheckoutController
Order, DataTypes.
CheckoutController.cs
using:
using DataTypes;
CheckoutController
CheckoutDelegate, :
527
public class CheckoutController

{
public delegate void CheckoutDelegate(Order order);
}
,
Order .
AuditOrder ShipOrder Auditor Shipper.

CheckoutProcessing:

{
public CheckoutDelegate CheckoutProcessing = null;
}
MainPage.xaml.cs Delegates
requestPayment ( ). MainPage.
CheckoutController.cs requestPayment
CheckoutController, ,
:
{
private bool requestPayment()

{
//
// ,
// true, ,
return true;
}
}
CheckoutController StartCheckoutProcessing, -
:
{
private bool requestPayment()

{
...
}
public void StartCheckoutProcessing(Order order)
528 20
{
//
if (this.requestPayment())
{
if (this.CheckoutProcessing != null)
{
this.CheckoutProcessing(order);
}
}
}
}
,
CheckoutButtonClicked MainPage. -
, CheckoutProcessing:
null (
), . ,
.
Delegates
, .
Delegates .
CheckoutService, OK.
MainPage.xaml.cs Delegates
using:
using CheckoutService;
MainPage -
checkoutController, CheckoutController, -
null:
public ... class MainPage : ...
{
...
private Auditor auditor = null;
private Shipper shipper = null;
private CheckoutController checkoutController = null;
...
}
MainPage. , -
Auditor Shipper, CheckoutController,
:
public MainPage()
{
...
this.checkoutController = new CheckoutController();
}
529

, :
public MainPage()
{
...
this.checkoutController.CheckoutProcessing += this.auditor.AuditOrder;
this.checkoutController.CheckoutProcessing += this.shipper.ShipOrder;
}
CheckoutProcessing CheckoutController
AuditOrder ShipOrder Auditor Shipper.
CheckoutButtonClicked. try ,
( if), ,
:
{
try
{
//
this.checkoutController.StartCheckoutProcessing(this.order);
//
...
}
...
}
, , ,
.
CheckoutController, , -
MainPage.

.
. Wide World Importers,
( -
), Checkout.
Order Placed,
, Close OK.
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Packages\
yyy\LocalState, yyy ,
GUID. ,
530 20
audit-nnnnnn.xml dispatch-nnnnnn.txt, nnnnnn , -

. ,
.
-
-
. , -
StopFolding folder
stopMachinery :
, , -
. , StopFolding :
void StopFolding(int shutDownTime); //

//
FinishWelding PaintOff,

. ?
-

FinishFolding, , -
:
void FinishFolding()
{
folder.StopFolding(0); //
}
FinishFolding stopMachinery
StopFolding, , :
this.stopMachinery += folder.FinishFolding;
stopMachinery FinishFolding,
StopFolding, 0.
531
FinishFolding
, ( ) ,
. -
, (Erich Gamma),
(Richard Helm), (Ralph Johnson) (John Vlissides)
- .
(Addison-Wesley Professional, 1994).
-
, .
, , , -
StopFolding
. C# -.
18,
.
-:
this.stopMachinery += (() => folder.StopFolding(0));
stopMachinery , -
-, StopFolding -
.
, ,
. .
,
.
- .
,
stopMachinery
.
.NET Framework ,

, .
.NET Framework. ,
UWP-, Windows
, , ,
- .
.
532 20

, -
. ,
, - .
, -
.
, ,
, .
, .
.

.
, . -
, ,
event.
:
event delegateTypeName eventName
, , StopMachineryDelegate
. TemperatureMonitor,

( ,
Controller):
class TemperatureMonitor
{
public delegate void StopMachineryDelegate();
...
}
MachineOverheating, stopMachineryDelegate,
:
{
public event StopMachineryDelegate MachineOverheating;
...
}
TemperatureMonitor ( ) -
MachineOverheating. ( -
, .)
533
( ), ,
. .

, +=. -
. -
, ,
, ,
MachineOverheating :
{
...
}
...
TemperatureMonitor tempMonitor = new TemperatureMonitor();
...
tempMonitor.MachineOverheating += (() => { folder.StopFolding(0); });
tempMonitor.MachineOverheating += welder.FinishWelding;
tempMonitor.MachineOverheating += painter.PaintOff;
, ,
. ,
-. tempMonitor.
MachineOverheating,
.

, +=,
,
=. =
, .
.

, . -
. ,
534 20
TemperatureMonitor
Notify, MachineOverheating:
{
...
private void Notify()
{
if (this.MachineOverheating != null)
{
this.MachineOverheating();
}
}
...
}
. null ,
null , -
+= - .
, null,
NullReferenceException. , ,
- ,
.
.
-
. , MachineOverheating,
, ( TemperatureMonitor).
,
.

, .NET Framework
, -
. , Button,
ButtonBase, Click,
RoutedEventHandler. RoutedEventHandler -
: , ,
RoutedEventArgs, :
public delegate void RoutedEventHandler(Object sender, RoutedEventArgs e);

535
Button :
public class ButtonBase: ...
{
public event RoutedEventHandler Click;
...
}
public class Button: ButtonBase

{
...
}
, Button -
Click.

. UWP-, -
, okay, Click
okay okayClick:
partial class MainPage :
global::Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls.Page,
global::Windows.UI.Xaml.Markup.IComponentConnector,
global::Windows.UI.Xaml.Markup.IComponentConnector2
{
...
public void Connect(int connectionId, object target)
{
switch(connectionId)
{
case 1:
{
this.okay = (global::Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls.Button)(target);
...
((global::Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls.Button)this.okay).Click +=
this.okayClick;
...
}
break;
default:
break;
}
this._contentLoaded = true;
}
...
}
. Visual Studio
2015 XAML
Click okay okayClick Visual Studio 2015
.
536 20
okayClick, ,
MainPage.xaml.cs:
{
...
private void okayClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
// Click
}
}
, -
, .
,
void .
() sender,
EventArgs ( , EventArgs).
sender
.
sender . ,
Click .
( .) -
sender,
, .

, -
. CheckoutController

, CheckoutController -
. , ,

-
.
, -
,
CheckoutController , , -
,
, .
537
! 24
,
,
-
. UWP-,
, ,

. CheckoutButtonClicked Wide World Importers
, , , -
, :
{
try
{
// ,
//
MessageDialog dlg = new MessageDialog(...);
dlg.ShowAsync();
...
}
...
}
, ,
, , ,
.
-
. , Auditor, Shipper, ,
.

. , -
, ,
.
Auditor Shipper,
, -
. -

.
CheckoutController
Visual Studio 2015 Delegates. -
Auditor.cs, AuditService. Auditor
538 20
AuditingCompleteDelegate.
, message
void. :
class Auditor
{
public delegate void AuditingCompleteDelegate(string message);
...
}
Auditor AuditingCompleteDelegate
AuditProcessingComplete. ,
, AuditingCompleteDelegate:
class Auditor
{
public delegate void AuditingCompleteDelegate(string message);
public event AuditingCompleteDelegate AuditProcessingComplete;
...
}
AuditOrder. , -
CheckoutController-.
doAuditing .
:
public void AuditOrder(Order order)
{
this.doAuditing(order);
}
doAuditing. try-
catch. XML-
XML API-
.NET Framework. (
.)
catch finally, AuditPro
cessingComplete :
private async void doAuditing(Order order)

{
List<OrderItem> ageRestrictedItems = findAgeRestrictedItems(order);
if (ageRestrictedItems.Count > 0)
{
try
{
...
}
539

{
...
}
finally
{
if (this.AuditProcessingComplete != null)
{
this.AuditProcessingComplete(
$"Audit record written for Order {order.OrderID}");
}
}
}
}
Shipper.cs, DeliveryService.
Shipper ShippingCompleteDelegate.
, message
void.
:
class Shipper
{
public delegate void ShippingCompleteDelegate(string message);
...
}
Shipper
ShipProcessingComplete, ShippingCompleteDelegate:
class Shipper
{
public delegate void ShippingCompleteDelegate(string message);
public event ShippingCompleteDelegate ShipProcessingComplete;
...
}
doShipping, .
catch
finally, ShipProcessingComplete:
private async void doShipping(Order order)

{
try
{
...
}
{
...
}
540 20
finally
{
if (this.ShipProcessingComplete != null)
{
this.ShipProcessingComplete(
$"Dispatch note generated for Order {order.OrderID}");
}
}
}
MainPage.xaml, -
Delegates. XAML
RowDefinition. XAML
:
<Grid Background="{StaticResource ApplicationPageBackgroundThemeBrush}">
<Grid Margin="12,0,12,0" Loaded="MainPageLoaded">
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="*"/>
<RowDefinition Height="2*"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
...
Height RowDefinition, -
, 2*:
...

,
, Auditor Shipper ,
.
Grid 25

Windows.
XAML- . -
</Grid>
ScrollViewer TextBlock:
...
</Grid>
<ScrollViewer Grid.Row="4" VerticalScrollBarVisibility="Visible">
541
<TextBlock x:Name="messageBar" FontSize="18" />

</ScrollViewer>
</Grid>
</Grid>
</Page>

TextBlock messageBar.
Auditor Shipper.
MainPage.xaml.cs. Checkout
ButtonClicked , .
try :
{
try
{
// ,
// ,
//
this.order = new Order { Date = DateTime.Now, Items = new

List<OrderItem>(),
OrderID = Guid.NewGuid(), TotalValue = 0 };
this.orderDetails.DataContext = null;
this.orderValue.Text = $"{order.TotalValue:C}");
this.listViewHeader.Visibility = Visibility.Collapsed;
this.checkout.IsEnabled = false;
}
{
...
}
}
MainPage displayMessage.
message
void. ,
message Text messageBar
TextBlock, (
):
private void displayMessage(string message)
{
this.messageBar.Text += message + "\n";
}

.
542 20
MainPage ,
:
public MainPage()
{
...
this.checkoutController.CheckoutProcessing += this.auditor.AuditOrder;
this.checkoutController.CheckoutProcessing += this.shipper.ShipOrder;
this.auditor.AuditProcessingComplete += this.displayMessage;
this.shipper.ShipProcessingComplete += this.displayMessage;
}
, -
Auditor Shipper .
displayMessage. ,
.
,
.
Wide World Importers, ,
,
Checkout.
, TextBlock

Audit record written, -
Dispatch note generated (.20.4).
. 20.4
,
Checkout ( ,
).
543
-
. , -,
. ,
.
,
.
, .
delegate,
,
, :
delegate void myDelegate();
, -
, - :
- new, ( ),
.
, -
, :
delegate void myDelegate();
private void myMethod() { ... }
...
myDelegate del = new myDelegate(this.myMethod);
, ,
:
myDelegate del;
...
del();
event,
( ),
, :
class MyClass
{
public delegate void MyDelegate();
544 20
...
public event myDelegate MyEvent;
}
- ( , )
, -
+=, :
class MyEventHandlingClass
{
private MyClass myClass = new MyClass();
...
public void Start()
{
myClass.MyEvent += new myClass.MyDelegate
(this.eventHandlingMethod);
}
private void eventHandlingMethod()
{
...
}
}

,
:
public void Start()
{
myClass.MyEvent += this.eventHandlingMethod;
}
( , )
, -
=, :
class MyEventHandlingClass
{
private MyClass myClass = new MyClass();
...
public void Stop()
{
myClass.MyEvent -= new myClass.MyDelegate
(this.eventHandlingMethod);
}
...
}
:
public void Stop()
{
myClass.MyEvent -= this.eventHandlingMethod;
}
545
- ,
.
, ,
. -
null-, :
class MyClass
{
public event myDelegate MyEvent;
...
private void RaiseEvent()
{
if (this.MyEvent != null)
{
this.MyEvent();
}
}
...
}
21 ,
,

, :
C# (Language-
Integrated Query (LINQ))
;
LINQ ;
, LINQ -
LINQ- -
.
C# .
,
: C#
. ,

.
, , -
? ,
Customer, , ,
, ,
? -
,
, C#
-
.
C#, .
LINQ? 547
LINQ?
, ,
, . ,

. , -
.
,
, . Microsoft .NET
Framework
,
, ,
, . Language-
Integrated Query (LINQ).
LINQ , -
, Microsoft
SQL Server, , ,
.
SQL Server,
(Structured Query Language (SQL)). SQL
, ,
,
.
. , , SQL-,
,
. ,
, (, ),
SQL-, -
.
LINQ , SQL
. -
,
, . :
LINQ- SQL,
. LINQ
, , , -
XML-.
LINQ .
548 21
LINQ C#
, C#,
LINQ, ,
(.21.1 21.2).
21.1
CustomerID FirstName () LastName CompanyName

(- () ( )
)
1 Kim Abercrombie Alpine Ski House
2 Jeff Hay Coho Winery
3 Charlie Herb Alpine Ski House
4 Chris Preston Trey Research
5 Dave Barnett Wingtip Toys
6 Ann Beebe Coho Winery
7 John Kane Wingtip Toys
8 David Simpson Trey Research
9 Greg Chapman Wingtip Toys
10 Tim Litton Wide World Importers
21.2
CompanyName ( City () Country ()

)
Alpine Ski House Berne Switzerland
Coho Winery San Francisco United States
Trey Research New York United States
Wingtip Toys London United Kingdom
Wide World Importers Tetbury United Kingdom

LINQ C# 549
LINQ- , ,
IEnumerable IEnumerable<T> -
, 19 . -
, (, HashSet<T>, Queue<T>
,
), , . -
, ,
customers addresses,
.
-
.
var customers = new[] {
new { CustomerID = 1, FirstName = "Kim", LastName = "Abercrombie",
CompanyName = "Alpine Ski House" },
new { CustomerID = 2, FirstName = "Jeff", LastName = "Hay",
CompanyName = "Coho Winery" },
new { CustomerID = 3, FirstName = "Charlie", LastName = "Herb",
CompanyName = "Alpine Ski House" },
new { CustomerID = 4, FirstName = "Chris", LastName = "Preston",
CompanyName = "Trey Research" },
new { CustomerID = 5, FirstName = "Dave", LastName = "Barnett",
CompanyName = "Wingtip Toys" },
new { CustomerID = 6, FirstName = "Ann", LastName = "Beebe",
CompanyName = "Coho Winery" },
new { CustomerID = 7, FirstName = "John", LastName = "Kane",
new { CustomerID = 8, FirstName = "David", LastName = "Simpson",
CompanyName = "Trey Research" },
new { CustomerID = 9, FirstName = "Greg", LastName = "Chapman",
new { CustomerID = 10, FirstName = "Tim", LastName = "Litton",
CompanyName = "Wide World Importers" }
};
var addresses = new[] {

new { CompanyName = "Alpine Ski House", City = "Berne",
Country = "Switzerland"},
new { CompanyName = "Coho Winery", City = "San Francisco",
Country = "United States"},
new { CompanyName = "Trey Research", City = "New York",
Country = "United States"},
new { CompanyName = "Wingtip Toys", City = "London",
Country = "United Kingdom"},
new { CompanyName = "Wide World Importers", City = "Tetbury",
Country = "United Kingdom"}
};
550 21
, , ,

,
LINQ. , -
, ,
, , .
,
, , C#, -
.

, ,
, customers.
:
IEnumerable<string> customerFirstNames =
customers.Select(cust => cust.FirstName);
foreach (string name in customerFirstNames)

{
}
,
,
Select customers.
Select , -
FirstName .
? Select
, customers
. -
, , ,
-
. :
cust , . cust
customers.
, Select -
customers. cust -
C#.
Select , -
, ,
LINQ C# 551
Select .
LINQ LINQ .
Select Array. -
Enumerable, System.
Linq
, - IEnumerable<T>.
Select customers -
IEnumerable<string>- customerFirstNames. (
IEnumerable<string>, Select
, .) foreach -
,
:
Kim
Jeff
Charlie
Chris
Dave
Ann
John
David
Greg
Tim
.
? . -
Enumerable.Select System.Linq
, Microsoft Visual Studio 2015,
:
public static IEnumerable<TResult> Select<TSource, TResult> (
this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
Func<TSource, TResult> selector
)
, , Select -,
TSource TResult,
source selector. TSource -
, (
customer), TResult
( ). ,
Select , source
, (
customer, IEnumerable).
selector -,
552 21
. ( , Func -
.NET Framework, -
, .) ,
selector, TSource ( customer)
TResult ( string). ,
Select, TResult (
string).

, 12 .
, Select -
, . ,
,
, .
Select :
IEnumerable<string> customerNames =
customers.Select(cust => $"{cust.FirstName} {cust.LastName}");
, , -
Select :
class FullName
{
public string FirstName{ get; set; }
public string LastName{ get; set; }
}
...
IEnumerable<FullName> customerNames =
customers.Select(cust => new FullName
{
FirstName = cust.FirstName,
LastName = cust.LastName
} );
, ,
FullName, , ,
, :
var customerNames =
customers.Select(cust => new { FirstName = cust.FirstName,
LastName = cust.LastName } );

var. -
,
.
LINQ C# 553

Select, ,
.
, -
. , , ,
addresses, -
. Where:
IEnumerable<string> usCompanies =
addresses.Where(addr => String.Equals(addr.Country, "United States"))
.Select(usComp => usComp.CompanyName);
foreach (string name in usCompanies)

{
}
Where Select. -
, ,
. -. -
addr addresses, --
, Country
United States. Where
, . -
Select,
CompanyName
. ( usComp
, Where.) ,
IEnumerable<string>.
:
Where, Select.
foreach, ,
:
Coho Winery
Trey Research
, SQL, ,
.
, ,
554 21
,
,
. LINQ .
, -
OrderBy. , Select Where, OrderBy
.
, . ,
addresses -
:
IEnumerable<string> companyNames =
addresses.OrderBy(addr => addr.CompanyName).Select(comp => comp.CompanyName);
foreach (string name in companyNames)

{
}
, ,
:
Alpine Ski House
Coho Winery
Trey Research
Wingtip Toys
,
OrderByDescending.
, OrderBy OrderByDescending -
ThenBy ThenByDescending.

