AHEF.120.MD.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT GUIDE FOR CHP and HOB

Waste heat recovery

Waste heat recovery

INOGATE Technical Secretariat and Integrated Programme in support of

the Baku Initiative and the Eastern Partnership energy objectives

Contract No 2011/278827

A project within the INOGATE Programme

Implemented by:
Ramboll Denmark A/S (lead partner)
EIR Development Partners Ltd.
The British Standards Institution
LDK Consultants S.A.
MVV decon GmbH
ICF International
Statistics Denmark
Energy Institute Hrvoje Poar

June 2015
 Template Heat losses 1.: Heat losses analysis in the DH system network,
Document title supplied from HOB Sud
Document status Draft 0.1

Name Date
Prepared Dr. Albin ZSEBIK and Daniel NOVAK 09.06.2015
by
Checked
by
Approved
by

This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The
contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be
taken to reflect the views of the European Union.
 Table of Contents
1. Project sheet
2. Input data
3. Technical calculation
4. Financial calculation
5. Used formulas
6. X-steam Table Nr.1.
7. X-steam Table Nr.2.

Introduction

advantages of waste heat recovery, application, saving potential,

Keywords
simple payback period

Waste heat recovery:

Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction, and
then "dumped" into the enviroment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic
purpose. Following are equipment options that can recover energy from wasted heat or steam, thereby
reducing fuel usage while increasing system efficiency.
1. Stack Economizer: Recovers heat from flue gases that would otherwise be wasted, and is used to
preheat boiler combustion air or feed water, to heat water for absorption chillers, heating system and
domestic water system.
2. Two-Stage Condensing Economizer: Captures heat through both a traditional stack economizer section
and a condensing section. One section recovers energy by preheating boiler combustion air or feed-water.
The second (condensing) section preheats cool liquid streams, such as make-up water, process water, or
domestic water for sinks and showers.
3. One-Stage Condensing Economizer: Saves fuel by preheating virtually any cool liquid stream (e.g.,
make-up water, process water) by capturing the wasted heat from the boiler stack. It increases the amount
of heat recovered by capturing both sensible and latent heat energy.
5. Flash Tank Economizer: Captures high-temperature flash steam and condensate from a non-
modulating process load, providing (sensible) heat for make-up water and low-pressure flash steam (latent
heat) for the deaerator. This system quickly pays for itself with fuel savings resulting from recycled heat that
would otherwise be wasted through exhaust.
6. Blowdown Heat Recovery System: Captures waste heat from the boiler surface blowdown to increase
make-up water temperature (sensible heat) going to the feed-water tank. Continuous boiler surface
blowdown heat recovery is the most optimized method of controlling total dissolved solids (TDS) levels
within the boiler because it captures otherwise wasted energy normally purged to the sewer. These units are
available for boilers of all sizes, including multiple boilers.

This Excel sheet:

1. Helps to identify the heat in flue gases, which would waste without heat recovery;
2. Gives possibility to calculate three stage stack economizer for different purpose, but without condensing
of the steam content of the flue gas;
3. Calculates the fuel and fuel cost saving gained by the recovered heat;
4. Makes basic economical evaluation (calculate simple payback period) based on the given investments
costs and;
5. Shows example of the projects sheet, where the findings concerning the existing conditions, the
recommended actions to improve efficiency and expected results are described.
Attention: This file works properly, if the fuel is natural gas, and the boiler is a steam boiler.
Content ACTION No: ET - 000 - 16
Recommended Action Energy efficiency opportunity
Prepared for Sample
Report date:
tel/fax E-mail
Prepared by:
Checked by:
Approved by:

Action name: Installation of flue gas heat recovery heat exchangers

Area of the Plant Affected: HOB plant SUD

Findings concerning existing conditions:

The flue gas leaves the boilers type xxxxxxxx on high temperature (xxxC).

Recommended action to improve efficiency:

Based on the site visit and on the feasibility study No xxxxxxxx the boilers is recommended installation of
flue gas heat exchangers for absorption chiller, for heating system and DHW-system. With the heat
recovery the exhaust gas temperature can be decrease to the xx C, and the fuel consumption can be
decreased.

Expected results effect of recommendation:

Recovered Reduction of
Recovered heat for Recovered heat for
heat for DHW fuel
absorption chiller heating system
system consumption
[GJ/year] [GJ/year]
[GJ/year] [MDL]

Base line - existing conditions - - - -

After recommended action #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
Total recovered heat [GJ] #VALUE!
P a y b a c k p e r i o d [Ye a r ]

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS Payback period (simply payback):

Project cost estimate: MDL
Engineering design: 63,539
Equipment procurement: 1,258,200
Equipment installation: 629,100
Equipment commissioning: 629,100 1
Project support: 0 0.9
0.8
Total installing cost: 2,579,939 0.7
Fuel cost7.17
Estimated increase in annual (non energy) 0.6
[MDL/m 32]
7.57
operations and maintenance cost: 0.5 0
Recommended implementation schedule: 0.4
7.96
9
0.3 9.16
4
0.2 9.96
1
0.1 Base
0
0 2000000 4000000
Project cost [MDL]
 1

P
0.9
0.8
Fuel cost7.17
0.7
[MDL/m 32]
0.6 7.57
0
0.5 7.96
0.4 9
9.16
0.3 4
0.2 9.96
1
0.1 Base
0
0 2000000 4000000
Project cost [MDL]
 Existing solution:

Preparing measurement plan for a steam boiler:

Temperature [C]
M1 Combustion air
Relative humidity [%]
Fuel flow rate [l/h, t/h, nm3/h]
M2 Fuel consumption
Temperature [C]
M3 Steam (saturated) Pressure [bar]
Mass flow rate [t/h]
M4 Feed water Temperature [C]
Conductivity [S/cm]
Temperature [C]
Oxygen-content [%]

M5 Flue gas
CO-content [ppm]

M6 Blow-down Mass flow rate [t/h]

M7 Boiler-water Conductivity [S/cm]

Recommended solution:
 Boiler data sheet
General information
Boiler ID./Tag Factory
Mfr/Model # HLG 20/12
Year built 1965 Serial number Nr. 19650523-15-25
Boiler type Fire Tube Heating fluid Steam

Equipment nominal data

Steam generated [t/h] 20
Steam pressure [bar] 12
Temp. of saturated steam [C] 188
Temp. of Feed water [C] 90
Reference efficiency [%] 90
Fuel data
Boiler fuel Natural gas
Higher
heating
Lower heating value (LHV) 36.62 [MJ/m^3] 40.57 [MJ/m^3]
value
(HHV)
Chemical composition of fuel
CH4 0.96 35874
C2H6 0.04 64423
C3H8 0 92887
C4H10 0 122572
CmHn 0 0
CO 0 12623 Heating value of
[m3/m3 fuel]
H2 0 10799 comp. [kJ/m3]
CO2 0 0
N2 0 0
O2 0 0
H2S 0 594
H2O 0 0
Fire Tube Natural gas
Water Tube PB-gas Water (<110C)
Electric Fuel oil Water (>110C)
Natural Draft Coal Steam
Forced Draft Other
Condensing
Other _________
 Profile of operation
Profile of operation
Peformance rate [%] Operation time [h/a]

O p ea r i to n tim e [h /a ]
0 260
10 0
20 0
30 0 Profile
5000
40 400 4000
50 1000 3000
2000
60 1555 1000
70 4295 0

1 00
20
40
60
80
0
80 1250
Performance rate [%]
90 0
100 0
Check Correct input data <---

Parameters of flue gas

Quantity of flue gas

Proportion of oxygen in flue gas [%] 3.5
Specific heat of flue gas [kJ/(m C)] 3
0.9718
Temperature of flue gas [C] 250
Ambient temperature [C] 0