, GroupBy.
, addresses :
var companiesGroupedByCountry =
addresses.GroupBy(addrs => addrs.Country);
foreach (var companiesPerCountry in companiesGroupedByCountry)

{
Console.WriteLine(
$"Country: {companiesPerCountry.Key}\t{companiesPerCountry.Count()}
companies");
foreach (var companies in companiesPerCountry)
{
Console.WriteLine($"\t{companies.CompanyName}");
}
}
LINQ C# 555
. GroupBy -
, , .
GroupBy , .
Select
, . ,
GroupBy, ,
, ,
GroupBy. , GroupBy
, -
.
companiesGroupedByCountry .
,
, . ,
, companiesGroupedByCountry
foreach,
foreach. , foreach
Key
, ,
, Count, Max, Min
. :
Country: Switzerland 1 companies
Alpine Ski House
Country: United States 2 companies
Coho Winery
Trey Research
Country: United Kingdom 2 companies
Wingtip Toys
, , Count,
Max Min, ,
Select. , -
addresses, :
int numberOfCompanies = addresses.Select(addr => addr.CompanyName).Count();
Console.WriteLine($"Number of companies: {numberOfCompanies}");
,
, .
:
Number of companies: 5
. , -
, ,
556 21
. , ,

addresses, CompanyName. ,
, -
:
int numberOfCountries = addresses.Select(addr => addr.Country).Count();
Console.WriteLine($"Number of countries: {numberOfCountries}");
:
Number of countries: 5
addresses
, United States, United Kingdom .
Distinct:
int numberOfCountries =
addresses.Select(addr => addr.Country).Distinct().Count();
Console.WriteLine($"Number of countries: {numberOfCountries}");
Console.WriteLine
:
Number of countries: 3

, SQL, LINQ -
.
,
:
var companiesAndCustomers = customers
.Select(c => new { c.FirstName, c.LastName, c.CompanyName })
.Join(addresses, custs => custs.CompanyName, addrs => addrs.CompanyName,
(custs, addrs) => new {custs.FirstName, custs.LastName, addrs.Country });
foreach (var row in companiesAndCustomers)

{
Console.WriteLine(row);
}
customers,
, , addresses.
customers addresses .
LINQ C# 557
Select customers (FirstName

LastName), , (CompanyName). -
, Select, c -
Join.
:
, ;
, ,
Select;
, ,
;
, , -
, Join.
Join , -
FirstName, LastName CompanyName customers,
addresses. ,
CompanyName customers CompanyName
addresses.
, FirstName LastName customers,
Country addresses. ,
companiesAndCustomers, :
{ FirstName = Kim, LastName = Abercrombie, Country = Switzerland }

{ FirstName = Jeff, LastName = Hay, Country = United States }
{ FirstName = Charlie, LastName = Herb, Country = Switzerland }
{ FirstName = Chris, LastName = Preston, Country = United States }
{ FirstName = Dave, LastName = Barnett, Country = United Kingdom }
{ FirstName = Ann, LastName = Beebe, Country = United States }
{ FirstName = John, LastName = Kane, Country = United Kingdom }
{ FirstName = David, LastName = Simpson, Country = United States }
{ FirstName = Greg, LastName = Chapman, Country = United Kingdom }
{ FirstName = Tim, LastName = Litton, Country = United Kingdom }
, -

. -
,
.
, ,
, , -
addresses, -
. , -
. , -
.
558 21

-
, -
Enumerable,
System.Linq.
C#,
. ,
C# , -
LINQ, ,
SQL.
, , ,
:
IEnumerable<string> customerFirstNames =
customers.Select(cust => cust.FirstName);
, from select:
var customerFirstNames = from cust in customers

select cust.FirstName;
C# -
Select. from -
, select ,
.
. , SQL, ,
from select.
,
. ( -
,
Select.)
var customerNames = from cust in customers

select new { cust.FirstName, cust.LastName };
where.
, addresses , -
:
var usCompanies = from a in addresses

where String.Equals(a.Country, "United States")
select a.CompanyName;
LINQ C# 559
orderby:
var companyNames = from a in addresses
orderby a.CompanyName
group:
var companiesGroupedByCountry = from a in addresses
group a by a.Country;
, -
select
, :
foreach (var companiesPerCountry in companiesGroupedByCountry)
{
Console.WriteLine(
$"Country: {companiesPerCountry.Key}\t{companiesPerCountry.Count()}
companies");
foreach (var companies in companiesPerCountry)
{
Console.WriteLine($"\t{companies.CompanyName}");
}
}
, Count, -
, ,
:
int numberOfCompanies = (from a in addresses
select a.CompanyName).Count();
, . -
, Distinct:
int numberOfCountries = (from a in addresses
select a.Country).Distinct().Count();
,
.
Count :
int numberOfCompanies = addresses.Count();
join -
. ,
customers addresses CompanyName -
, join.
equals on.
560 21
LINQ
equi-joins ( ). ,
SQL,
, > <, LINQ -
.
var countriesAndCustomers = from a in addresses
join c in customers
on a.CompanyName equals c.CompanyName
select new { c.FirstName, c.LastName, a.Country };
SQL, on LINQ-
. (
from) equals,
, (
join), .
, -
LINQ
.
. , LINQ Intersect
Union,
. , Any
All,
-
.
, Take Skip.
LINQ ,
Visual Studio 2015.
Tree<TItem>
, -
.
, - IEnumerable<T>.
-
. BinaryTree,
Employee, -
LINQ. LINQ
, .
BinaryTree
Visual Studio 2015 QueryBinaryTree,

\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 21\QueryBinaryTree .
LINQ C# 561
Program.cs, Program -
Main doWork, .

QueryBinaryTree, . -
Query BinaryTree
Employee.cs .
Employee ,
:
class Employee
{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public string Department { get; set; }
public int Id { get; set; }
}
Employee
ToString. .NET Framework
,
Console.WriteLine:
class Employee
{
...
{
return
$"Id: {this.Id}, Name: {this.FirstName} {this.LastName}, Dept: {this.
Department}";
}
}
Employee , -
IComparable<Employee>:
class Employee : IComparable<Employee>
{
}
, BinaryTree ,
.
IComparable<Employee>
, , -
.
CompareTo. ,
BinaryTree ,
.
562 21
CompareTo ,
. CompareTo Employee
Id:
int IComparable<Employee>.CompareTo(Employee other)
{
if (other == null)
{
return 1;
}
if (this.Id > other.Id)

{
return 1;
}
if (this.Id < other.Id)

{
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
IComparable<T> 19.

QueryBinaryTree,
. Microsoft
Press\VCSBS\Chapter 21\BinaryTree ,
BinaryTree, . BinaryTree -
BinaryTree, 19.

QueryBinaryTree, . -
QueryBinaryTree -
. BinaryTree,
OK.
Program.cs QueryBinaryTree
, using
:
using System.Linq;
Program.cs using,
BinaryTree:
using BinaryTree;
LINQ C# 563
doWork Program // TODO:

, ,
BinaryTree:
{
Tree<Employee> empTree = new Tree<Employee>(
new Employee { Id = 1, FirstName = "Kim", LastName = "Abercrombie",
Department = "IT"});
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 2, FirstName = "Jeff", LastName = "Hay",
Department = "Marketing"});
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 4, FirstName = "Charlie", LastName = "Herb",
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 6, FirstName = "Chris", LastName = "Preston",
Department = "Sales"});
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 3, FirstName = "Dave", LastName = "Barnett",
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 5, FirstName = "Tim", LastName = "Litton",
Department="Marketing"
});
}
doWork
. Select ,
.
{
...
Console.WriteLine("List of departments");
var depts = empTree.Select(d => d.Department);
foreach (var dept in depts)

{
Console.WriteLine($"Department: {dept}");
}
}
.
:
List of departments
Department: IT
Department: Marketing
Department: Sales
Department: IT
Department: Sales
564 21
,
.
CompareTo Employee, -
Id .
Id, 1, Id,
2, ..
doWork Program , -
,
:
var depts = empTree.Select(d => d.Department).Distinct();
Distinct .
.
,
:
List of departments
Department: IT
Department: Sales

doWork , -
.
, IT-, Where.
Select , :
{
...
Console.WriteLine("\nEmployees in the IT department");
var ITEmployees =
empTree.Where(e => String.Equals(e.Department, "IT"))
.Select(emp => emp);
foreach (var emp in ITEmployees)

{
Console.WriteLine(emp);
}
}
doWork ,
. ,
LINQ C# 565
, GroupBy.
foreach , -
. foreach
:
{
...
Console.WriteLine("\nAll employees grouped by department");
var employeesByDept = empTree.GroupBy(e => e.Department);
foreach (var dept in employeesByDept)

{
Console.WriteLine($"Department: {dept.Key}");
foreach (var emp in dept)
{
Console.WriteLine($"\t{emp.FirstName} {emp.LastName}");
}
}
}
. , -
:
List of departments
Department: IT
Department: Sales
Employees in the IT department

Id: 1, Name: Kim Abercrombie, Dept: IT
Id: 4, Name: Charlie Herb, Dept: IT
All employees grouped by department

Department: IT
Kim Abercrombie
Charlie Herb
Jeff Hay
Tim Litton
Department: Sales
Dave Barnett
Chris Preston
BinaryTree
doWork , -
, ,
, from select:
566 21
// var depts = empTree.Select(d => d.Department).Distinct();

var depts = (from d in empTree
select d.Department).Distinct();
, IT-
, , :
// var ITEmployees =
// empTree.Where(e => String.Equals(e.Department, "IT"))
// .Select(emp => emp);
var ITEmployees = from e in empTree
where String.Equals(e.Department, "IT")
select e;
, , -
, ,
:
// var employeesByDept = empTree.GroupBy(e => e.Department);
var employeesByDept = from e in empTree
group e by e.Department;
. , -
, :
List of departments
Department: IT
Department: Sales
Employees in the IT department
All employees grouped by department
Department: IT
Kim Abercrombie
Charlie Herb
Jeff Hay
Tim Litton
Department: Sales
Dave Barnett
Chris Preston
LINQ
LINQ -
LINQ,
, ,
LINQ C# 567
LINQ ,
. , -
LINQ- , ,
:
. , (
) , -
:
var usCompanies = from a in addresses
addresses , ,
Where, ,
usCompanies:
foreach (string name in usCompanies)
{
}
addresses -
usCompanies (,
, ), .
.
LINQ- ,
.

. List-
LINQ ToList, .
:
var usCompanies = from a in addresses.ToList()
. -
address ,
usCompanies . LINQ
ToArray,
.
-
LINQ-
.
568 21

LINQ-
Visual Studio 2015 Program.cs
QueryBinaryTree. doWork, -
, empTree:
{
Tree<Employee> empTree = new Tree<Employee>(
new Employee { Id = 1, FirstName = "Kim", LastName = "Abercrombie",
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 2, FirstName = "Jeff", LastName = "Hay",
Department = "Marketing"});
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 4, FirstName = "Charlie", LastName = "Herb",
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 6, FirstName = "Chris", LastName = "Preston",
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 3, FirstName = "Dave", LastName = "Barnett",
empTree.Insert(
new Employee { Id = 5, FirstName = "Tim", LastName = "Litton",
Department="Marketing"});
//
...
}
,
.
, Ctrl , , K C.
doWork , -
empTree, , :
{
...
Console.WriteLine("All employees");
var allEmployees = from e in empTree
select e;
foreach (var emp in allEmployees)

{
}
...
}
LINQ C# 569
allEmployees,
, -
, .
:
{
...
empTree.Insert(new Employee
{
Id = 7,
FirstName = "David",
LastName = "Simpson",
Department = "IT"
});
Console.WriteLine("\nEmployee added");
Console.WriteLine("All employees");
foreach (var emp in allEmployees)
{
}
...
}
empTree ,
allEmployees.
. , -
:
All employees
Id: 2, Name: Jeff Hay, Dept: Marketing
Id: 3, Name: Dave Barnett, Dept: Sales
Id: 5, Name: Tim Litton, Dept: Marketing
Id: 6, Name: Chris Preston, Dept: Sales
Employee added
All employees
Id: 7, Name: David Simpson, Dept: IT
, -
allEmployees David
570 21
Simpson,
allEmployees.

, , doWork, -
, allEmployees,
:
var allEmployees = from e in empTree.ToList<Employee>()
select e;
LINQ
ToList ToArray.
, -
. , select, Employee-,
- allEmployees
List<Employee>.
. , -
:
All employees
Employee added
All employees
,
allEmployees David Simpson.
, , David
Simpson empTree.

571
LINQ -
IEnumerable<T>, -
. ,
C#.
,
.
, .
- Select -,
- , :
- var customerFirstNames = customers.Select(cust =>
cust.FirstName);
from select, -
:
var customerFirstNames =
from cust in customers
select cust.FirstName;
Where -,
- , -
, :
var usCompanies =
addresses.Where(addr =>
String.Equals(addr.Country, United States))
.Select(usComp => usComp.CompanyName);
where, :
var usCompanies =
from a in addresses
where String.Equals(a.Country, United States)
- OrderBy --
- , , ,
:
572 21
var companyNames =
addresses.OrderBy(addr => addr.CompanyName)
.Select(comp => comp.CompanyName);
orderby, :
var companyNames =
from a in addresses
orderby a.CompanyName
GroupBy --
- , , ,
:
addresses.GroupBy(addrs => addrs.Country);
group by, -
:
from a in addresses
group a by a.Country;
- Join, ,
, ,
- , :
var countriesAndCustomers =
customers
.Select(c => new { c.FirstName,
c.LastName,c.CompanyName }).
Join(addresses, custs => custs.CompanyName,
addrs => addrs.CompanyName,
(custs, addrs) => new {custs.FirstName,
custs.LastName, addrs.Country });
join, :
var countriesAndCustomers =
from a in addresses
join c in customers
on a.CompanyName equals c.CompanyName
select new { c.FirstName, c.LastName, a.Country
};
LINQ- ToList ToArray -

- , , :
var allEmployees =
from e in empTree.ToList<Employee>()
select e;
22

, :
;
;
-
;

;
-
;
-
.
(,
) (-
, + ).
. ,
.
.

, ,
.
.
, ,
574 22
. , ,
+ , .
. , *
+. , a + b * c
a + (b * c).
,
: . ,
= (
), , a = b = c -
a = (b = c).
, , . ,
(++).
, , . , -
(*).
,
, C#
. C#
,
.

.
, -
(, +), ,
(, int).
, a + b * c
a + (b * c) a, b c.
. , * (
) . *
, .
. ,
, **.
.
, -
. , 1 + 2 ,
. ,
.
575
, . ,
(.), -
. ,
.
[ ] -
.
(=) ,
.

, , -
. ,
, ,
operator . -
,
Hour, +
Hour:
struct Hour
{
public Hour(int initialValue)
{
this.value = initialValue;
}
public static Hour operator +(Hour lhs, Hour rhs)
{
return new Hour(lhs.value + rhs.value);
}
...
private int value;
}
.
(public). -
.
( static ).
. ,
virtual, abstract,
override sealed.
(, +, ) -
,
576 22
. (, C++,
, this .)
,
, .
, lhs rhs
( , (left-hand side), ,
(right-hand side), ).
+ Hour -
C# +.
C#
Hour Example(Hour a, Hour b)
{
return a + b;
}
:
Hour Example(Hour a, Hour b)
{
return Hour.operator +(a,b); //
}
, ,
C#. -
( ).
, ,
:
. operator + Hour ,
ab, Hour-.
Hour. ,
operator+ , , ( )
Hour Hour,
. , ,
,
.

, +
Hour. Hour
, Hour int. Hour
int, , , -
Hour- int Hour:
577
Hour a = ...;
int b = ...;
Hour sum = a + new Hour(b);
, , -
Hour int:
Hour a = ...;
int b = ...;
Hour sum = a + b;
a + b, ,
Hour ( a) int ( b). ,
+, Hour, -
int. :
struct Hour
{
{
}
...
{
}
public static Hour operator +(Hour lhs, int rhs)
{
return lhs + new Hour(rhs);
}
...
private int value;
}
,
Hour , int, .
, .
, + -
. ,
,
,

,
.
+ , Hour, -
, int,
. , int,
578 22
, Hour,
:
int a = ...;
Hour b = ...;
Hour sum = a + b; //
. a + b,
, b + a.
+:
struct Hour
{
{
}
...
{
return lhs + new Hour(rhs);
}
public static Hour operator +(int lhs, Hour rhs)
{
return new Hour(lhs) + rhs;
}
...
private int value;
}
, C++, ,
. -
,
.

,
-
(common language runtime (CLR)).
, ,
, -
. , , +
Hour :
{
...
}
579
-
, Microsoft Visual Basic,
Add, :
public static Hour Add(Hour lhs, int rhs)
{
...
}
(, +=) -
(, +). ,
a += b;

a = a + b;
a @= b, @ -
, a = a @ b. -
,
-
:
Hour a = ...;
int b = ...;
a += a; // , a = a + a
a += b; // , a = a + b
a += a , -
a Hour, Hour +,
Hour.
a += b, a
Hour, b int. Hour +,
Hour-, int-.
, b += a, -
, b = b + a. ,
,
Hour , int, .
580 22
C#
(++) ().
: ,
. Hour
:
struct Hour
{
...
public static Hour operator ++(Hour arg)
{
arg.value++;
return arg;
}
...
private int value;
}
,
. C# -
,
.
, . ,

Hour now = new Hour(9);
Hour postfix = now++;

Hour postfix = now;
now = Hour.operator ++(now); // , C#
, ,
, C#
Hour prefix = ++now;

Hour prefix = now;
581
,
.
, Hour
, Hour . Hour
, ,
, .
, , , ,
, ,
, Hour
, :
Hour postfix = now;
Hour , postfix = -
postfix ,
now. now postfix!
Hour , now
postfix now postfix,
.
Hour
:
class Hour
{
{
}
...
public static Hour operator ++(Hour arg)
{
return new Hour(arg.value + 1);
}
...
private int value;
}
, ++ -
. ,
582 22
. , -
,
-
. -
. ,
.

.
, Hour
!=, Hour-
==. C#
, , ==,
!= .
< >, <= >=.
.
-
. == !=
Hour :
struct Hour
{
{
}
...
public static bool operator ==(Hour lhs, Hour rhs)
{
return lhs.value == rhs.value;
}
public static bool operator !=(Hour lhs, Hour rhs)
{
return lhs.value != rhs.value;
}
...
private int value;
}
.
-
,
.
583

== !=,
Equals GetHashCode, System.Object ( System.ValueType,
). Equals
, ==. (
.) GetHashCode Microsoft
.NET Framework. (, , -
, , -,
GetHashCode.
.NET Framework, Visual Studio 2015.)
.
GetHashCode , -
.

,
.
: .
(x + yi), x -
, yi . x y
, i 1 ( yi
).
,
, ,
, .
, -
, , -
.
Microsoft .NET Framework 4.0

Complex, System.Numerics
, -
. ,
.
-
, x y -
. ,
. .22.1

, (a + bi) (c + di).
584 22
22.1
(a + bi) + (c + di) ((a + c) + (b + d)i)
(a + bi)(c + di) ((a c) + (b d)i)
(a + bi)(c + di) ((ac bd) + (bc + ad)i)
(a + bi)/(c + di) (((ac + bd)/(cc + dd)) + ((bc ad)/(cc + dd))i)
Complex
Visual Studio 2015 ComplexNumbers,

\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 22\ComplexNumbers .
.
Program.cs doWork.
ComplexNumbers.
.
ComplexNumbers Complex.cs,
. Visual Studio Complex Complex.cs
. Complex -
Real Imaginary,
.
class Complex
{
public int Real { get; set; }
public int Imaginary { get; set; }
}

.
Complex , :
class Complex
{
...
public Complex (int real, int imaginary)
{
this.Real = real;
this.Imaginary = imaginary;
}
}
585
int-
Real Imaginary. ToString, , -
:
class Complex
{
...
{
return $"({this.Real} + {this.Imaginary}i)";
}
}
,
(x+yi). Complex +,
:
class Complex
{
...
public static Complex operator +(Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
return new Complex(lhs.Real + rhs.Real, lhs.Imaginary + rhs.Imaginary);
}
}
. Complex- -
, , .22.1.
Complex-, .
Complex -:
class Complex
{
...
public static Complex operator -(Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
return new Complex(lhs.Real - rhs.Real, lhs.Imaginary - rhs.Imaginary);
}
}
, -
+.
* /:
class Complex
{
...
public static Complex operator *(Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
586 22
return new Complex(lhs.Real * rhs.Real - lhs.Imaginary * rhs.Imaginary,

lhs.Imaginary * rhs.Real + lhs.Real * rhs.Imaginary);
}
public static Complex operator /(Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
int realElement = (lhs.Real * rhs.Real + lhs.Imaginary * rhs.Imaginary) /
(rhs.Real * rhs.Real + rhs.Imaginary * rhs.Imaginary);
int imaginaryElement = (lhs.Imaginary * rhs.Real - lhs.Real *

rhs.Imaginary) / (rhs.Real * rhs.Real + rhs.Imaginary * rhs.Imaginary);
return new Complex(realElement, imaginaryElement);

}
}
, -
, . ( -
/ ,
.)
Program.cs. doWork
, ,
// TODO::

{
Complex first = new Complex(10, 4);
Complex second = new Complex(5, 2);
Console.WriteLine($"first is {first}");
Console.WriteLine($"second is {second}");
Complex temp = first + second;

Console.WriteLine($"Add: result is {temp}");
temp = first - second;

Console.WriteLine($"Subtract: result is {temp}");
temp = first * second;

Console.WriteLine($"Multiply: result is {temp}");
temp = first / second;

Console.WriteLine($"Divide: result is {temp}");
}
Complex-, -
(10 + 4i) (5 + 2i). ,
, .
. , -
, .22.1.
587
. 22.1
Visual Studio 2015.

, -
.
Complex == !=.

Visual Studio 2015 Complex.cs.
Complex == !=, :
class Complex
{
...
public static bool operator ==(Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
return lhs.Equals(rhs);
}
public static bool operator !=(Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
return !(lhs.Equals(rhs));
}
}
, Equals, -
,
. true, , false,
.
.
:
'ComplexNumbers.Complex' defines operator == or operator != but does not override
Object.Equals(object o)
'ComplexNumbers.Complex' defines operator == or operator != but does not override
Object.GetHashCode()
!= ==,
Equals GetHashCode, System.Object.
588 22
,
.
Equals Complex,
:
class Complex
{
...
public override bool Equals(Object obj)
{
if (obj is Complex)
{
Complex compare = (Complex)obj;
return (this.Real == compare.Real) &&
(this.Imaginary == compare.Imaginary);
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
}
Equals Object.
, Complex-.
, Real Imaginary -
. ,
true, false.
Complex-, false.
Equals
:
public override bool Equals(Object obj)
{
Complex compare = obj as Complex;
if (compare != null)
{
return (this.Real == compare.Real) &&
(this.Imaginary == compare.Imaginary);
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
compare != null != Complex,

Equals, .
589
GetHashCode. ,
Object, , -
:
Class Complex
{
...
public override int GetHashCode()
{
return base.GetHashCode();
}
}
. ,
- .
Program.cs doWork
, :
{
...
if (temp == first)
{
Console.WriteLine("Comparison: temp == first");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Comparison: temp != first");
}
if (temp == temp)
{
Console.WriteLine("Comparison: temp == temp");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Comparison: temp != temp");
}
}
temp == temp -
Comparison made to same variable; did you mean to compare to something
else? ( ; , -
- ?) -
, ,
, == , .
. , -
, , :
Comparison: temp != first
Comparison: temp == temp
Visual Studio 2015.

590 22
.
, double:
class Example
{
public static void MyDoubleMethod(double parameter)
{
...
}
}
, MyDoubleMethod,
double,
. C# MyDoubleMethod
- ,
double. ,
int, ,
double.

. -
, , int-
double.
:
Example.MyDoubleMethod(42); // int double
,

, , .
int double double int int-
double-.
, double- -
int-:
class Example
{
public static void MyIntMethod(int parameter)
{
...
}
}
...
Example.MyIntMethod(42.0); //
591
double int ,
. (,
, MyIntMethod 42.5.
?) double
int, ( ):
Example.MyIntMethod((int)42.0);
, -
, (
),
OverflowException,
. C# -
,
. ,
.
, -
, ,
. -
, Hour-
int-:
struct Hour
{
...
public static implicit operator int (Hour from)
{
return from.value;
}
private int value;

}
(public),
(static). , , -
( Hour), ,
,
operator ( int). ,
operator, .
,
.
592 22
implicit explicit.
Hour int, , , ,
C# ,
:
class Example
{
public static void MyOtherMethod(int parameter) { ... }
public static void Main()
{
Hour lunch = new Hour(12);
Example.MyOtherMethod(lunch); // Hour int
}
}
,
explicit, ,
.
Example.MyOtherMethod((int)lunch); // Hour int
, ?
, ,
, . -
. Hour
int Hour
int, , . , -
string Hour,
, -
Hours. ( 7 ,
Hour Hello, World?)

. , -
+ (Hour + Hour, Hour + int int + Hour)
Hour +
( Hour-) int Hour:
struct Hour
{
{
}
593

{
}
public static implicit operator Hour (int from)
{
return new Hour (from);
}
...
private int value;
}
Hour int ( ), C# -
int Hour, + Hour:
void Example(Hour a, int b)
{
Hour eg1 = a + b; // b Hour
Hour eg2 = b + a; // b Hour
}

-
Complex. ,
int Complex. -
int Complex
, int -
.
. -
Complex- int,
. ,
.

Visual Studio 2015 Complex.
cs. , Complex, -
ToString ,
. int-,
Real.
Imaginary 0:
class Complex
{
...
public Complex(int real)
594 22
{
this.Real = real;
this.Imaginary = 0;
}
...
}
Complex :
class Complex
{
...
public static implicit operator Complex(int from)
{
return new Complex(from);
}
...
}
int Complex-, -
Complex
.
Complex , -
:
class Complex
{
...
public static explicit operator int(Complex from)
{
return from.Real;
}
...
}
Complex- Real.
.
Program.cs doWork
, :
{
...
Console.WriteLine($"Current value of temp is {temp}");
if (temp == 2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Comparison after conversion: temp == 2");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Comparison after conversion: temp != 2");
595
temp += 2;
Console.WriteLine($"Value after adding 2: temp = {temp}");
}

int Complex-. if Complex- int. -
, int Complex-,
== Complex. , 2 -
temp, int- 2 Complex-,
+ Complex.
doWork :
{
...
int tempInt = temp;
Console.WriteLine($"Int value after conversion: tempInt == {tempInt}");
}
Complex- int-.
. ,
:
Cannot implicitly convert type 'ComplexNumbers.Complex' to 'int'. An explicit
conversion exists (are you missing a cast?)
, Complex- int-,
, -
.
, Complex- int-
, , :
int tempInt = (int)temp;
. ,

:
Current value of temp is (2 + 0i)
Comparison after conversion: temp == 2
Value after adding 2: temp = (4 + 0i)
Int value after conversion: tempInt == 4
Visual Studio 2015.

596 22
-
.
,
, . -
, .
,
Visual Studio 2015 23 -
.
.
, .
- public static, -
- , operator, -
, -
. , :
class Complex
{
...
public static bool operator ==(Complex lhs, Complex rhs)
{
... // ==
}
...
}
- public static,
- implicit explicit, operator ,
- , -
,
, :
class Complex
{
...
public static implicit operator Complex(int from)
{
... // int
}
...
}
IV

Windows
C#
, C#.
, -
, Windows ,
,
. ,
, Windows UWP. UWP-
, , -
.

, . Windows 10
,
, ,
, -
. , Windows 10
,
-.
IV , -
UWP-. -
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UWP-,
,
.
23

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;
Task -
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C# -
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604 23
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,
Task- Task-.
,
Action-. 20 -
, Action- ,
. Task- -
. Task-,
doWork:
Task task = new Task(doWork);
...
private void doWork()
{
//
...
}
Action , .
Task Action<object>, -
, ,
object. , , -
. :
Action<object> action;
action = doWorkWithObject;
object parameterData = ...;
Task task = new Task(action, parameterData);
...
private void doWorkWithObject(object o)
{
...
}
Task , -
Start:
Task task = new Task(...);
task.Start();
Start ,
TaskCreationOptions , -
.
TaskCreationOptions
Visual Studio
.NET Framework.
, Task
Run,
. Run Action-, -
( Task-),
. Task-.
:
Task task = Task.Run(() => doWork());
,
, , -
.
, , -
, .
Task- ContinueWith. ,
Task-, ,
Task- , ContinueWith.
, , Task-, -
. ,
ContinueWith, Task-.
Task-, doWork -
, doMoreWork ,
:
task.Start();
Task newTask = task.ContinueWith(doMoreWork);
...
{
//
...
}
...
private void doMoreWork(Task task)
{
// doWork
...
}
606 23
ContinueWith , , TaskConti
nuationOptions, , -
. TaskContinuationOptions , -
,
TaskCreationOptions. :
NotOnCanceled OnlyOnCanceled. NotOnCanceled

, ,
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;
NotOnFaulted OnlyOnFaulted. NotOnFaulted -
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.

;
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:
task.ContinueWith(doMoreWork, TaskContinuationOptions.NotOnFaulted);
task.Start();
, -
, . Task
Wait, .
,
:
Task task2 = ...
task2.Start();
...
task2.Wait(); // , task2
,
WaitAll WaitAny Task.
params, Task-. WaitAll -
, WaitAny
. :
Task.WaitAll(task, task2); // , task task2
Task.WaitAny(task, task2); // , task,
// task2
Task

Task -
, ,
, ,
,
.
GraphDemo , -
Image .
, .
-
c . ,
. ,
,
.
GraphDemo
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 GraphDemo, -
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 23\GraphDemo .
UWP.
MainPage.xaml
GraphDemo . -
Grid, ,
:
Image graphImage. -
, ;
Button () plotButton.

graphImage;
608 23
,
. UWP-
.
TextBlock duration. -
,
, .
MainPage.xaml,
MainPage.xaml.cs, .
WriteableBitmap (
Windows.UI.Xaml.Media.Imaging )
graphBitmap. WriteableBitmap-
pixelWidth pixelHeight :
public partial class MainPage : Window
{
// , pixelWidth pixelHeight
private int pixelWidth = 15000;
private int pixelHeight = 10000;
private WriteableBitmap graphBitmap = null;

...
}

8 .
, pixelWidth pixelHeight,
OutOfMemoryException.
, -
, , -
.
MainPage:
public MainPage()
{
...
int dataSize = bytesPerPixel * pixelWidth * pixelHeight;
data = new byte[dataSize];
graphBitmap = new WriteableBitmap(pixelWidth, pixelHeight);

}
,
. -
WriteableBitmap-, pixelWidth pixelHeight.
, ,
: WriteableBitmap -
4, ,
-.
(- .)
WriteableBitmap- -
.
plotButton_Click:
private void plotButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
Random rand = new Random();
redValue = (byte)rand.Next(0xFF);
greenValue = (byte)rand.Next(0xFF);
blueValue = (byte)rand.Next(0xFF);
Stopwatch watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
generateGraphData(data);
duration.Text = $"Duration (ms): {watch.ElapsedMilliseconds}";
Stream pixelStream = graphBitmap.PixelBuffer.AsStream();

pixelStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
pixelStream.Write(data, 0, data.Length);
graphBitmap.Invalidate();
graphImage.Source = graphBitmap;
}
, plotButton.
, ,

,
. (
.)
watch System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch -.
StopWatch .
StartNew, StopWatch,
StopWatch . StopWatch-
, ElapsedMilliseconds.
generateGraphData ,
WriteableBitmap.
.
generateGraphData
() TextBox duration.
, ,
WriteableBitmap- .
610 23
,
PixelBuffer
WriteableBitmap. Write
. Invalidate -
WriteableBitmap ,
, .
Source Image ,
.
Source WriteableBitmap.
generateGraphData:
private void generateGraphData(byte[] data)
{
int a = pixelWidth / 2;
int b = a * a;
int c = pixelHeight / 2;
for (int x = 0; x < a; x ++)

{
int s = x * x;
double p = Math.Sqrt(b - s);
for (double i = -p; i < p; i += 3)
{
double r = Math.Sqrt(s + i * i) / a;
double q = (r - 1) * Math.Sin(24 * r);
double y = i / 3 + (q * c);
plotXY(data, (int)(-x + (pixelWidth / 2)), (int)(y +
(pixelHeight / 2)));
plotXY(data, (int)(x + (pixelWidth / 2)), (int)(y +
}
}
}
-
. ( ,
.)
plotXY , -
.
x, , plotXY
: x-,
.
plotXY:
private void plotXY(byte[] data, int x, int y)
{
int pixelIndex = (x + y * pixelWidth) * bytesPerPixel;
data[pixelIndex] = blueValue;
data[pixelIndex + 1] = greenValue;
data[pixelIndex + 2] = redValue;
data[pixelIndex + 3] = 0xBF;
}
, -
x- y-, .
, ,
, 4. , ,
. 0xBF -
, -
. , ,
0xFF ( ),
.
,
.
Graph Demo, Plot Graph ( -
) . .
-
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24.) .23.1. -
Duration(ms).
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612 23
. 23.1
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.
.
(Performance) -
. ,
(More Details).
(CPU), (Change
Graph To), (Overall Utilization).

, .
-
.23.2.
Graph Demo
, ,
. -
, Graph Demo Plot Graph.
. 23.2
-
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614 23
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GraphDemo
( generateGraphData)
. , -

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Visual Studio.
-
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.
Visual
Studio 2015 Community Edition .
Visual Studio ,
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(.23.4).
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616 23

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GraphDemo.
,
.
GraphDemo.
Plot Graph -
. ,
GraphDemo.
Visual Studio , -
,
(.23.5).
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(
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. ,
.
98% plotButton_Click, 91,06% -
generateGraphData 35,93% plotXY.
(23,54%)
(coreclr.dll).
,
( -
) ,
.
GraphDemo.MainPage.generateGraphData.
, , -
, ,
(.23.6).
, for -
.
. 23.6
618 23
GraphDemo
Task-
Visual Studio 2015 MainPage.
xaml.cs. generateGraphData.
. -
for-, x
,
:
{
int b = a * a;
for (int x = 0; x < a; x ++)
{
int s = x * x;
{
double y = i / 3 + (q * c);
}
}
}
, , -
, .
, ,
.
generateGraphData,
int- partitionStart partitionEnd, -
, :
private void generateGraphData(byte[] data, int partitionStart,
int partitionEnd)
{
...
}
generateGraphData for -
partitionStart partitionEnd, , -
:

int partitionEnd)
{
...
for (int x = partitionStart; x < partitionEnd; x++)
{
...
}
}
MainPage.xaml.cs -
using:
plotButton_Click ,
generateGraphData, -
, Task :
...
// generateGraphData(data);
Task first = Task.Run(() => generateGraphData(data, 0, pixelWidth / 4));
...
, -.
partitionStart partitionEnd , Task-
. ( -
, 0
pixelWidth / 2.)
, ,
Task:
...
Task second = Task.Run(() => generateGraphData(data, pixelWidth / 4,
pixelWidth / 2));
...
Task- generateGraphData
pixelWidth / 4 pixelWidth / 2.
, ,
,
Task-:
pixelWidth / 2));
Task.WaitAll(first, second);
...
620 23
,
. ,
,
.
Graph Demo Plot Graph.
.
,
.
, , -
.
, , .
2858 , 40%.
, ,
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.
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.

Plot Graph 50%. ,
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100% (.23.7).
,
,
, Task -,
plotButton_Click , , -
:
...
pixelWidth / 4));
Task third = Task.Run(() => generateGraphData(data, pixelWidth / 4,
pixelWidth * 3 / 8));
Task fourth = Task.Run(() => generateGraphData(data, pixelWidth * 3 / 8,
pixelWidth / 2));
Task.WaitAll(first, second, third, fourth);
...
. 23.7
,
.
, ,
CLR, .

Parallel
Task -
, .
Task-,
. , :
-
.
, .
Parallel,
,
622 23
. , Parallel -
Task-
. Parallel
System.Threading.Tasks ,
,
. :
Parallel.For. C# -
for. , -
.
, :
, , -
.
,
, ,
. , , for,
:
for (int x = 0; x < 100; x++)
{
//
}
, ,
Parallel.For,
:
Parallel.For(0, 100, performLoopProcessing);
...
private void performLoopProcessing(int x)
{
//
}
Parallel.For,
, , -
, For,
ParallelLoopState-,

. ( ParallelLoopState
.)
Parallel.ForEach<T>. -
C# foreach. For, ForEach
, .
, - IEnumerable<T>,
, T. -
,
. ,
-
,
ForEach.
Parallel.Invoke.

.
( -), -
.
. , -
:
doWork();
doMoreWork();
doYetMoreWork();
, -
:
Parallel.Invoke(
doWork,
doMoreWork,
doYetMoreWork
);
, Parallel
, .
, Parallel.For , -
1000 , Parallel
1000 (
). Parallel -
,
.
,
,
. -
,
, ,
, .

GraphDemo
Parallel.
624 23
Parallel
GraphDemo
Visual Studio 2015 GraphDemo,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 23\Parallel GraphDemo .
GraphDemo .
GraphDemo, ,
MainPage.xaml MainPage.xaml.cs,
.
using:
generateGraphData. :
{
int b = a * a;
for (int x = 0; x < a; x++)

{
int s = x * x;
{
double y = i / 3 + (q * c);
}
}
}
for, -
x.
, i,
- , i, -
. ( Parallel , -
.) ,
, , , -
, , ,
. ,
-
,
. ,
,
.
for
void- calculateData. int-
x data. , -
, a, b c, generateGraphData
calculateData. generateGraphData
calculateData (
):
{
for (int x = 0; x < a; x++)
{
}
}
private void calculateData(int x, byte[] data)
{
int b = a * a;
int s = x * x;
{
double y = i / 3 + (q * c);
plotXY(data, (int)(-x + (pixelWidth / 2)), (int)(y + (pixelHeight / 2)));
plotXY(data, (int)(x + (pixelWidth / 2)), (int)(y + (pixelHeight / 2)));
}
}
generateGraphData for , -
Parallel.For:
{
Parallel.For(0, pixelWidth / 2, x => calculateData(x, data));
}

for. 0 pixelWidth / 2 1 .
,
. Parallel.For ,
. , -
Parallel.For ,
626 23
. ,
. calculateData
, :
. -
-, ,
calculateData .
,
.
Graph Demo Plot Graph. Graph Demo
, , .
, .
,
, , Task-
(, , , -
). , ,
100% -
, , - (.23.8).
Visual Studio .
. 23.8
Parallel
, -
.NET Framework Microsoft
, Parallel ,
, ,
. Parallel

.
-
,
. ,
, , -
.

, .
,
. Parallel.
Invoke , , -
. Parallel.Invoke ,
,
.
Parallel
, .
, Parallel.For -
, ,
.
, , (
ParallelLoop, \Microsoft Press\
VCSBS\Chapter 23\ParallelLoop ):
using System;
using System.Threading;
namespace ParallelLoop
{
class Program
{
private static int accumulator = 0;

{
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
628 23
{
AddToAccumulator(i);
}
Console.WriteLine($"Accumulator is {accumulator}");
}
private static void AddToAccumulator(int data)

{
if ((accumulator % 2) == 0)
{
accumulator += data;
}
else
{
accumulator -= data;
}
}
}
}
0 99
AddToAccumulator.
accumulator , ,
accumulator, -
.
. 100.
,
for Main
Parallel.For:

{
Parallel.For (0, 100, AddToAccumulator);
Console.WriteLine($"Accumulator is {accumulator}");
}
, ,
AddToAccumulator, -
. ( -
, , , -
accumulator .) ,
AddToAccumulator, , -
,
. -

, AddToAccumulator -
.NET Framework
.
629
AddToAccumulator (
), :
private static void AddToAccumulator(int data)
{
if ((accumulator % 2) == 0)
{
accumulator += data;
Thread.Sleep(10); // 10
}
else
{
accumulator -= data;
}
}
Thread.Sleep
. , -
,
Parallel, ,
.
Parallel.For Parallel.ForEach
, -
.
Parallel.Invoke:

, -
.

, -
,
. ,
.
Task ,
, -
, .

.
,
630 23
. , ,
System.Threading.CancellationToken. ,
, IsCancellationRequested
true. , , -
.
true, , . ,
, , , ,
. -
, .
,
-
.
10, 1 .
CancellationToken System.
Threading.CancellationTokenSource Token .
CancellationToken-
, , -
. ,
Cancel CancellationTokenSource.
IsCancellationRequested CancellationToken, -
.
,
. initiateTasks
cancellationTokenSource CancellationToken-
, . ,
doWork. Cancel, -
, .
doWork IsCancellationRequested,
. true, ,
.
public class MyApplication
{
...
// ,
private void initiateTasks()
{
//
CancellationTokenSource cancellationTokenSource = new
CancellationTokenSource();
CancellationToken cancellationToken = cancellationTokenSource.Token;
// doWork
Task myTask = Task.Run(() => doWork(cancellationToken));
631
...
if (...)
{
//
cancellationTokenSource.Cancel();
}
...
}
// ,
private void doWork(CancellationToken token)
{
...
// true,
if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
{
//
...
return;
}
// ,
...
}
}

: -
CancellationToken-.
CancellationTokenSource , -
IsCancellationRequested true
.
Register , -
( Action-) . -
Cancel
CancellationTokenSource, .