Different application for waste heat recovery

Required temperature diff. of heat exchangers [C] 15

Outlet temp. of hot water (absorption chiller) [C] 115
Inlet temp. of hot water (absorption chiller) [C] 100
Outlet temp. of water (heating system) [C] 80
Inlet temp. of water (heating system) [C] 60
Outlet temp. of water [C] 55
Inlet temp. of water [C] 12
Reference efficiency [%] 85
Fl ue ga s temperature [c]

Different application for recovering waste heat

200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Recovered heat [GJ/a]
Fl ue ga s temp
Different application for recovering waste heat

200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Recovered heat [GJ/a]
 Financial data
Operations and maintenance cost
Maintance cost [EUR/a] 100000
Fuel cost [EUR/m3] 0.35
MDL exchange rate [1 EUR] 20.97
Project cost estimate
Engineering design [EUR] 3,030
Equipment procurement [EUR] 60,000
Equipment installation [EUR] 30,000
Equipment commissioning [EUR] 30,000
Project support [EUR] 0
1 00
60
80

Sensitivity
nce rate [%]
-10
-5
15
Range of fuel cost [%]

25

Rate of increase (project cost) [%] 25

Financial analysis
1 Fuel cost
0.9 [MDL/m3 ]
0.8
Payback period [Year]

0.7 7.17
2
0.6 7.57
0
0.5 7.96
9
0.4 9.16
0.3 4
9.96
0.2 1
Base
0.1
0
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000
Project cost [MDL]
Boiler data sheet

General information
Boiler ID./Tag Factory
Mfr/Model # HLG 20/12
Year built 1965 Serial number Nr. 19650523-15-25
Boiler type Fire Tube Heating fluid Steam

Equipment nominal data

Steam generated [t/h] 20
Steam pressure [bar] 12
Temp. of saturated steam [C] 188
Temp. of Feed water [C] 110
Reference efficiency [%] 90
Fuel data
Boiler fuel Natural gas
Higher
heating
Lower heating value (LHV) 36.62 [MJ/m^3] 40.57 [MJ/m^3]
value
(HHV)
Chemical composition of fuel
CH4 0.96 35874
C2H6 0.04 64423
C3H8 0 92887
C4H10 0 122572
CmHn 0 0
CO 0 12623 Heating value of
[m3/m3 fuel]
H2 0 10799 comp. [kJ/m3]
CO2 0 0
N2 0 0
O2 0 0
H2S 0 594
H2O 0 0
Calc. heating value [MJ/m3] 37.0

If you have the composition list of fuel, and not the exact heating value, then please copy D32 to B18

Input data in yellow cells.

Calculated data in red cells.
Profile of operation

O pea ri ton time [h/a ]

Peformance rate [%] Operation time [h/a]
0 260
10 0
20 0 Profile
5000
30 0 4500
4000
40 400 3500
3000
50 1000 2500
2000
60 1555 1500
70 4295 1000
500
80 1250 0

100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
90 0
Performance rate [%]
100 0
Check Correct input data <---

Fuel consumption

Steam enthalpy [kJ/kg] #VALUE!

Feed water enthalpy [kJ/kg] #VALUE!
Peformance rate [%] Fuel consumption Heat input [MJ]
0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
10 #VALUE! #VALUE!
20 #VALUE! #VALUE!
30 #VALUE! #VALUE!
40 #VALUE! #VALUE!
50 #VALUE! [m3] #VALUE!
60 #VALUE! #VALUE!
70 #VALUE! #VALUE!
80 #VALUE! #VALUE!
90 #VALUE! #VALUE!
100 #VALUE! #VALUE!

Input data in yellow cells.

Calculated data in red cells.
 Quantity of flue gas
Proportion of oxygen in flue gas [%] 3.5
Lambda [-] 1.2
Specific heat of flue gas [kJ/(m3C)] 0.9718
Temperature of flue gas [C] 150
Ambient temperature [C] 0
Stoichiometrical quantity of flue gas [m3/m3] 10.2536
Stoichiometrical quantity of air [m3/m3] 9.7712
Specific flue gas flow [m /m ]
3 3
12.20784

Performance rate [%] Flue gas flow [m3] Heat content of flue gas [MJ]
0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
10 #VALUE! #VALUE!
100
80
90

20 #VALUE! #VALUE!
e [%]
30 #VALUE! #VALUE!
40 #VALUE! #VALUE!