-
:
...
cancellationToken,Register(doAdditionalWork);
...
private void doAdditionalWork()
{
//
}

GraphDemo.
632 23
GraphDemo
Visual Studio 2015 GraphDemo,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 23\GraphDemo With Cancellation
.
GraphDemo ,

. cancelButton, -
,
.
GraphDemo
MainPage.xaml, .
Cancel ().
MainPage.xaml.cs. Button_Click.
, Cancel ().
.
using:
,
.
MainPage CancellationTokenSource
tokenSource , ,
null:
{
...
private byte redValue, greenValue, blueValue;
private CancellationTokenSource tokenSource = null;
...
}
generateGraphData
CancellationToken token, -
:
int partitionEnd, CancellationToken token)
{
...
}
633
for generateGraphData
, , .
, ,
:
{
int b = a * a;
for (int x = partitionStart; x < partitionEnd; x ++)

{
int s = x * x;
{
if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
{
return;
}
double y = i / 3 + (q * c);
}
}
}
plotButton_Click ,
, tokenSource
CancellationToken- token:

{
tokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();

CancellationToken token = tokenSource.Token;
...
}
, ,
generateGraphData token:
634 23
...
Task first = Task.Run(() => generateGraphData(data, 0, pixelWidth / 4,
token));
pixelWidth / 2, token));
...
plotButton_Click
async, :
private async void plotButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)

{
...
}
plotButton_Click Task.WaitAll,
,
, , -
await:
...
// Task.WaitAll(first, second);
await first;
await second;
duration.Text = string.Format(...);
...
, ,
Windows. -
,
, ,
,
(
). Task.WaitAll
Cancel
, Cancel ,
Plot Graph,
. ,
, Plot Graph, -
,
plotButton_Click
.
,
await. , -
async.
635
.
, , -
. await -
.
, ,
, ,
TextBlock duration. await ,
, , await
.
async await -
24.
cancelButton_Click. ,
:
private void cancelButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (tokenSource != null)
{
tokenSource.Cancel();
}
}
tokenSource. -
, Cancel.
,
.
GraphDemo Plot Graph ,
, . , -
, .
, generateGraphData.
Plot Graph ,
Cancel.
Cancel , -
,
, .
,
(.23.9). ( ,
- , ,
Cancel.)
Visual Studio .
636 23
. 23.9
Status Task, ,
. Status -
System.Threading.Tasks.TaskStatus. ,
, (
).
Created. . ,
.
WaitingToRun. ,
.
Running. .
RanToCompletion. - -
.
Canceled. , ,
.
Faulted. -
.

, .
637
FOR LOOP
Parallel.For Parallel.ForEach
Task-. , -
, .NET Framework

.
Parallel.For Parallel.ForEach ,
ParallelLoopState. , -
, ParallelLoopState.
Parallel ParallelLoopState- -
. Parallel
. Stop ,
Parallel ,
, .
Parallel.For, doLoopWork.
doLoopWork : 600,
Stop ParallelLoopState. ,
Parallel.For . (
.)
, Parallel.For -
. ,
600 , 599
. , -
600:
Parallel.For(0, 1000, doLoopWork);
...
private void doLoopWork(int i, ParallelLoopState p)
{
...
if (i > 600)
{
p.Stop();
}
}

Visual Studio MainPage.xaml.
XAML- MainPage , -
, </Grid>-:
<Image x:Name="graphImage" Grid.Column="1" Stretch="Fill" />
</Grid>
<TextBlock x:Name="messages" Grid.Row="4" FontSize="18"
HorizontalAlignment="Left"/>
</Grid>
</Page>
638 23

TextBlock messages.
MainPage.xaml.cs plotButton_
Click . , .
,
,
messages TextBlock,
.
{
...
await first;
await second;
string message = $"Status of tasks is {first.Status}, {second.Status}";

messages.Text = message;
...
}
.
GraphDemo Plot Graph, Cancel.
, (
),
RanToCompletion.
GraphDemo Plot Graph, -

Cancel.
, -
RanToCompletion, -
(.23.10).
, ,
, , ,
. .NET Framework ,
,
.
Visual Studio .
, , -
?
CancellationToken, , -
. CancellationToken Throw-
639
. 23.10
IfCancellationRequested. IsCancellationRequested
: true,
OperationCanceledException , -
.
, , -
, . -
,
Faulted. , OperationCanceledException.
Canceled, -
. OperationCanceledException,
?
. -
, OperationCanceledException
, , ,
, . ,
. -
, ,
- .
. ,
, GraphDemo.
640 23
generateGraphData ( -
), Run:
...
Task first = Task.Run(() => generateGraphData(data, 0, pixelWidth / 4, token),
token);
, , ,
OperationCanceledException , , ,
CancellationToken. -
,
Canceled. await,

OperationCanceledException. -
.

OperationCanceledException
Visual Studio ,
MainPage.xaml.cs. plotButton_Click -
, ,
CancellationToken-
Run ( generateGraphData):
{
...
...
Task first = Task.Run(() => generateGraphData(data, 0, pixelWidth / 4,
token), token);
pixelWidth / 2, token), token);
...
}
, ,
, try .
catch, OperationCanceledException. -
TextBlock
641
duration ,
Message .
:
{
...
try
{
await first;
await second;

}
catch (OperationCanceledException oce)
{
duration.Text = oce.Message;
}
string message = $"Status of tasks is {first.Status, {second.Status}";

...
}
generateGraphData if,
IsCancellationRequested CancellationToken, -
, ,
ThrowIfCancellationRequested:
{
...
for (int x = partitionStart; x < partitionEnd; x++);
{
...
{
//if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
//{
// return;
//}
token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
...
}
}
...
}
-
. Common
642 23
Language Runtime Exceptions. Common

Language Runtime Exceptions , Continue When Unhandled
in User Code ( )
(.23.11).
. 23.11
, Visual Studio
OperationCanceledException,
.
.
Graph Demo Plot Graph, -
,
RanToCompletion .
Plot Graph Cancel.
,
Canceled, TextBox
duration The operation was canceled, -
.
, (.23.12).
Visual Studio .
-
.
,
OK.
643
. 23.12

AGGREGATEEXCEPTION
, -
.
, ,
, -
, , -
. -
, .
,
OperationCanceledException, .
, ,
.
,
.

Task ( Wait Task.
WaitAll Task.WaitAny), , , -
, ,
AggregateException.
.
.
644 23
AggregateException, -

. AggregateException
Handle. Func<Exception,
bool>, ,
Exception . Handle
AggregateException
, .
.
, true. ,
false. Handle , -

AggregateException.
.
, -
AggregateException.
DivideByZeroException
Division by zero occurred
IndexOutOfRangeException
Array index out of bounds.
.
private bool handleException(Exception e)
{
if (e is DivideByZeroException)
{
displayErrorMessage("Division by zero occurred");
return true;
}
if (e is IndexOutOfRangeException)
{
displayErrorMessage("Array index out of bounds");
return true;
}
return false;
}
Task, -
AggregateException handleException:
try
{
Task first = Task.Run(...);
Task second = Task.Run(...);
Task.WaitAll(first, second);
}
catch (AggregateException ae)
{
ae.Handle(handleException);
}
645
DivideByZeroException
IndexOutOfRangeException, handleException -
, .

AggregateException .
, . ,
CLR OperationCanceledException, -
, -
await.
Task, TaskCanceledException,
,
AggregateException.
,
, , -
ContinueWith TaskContinuationOptions-
. , ,
doWork. , ContinueWith ,
, doCancellationWork.

. ,
.
task.ContinueWith(doCancellationWork, TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnCanceled);
task.Start();
...
{
//
...
}
...
private void doCancellationWork(Task task)
{
// , doWork
...
}
, TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnFaulted,
, -
, .
646 23
, , -
-
. , Task

.
Parallel
, ,
.

, -
.
,
.
, .
, -
Run Task:
Task task = Task.Run(() => doWork());
...
{
//
...
}
Task-, -
, Start:
task.Start();
- Wait Task:
Task task = ...;
...
task.Wait();
await ( async-):
await task;
647
- WaitAll Task -
, :
Task task1 = ...;
Task task2 = ...;
Task task3 = ...;
Task task4 = ...;
...
Task.WaitAll(task1, task2, task3, task4);
ContinueWith
- , :
, Task task = new Task(doWork);
- task.ContinueWith(doMoreWork,
TaskContinuationOptions.NotOnFaulted);
- -
- Parallel.For Parallel.ForEach:
Parallel.For(0, 100, performLoopProcessing);
...
private void performLoopProcessing(int x)
- {
//
}
-
Parallel.
Invoke:
Parallel.Invoke(
doWork,
doMoreWork,
doYetMoreWork
);
- AggregateException.
, Handle ,
- AggregateException.
, -
true, , false:
try
{
Task task = Task.Run(...);
task.Wait();
...
}
catch (AggregateException ae)
{
ae.Handle(handleException);
}
648 23
...
private bool handleException(Exception e)
{
if (e is TaskCanceledException)
{
...
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}

CancellationTokenSource-
CancellationToken- , .
ThrowIfCancellationRequested,
CancellationToken,
OperationCanceledException -
:
private void generateGraphData(...,
CancellationToken
token)
{
...
token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
...
}
24

, :

,
,
- ;
, ,
LINQ-, ;
-

.
23 -
Task
,
. ,
-
, -
.
, Windows
,
,
. ,
,
(, , , -
- ,
650 24
-),
,
, , ,
. :
,
.
, , -
. , 21 ,
, ,
, , ,
C# (Language-Integrated Query (LINQ)). -
LINQ- ,
.
, ,
, LINQ- .

, ,

,
, . -
Microsoft .NET Framework LINQ -
, Parallel LINQ,
PLINQ. .

, ,
. ,
,
-
. -
, ,
,
,
, , -
.
, ,
.NET Framework . C#
async await, -
,
( ),
.
651

,
,
- . -
, -
,
.
,
, 12 . , ,
,
. ,
, ,
-. -
, , -
, -,
.
- , -
.
, ,
.
, -
- ,
- (Synchronous I/O anti-pattern) -
Microsoft Patterns & Practices https://github.com/
mspnp/performance-optimization/tree/master/SynchronousIO.

,
Task-. : -
Start Run, Task,
(common language runtime (CLR))
-
, -
.
.
,
.
,
Wait-, Task-.
, , .
, , -
. .NET Framework
652 24
, -
.
, .
Task- -
,
,
. -
, , ,
, ,
TextBox:
private void slowMethod()
{
doFirstLongRunningOperation();
doSecondLongRunningOperation();
doThirdLongRunningOperation();
message.Text = "Processing Completed";
}
private void doFirstLongRunningOperation()

{
...
}
private void doSecondLongRunningOperation()

{
...
}
private void doThirdLongRunningOperation()

{
...
}
slowMethod - -
(, Click
),
.
slowMethod Task-
, doFirstLongRunningOperation
,
doSecondLongRunningOperation doThirdLongRunningOperation:

{
Task task = new Task(doFirstLongRunningOperation);
task.ContinueWith(doSecondLongRunningOperation);
task.ContinueWith(doThirdLongRunningOperation);
653
task.Start();
message.Text = "Processing Completed"; // ?
}
private void doFirstLongRunningOperation()

{
...
}
private void doSecondLongRunningOperation(Task t)

{
...
}
private void doThirdLongRunningOperation(Task t)

{
...
}
,
. , doSecond
LongRunningOperation doThirdLongRunningOperation ,
(
Task-, ). -
: TextBox?.
, :
Start Task, -
, , ,
.
, .
. ,
:
{
task.Start();
task.Wait();
message.Text = "Processing Completed";
}
Wait , slowMethod,
Task.
- Wait -
.
654 24
,
-
doThirdLongRunningOperation, Wait
.
, ( , -
Task- ,
t):

{
task.ContinueWith((t) => message.Text = "Processing Complete");
task.Start();
}
, .
, , -
System.Exception
, ,
: The application called an interface that was marshaled for a
different thread. , -
,
TextBox
, , Task-. -
Dispatcher-.
,
RunAsync
. Action-
, . ,
Dispatcher- RunAsync, ,
, ,
,
slowMethod:

{
task.ContinueWith((t) => this.Dispatcher.RunAsync(
CoreDispatcherPriority.Normal,
() => message.Text = "Processing Complete"));
task.Start();
}
655
,
. (), -
(, RunAsync).
Dispatcher
RunAsync - Microsoft https://msdn.
microsoft.com/library/windows.ui.core.coredispatcher.runasync.
:
async await C# ,
, -
. ,
Dispatcher-
. :
async , ,
;
await ,
.
slowMethod, -
async await :
private async void slowMethod()
{
await doFirstLongRunningOperation();
await doSecondLongRunningOperation();
await doThirdLongRunningOperation();
message.Text = "Processing Complete";
}
,
async await.
, C#.
, async, -
await, ,
, , ,
async-. ,
, . ,
, async-, ,
,
, , ,
Dispatcher-.
656 24
, -
.
async ,
. -
,
. ,
, .
await , C# -
. await
, . ,
GetAwaiter, ,
-
. C# ,
.
await async.
async-
( await, ).
await , ,
, Task . ,
doFirstLongRunningOperation ,
doSecondLongRunningOperation doThirdLongRunningOperation. ,
-
Task- Task-.
doFirstLongRunningOperation:
private Task doFirstLongRunningOperation()
{
Task t = Task.Run(() => { /* */ });
return t;
}
, ,
doFirstLongRunningOperation,
. ,
(Task-) , 23.
Task- ?
private Task doFirstLongRunningOperation()
{
Task first = Task.Run(() => { /* */ });
Task second = Task.Run(() => { /* */ });
return ...; // , first second?
}
657
first, await slowMethod

, second. -
, second.
doFirstLongRunningOperation async
await :
private async Task doFirstLongRunningOperation()
{
Task first = Task.Run(() => { /* */ });
Task second = Task.Run(() => { /* */ });
await first;
await second;
}
, , await, ,
,
, ,
. , async-,
, (
, -
). , doFirstLongRunningOperation
first second, -
await , first,
, second, -
async .
, -
,
(, ,
).
await async-, -
Task-, .
.
, async-
await : This async method lacks await
operators and will run synchronously.
async ,
, -
await.
GraphDemo
23 ,

.
658 24
GraphDemo

Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 GraphDemo, -
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 24\GraphDemo .
MainPage.xaml -
MainPage.xaml.cs.
MainPage plotButton_Click.
:
{

try
{
generateGraphData(data, 0, pixelWidth / 2, token);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException oce)
{
duration.Text = oce.Message;
}
graphBitmap.Invalidate();
graphImage.Source = graphBitmap;
}
.
generateGraphData
, Task , -
, .
23 -
pixelWidth pixelHeight, ,
, .
. GraphDemo
Plot Graph. Cancel.
659
, -
. ,
plotButton_Click , ,
, .
Visual Studio .
, MainPage,
generateGraphData generateGraphDataAsync.
,
generateGraphData, void Task-. -
async, :
private async Task generateGraphDataAsync(byte[] data,
int partitionStart, int partitionEnd,
CancellationToken token)
{
}

Async.
generateGraphDataAsync , -
:
private async Task generateGraphDataAsync(byte[] data, int partitionStart, int
partitionEnd, CancellationToken token)
{
Task task = Task.Run(() => generateGraphData(data, partitionStart,
partitionEnd,token));
await task;
}
Task-, generateGraphData -
await Task-. -
, await,
, .
plotButton_Click ,
, , async:
{
...
}
try plotButton_Click ,
,
generateGraphDataAsync :
660 24
try
{
await generateGraphDataAsync(data, 0, pixelWidth / 2, token);
duration.Text = $"Duration (ms): {watch.ElapsedMilliseconds}");
}
...
-
. Common Language
Runtime Exceptions. Common Language
Runtime Exceptions ,
.
. GraphDemo
Plot Graph , -
.
Plot Graph, Cancel.
.
, TextBlock
duration : The operation
was cancelled (.24.1).
Visual Studio .
. 24.1
661
-
Task-, .
, .
- Task<TResult>, , TResult,
.
Task<TResult> ,
Task-. , -
. , calculateValue,
, .
Task<int>.
, , Result,
Task<int>-.
, Result
. , -
: Result
, :
Task<int> calculateValueTask = Task.Run(() => calculateValue(...));
...
int calculatedData = calculateValueTask.Result; //
// calculateValueTask
...
private int calculateValue(...)
{
int someValue;
// someValue
...
return someValue;
}
- Task<TResult>
, .
, void-
Task-. , ,
,
calculateValue, Task<TResult>:
private async Task<int> calculateValueAsync(...)

{
// calculateValue Task
Task<int> generateResultTask = Task.Run(() => calculateValue(...));
await generateResultTask;
return generateResultTask.Result;
}
662 24
,
Task<int>, return int. -
, async-
Task-,
, generateResultTask.Result;.
int,
Task<int>.
, , -
await:
int result = await calculateValueAsync(...);
Task- -
calculateValueAsync result.
,
, async await
. .
async, , -
. ,
, .
await ,
,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
-
.
await
Wait,
, .
, await ,
,
. , .
,
, , -
ConfigureAwait(false). -
, -
.
663
ConfigureAwait(false) , ,
await, .
ConfigureAwait(false) -
await , ,
, .
, Text -
, ,
, , -
: The application called an interface that was
marshaled for a different thread.
private async void slowMethod()
{
await doFirstLongRunningOperation().ConfigureAwait(false);
await doSecondLongRunningOperation().ConfigureAwait(false);
await doThirdLongRunningOperation().ConfigureAwait(false);
message.Text = "Processing Complete";
}
,
,
-
. :
private async void myMethod()
{
var data = generateResult();
...
message.Text = $"result: {data.Result}";
}
private async Task<string> generateResult()

{
string result;
...
result = ...
return result;
}
generateResult .
myMethod ,
generateResult, data.Result. -
data , Result
, ,
generateResult.
, , ,
generateResult, ,
( ),
664 24
. myMethod -
, generateResult,
generateResult ,
myMethod.
await -
, generateResult.
:
private async void myMethod()
{
var data = generateResult();
...
message.Text = $"result: {await data}";
}
API-
WindowsRuntime
Windows 8
, -
WinRT , ,
50 , -
API-.
. ,
MessageDialog.
ShowAsync:
using Windows.UI.Popups;
...
MessageDialog dlg = new MessageDialog("Message to user");
await dlg.ShowAsync();
MessageDialog , -
Close (),
.
( Close,
),
(,
), .
MessageDialog ShowAsync,
,
dlg.ShowAsync() await.
-
FileOpenPicker , 5
665
. FileOpenPicker -
,
. MessageDialog,
,
.
, FileOpenPicker , -
,
:
using Windows.Storage;
using Windows.Storage.Pickers;
...
FileOpenPicker fp = new FileOpenPicker();
fp.SuggestedStartLocation = PickerLocationId.DocumentsLibrary;
fp.ViewMode = PickerViewMode.List;
fp.FileTypeFilter.Add("*");
StorageFile file = await fp.PickSingleFileAsync();
, PickSingle
FileAsync. , -
. (
FileOpenPicker PickMultipleFilesAsync,
.) ,
, Task<StorageFile>, await
StorageFile. StorageFile
,
. , -
.
, PickSingleFileAsync
IAsyncOperation<StorageFile>. WinRT
Task- .NET Framework
; IAsyncOperation Task. -
C#,
Task-, , -
WinRT.
-
-, StorageFile
, ,
. , 5,
, FileOpenPicker-,
:
StorageFile file = await fp.PickSingleFileAsync();
...
var fileStream = await file.OpenAsync(FileAccessMode.Read);
666 24
, , -
, ,
. ,
,
, .
. ,
WriteableBitmap,
AsStream Stream (
). Write:
...
...
pixelWidth pixelHeight
, , ,
570 (15000100004 ), Write
. -
, WriteAsync:
await pixelStream.WriteAsync(data, 0, data.Length);
, Windows,
,
.
IASYNCRESULT
.NET FRAMEWORK

.NET Framework , -
Task .NET Framework 4.0. ,
, Microsoft
IAsyncResult AsyncCallback.
, ,
,
.NET Framework
: , , -
,
(BeginOperationName) (EndOperationName), -
. , MemoryStream
System.IO Write
,
BeginWrite EndWrite .
667
BeginWrite , ,
, -
,
AsyncCallback-.
,
, EndWrite. -
:
...
Byte[] buffer = ...; // MemoryStream
MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream();
AsyncCallback callback = new AsyncCallback(handleWriteCompleted);
ms.BeginWrite(buffer, 0, buffer.Length, callback, ms);
...
private void handleWriteCompleted(IAsyncResult ar)
{
MemoryStream ms = ar.AsyncState as MemoryStream;
... //
ms.EndWrite(ar);
}
(handleWriteCompleted) IAsync
Result-, -
.
, ,
, BeginOperationName.
MemoryStream.
-
,
. ,
.
Task-
FromAsync, TaskFactory.
BeginOperationName EndOperationName , -
, Task-.
AsyncCallback-,
FromAsync. , ,
, :
...
Byte[] buffer = ...;
MemoryStream s = new MemoryStream();
Task t = Task<int>.Factory.FromAsync(s.Beginwrite, s.EndWrite, buffer, 0,
buffer.Length, null);
t.Start();
await t;
...
, -
, ,
.NET Framework.
668 24
PLINQ

, ,
. , -
.
LINQ -
,
. PLINQ LINQ- ,
Task-,
.
PLINQ -
, ,
. ,
, ,
. PLINQ ,
, ,
, , -
, .
PLINQ .
LINQ- PLINQ-
AsParallel. ParallelQuery-,
, ,
LINQ-,
join where. LINQ-
LINQ- -
, .
, AsParallel . ,
, LINQ-
, .
PLINQ ,
, .
.
PLINQ

. LINQ-, -
,
PLINQ 669
. -
, -
.
,
.
.
, .
, , -
, IList<T>.
LINQ-
Visual Studio 2015 PLINQ,

\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 24\PLINQ .
Program.cs PLINQ,
. ,
, . . Program -
Test1 Test2, ,
. Main
.
: LINQ- (
),
.
, .
Test1. ,
, 0
200. ,
.
TO DO LINQ-,
:
// TO DO: LINQ-, 100
var over100 = from n in numbers
where TestIfTrue(n > 100)
select n;
LINQ-
100. n > 100 -
, , -
, TestIfTrue,
, SpinWait. SpinWait
670 24
-
, ,
( ). TestIfTrue
:
public static bool TestIfTrue(bool expr)
{
Thread.SpinWait(1000);
return expr;
}
Test1 TO DO ,
:
// TO DO: Run the LINQ query, and save the results in a List<int> object
List<int> numbersOver100 = new List<int>(over100);
, LINQ- ,
,
. List<int>
over100.
Test1 TO DO , -
:
// TO DO: Display the results
Console.WriteLine($"There are {numbersOver100.Count} numbers over 100");
.
Test1 , -
100.
.
, , 100,
( ,
). , -
Visual Studio.
, , LINQ-, -
,
. ,
, , LINQ-,
AsParallel numbers:
var over100 = from n in numbers.AsParallel()
where TestIfTrue(n > 100)
select n;
PLINQ 671
-
, ,
, .
-
.
. ,
, Test1 , , ,
, , .
.
( -
), , 4045%.
, (
10,3 2,8 ).
Visual Studio.
, -
LINQ-.
, -
, , ,
. .
.
LINQ-,
.
, .
LINQ-,

Data.cs, -
CustomersInMemory.
Customers.
Customers ,
. -
, ,
, . -
, , ,
, , .
OrdersInMemory. CustomersInMemory,
, Orders.
,
, .
672 24
OrderInfo. : ,
, . -
OrderInfo , Customers
Orders, LINQ-.
Program.cs Program
Test2 . LINQ-,
Customers Orders -
, .
OrderInfo.
try- TO DO , -
:
// TO DO: Create a LINQ query that retrieves customers and orders from arrays
// Store each row returned in an OrderInfo object
var orderInfoQuery = from c in CustomersInMemory.Customers
join o in OrdersInMemory.Orders
on c.Split(',')[0] equals o.Split(',')[1]
select new OrderInfo
{
CustomerID = c.Split(',')[0],
CompanyName = c.Split(',')[1],
OrderID = Convert.ToInt32(o.Split(',')[0]),
OrderDate = Convert.ToDateTime(o.Split(',')[2],
new CultureInfo("en-US"))
};
LINQ-. ,

Split, String. ,
. ,
United States English, , OrderInfo-,
DateTime, United States English.
,
.
.
Test2 TO DO , -
:
// TO DO: Run the LINQ query, and save the results in a List<OrderInfo> object
List<OrderInfo> orderInfo = new List<OrderInfo>(orderInfoQuery);
orderInfo.
TO DO ,
:
// TO DO: Display the results
Console.WriteLine($"There are {orderInfo.Count} orders");
PLINQ 673
Main , Test1, -
, Test2,
:
{
// Test1();
Test2();
}
.
, Test2 830 , -
.
, Visual Studio.
Test2 , , -
LINQ- AsParallel Customers
Orders:
var orderInfoQuery = from c in CustomersInMemory.Customers.AsParallel()
join o in OrdersInMemory.Orders.AsParallel()
on c.Split(',')[0] equals o.Split(',')[1]
select new OrderInfo
{
CustomerID = c.Split(',')[0],
CompanyName = c.Split(',')[1],
OrderID = Convert.ToInt32(o.Split(',')[0]),
OrderDate = Convert.ToDateTime(o.Split(',')[2],
New CultureInfo("en-US"))
};

IEnumerable ParallelQuery. ,
AsParallel AsParallel
. ,
.
. , -
Test2 , .

, PLINQ
.
Visual Studio.

AsParallel PLINQ. , PLINQ
, ,
674 24
. , -
, ,
PLINQ.
, -
. ,
-
PLINQ
.
PLINQ-
LINQ-, PLINQ- .
CancellationToken- CancellationTokenSource -
WithCancellation ,
ParallelQuery:
CancellationToken tok = ...;

...
var orderInfoQuery =
from c in CustomersInMemory.Customers.AsParallel().WithCancellation(tok)
on ...
WithCancellation .
. CancellationTokenSource, -
CancellationToken, ,
OperationCanceledException.
PLINQ -
. ,
.
.NET Framework ,
, -
. ,
,
. -
, .
,
.
675
Task , -
,

. ,
, ,
.

,
, , .

,
.
Microsoft:
, ,

.
. ,
, , .
, (
ParallelTest , 24),
( ) :
using System;
class Program
{
private const int NUMELEMENTS = 10;

{
SerialTest();
}
static void SerialTest()

{
int[] data = new int[NUMELEMENTS];
int j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < NUMELEMENTS; i++)

{
j = i;
doAdditionalProcessing();
data[i] = j;
doMoreAdditionalProcessing();
}

{
676 24
Console.WriteLine($"Element {i} has value {data[i]}");

}
}
static void doAdditionalProcessing()

{
Thread.Sleep(10);
}
static void doMoreAdditionalProcessing()

{
Thread.Sleep(10);
}
}
SerialTest ( ) -
,
, -
. doAdditionalProcessing
doMoreAdditionalProcessing -
,

. :
Element 0 has value 0
ParallelTest. -
SerialTest, ,
data
Parallel.For. -, -
, for SerialTest:
...
static void ParallelTest()

{
int[] data = new int[NUMELEMENTS];
int j = 0;
Parallel.For (0, NUMELEMENTS, (i) =>

{
677
j = i;
data[i] = j;
});

{
Console.WriteLine($"Element {i} has value {data[i]}");
}
}
, ParallelTest ,
SerialTest, , -

. ,
. , -
ParallelTest:
, data,
, SerialTest. ,
ParallelTest
.
Parallel.For, ,
. - :
j = i;
data[i] = j;
. i
( , , )
j, j
data, i. i 5, j -
5, j data[5].
j
doAdditionalProcessing.
678 24
, -
.
,
Parallel.For, j .
, , j,
data[5], , -
, .
,
,
-
-
. ,
.
j
. j, -
, ,
j .
,
, .
.

, -
, C#
lock. lock
:
object myLockObject = new object();
...
lock (myLockObject)
{
// ,
...
}
lock -
( - ,
), ,
. , ,
, lock.
.
, .
679

lock
,
. System.Threading
,
. , -
.
,
. , -

,
, , -
, ,
-,

, .
. -
,
Visual Studio 2015.
.NET Framework
. -
, System.
Threading.
. , ,
, -
.
,
, ,
, , . -
, ,
,
Visual Studio 2015.
ManualResetEventSlim. ManualResetEventSlim
,
.
ManualResetEventSlim -
: (true) (false). ManualReset
EventSlim- .
680 24
, ManualResetEventSlim- ,
Wait. ManualResetEventSlim -
, Wait .
ManualResetEventSlim-
Set. , -
ManualResetEventSlim-,
. Reset ManualResetEventSlim-,
.
SemaphoreSlim. SemaphoreSlim
.
SemaphoreSlim (
) . -
SemaphoreSlim- . ,
, Wait.
SemaphoreSlim ,
, -
. ,
SemaphoreSlim- Release.
.
Wait
SemaphoreSlim- , ,
Release.
SemaphoreSlim CurrentCount,
, Wait
.
CountdownEvent. CountdownEvent
.
CountdownEvent-, -
( ).
Wait CountdownEvent, -
, . Wait
CountdownEvent- , , ,
Signal. CountdownEvent-
,
.
CountdownEvent- , -
, Reset,
, AddCount.
CurrentCount ,
Wait.
681
ReaderWriterLockSlim. ReaderWriterLockSlim -
,
. ,
( ) ,

, , -
.
, , EnterReadLock, -
ReaderWriterLockSlim.
. ,
ExitReadLock, .
,
.
,
EnterWriteLock ReaderWriterLockSlim-, -
.
, EnterWriteLock -
, .
,
ExitWriteLock, .
ReaderWriterLockSlim
. ,
,
.

, ,
EnterReadLock, , -
, .
Barrier. Barrier,
,
.
, , ,
.
Barrier,
, .
,
Barrier. -
AddParticipant
RemoveParticipant. ,
SignalAndWait, Barrier-,
682 24
Barrier-. -
, .
, ,
- Barrier, -
.
Barrier ParticipantCount, -
, ParticipantsRemaining, -
, SignalAndWait
.
Barrier .
, , .
Barrier-. -
, .

, ManualResetEventSlim, SemaphoreSlim, CountdownEvent Barrier,
, , 23. -
-
CancellationToken , ,
CancellationTokenSource. Cancel Cancella
tionTokenSource, ,
CancellationToken, , -
OperationCanceledException (, , -
AggregateException ).
Wait SemaphoreSlim -
, . , -
, OperationCanceledException.
CancellationTokenSource cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
CancellationToken cancellationToken = cancellationTokenSource.Token;
...
// ,
SemaphoreSlim semaphoreSlim = new SemaphoreSlim(3);
...
// OperationCanceledException,
// Cancel cancellationTokenSource
try
{
semaphoreSlim.Wait(cancellationToken);
}
catch (OperationCanceledException e)
{
...
}
683
-
.
, .NET Framework,
, , -
, ,
,
.
,
.NET Framework
,
System.Collections.Concurrent -
.
.
ConcurrentBag<T>. -
. (Add),
(TryTake) (TryPeek) . -
. ,

foreach.
ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue>.
- Dictionary<TKey,
TValue>, 18 . -
TryAdd, ContainsKey, TryGetValue, TryRemove TryUpdate,
,
, .
ConcurrentQueue<T>. -
- Queue<T>, 18.
Enqueue, TryDequeue TryPeek, -
, .
ConcurrentStack<T>.
- Stack<T>, 18. -
Push, TryPop TryPeek,
, ,
.
-
,
, .
-
, .
684 24

,
.
,
-
.
,
,
, ,
, .
-
. r
, ,
2r (.24.2).
. 24.2
S :
S = (2r)(2r)
S = 4rr.
C :
C = rr.
685
,
rr = C/
rr = S/4.
, :
S/4 = C/.
:
= 4C/S.
,
C S. .
,
. ,
, , , (
), C/S. -
.
, ?
, -
(0,0). ,
, (r,r) (+r, +r). -
, (x, y) ,
. d
(xx + yy). d
r , , .24.3, -
(x, y) .
, ,
,
0 r.
.
-
. -
, , , . ,

, .

Visual Studio 2015 CalculatePI,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 24\CalculatePI .
686 24
. 24.3
Program.cs CalculatePI, -
, .
. .
Main,
:
{
double pi = SerialPI();
Console.WriteLine($"Geometric approximation of PI calculated serially: {pi}");
Console.WriteLine();
// pi = ParallelPI();
// Console.WriteLine($"Geometric approximation of PI calculated in
// parallel: {pi}");
}
SerialPI, -
, .
. ,
, ParallelPI, -
,
. ,
, SerialPI.
SerialPI.
687
static double SerialPI()

{
List<double> pointsList = new List<double>();
Random random = new Random(SEED);
int numPointsInCircle = 0;
Stopwatch timer = new Stopwatch();
timer.Start();
try
{
// TO DO:
return 0;
}
finally
{
long milliseconds = timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
Console.WriteLine($"SerialPI complete: Duration: {milliseconds} ms",);
Console.WriteLine(
$"Points in pointsList: {pointsList.Count}. Points within circle:
{numPointsInCircle}");
}
}
-
.
NUMPOINTS Program. -
,
, .
, NUMPOINTS.
,
OutOfMemoryException, .
pointsList,
List<double>. -
random. Random-,
,
. (
, .) , -
,
SEED Program.
pointsList,
, numPointsInCircle. -
Program RADIUS.
-
ParallelPI, Stopwatch-
timer, , , -
. , ,
688 24
. ,
, ,
pointsList, , .
try- , -
.
try- return, -
.
try- for ,
:
try
{
for (int points = 0; points < NUMPOINTS; points++)
{
int xCoord = random.Next(RADIUS);
int yCoord = random.Next(RADIUS);
double distanceFromOrigin = Math.Sqrt(xCoord * xCoord + yCoord * yCoord);
pointsList.Add(distanceFromOrigin);
}
}
0
RADIUS xCoord yCoord.
,
pointsList.
, -
, ,
,
. ,
, doAdditionalProcessing. ,
.
,
, -
, -
, :
private static void doAdditionalProcessing()

{
Thread.SpinWait(SPINWAITS);
}
SPINWAITS ,
Program.
SerialPI try-, for, -

foreach, .
689
try
{
{
...
}
foreach (double datum in pointsList)

{
if (datum <= RADIUS)
{
numPointsInCircle++;
}
}
}
pointsList
.
, numPointsInCircle
. numPointsInCircle -
, .
try foreach , -
:
try
{
{
...
}

{
...
}
double pi = 4.0 * numPointsInCircle / NUMPOINTS;

return pi;
}
, -
,
. -
.
.
(.24.4).
( 49, .)
, .
690 24
. 24.4
NUMPOINTS, RADIUS
SEED, , ,
.
Visual Studio.
, , SerialPI,
for,
. -
.

Program.cs,
. ParallelPI.
, SerialPI
try .
try return
Parallel.For, :
try
{
Parallel.For (0, NUMPOINTS, (x) =>
{
int xCoord = random.Next(RADIUS);
int yCoord = random.Next(RADIUS);
});
}
,
for SerialPI. for -
. ,
, .
691

, .
try Parallel.For , -
. ,
SerialPI:
try
{
Parallel.For (...
{
...
});

{
if (datum <= RADIUS)
{
numPointsInCircle++;
}
}
double pi = 4.0 * numPointsInCircle / NUMPOINTS;
return pi;
}
Main, Program.cs,
ParallelPI Console.WriteLine,
.
.
, -
, .24.5 ( , -
, ,
).
. 24.5
, SerialPI, , ,
ParallelPI - .
,
692 24
SerialPI, , -

, . , pointsList
ParallelPI , SerialPI.
pointsList -
, . (
) , , .
Visual Studio.
?
,
pointsList. - List<double>,
-
. Parallel.For,
, Add, ,
, -
. , ,
, , Add
. -
-
System.Collections.Concurrent,
. ,

- ConcurrentBag<T>.
,

Program.cs,
. using:
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
ParallelPI. , -
List<double>, ,
, ConcurrentBag<double>:
static double ParallelPI()
{
ConcurrentBag<double> pointsList = new ConcurrentBag<double>();
Random random = ...;
...
}
693
, -
, .
,
ConcurrentBag<T> Add,
, -
List<T>.
. -

SerialPI ParallelPI. , ,
.24.6.
. 24.6
pointsList ParallelPI
, , , -
, , , -
SerialPI.
, , ParallelPI, -
, , .
,
ConcurrentBag<T> -
,
. ,
, .
Visual Studio.
pointsList ,
, .
Parallel.For Next Random, , -
- List<T>, -
. , Random
, -
Next .
,
.
694 24

Program.cs,
. ParallelPI. --
Parallel.For random.Next -
lock. ,
, pointsList:
static double ParallelPI()
{
...
Parallel.For(0, NUMPOINTS, (x) =>
{
int xCoord;
int yCoord;
lock(pointsList)
{
xCoord = random.Next(RADIUS);
yCoord = random.Next(RADIUS);
}
});
...
}
, xCoord yCoord
lock. , lock -
, ,
lock, , -
.
.
, SerialPI ParallelPI, .
, ParallelPI
(.24.7).
Visual Studio.
. 24.7
695
, async
await , -
,
, await ,
.
AsParallel,
LINQ-. -
PLINQ , ,
.
Parallel LINQ (PLINQ) ,
Visual Studio.
, -

, .
, ,
.
,
Windows.
.
, .
- async -
, Task ( void).
await,
, -
, :
private async Task<int> calculateValueAsync(...)
{
// calculateValue Task
Task<int> generateResultTask =
Task.Run(() => calculateValue(...));
await generateResultTask;
return generateResultTask.Result;
}
696 24
LINQ- AsParallel -
, :
var over100 = from n in numbers.AsParallel()
where ...
select n;
PLINQ-
PLINQ- WithCancellation ParallelQuery
, :
CancellationToken tok = ...;
...
var orderInfoQuery = from c in
CustomersInMemory.Customers.AsParallel().
WithCancellation(tok)
on
-
lock, :
object myLockObject = new object();
...
- lock (myLockObject)
- {
// ,
//
...
}
-
ManualResetEventSlim.
-
,
CountdownEvent. -
-
Barrier
- SemaphoreSlim.
. -
Wait.
, Release,
:
SemaphoreSlim semaphore = new SemaphoreSlim(3);
...
semaphore.Wait();
//
...
semaphore.Release();
697
- ReaderWriterLockSlim. -
-
, - , EnterReadLock. ,
ExitReadLock. -
EnterWriteLock.
, ExitWriteLock, :
ReaderWriterLockSlim readerWriterLock = new
ReaderWriterLockSlim();
Task readerTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>

{
readerWriterLock.EnterReadLock();
//
readerWriterLock.ExitReadLock();
});
Task writerTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>

{
readerWriterLock.EnterWriteLock();
//
readerWriterLock.ExitWriteLock();
});

CancellationTokenSource -
. -
Cancel
CancellationTokenSource, :
CancellationTokenSource cancellationTokenSource = new
CancellationTokenSource();
CancellationToken cancellationToken =
cancellationTokenSource.Token;
...
// ,
SemaphoreSlim semaphoreSlim = new SemaphoreSlim(3);
...
//
// OperationCanceledException,
// Cancel
// cancellationTokenSource
semaphore.Wait(cancellationToken);
25

Windows
, :

Windows;
-
Windows,
- ;
-
Windows.
Windows
,
-
. -

. Windows Runtime (WinRT),
. Visual Studio
WinRT-, -
, -
. Windows 8
Visual Studio 2013,
Windows Store .
, ,
Windows Phone 8,
699
Windows Phone SDK 8.0, Visual Studio. -

,
, -
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.
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WinRT, Windows Phone Runtime,
Windows Phone 8
Windows Phone Store. Visual Studio
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Windows Phone 8. Windows Store
Windows Phone Store ,
.
Microsoft -
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Windows 10 Windows,
WinRT, -
(Universal Windows Platform (UWP)). UWP,
,
Windows 10,
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UWP
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API- , .