50 #VALUE! #VALUE!

60 #VALUE! #VALUE!
70 #VALUE! #VALUE!
80 #VALUE! #VALUE!
90 #VALUE! #VALUE!
100 #VALUE! #VALUE!
Heat content of flue gas [GJ/a] #VALUE!
Heat input [GJ/a] #VALUE!
Heat loss due to flue gas [%/a] #VALUE!

X-axis (1)

Input data in yellow cells.

Calculated data in red cells.
 Heat loss due to flue gas

1
Heat [MJ]

1
Heat input [MJ]
1
Heat content of flue gas [MJ]
0

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 Different application for waste heat recovery
Waste heat for absorption chiller
Outlet temp. of hot water [C] 115 Heat can be used for this application.
Inlet temp. of hot water [C] 100
Required temperature diff. of heat exchangers, C 15
Reference efficiency [%] 85

X-axis (1) X-axis (2) Y-axis (1) Y-axis (2) Gradient #VALUE!
0 #VALUE! 150 0
0 #VALUE! 135 0
0 #VALUE! 100 100
0 #VALUE! 115.0 115.0
#VALUE! #VALUE! 115 0 Recovered heat [GJ/a] #VALUE!
0 #VALUE! 115 100 Reduction of fuel [m /a] #VALUE!
3

Waste heat for heating system

Outlet temp. of water [C] 80 Heat can be used for this application.

Inlet temp. of water [C] 60

X-axis (1) X-axis (2) Y-axis (1) Y-axis (2)

0 #VALUE! 60 60
0 #VALUE! 80 80
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0 60 Recovered heat [GJ/a] #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 80 60 Reduction of fuel [m3/a] #VALUE!

Waste heat for DHW-system

Outlet temp. of water [C] 55 Heat can be used for this application.
Inlet temp. of water [C] 12

X-axis (1) X-axis (2) Y-axis (1) Y-axis (2)

0 #VALUE! 12 12
0 #VALUE! 55 55
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0 12 Recovered heat [GJ/a] #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 55 12 Reduction of fuel [m3/a] #VALUE!

Conclusion
Q a.c. #VALUE! [GJ/a] Vgas at reference efficiency
#VALUE! [m3/a] Cgas #VALUE! [MDL/a]
Q h.s. #VALUE! Vgas at reference efficiency
[GJ/a] #VALUE! [m3/a] Cgas #VALUE! [MDL/a]
Q dhw.s. #VALUE! Vgas at reference efficiency
[GJ/a] #VALUE! [m3/a] Cgas #VALUE! [MDL/a]
 Input data in yellow cells.
Calculated data in red cells.
Flue gas temperature [c]

Different application for the waste heat recovery

160

140
Flue gas
Pinch poi nt
120 Row 11
Row 12
Row 13
100 Q a.c. #VALUE! [GJ/a] Vgas at
reference efficiency #VALUE!
[m3/a] Cgas #VALUE! [MDL/a]
Row 21
80 Row 22
Row 23
Q h.s. #VALUE! [GJ/a] Vgas at
60 reference efficiency #VALUE!
[m3/a] Cgas #VALUE! [MDL/a]
Row 32
Row 31
40 Row 33
Q dhw.s. #VALUE! [GJ/a] Vgas
at reference efficiency
20 #VALUE! [m3/a] Cgas #VALUE!
[MDL/a]

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Recovered heat [GJ/a]
 Financial analysis (Method: Simple payback period)
Operations and maintenance cost
Maintance cost [EUR/a] 100000 2097000 [MDL/a]
Fuel cost [EUR/m3] 0.38 7.97 [MDL/m3]
Fuel cost [EUR/a] #VALUE! #VALUE! [MDL/a]
MDL exchange rate [1 EUR] 20.97 MDL
Project cost estimate:
Engineering design [EUR] 3,030 63539
Equipment procurement [EUR] 60,000 1258200
Equipment installation [EUR] 30,000 629100 MDL
Equipment commissioning [EUR] 30,000 629100
Project support [EUR] 0 0

Simple payback period [Year] #VALUE!