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Studio 2015 , .
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Studio 2015 UWP-,
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700 25
UWP-
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Windows 10. -
UWP-
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Microsoft https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dn894631.aspx.

Windows
-

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(user experience (UX)). Windows 10 -
,
.

,
, , -
, .
, (GUI)
,
-
, .
Visual Studio 2015
Windows , -

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Microsoft https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/hh465088.
aspx.
UWP-
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Windows Store. ,
.
. -

702 25
,
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Windows Store,
, ,
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,
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( ,
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Microsoft

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Windows, Visual Studio 2015,
Windows 10.
, ,
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-
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Adventure Works. -
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Adventure Works.
704 25
Adventure Works Customers

.
,
Visual C#, Windows .
(
Windows). Customers.
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 25 -
. OK. ,
App.xaml.cs. .
MainPage.xaml.
.
, , 1 -
C#, .

XAML-. :
<Page
x:Class="Customers.MainPage"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:local="using:Customers"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
mc:Ignorable="d">
<Grid Background="{ThemeResource ApplicationPageBackgroundThemeBrush}">
</Grid>
</Page>
XAML- <Page>
</Page>. , ,
.
<Page> -
xmlns:id="". XAML,
C# using ,
. ,
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.
, :
705
C# Customers.
XAML ,
local. Customers
.
MainPage.xaml,
MainPage.xaml.cs, .
, C#,
.
( using,
, ):
// " " .
// http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=402352&clcid=0x409
namespace Customers
{
/// <summary>
/// ,
/// .
/// </summary>
{
public MainPage()
{
}
}
}
Customers.
MainPage, Page.
Page XAML-
UWP-, MainPage ,
, .
MainPage.xaml. XAML-
, <Page> :
XAML-, ,
MainPage, , .
UWP-. ,

. , .
-
, ( ,
706 25
). -, -
, ,
,
,
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-,
- , ,
. -
,
.
UWP- -
, -
-, ,
.
.
Customers
,
(.25.2) ,
- ,
, ( )
, (
, ). ,
, -
.
5-
. 0" Desktop (1280x720)
100% . ,
- . XAML- -
MainPage. Grid:
</Grid>
Background
Grid . ,
.
707
. 25.2

, Grid.
Page , , -
, , Grid
Button ().
,
:
<Page
...
<Button Content="Click Me"/>
</Page>
,
, ,
. -
,
TextBox, (.25.3).
Grid ,
.

708 25
. 25.3
,
.
. , StackPanel

.
Grid -
, .
TextBlock,
<TextBlock /> XAML
<Grid>:
<TextBlock />
</Grid>
,
, . ,
XAML
.
TextBlock .
TextBlock , -
, .25.1.
709
25.1
HorizontalAlignment Left
Margin 400,90,0,0
TextWrapping Wrap
Text Adventure Works Customers
VerticalAlignment Top
FontSize 50
,
XAML-, ,
XAML:
<TextBlock HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="400,90,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap"
Text="Adventure Works Customers" VerticalAlignment="Top" FontSize="50"/>

(.25.4).
. 25.4
,
,
, -
, .

710 25
TextBlock 400 ( ) 90 ( -
).
Grid , TextBlock -
, ,
TextBlock Grid.
, , -
HorizontalAlignment VerticalAlignment. ,
, Margin. -
HorizontalAlignment TextBlock
Left, VerticalAlignment Top,
. Margin
, , ,
( )
.
, Margin
0.
TextBlock.
, ,
.
.25.2.
25.2
First Label HorizontalAlignment Left
Margin 330,190,0,0
TextWrapping Wrap
Text ID
FontSize 20
Second Label HorizontalAlignment Left
Margin 460,190,0,0
TextWrapping Wrap
Text Title
FontSize 20
711
25.2 ()
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Model-View-ViewModel 757

-
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-

-
-

. 26.1
-
Customers,
-
. ,
:
,
. , :
, -
, ,
.
.
Customers 25.

Customers
Visual Studio 2015 Customers,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 26\Data Binding .
Customers, 25, -

, .
Customers,
, . ,
758 26 Wndows 10
Customers .
Customer.cs, .

Rectangle (), ,
TextBlock TextBox, . -
LinearGradientBrush,
- .
XAML- Rectangle, Grid-
customersTabularView, (XAML-
Grid- customersColumnarView Grid
Rectangle, , ):
<Rectangle Grid.Row="0" Grid.RowSpan="6" Grid.Column="1"
Grid.ColumnSpan="7" ...>
<Rectangle.Fill>
<LinearGradientBrush EndPoint="0.5,1" StartPoint="0.5,0">
<GradientStop Color="#FF0E3895"/>
<GradientStop Color="#FF141415" Offset="0.929"/>
</LinearGradientBrush>
</Rectangle.Fill>
</Rectangle>
Customer -
, Customer-,
.
Customer.cs, Customer
,
:
public class Customer
{
public int _customerID;
public int CustomerID
{
get { return this._customerID; }
set { this._customerID = value; }
}
public string _title;

public string Title
{
get { return this._title; }
set { this._title = value; }
}
public string _firstName;

public string FirstName
{
get { return this._firstName; }
set { this._firstName = value; }
}
public string _lastName;

public string LastName
{
get { return this._lastName; }
set { this._lastName = value; }
}
public string _emailAddress;

public string EmailAddress
{
get { return this._emailAddress; }
set { this._emailAddress = value; }
}
public string _phone;

public string Phone
{
get { return this._phone; }
set { this._phone = value; }
}
}
, -
, ,
. ,
.
Customers MainPage.
xaml, -
. XAML-
TextBox id. XAML-,
Text , ,
:
<TextBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="id" ...
Text="{Binding CustomerID}" .../>
Text="{Binding Path}" , Text

Path () -
. Path CustomerID,
,
CustomerID. , CustomerID -
Customer,
. DataContext
, .
-
. ,
, TextBox Grid-
customersTabularView customersColumnarView. (
760 26 Wndows 10
ComboBox ,

ComboBox.)
<Grid x:Name="customersTabularView" ...>
...
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="5" x:Name="firstName" ...
Text="{Binding FirstName}" .../>
<TextBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="7" x:Name="lastName" ...
Text="{Binding LastName}" .../>
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="3" Grid.Column="3" Grid.ColumnSpan="3"
x:Name="email" ... Text="{Binding EmailAddress}" .../>
...
x:Name="phone" ... Text="{Binding Phone}" .../>
</Grid>
<Grid x:Name="customersColumnarView" Margin="10,20,10,20"
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cId" ...
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cFirstName" ...
Text="{Binding FirstName}" .../>
<TextBox Grid.Row="3" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cLastName" ...
Text="{Binding LastName}" .../>
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="4" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cEmail" ...
Text="{Binding EmailAddress}" .../>
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="5" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cPhone" ...
Text="{Binding Phone}" .../>
</Grid>
, -
. ,
{Binding CustomerID} TextBox
id cId,
.
MainPage.xaml,
MainPage.xaml.cs MainPage.
xaml. MainPage ,
.
public MainPage()
{
Customer customer = new Customer

{
CustomerID = 1,
Title = "Mr",
FirstName = "John",
LastName = "Sharp",
EmailAddress = "john@contoso.com",
Phone = "111-1111"
};
}
Customer ,
. , Customer,
, :
{
...
};
this.DataContext = customer;
, -
MainPage. XAML- Text="{Binding Path}"
. ,
TextBox id,
TextBox cId Text="{Binding
CustomerID}", , , -
CustomerID Customer, .
-
DataContext, -
.
, -
DataContext, .
,
. , , -
.26.2, John Sharp.
,
. , ,
.26.3.
, ,
, ,
.
(Email) john@
treyresearch.com. ,
762 26 Wndows 10
. 26.2
. ,
, , .
Visual Studio .
Visual Studio Customer
set EmailAddress.
-
.
,
F5, .
Customers, -
, -
, john@treyresearch.com.
,
.
,
set EmailAddress: TextBox
email ,
Customer.
. 26.3
Visual Studio .
set EmailAd
dress Customer.
, -
, ,
. -
, , ,
764 26 Wndows 10
.

:
, .
XAML-
Mode, Binding. -
, , - .
.
MainPage.xaml , -
, XAML-
TextBox:
...
Text="{Binding CustomerID, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
...
Text="{Binding FirstName, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
Text="{Binding LastName, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
...
x:Name="email" ... Text="{Binding EmailAddress, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
...
x:Name="phone" ... Text="{Binding Phone, Mode=TwoWay}" ..."/>
</Grid>
<Grid x:Name="customersColumnarView" Margin="10,20,10,20" ...>
...
Text="{Binding CustomerID, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
...
Text="{Binding FirstName, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
Text="{Binding LastName, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
...
Text="{Binding EmailAddress, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
...
Text="{Binding Phone, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
</Grid>
Mode Binding ,
, ( )
. Mode TwoWay
, , ,
.
, -
. ,
,
john@treyresearch.com, , -
,
.
, ,
TwoWay, ,
, john@contoso.com.
Visual Studio .
, - ! ,
, ,
. ( Customer
set EmailAddress ,
,

TextBox.) , -
.
-
PropertyChanged.
INotifyPropertyChanged, , -
,
. .
INotifyPropertyChanged
Customer
Visual Studio Customer.cs.
using:
using System.ComponentModel;
INotifyPropertyChanged.
Customer,
INotifyPropertyChanged (
):
class Customer : INotifyPropertyChanged
766 26 Wndows 10
Phone Customer PropertyChanged, -

:
{
...
public string Phone {
set { this._phone = value; }
}
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

}
,
INotifyPropertyChanged. , ,
,
.
Customer PropertyChanged OnProperty
Changed, :

{
...
protected virtual void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName)

{
if (PropertyChanged != null)
{
PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
}
}
OnPropertyChanged PropertyChanged .
PropertyChangedEventArgs PropertyChanged -
.
OnPropertyChanged.
Customer set -
, OnPropertyChanged, -
(
):
{
public int _customerID;
{
set
{
this._customerID = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(CustomerID));
}
}
public string _title;

public string Title
{
get { return this._title; }
set
{
this._title = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(Title));
}
}
public string _firstName;

public string FirstName
{
get { return this._firstName; }
set
{
this._firstName = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(FirstName));
}
}
public string _lastName;

public string LastName
{
get { return this._lastName; }
set
{
this._lastName = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(LastName));
}
}
public string _emailAddress;

public string EmailAddress
{
get { return this._emailAddress; }
set
{
this._emailAddress = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(EmailAddress));
}
}

public string Phone
{
768 26 Wndows 10

set
{
this._phone = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(Phone));
}
}
...
}
NAMEOF
nameof, Customer, ,
, , C#.
, , . -
nameof
, :
{
set
{
this._customerID = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged("CustomerID");
}
}
,
, , -
. , -
,
. , -
, ,
, , -
.
nameof ,
nameof, -
, .
,
.
Customers, john@
treyresearch.com, 222-2222.
,
, ,
.
James, , -
, ,
.
Visual Studio .

ComboBox
TextBox
TextBlock .
ComboBox . ,
ComboBox :
,
, .
ComboBox, , -
, . Customers

ComboBox title,
SelectedValue:
<ComboBox ... x:Name="title" ... SelectedValue="{Binding Title}" ... />
, -
XAML-:
<ComboBox ... x:Name="title" ... >
</ComboBox>
, ,
, , ,
.
. , -
SelectedValue, ,
. title ComboBox -
,
Mr.
,
, , ,
ComboBox
770 26 Wndows 10
. , -
ComboBox
.

ComboBox title
Visual Studio MainPage.xaml.cs.
MainPage , :
public MainPage()
{
List<string> titles = new List<string>

{
"Mr", "Mrs", "Ms", "Miss"
};
this.title.ItemsSource = titles;
this.cTitle.ItemsSource = titles;

{
...
};
this.DataContext = customer;
}
, -
, .
ItemsSource
ComboBox title (,
ComboBox ).
, -
ComboBox, , ,
- , ,
.
.
, DataContext MainPage,
.
title cTitle, ComboBox (
):

...
<ComboBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="3" x:Name="title" ...
SelectedValue="{Binding Title, Mode=TwoWay}">
</ComboBox>
...
</Grid>
<Grid x:Name="customersColumnarView" ...>
...
<ComboBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cTitle" ...
SelectedValue="{Binding Title, Mode=TwoWay}">
</ComboBox>
...
</Grid>
, ComboBoxItem-
SelectedValue
Title Customer.
,
.
, (
Mr).
ComboBox , Mr, Mrs, Ms Miss.
,
, . ,

.
Visual Studio .
(ViewModel)
,
,
,
. -
. , MVVM
, (
) ,
(ViewModel).
, -
, :

.
772 26 Wndows 10
,
- . -
.
- , .
,
.
Customers ,
Customer-, ,
, -
.

Customers, \Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter
26\ViewModel .
Customers , ,
.
Customers,
, .
Customers
ViewModel.cs, .
(ViewModel), -
Customer. -
, .
, ViewModel.cs,
(public) ViewModel ,
:
public class ViewModel
{
private List<Customer> customers;
public ViewModel()
{
this.customers = new List<Customer>
{
new Customer
{
CustomerID = 1,
Title = "Mr",
FirstName="John",
LastName="Sharp",
EmailAddress="john@contoso.com",
Phone="111-1111"
},
new Customer
{
CustomerID = 2,
Title = "Mrs",
FirstName="Diana",
LastName="Sharp",
EmailAddress="diana@contoso.com",
Phone="111-1112"
},
new Customer
{
CustomerID = 3,
Title = "Ms",
FirstName="Francesca",
LastName="Sharp",
EmailAddress="frankie@contoso.com",
Phone="111-1113"
}
};
}
}
ViewModel List<Customer>,
. , -
Model, ,
, .
ViewModel currentCustomer,
, -
:
class ViewModel
{
private int currentCustomer;
public ViewModel()
{
this.currentCustomer = 0;
{
...
}
}
}
ViewModel
Customer, .
ViewModel Current, -
:
774 26 Wndows 10
class ViewModel
{
...
public ViewModel()
{
...
}
public Customer Current

{
get { return this.customers.Count > 0 ?
this.customers[currentCustomer] : null; }
}
}
Current Customer-.
, null.

ViewModel. ,
, ViewModel, -
.
MainPage.xaml.cs.
MainPage , Customer, , -
ViewModel. ,
DataContext MainPage,
ViewModel ( ):
public MainPage()
{
...
this.cTitle.ItemsSource = titles;
ViewModel viewModel = new ViewModel();

this.DataContext = viewModel;
}
MainPage.xaml. XAML
TextBox ComboBox,
, Current, -
( ):
...
Text="{Binding Current.CustomerID, Mode=TwoWay}" .../>
Text="{Binding Current.FirstName, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>

Text="{Binding Current.LastName, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>
<ComboBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="3" x:Name="title" ...
SelectedValue="{Binding Current.Title, Mode=TwoWay}">
</ComboBox>
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="3" Grid.Column="3" ... x:Name="email" ...
Text="{Binding Current.EmailAddress, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="5" Grid.Column="3" ... x:Name="phone" ...
Text="{Binding Current.Phone, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>
</Grid>
...
Text="{Binding Current.CustomerID, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>
Text="{Binding Current.FirstName, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>
Text="{Binding Current.LastName, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>
<ComboBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cTitle" ...
SelectedValue="{Binding Current.Title, Mode=TwoWay}">
</ComboBox>
...
Text="{Binding Current.EmailAddress, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>
...
Text="{Binding Current.Phone, Mode=TwoWay }" .../>
</Grid>
, -
. ,
John Sharp ( ).
,
, -
.
Visual Studio .

Current, -
.
,
currentCustomer , Current
, , -
(View) (ViewModel).
, Command.
,
. ,
776 26 Wndows 10
.
, XAML ,
,
.

XAML-,
, , , ,
ICommand.
.
CanExecute. , ,
. ,
. -
, , ,
, ,
, .
Execute. .
CanExecuteChanged. ,
. ,
, , . -
, ,
, -
, CanExecute false.
CanExecuteChanged,
, .
-, -
ICommand.
Command
Visual Studio Customers,
.
Customers .
Command.cs, .
, Command.cs,
using:
using System.Windows.Input;
ICommand.
Command ,
ICommand, ,
:
public class Command : ICommand
{
}
Command :
{
private Action methodToExecute = null;
private Func<bool> methodToDetectCanExecute = null;
}
Action Func 20
. Action ,
,
, Func<T> ,
, ,
, T. ,
Command- ,
methodToExecute. methodToDetectCanExecute
, -
( - ,
).
Command , -
: Action- Func<T>-. -
, methodToExecute
methodToDetectCanExecute:
public Command : ICommand
{
...
public Command(Action methodToExecute, Func<bool> methodToDetectCanExecute)
{
this.methodToExecute = methodToExecute;
this.methodToDetectCanExecute = methodToDetectCanExecute;
}
}
.

, .
Execute CanExecute Command, -
, methodToExecute methodToDetectCanExecute:
778 26 Wndows 10

{
...
public Command(Action methodToExecute,
Func<bool> methodToDetectCanExecute)
{
...
}
public void Execute(object parameter)

{
this.methodToExecute();
}
public bool CanExecute(object parameter)

{
if (this.methodToDetectCanExecute == null)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return this.methodToDetectCanExecute();
}
}
}
,
methodToDetectCanExecute null, ,
, CanExecute true.
Command CanExecuteChanged:
{
...
public bool CanExecute(object parameter)
{
...
}
public event EventHandler CanExecuteChanged;

}
, -
, Command-,
,
CanExecute, . -
CanExecuteChanged .
CanExecute, ,
- ,
.
using:
Command ,
:
{
...
private Func<bool> methodToDetectCanExecute = null;
private DispatcherTimer canExecuteChangedEventTimer = null;
public Command(Action methodToExecute,

Func<bool> methodToDetectCanExecute)
{
...
}
}
DispatcherTimer ,
Windows.UI.Xaml, , -
.
CanExecuteChanged
canExecuteChangedEventTimer.
Command canExecuteChangedEventTimer_Tick,
:
{
...
public event EventHandler CanExecuteChanged;
void canExecuteChangedEventTimer_Tick(object sender, object e)

{
if (this.CanExecuteChanged != null)
{
this.CanExecuteChanged(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
}
}
CanExecuteChanged,
. ,
,
. -
, ,
(
) .
780 26 Wndows 10
Command ,
:
{
...
public Command(Action methodToExecute, Func<bool> methodToDetectCanExecute)
{
this.methodToExecute = methodToExecute;
this.methodToDetectCanExecute = methodToDetectCanExecute;
this.canExecuteChangedEventTimer = new DispatcherTimer();

this.canExecuteChangedEventTimer.Tick +=
canExecuteChangedEventTimer_Tick;
this.canExecuteChangedEventTimer.Interval = new TimeSpan(0, 0, 1);
this.canExecuteChangedEventTimer.Start();
}
...
}
DispatcherTimer-
.
,
.
Command
ViewModel. , -

.
ViewModel NextCustomer
PreviousCustomer
Visual Studio ViewModel.cs.
using
ViewModel, , INotifyPropertyChanged:
...
using System.ComponentModel;
namespace Customers
{
public class ViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
...
}
}
ViewModel PropertyChanged OnProperty

Changed. , Customer:

{
...
protected virtual void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName)

{
{
PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
}
}
,

Current. ViewModel ,
PropertyChanged,
, .
ViewModel
:
{
...
public ViewModel()
{
...
}
private bool _isAtStart;

public bool IsAtStart
{
get { return this._isAtStart; }
set
{
this._isAtStart = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(IsAtStart));
}
}
private bool _isAtEnd;

public bool IsAtEnd
{
get { return this._isAtEnd; }
set
{
this._isAtEnd = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(IsAtEnd));
}
}
...
}
782 26 Wndows 10
-
ViewModel . IsAtStart true ,
currentCustomer ViewModel ,
IsAtEnd true,
.
, ,
IsAtStart IsAtEnd:
public ViewModel()
{
this.IsAtStart = true;
this.IsAtEnd = false;

...
}
ViewModel Current Next

Previous, :
{
...
{
...
}
private void Next()

{
if (this.customers.Count - 1 > this.currentCustomer)
{
this.currentCustomer++;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(Current));
this.IsAtStart = false;
this.IsAtEnd =
(this.customers.Count - 1 == this.currentCustomer);
}
}
private void Previous()

{
if (this.currentCustomer > 0)
{
this.currentCustomer--;
this.IsAtStart = (this.currentCustomer == 0);
}
}
...
}
Count ,
, 0 Count 1.
currentCustomer
( ) . ,
IsAtStart IsAtEnd -
, , Current
PropertyChanged . ,
ViewModel.
, ,
.
ViewModel NextCustomer
PreviousCustomer, :
{
private int currentCustomer;
public Command NextCustomer { get; private set; }
public Command PreviousCustomer { get; private set; }
...
}
Command-, -
.
ViewModel NextCustomer ( -
) PreviousCustomer ( ) Command-:
public ViewModel()
{
this.NextCustomer = new Command(this.Next, () =>
{ return this.customers.Count > 1 && !this.IsAtEnd; });
this.PreviousCustomer = new Command(this.Previous, () =>
{ return this.customers.Count > 0 && !this.IsAtStart; });
...
}
Command- NextCustomer
Next , , Execute.
- () => { return this.customers.Count >1 && !this.IsAtEnd; }
, CanExecute.
true ,
, ViewModel
. Command- PreviousCustomer
: Previous
784 26 Wndows 10
, CanExecute
() => { return this.customers.Count > 0 && !this.IsAtStart; }, -
true , ,
ViewModel .
,
.
, ViewModel NextCustomer PreviousCustomer,
.
, .
Microsoft publishes, -
UWP-, ,
, , .
UWP- : ,
, , . -
,
.
.
Microsoft
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/
hh465302.aspx.
Customers Next Previous

MainPage.xaml.
XAML ,
, </Page>:
...
<Page.TopAppBar>
<CommandBar>
<AppBarButton x:Name="previousCustomer" Icon="Previous"
Label="Previous" Command="{Binding Path=PreviousCustomer}"/>
<AppBarButton x:Name="nextCustomer" Icon="Next"
Label="Next" Command="{Binding Path=NextCustomer}"/>
</CommandBar>
</Page.TopAppBar>
</Page>
XAML- -
.