Sensitivity
Project cost [MDL] 2,579,939
Rate of increase [%] 25
Increased project cost [MDL] 3,224,924

Range of fuel cost [%]

-10 -5 0 15 25
Fuel cost [MDL/m3]
7.172 7.570 7.969 9.164 9.961

Fuel cost [MDL/m3] Simple payback period [Year]

#VALUE! 0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0 #VALUE! #VALUE!

X-axis (1) X-axis (2) Y-axis (1) Y-axis (2)

2,579,939 2,579,939 0 #VALUE!
Payb a c k p er i o d [Yea r]

Financial analysis Fuel

1
cost
7.17
0.8 [MDL/m
2
0.6
3
] 7.57
0
0.4 7.96
9
0.2 9.16
4
0 9.96
0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 1
Base
Project cost [MDL]

Input data in yellow cells.

Calculated data in red cells.
Used formulas:

1.

q quantity of fuel used [m3]

Q quantity of steam generated per secundum [kg/sec]
hg enthalpy of saturated steam [kJ/kg]
hf enthalpy of feed water [kJ/kg]
boiler efficiency [-]
LHV Lower heating value [kJ/kg, kJ/m3]
top operation time [sec]

2.

L0 - Theoretical air required for complete combustion [m 3/m3]

LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3]

3.

V0 - Stoichiometrical quantity of flue gas [m 3/m3]

LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3]

4.

Vfg - Specific flue gas flow [m3/m3]

V0 - Stoichiometrical quantity of flue gas [m 3/m3]
Excess air [-]
L0 - Theoretical air required for complete combustion [m 3/m3]

5.

Qfg - Heat content of flue gas [MJ]

Vfg,a Actual flue gas flow [m3]
tfg Temperature of flue gas [C]
ta - Ambient temperature [C]
cp - Specific heat of flue gas [kJ/(m3C)]
6.

LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]

ci Proportion of the i. component in the fuel [m 3/m3 fuel or kg/kg fuel]
LHVi - Lower heating value of components[MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]

7.

Qin Heat input [MJ]

LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]
FC Fuel consumption [m3 or kg]

8.

Lambda [-] = (1+(EA/100)), where EA means excess air in [%]

O2 Measured oxygen cocentration in flue gas [%]

9.

Vfg,a Actual flue gas flow [m3]

Vfg - Specific flue gas flow [m3/m3]
FC Fuel consumption [m3 or kg]

10.

SPP Simple payback period [Year]

YB Yearly benefits [MDL/a]
YC Yearly costs [MDL/a]
PC - Project cost [MDL]
X Steam Tables
Excel macros, IF-97 Steam tables. The excel scripts are stored inside this workbook. A complete list of functions for use is available on th
By: Magnus Holmgren The steam tables are free and provided as is. We take no responsibilities for any errors in the code or
www.x-eng.com OBS: This workbook uses macros. Set security options in Tools:Macro:Security to enable macros.

Saturation properties given temperature Saturation properties given pressure

Temperature 110.00 C Pressure 12.000 bar a
Saturation pressure #VALUE! bar a Saturation temperature #VALUE! C
Liquid Liquid
Enthalpy #VALUE! kJ/kg Enthalpy #VALUE! kJ/kg
Density #VALUE! kg/m3 Density #VALUE! kg/m3
Entropy #VALUE! kJ/kgK Entropy #VALUE! kJ/kgK
Vapour Vapour
Vapour enthalpy #VALUE! kJ/kg Vapour enthalpy #VALUE! kJ/kg
Vapour density #VALUE! kg/m3 Vapour density #VALUE! kg/m3
Vapour Entropy #VALUE! kJ/kgK vapour Entropy #VALUE! kJ/kgK
Evaporation energy #VALUE! kJ/kg Evaporation energy #VALUE! kJ/kg