.
, More (),
. ,
,

, Label
. -
:
(XAML) - Microsoft
https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/xaml/hh965329.aspx.
CommandBar
(, ICom
mandBarElement). AppBarButton,
AppBarToggleButton AppBarSeparator.
CommandBar.
, ,
,
: The specified value cannot be assigned to the collection.
UWP- (,
Previous Next, ), -
AppBarButton.
.
Symbol Icon
. -
.
Command, ,
ICommand.
ViewModel PreviousCustomer NextCustomer.

, .
.
Customers John Sharp. .26.4
, , -
Next Previous.
, Previous . , IsAtStart
ViewModel- true, CanExecute Command,
Previous, , .
.
. ,
.
Next. 2,
Diana Sharp, ( ) Previous
786 26 Wndows 10
. 26.4
. IsAtStart true, -
CanExecute true. -
,
CanExecuteChanged,
.

, Command -
. , -
CanExecuteChanged
.
Next .
3, Francesca Sharp,
Next .
true IsAtEnd ViewModel,
CanExecute Command Next false
.
787
, , -
, , -
. Next Previous
.
Visual Studio .

. ,
INotifyPropertyChanged , -
.
UWP- Model View ViewModel ,
(ViewModel),
.
-
XAML- , :
<TextBox ... Text="{Binding FirstName}" .../>
- INotifyPropertyChanged
- , -
PropertyChanged
, :
{
...
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler
PropertyChanged;
protected virtual void OnPropertyChanged(

string propertyName)
{
{
PropertyChanged(this,
new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
}
}
788 26 Wndows 10
-
, - , :
, <TextBox ... Text="{Binding FirstName, Mode=TwoWay}"
- .../>
,

-, (ViewModel),
, -
ICommand,
Button, Button , -
- :
, <Button x:Name="nextCustomer" ...
Command="{Binding Path=NextCustomer}"/>
27

Windows
, :
Entity Framework
(entity-),
, ;
- Representational State Transfer (REST), -
entity-;
-
REST;
,
- REST.
26
Windows Model View ViewModel
(MVVM). , ViewModel, -
,
,
- .
26 , -
, ViewModel,
.
Windows.

MVVM. , , , UWP-
-
.
790 27
Microsoft Azure
, - RESTful, -
, Windows-, -
Windows.
Windows8.1,
Windows 10 (
, ). -
, .
-
Windows https://azure.
microsoft.com/documentation/articles/app-service-mobile-dotnet-backend-windows-store-
dotnet-get-started-preview/.

, ,
. ,
,
, .
, Microsoft, -
,
. -
,
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,
Windows, -

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Windows 10,
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791
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, -.
, (.27.1), -
, - entity-,
Entity Framework.
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entity- -

. 27.1
Entity Framework , -
.
,
. -
, AdventureWorks,
Adventure Works.
-
Entity Framework,
, .
, Entity
Framework - Microsoft, http://
msdn.microsoft.com/data/aa937723.
,
, , Microsoft Azure
SQL Database, - Azure. -
,
, .
792 27

Azure . Azure, -
, https://
azure.microsoft.com/pricing/free-trial/. , Azure ,
Microsoft,
Azure. Microsoft
https://signup.live.com/.
Azure SQL Database

AdventureWorks
- Azure,
https://portal.azure.com. ,
Microsoft.
, ,
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, .
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,
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SQL Database https://azure.
microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/sql-database/.
793
. 27.2

. .
.
,
( AdventureWorks).
,
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IP-
. . ,
,
OK.
, , -
.
794 27
. 27.3
.
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AdventureWorks
SalesLT Customer. ,
, UWP- Customers,
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(null)
, .
Customer NameStyle, PasswordHash
PasswordSalt, .
-
,
Customer.
795
AdventureWorks
Azure AdventureWorks.
AdventureWorks SQL Database
, Visual Studio.
Visual Studio Visual Studio.
Did You Mean To Switch Applications? (

?), Yes () (.27.4).
. 27.4
Visual Studio,
.
,
(.27.5).
. 27.5
Visual Studio ,
SQL Server Visual Studio (.27.6).
796 27
. 27.6
SQL Server
AdventureWorks, , SalesLT.Customer,
.
. ,
(-
).
. 27.7
797
NameStyle, Ctrl , , -
PasswordHash PasswordSalt.
PasswordSalt, .
Visual Studio . -

, (.27.7).

.
SQL Server,
Visual Studio 2015.
entity-
AdventureWorks
Entity Framework entity-,

. ,
, ADO.NET,
, -
SQL-. ADO.NET, , ,
SQL, -
, , -
SQL-,
- . Entity Framework
, SQL.
Entity Framework
: entity-,
, -
, .
,
.
C# -
(Language-Integrated Query (LINQ)). Entity-
SQL SELECT, .
, , entity- -
SQL- INSERT, UPDATE DELETE
. ,
Entity Framework
, ,
SQL-.
798 27
entity-
Customer, AdventureWorks. -
entity-, database-first,
.
Entity Framework
. Entity Framework ,
,
, .
,
entity- , Code First
to an Existing Database - Microsoft,
http://msdn.microsoft.com/data/jj200620.
entity- AdventureWorks
Visual Studio Customers, \Microsoft
Press\VCSBS\Chapter 27\Web Service .
Customers 26.
, -

, , First Last,
.
Customers
( Customers), ,
.
.
- ASP.NET. ,
.NET
Framework 4.6 ( ).
AdventureWorksService OK.
ASP.NET AdventureWorksService
ASP.NET 4.6 Web API,
.
-
OK,
ASP.NET.
, ASP.NET Host In The

Cloud ( Web API , -
), OK (.27.8).
799
ASP.NET Web API -

, Azure -
, -
,
. Azure , -
Azure Active Directory
http://azure.microsoft.com/services/active-directory/ -
http://azure.microsoft.com/services/multi-factor-
authentication/.
. 27.8
, -
UWP- ,
Entity Framework. - (
UWP-) entity-.
Web API ,
-, -
. - entity-
UWP- Customers.
800 27
Customers,
.
Customers
. AdventureWorksService -
, Customers ,
OK.
, - AdventureWorksService -
, . -
AdventureWorksService,
.
, .
.
.
- Visual Studio -
(Microsoft Edge),
. AdventureWorksService , -
-, -
,
AdventureWorks.
URL- - http://localhost:
50000/, . -
Microsoft
, OK.
ASP.NET -,
IIS Express, URL- .
50000,
.
, .
Models,
AdventureWorksService, ,
.
AdventureWorksService
.
ADO.NET EDM. AdventureWorksModel,
. EDM.
entity- .
?
EF , .
801
.
, Microsoft
SQL Server, .

, -
.

tcp:<servername>.database.windows.net,1433, <servername> -
Azure SQL,
. SQL Server
, -
.
AdventureWorks, OK (.27.9).
. 27.9
802 27
AdventureWorks, -
.
, -
. . -
, Web.Config :,
AdventureWorksEntities.
(.27.10).
. 27.10
Entity Framework 6.x,

.
-
, SalesLT, Customer. ,

. ( .)
, Entity Framework entity-
AdventureWorksModel,
(.27.11).
803
. 27.11
EDM Customer -
Entity Model (.27.12).
. 27.12
804 27
,
, OK.
- , Entity Framework
entity- ,
T4, , NuGet.
Entity Framework Microsoft:
(.27.13).
. 27.13
Entity Model MiddleName,

. entity-
Suffix, CompanyName SalesPerson.
Customers ,
. null-, -
, ,
. rowguid ModifiedDate , -

Customer
. , -
.
.
AdventureWorksService Models,
AdventureWorksModel.edmx, AdventureWorksModel.tt
Customer.cs.
, EDM -
. -
, Customer,
entity-:
public partial class Customer
{
public int CustomerID { get; set; }
public string Title { get; set; }
805
public string FirstName { get; set; }

public string LastName { get; set; }
public string EmailAddress { get; set; }
public string Phone { get; set; }
public System.Guid rowguid { get; set; }
public System.DateTime ModifiedDate { get; set; }
}
AdventureWorksModel.edmx -
AdventureWorksModel.Context.tt,
AdventureWorksModel.Context.cs.
AdventureWorksEntities. (
EDM.)
public partial class AdventureWorksEntities : DbContext
{
public AdventureWorksEntities()
: base("name=AdventureWorksEntities")
{
}
protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)

{
throw new UnintentionalCodeFirstException();
}
public DbSet<Customer> Customers { get; set; }

}
AdventureWorksEntities DbContext,
,
. -
,
. web.config,
<ConnectionStrings>. ,
, ,
EDM. ,
, -
.
, .
OnModelCreating AdventureWorksEntities .
Customers .
DbSet<Customer>. - DbSet ,
, ,
. SQL- SELECT,
,
DbContext.
806 27
SQL- INSERT, UPDATE DELETE, , Customer- -

, . DbSet
entity-.
Models,
, .
, AdventureWorksService
. AdventureWorksEntities, -
.
AdventureWorksEntities,
.
,
Entity Framework,
Entity Framework
(partial class). , -
.
, Entity Framework,
-
Entity Framework .
AdventureWorksEntities, -
.
public partial class AdventureWorksEntities
{
}
AdventureWorksEntities ,
password.
,
web.config EDM
:

{
public AdventureWorksEntities(string password)
{
}
}
, .
, Entity Framework,
. Customers
:
807

{
public AdventureWorksEntities(string password)
{
this.Database.Connection.ConnectionString += $";Password={password}";
}
}
- REST
entity-, -
. -
, UWP- entity-.
Visual Studio 2015 -
- ASP.NET, entity-,
Entity Framework. - entity-
.
-, .
-, REST-,
-
, HTTP- -
. , , -
URL-,
-. , Adventure Works
, ,
:
http://Adventure-Works.com/DataService/Customers/1
URL- -
1. ,

XML JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). -
REST- JSON- -
:
{
"CustomerID":1,
"Title":"Mr",
"FirstName":"Orlando",
"LastName":"Gee",
"EmailAddress":"orlando0@adventure-works.com",
"Phone":"245-555-0173"
}
808 27
REST- , ,
HTTP- -
. , , ,
HTTP GET- -. HTTP ,
POST, PUT DELETE, ,
. -
HTTP- ,
- REST, .
,
.
entity- REST -
.
.
- AdventureWorks
Visual Studio, AdventureWorksService
Controllers, ,
.
-
Web API2 , Entity Framework,
(.27.14).
. 27.14
809
-
Customer (AdventureWorksService.Models).
AdventureWorksEntities (AdventureWorksService.
Models). . -
, CustomersController,
(.27.15).
. 27.15
-, ASP.NET Web API,

-
, -
REST- ,
. , CustomersController :
public class CustomersController : ApiController
{
private AdventureWorksEntities db = new AdventureWorksEntities();
// GET: api/Customers
public IQueryable<Customer> GetCustomers()
{
return db.Customers;
}
// GET: api/Customers/5
[ResponseType(typeof(Customer))]
public async Task<IHttpActionResult> GetCustomer(int id)
{
Customer customer = await db.Customers.FindAsync(id);
if (customer == null)
{
return NotFound();
}
return OK(customer);
}
// PUT: api/Customers/5
810 27
[ResponseType(typeof(void))]
public async Task<IHttpActionResult> PutCustomer(int id, Customer customer)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
return BadRequest(ModelState);
}
if (id != customer.CustomerID)
{
return BadRequest();
}
db.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Modified;
try
{
await db.SaveChangesAsync();
}
catch (DbUpdateConcurrencyException)
{
if (!CustomerExists(id))
{
return NotFound();
}
else
{
throw;
}
}
return StatusCode(HttpStatusCode.NoContent);
}
// POST: api/Customers
public async Task<IHttpActionResult> PostCustomer(Customer customer)
{
...
}
// DELETE: api/Customers/5
public async Task<IHttpActionResult> DeleteCustomer(int id)
{
...
}
...
}
GetCustomers

Customers Entity Framework .
Entity Framework
811
Customers.
, HTTP GET-
- URL- api/Customers.
GetCustomer ( GetCustomers) -
. CustomerID
, Entity Framework
. GetCustomer , -
HTTP GET- URL- api/Customers/n,
n , .
PutCustomer , -
HTTP PUT-.
, Entity Framework
. PostCustomer HTTP
POST- .
(
). , DeleteCustomer -
HTTP DELETE-
.
, Web API, -
, . -
, - ,
. -
, -
.

.
, , -
- .
Cloud Service Funda
mentals Data Access LayerTransient Fault Handling http://social.technet.
microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/18665.cloud-service-fundamentals-data-access-layer-
transient-fault-handling.aspx.
ASP.NET Web API ,

,
, ,
.
- REST -
ASP.NET Web API Web API
http://www.asp.net/web-api.
812 27
,
, CustomersController,
-
Entity Framework. ASP.Net Web API
ValuesController.cs ,
.
CustomersController , -
AdventureWorksEntities ,
.
, .
( YourPassword .)
public class CustomersController : ApiController
{
private AdventureWorksEntities db = new
AdventureWorksEntities("YourPassword");
// GET: api/Customers
public IQueryable<Customer> GetCustomers()
{
return db.Customers;
}
...
}
, -
Customers,
-
. Customers -
-.
Controllers ValuesController.cs,
. OK,
.
ValuesController .
HomeController. -
-, -.
AdventureWorksService,
, (Google Chrome).
- , -
(.27.16).
813
. 27.16
API. ,
REST-,
- (.27.17).
. 27.17
http://localhost:50000/api/Customers/1,
.
G e t C u s t o m e r
CustomersController, 1 .
, Web API ,
, api.
814 27
GetCustomer
, JSON-, .
( ModifiedDate -
, ):
{"CustomerID":1,"Title":"Mr","FirstName":"Orlando","LastName":"Gee","EmailAddre
ss": "orlando0@adventure-works.com","Phone":"245-555-0173","rowguid":
"3f5ae95e-b87d-4aed-95b4-c3797afcb74f","ModifiedDate":"2001-08-01T00:00:00"}
- Visual Studio.
, - ,
Azure. -,
Visual Studio 2015 - -
- .
-

AdventureWorksService, . -
- (.27.18).
. 27.18
815
- Microsoft
Azure.
Azure.
, , -
. Visual
Studio Microsoft.
- New.
Create Web App On Microsoft Azure -
.
(
Entity Framework -). -
App Service Plan
Create New App Service Plan .
Resource group
Create New Resource Group .
Create () (.27.19).
- -
,
. 27.19
816 27
Validate connection, , -,
-, , .
,
.
.
- .
, , -
.
- Visual Studio.
-
UWP- Customers -
. .NET Framework HttpClient, -
- -
HTTP REST, HttpResponseMessage,
, -.
HTTP-.
-, ,
-, .
.
JSON-, Json.NET,
Customers.
.
, -
-, ,
.
,
, -
, .
,
(, , 20 ). -
- ,
(ViewModel) Customers
.
.
- AdventureWorks
DataSource.
cs Customers, . -
OK, .
817
, -
Customers. ViewModel,
-, ,
.
Customers,
NuGet.
SQL Server,
. -.
, NuGet: Customers
Filter All, Json.NET.
, , Newtonsoft.Json.

.
OK.
NuGet: Customers.
ViewModel.cs,
.
using:
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
ViewModel , -
, ViewModel. <webappname>
-, ,
-:

{
...
private const string ServerUrl = "http://<webappname>.azurewebsites.net/";
private HttpClient client = null;
public ViewModel()
{
...
}
...
}
818 27
ServerUrl -.
client -.
ViewModel customers null

client , -
:
public ViewModel()
{
...
this.customers = null;
this.client = new HttpClient();
this.client.BaseAddress = new Uri(ServerUrl);
this.client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.
Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
}
customers , -
, , DataSource.
cs, .
client -,
. REST -
, Customers
JSON. -
client .
Customer.cs,
Customers, .
Customer Phone
, :
public class Customer : INotifyPropertyChanged

{
...
public string Phone
{
...
}
public System.Guid rowguid { get; set; }

public System.DateTime ModifiedDate { get; set; }
...
}
- , Customers
, ,
, .
819
( Customers
.)
ViewModel.
GetDataAsync:
public async Task GetDataAsync()

{
try
{
var response = await this.client.GetAsync("api/customers");
if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
var customerData =
await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
this.customers =
JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<Customer>>(customerData);
this.IsAtEnd = (this.customers.Count == 0);
}
else
{
// TODO: GET-
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
// TODO:
}
}
, -
api/customers GetAsync HttpClient.
AdventureWorks .
GetAsync
HttpResponseMessage, Task-. HttpResponseMessage
, , , ,
, -,
ReadAsStringAsync, Content,
HttpResponseMessage.
JSON-, ,
Customer-
customers DeserializeObject, -
JsonConvert, Json.NET.
currentCustomer ViewModel
, IsAtStart IsAtEnd
, ViewModel.
820 27
ASP.NET Web API ,

- . ,
, HttpClient HttpResponseMessage,
,
. , -
GetAsync ReadAsStringAsync .
, GetDataAsync
, . -
UWP- .
-
, -
. AdventureWorks
,
, .
, , get Current:
{
get
{
if (this.customers != null)
{
return this.customers[currentCustomer];
}
else
{
return null;
}
}
}
GetDataAsync , ,
MainPage
. -
, , -
.
ViewModel ,
, , :
public ViewModel()
{
...
this.NextCustomer = new Command(this.Next,
() => { return this.customers != null &&
this.customers.Count > 1 && !this.IsAtEnd; });
this.PreviousCustomer = new Command(this.Previous,
821

this.customers.Count > 0 && !this.IsAtStart; });
this.FirstCustomer = new Command(this.First,
this.customers.Count > 0 && !this.IsAtStart; });
this.LastCustomer = new Command(this.Last,
this.customers.Count > 1 && !this.IsAtEnd; });
}
,
.
MainPage.xaml
MainPage.xaml.cs, .
MainPage , -
:
public MainPage()
{
...
ViewModel viewModel = new ViewModel();
viewModel.GetDataAsync();
this.DataContext = viewModel;
}
ViewModel.
,
.
, GetDataAsync, ,

Orlando Gee (.27.20).

, , -
.
Visual Studio .
, ,
, , -
, . UWP-
-
ProgressRing ( ).
,
ViewModel -.
822 27
. 27.20
Customers
ViewModel.cs. ViewModel
GetDataAsync _isBusy IsBusy:
private bool _isBusy;
public bool IsBusy
{
get { return this._isBusy; }
set
{
this._isBusy = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(IsBusy));
}
}
GetDataAsync ,
:
823

{
try
{
this.IsBusy = true;
var response = await this.client.GetAsync("api/customers");
...
}
catch (Exception e)
{
// TODO:
}
finally
{
this.IsBusy = false;
}
}
,
GetData IsBusy true. finally -
IsBusy false
.
ProgressRing, ,
Grid :
<ProgressRing HorizontalAlignment="Center"
VerticalAlignment="Center" Foreground="AntiqueWhite"
Height="100" Width="100" IsActive="{Binding IsBusy}"
Canvas.ZIndex="1"/>
<Grid x:Name="customersTabularView" Margin="40,104,0,0" ...>
...
Canvas.ZIndex "1", -
ProgressRing ,
Grid.
-
.
, -
,
. ,
, GetDataAsync ,
, .
,
:
824 27

{
try
{
this.IsBusy = true;
await Task.Delay(5000);
var response = await this.client.GetAsync(...);
...
}
...
}
, -
.
Visual Studio .
,
REST -

,
. ASP.NET Web API , -
HTTP PUT-, POST-
DELETE-. PUT-
-, POST-
, DELETE- . , ASP.
NET Web API ,
.
REST -
REST - PUT- ,

. AdventureWorks Service,

888-888-8888, , ,
. ,
, REST - -
.
-
( -
-,
, ,
, REST - 825
). REST -
,
-.
, ,
CreditAccount, ,
PUT-. -
.
.
, , -
,

.

Data Consistency Primer https://msdn.microsoft.com/
library/dn589800.aspx.
Customers,
,
.
REST- -
AdventureWorksService. -
. ,
, -
Adventure Works,
. , , ,
- .
- ,
,
, - -
.
, -
.
ViewModel

Visual Studio. Customers ViewModel.
cs, . Visual Studio
.
Customers, -
, . ViewModel.
826 27
cs,
\Microsoft Press\VCSBS\Chapter 27 -
, .
ViewModel.cs ,
, . ViewModel
, ,
ViewModel: , . -
Properties For Managing The Edit Mode (
).
IsBrowsing. ,
. ,
FirstCustomer, LastCustomer, PreviousCustomer NextCustomer
.
IsAdding. ,
. FirstCustomer,
LastCustomer , PreviousCustomer NextCustomer .
AddCustomer, SaveChanges DiscardChanges,
.
IsEditing. ,
. , -
FirstCustomer, LastCustomer, PreviousCustomer NextCustomer.
EditCustomer, -
. , SaveChanges DiscardChanges,
AddCustomer .
EditCustomer .
IsAddingOrEditing. , -
.
, .
CanBrowse. true, -
-.
, FirstCustomer, LastCustomer,
PreviousCustomer NextCustomer,
,
, :
public ViewModel()
{
...
this.NextCustomer = new Command(this.Next,
() => { return this.CanBrowse &&
this.customers != null && !this.IsAtEnd; });
this.PreviousCustomer = new Command(this.Previous,
, REST - 827
this.customers != null && !this.IsAtStart; });

this.FirstCustomer = new Command(this.First,
this.customers != null && !this.IsAtStart; });
this.LastCustomer = new Command(this.Last,
this.customers != null && !this.IsAtEnd; });
}
CanSaveOrDiscardChanges. true,

-.
Methods For Fetching And Updating Data ( -
) .
GetDataAsync. , .
-
.
ValidateCustomer. Customer-
FirstName LastName, , .
EmailAddress Phone, , -
, . true,
, false .
, SaveChanges.
, EmailAddress Phone, -
-
Regex, System.Text.RegularExpressions.
, Regex-
, , ,
IsMatch, Regex-, ,
. Regex -
- Microsoft
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/30wbz966.
CopyCustomer.
Customer-.
EditCustomer -
. ,
, .
Customers
ViewModel.cs, .
ServerUrl ViewModel
:
private const string ServerUrl = "http://<webappname>.azurewebsites.net/";
828 27
<webappname> -,
.
ViewModel.cs Methods For Fetching And Updating Data, -
, . ValidateCustomer
Add:
// ()
private void Add()
{
Customer newCustomer = new Customer { CustomerID = 0 };
this.customers.Insert(currentCustomer, newCustomer);
this.IsAdding = true;
}
Customer-. CustomerID,
0,
. , -
.
( -
),
, PropertyChanged, ,
Current- .
ViewModel
Command, :

{
...
public Command LastCustomer { get; private set; }
public Command AddCustomer { get; private set; }
...
}
ViewModel AddCustomer,
:
public ViewModel()
{
...
this.LastCustomer = new Command(this.Last, ...);
this.AddCustomer = new Command(this.Add,
() => { return this.CanBrowse; });
...
}
Add. -
, -
, REST - 829
( AddCustomer ,
).
Add Methods For Fetching And Updating Data
Customer oldCustomer
Edit:
//
//
//
private Customer oldCustomer;
private void Edit ()
{
this.oldCustomer = new Customer();
this.CopyCustomer(this.Current, this.oldCustomer);
this.IsEditing = true;
}
Current- oldCustomer
.
.
,
oldCustomer.
ViewModel
Command, :

{
...
public Command AddCustomer { get; private set; }
public Command EditCustomer { get; private set; }
...
}
ViewModel EditCustomer, -
:
public ViewModel()
{
...
this.AddCustomer = new Command(this.Add, ...);
this.EditCustomer = new Command(this.Edit,
() => { return this.CanBrowse; });
...
}
AddCustomer,
, Edit.
Methods For Fetching And Updating Data
ViewModel Edit Discard:
830 27
// , ,
//
private void Discard ()
{
// ,
if (this.IsAdding)
{
this.customers.Remove(this.Current);
}
// ,
//
if (this.IsEditing)
{
this.CopyCustomer(this.oldCustomer, this.Current);
}
this.IsBrowsing = true;
}
, -
, , -
.
, (
, Add )
PropertyChanged, ,
. -
, , -
oldCustomer, , ,
.
.
DiscardChanges Command
ViewModel (-
):
{
...
public Command EditCustomer { get; private set; }
public Command DiscardChanges { get; private set; }
...
public ViewModel()
{
...
this.EditCustomer = new Command(this.Edit, ...);
this.DiscardChanges = new Command(this.Discard,
() => { return this.CanSaveOrDiscardChanges; });
}
...
}
, REST - 831
, DiscardChanges ,
CanSaveOrDiscardChanges true,
- -
.
Methods For Fetching And Updating Data Discard
SaveAsync, .
async:
// ,
// -,
private async void SaveAsync()
{
//
if (this.ValidateCustomer(this.Current))
{
// ,
this.IsBusy = true;
try
{
// HTTP-
// JSON
var serializedData = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(this.Current);
StringContent content =
new StringContent(serializedData, Encoding.UTF8, "text/json");
// ,
// - HTTP POST-
if (this.IsAdding)
{
var response =
await client.PostAsync("api/customers", content);
{
// TODO:
}
// TODO: POST-
}
//
// , PUT-
else
{
string path = $"api/customers/{this.Current.CustomerID}";
var response = await client.PutAsync(path, content);

{
this.IsEditing = false;
}
// TODO: PUT-
}
}
catch (Exception e)
832 27
{
// TODO:
}
finally
{
}
}
}
.
.
, IsBusy ViewModel
true, ,
, -. (-
, IsActive
ProgressRing, Customers, -
, .)
try , -
, ,
. , -
PostAsync HttpClient, -
POST-. , POST-
PostCustomer CustomersController -,
Customer. -
JSON.
, -
PutAsync HttpClient.
PUT-, PutCustomer CustomersController
-. PutCustomer
.
- JSON-.
, IsBusy false,
ProgressRing .
SaveAsync // TODO:
, :
{
// ID
Uri customerUri = response.Headers.Location;
var newCust = await this.client.GetAsync(customerUri);
if (newCust.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
var customerData = await newCust.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
, REST - 833
this.CopyCustomer(
JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Customer>(customerData), this.Current);
this.IsAdding = false;
}
else
{
// TODO: GET-
}
}
CustomerID Customer ,
AdventureWorks, .
, -
, ,
. -
. , -
POST- GET-, -
. , HttpResponseMessage-
- POST- URL-,
. URL-
Headers.Location, api/
Customers/n, n .
GET- URL-, GetAsync
HttpClient.
ReadAsStringAsync. -
, .
,
-, ,
Headers.Location ,
POST-. , -
, , -
, , ,
, .
SaveChanges Command
ViewModel
:
{
...
public Command DiscardChanges { get; private set; }
public Command SaveChanges { get; private set; }
...
public ViewModel()
834 27
{
...
this.DiscardChanges = new Command(this.Discard, ...);
this.SaveChanges = new Command(this.SaveAsync,
() => { return this.CanSaveOrDiscardChanges; });
...
}
...
}
, -
.
- -
. ,
ModifiedDate
, . ,
, rowguid -
Customer GUID. (
Customer, ,
Adventure Works,
.)
GUID . GUID -
, Windows,
( , Windows
GUID, , ).
GUID-
, , Customer,
AdventureWorks.
-

AdventureWorksService Controllers
CustomersController.cs, .
PostCustomer ,
, , :
// POST api/Customers
public async Task<IHttpActionResult> PostCustomer(Customer customer)
{
if (!ModelState.IsValid)
{
...
}
customer.ModifiedDate = DateTime.Now;
, REST - 835
customer.rowguid = Guid.NewGuid();
db.Customers.Add(customer);
await db.SaveChangesAsync();
...
}
PutCustomer ModifiedDate,
, ,
, , :
// PUT api/Customers/5
[ResponseType(typeof(void))]
public async Task<IHttpActionResult> PutCustomer(int id, Customer customer)
{
...
customer.ModifiedDate = DateTime.Now;
db.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Modified;
...
}
- , ,
- , -
-, , .
, ,
, .
- , , -
, ViewModel
. -

ViewModel.
.
ViewModel

Customers ViewModel.cs.
, , Properties For "Busy"
And Error Message Handling (
).
IsBusy _lastError
LastError:
836 27
private string _lastError = null;

public string LastError
{
get { return this._lastError; }
private set
{
this._lastError = value;
this.OnPropertyChanged(nameof(LastError));
}
}
Methods For Fetching And Updating Data GetDataAsync.

:
catch (Exception e)
{
// TODO:
}
// TODO: , -
:
catch (Exception e)
{
this.LastError = e.Message;
}
else, -
, // TODO: GET- ,
:
else
{
this.LastError = response.ReasonPhrase;
}
ReasonPhrase HttpResponseMessage , -
, -.
if, else,
, :
if
{
...
this.IsAtEnd = (this.customers.Count == 0);
this.LastError = String.Empty;
}
else
{
}
LastError .
, REST - 837
ValidateCustomer
return , :
private bool ValidateCustomer(Customer customer)

{
...
this.LastError = validationErrors;
return !hasErrors;
}
ValidateCustomer validationErrors -
Customer,
.
LastError.
SaveAsync. , ,
HTTP -:
private async void SaveAsync()
{
//
if (this.ValidateCustomer(this.Current))
{
...
try
{
...
// ,
// - HTTP POST-
if (this.IsAdding)
{
...
{
...
if (newCust.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
...
}
else
{
// TODO: GET-
}
}
// TODO: POST-
else
{
}
}
//
838 27
// , PUT-
else
{
...
{
this.IsEditing = false;
}
// TODO: PUT-
else
{
}
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
// TODO:
this.LastError = e.Message;
}
finally
{
}
}
}
Discard, , -
:
private void Discard()
{
...
}
, -
.
.
, Customers,
, .
Customers

MainPage , Grid

TextBlock:
, REST - 839
<Page
...>

...
...
<Grid Grid.Row="2">
...
<TextBlock Grid.Row="6" Grid.Column="1"
Grid.ColumnSpan="7" Style="{StaticResource ErrorMessageStyle}"/>
</Grid>
</Grid>
...
<Grid Grid.Row="1">
...
<TextBlock Grid.Row="6" Grid.Column="0"
Grid.ColumnSpan="2" Style="{StaticResource ErrorMessageStyle}"/>
</Grid>
</Grid>
...
</Grid>
...
</Page>
ErrorMessageStyle,
TextBlock, AppStyles.xaml.
Text TextBlock -
LastError ViewModel:
...
<TextBlock Grid.Row="6" Grid.Column="1" Grid.ColumnSpan="7"
Style="{StaticResource ErrorMessageStyle}" Text="{Binding LastError}"/>
...
<TextBlock Grid.Row="6" Grid.Column="0" Grid.ColumnSpan="2"
Style="{StaticResource ErrorMessageStyle}" Text="{Binding LastError}"/>
TextBox ComboBox,
,
, -
,
.
IsEnabled IsAddingOrEditing ViewModel:
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="id"
IsEnabled="{Binding IsAddingOrEditing}" .../>
<TextBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="5" x:Name="firstName"
<TextBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="7" x:Name="lastName"
840 27
<ComboBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="3" x:Name="title"

...
<TextBox Grid.Row="3" Grid.Column="3" ... x:Name="email"
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="5" Grid.Column="3" ... x:Name="phone"
...
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="0" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cId" />
<TextBox Grid.Row="2" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cFirstName"
<TextBox Grid.Row="3" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cLastName"
<ComboBox Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cTitle"
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="4" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cEmail"
...
<TextBox Grid.Row="5" Grid.Column="1" x:Name="cPhone"
,
<Page.BottomAppBar>
. -
AddCustomer,
EditCustomer, SaveChanges -
DiscardChanges:
<Page ...>
...
<Page.TopAppBar >
...
</Page.TopAppBar>
<Page.BottomAppBar>
<CommandBar>
<AppBarButton x:Name="addCustomer" Icon="Add"
Label="New Customer" Command="{Binding Path=AddCustomer}"/>
<AppBarButton x:Name="editCustomer" Icon="Edit"
Label="Edit Customer" Command="{Binding Path=EditCustomer}"/>
<AppBarButton x:Name="saveChanges" Icon="Save"
Label="Save Changes" Command="{Binding Path=SaveChanges}"/>
<AppBarButton x:Name="discardChanges" Icon="Undo"
Label="Undo Changes" Command="{Binding Path=DiscardChanges}"/>
</CommandBar>
</Page.BottomAppBar>
</Page>
, , ,
, .
, REST - 841
Customers
,
. Customers, ,
TextBox ComboBox , -
.

.
, , First, Next, Previous Last
( , First Previous ,
-
). Add Edit,
Save Discard , AddCustomer EditCustomer -
, ,
SaveChanges DiscardChanges ,
(.27.21).
. 27.21
842 27

.
, -
. ,
Add Edit,
Save Discard. ,
(.27.22).
. 27.22
: , Test
, Test 2 , -
Save.
, -
ValidateCustomer. LastError
ViewModel , -
TextBlock, LastError
(.27.23).
, REST - 843
. 27.23
Discard ,
. ,
.
Add. ( ID, -
0). .
, name@
organization.com ( -
, ).
Save. ( -
), . ID
, ,
.
, -
. ,
844 27
, ,
.
, Visual Studio .
, Entity Framework
entity-, -
SQL Server. .
, REST -, UWP-
,
, entity-, , ,
-, ( ViewModel).
. ,
C#
Windows10. .
, , C#, -
,
C#.
C#
Visual Studio 2015,
. , C# .
2001 , , C#
, ,
Microsoft .NET Framework 1.0. ,
Visual Studio .NET Framework 1.1 2003- 2005-,
C# 2.0 .NET Framework2.0. C# 3.0
, , --
, , LINQ-. C# 4.0
, ,
, ,
. C# 5.0 -
async
await. C# 6.0 ,
, ,
nameof, .
C#
-
Windows. ,
845
, Windows 8 ,
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,
, , -
Windows10. , Visual Studio 2015 C#
.
C# Visual Studio? !
entity- , -
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Entity Framework EDM, ,
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, .
,
( ,

)
REST - ASP.NET,
, - Web API.
Web API2 ,
Entity Framework.
entity- entity- entity-, -
, entity-

REST - ASP.NET
- UWP- -
HttpClient.
BaseAddress HttpClient -
, :
string ServerUrl = "http://localhost:50000/";
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
client.BaseAddress = new Uri(ServerUrl);
GetAsync HttpClient -
REST - URI , .
UWP- GetAsync , , -
GetAsync,
ReadAsStringAsync HttpResponseMessage, -
:
846 27
HttpClient client = ...;

var response = await
client.GetAsync(api/customers);
{
var customerData = await
response.Content.
ReadAsStringAsync();
...
}
else
{
// GET-
}
- PostAsync HttpClient
REST
- UWP- URI , . -
HttpResponseMessage,
PostAsync, , POST-
, :
StringContent newCustomer = ...;
var response = await client.PostAsync(
"api/customers", newCustomer);
if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
// POST-
}
- PutAsync HttpClient
REST -
- UWP- URL .
HttpResponseMessage, PutAsync,
, PUT- , -
:
StringContent updatedCustomer = ...;
string path =
$"api/customers/{updatedCustomer.CustomerID}";
var response = await client.PutAsync(
path, updatedCustomer);
if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
// PUT-
}

Microsoft Visual C#.
8-
.
.
.
. , . , .
.
.
, 192102, -, . (. ), 3, , . 7.
034-2014, 58.11.12.000
, .
19.10.16. 70100/16. . . . . 68,370. 1000. 0000.
. .
142300, , . , . , 1.
: www.chpk.ru. E-mail: marketing@chpk.ru
: 8(496) 726-54-10, : (495) 988-63-87

Джон Шарп - Microsoft Visual C#. Подробное Руководство - 2017

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32.973.2-018.

12+ ( 29 2010 . 436-.)

ISBN 978-1509301041 . 2015 by CM Group, Ltd.

I. Microsoft Visual C# Microsoft

II. C#.................... 195

10. ..................................................................................... 272

11. .................................................. 297

12. ........................................................................................ 311

13. ................. 337

14. .................... 367

III. C# ........................... 391

15. ...................................................... 392

16. ............................................................................. 417

17. .......................................................................................... 435

18. .................................................................................. 469

19. ................................................................................. 496

20. .............................. 512

22. ......................................................................................... 573

23. .............. 598

II. C#.................... 195

III. C# ........................... 391

15. ..................................... 392

17. ................................................................ 435

18. .......................................................... 469

19. .......................................................... 496

20. .................... 512

23. ........ 598

Windows, ADO.NET, ASP.NET, Windows Communication

Visual Studio Community 2015, Visual Studio Professional 2015

Visual Studio 2015

Drawing Using Drawing, -

Parallel GraphDemo GraphDemo Parallel

GraphDemo GraphDemo 23, -

Visual Studio 2015

Visual Studio 2015

, Visual Studio 2015 .

(Name) TestHello ( ConsoleAppli

Visual Studio (.1.4).

static void Main(string[] args)

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Program.cs bin obj.

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(Location) \Microsoft Press\VCSBS\

Enable your device for development

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