Properties given pressure and temperature Properties given pressure and enthalpy
Pressure 1.00 bar a Pressure 12.57 bar a
Temperature 100.00 C Enthalpy 2788.00 kJ/kg
Enthalpy #VALUE! kJ/kg Temperature #VALUE! C
Density #VALUE! kg/m3 Density #VALUE! kg/m3
Entropy #VALUE! kJ/kgK Entropy #VALUE! kJ/kgK
Vapour fraction #VALUE! % Vapour fraction #VALUE! %
IF97 Region #VALUE! IF97 Region #VALUE!
Phase #VALUE! Phase #VALUE!
Isobaric heat capacity #VALUE! kJ/kg Isobaric heat capacity #VALUE! kJ/kg
Speed of sound #VALUE! m/s Speed of sound #VALUE! m/s
f functions for use is available on the "Calling functions" worksheet
ibilities for any errors in the code or damage thereby.
acro:Security to enable macros.
X Steam Tables v2.6 http://www.x-eng.com
Steam tables by Magnus Holmgren according to IAPWS IF-97
The excel scripts are stored inside this workbook. (No extra files are needed. Start from a copy of this workbook. This page can be removed)
For error-reporting, feedback, other units etc. contact: magnus@x-eng.com
The steam tables are free and provided as is. We take no responsibilities for any errors in the code or damage thereby.
OBS: This workbook uses macros. Set security options in Tools:Macro:Security to enable macros.

Temperature
Tsat_p 1 bar #VALUE! C Saturation temperature
T_ph 1 bar 100 kJ/kg #VALUE! C Temperture as a function of pressur
T_ps 1 bar 1 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! C Temperture as a function of pressur
T_hs 100 kJ/kg 0.2 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! C Temperture as a function of enthalp
Pressure
psat_T 100 C #VALUE! bar Saturation pressure
p_hs 84 kJ/kg 0.3 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! bar Pressure as a function of h and s.
p_hrho ### kJ/kg 5 kg/m3 #VALUE! bar Pressure as a function of h and rho
Enthalpy
hV_p 1 bar #VALUE! kJ/kg Saturated vapour enthalpy
hL_p 1 bar #VALUE! kJ/kg Saturated liquid enthalpy
hV_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/kg Saturated vapour enthalpy
hL_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/kg Saturated liquid enthalpy
h_pT 1 bar 20 C #VALUE! kJ/kg Entalpy as a function of pressure an
h_ps 1 bar 1 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! kJ/kg Entalpy as a function of pressure an
h_px 1 bar 0.5 #VALUE! kJ/kg Entalpy as a function of pressure an
h_Tx 100 C 0.5 #VALUE! kJ/kg Entalpy as a function of temperatur
h_prho 1 bar 2 kg/m3 #VALUE! kJ/kg Entalpy as a function of pressure an
Specific volume
vV_p 1 bar #VALUE! m3/kg Saturated vapour volume
vL_p 1 bar #VALUE! m3/kg Saturated liquid volume
vV_T 100 C #VALUE! m3/kg Saturated vapour volume
vL_T 100 C #VALUE! m3/kg Saturated liquid volume
v_pT 1 bar 100 C #VALUE! m3/kg Specific volume as a function of pre
v_ph 1 bar ### kJ/kg #VALUE! m3/kg Specific volume as a function of pre
v_ps 1 bar 5 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! m3/kg Specific volume as a function of pre
Density
rhoV_p 1 bar #VALUE! kg/m3 Saturated vapour density
rhoL_p 1 bar #VALUE! kg/m3 Saturated liquid density
rhoV_T 100 C #VALUE! kg/m3 Saturated vapour density
rhoL_T 100 C #VALUE! kg/m3 Saturated liquid density
rho_pT 1 bar 100 C #VALUE! kg/m3 Density as a function of pressure an
rho_ph 1 bar ### kJ/kg #VALUE! kg/m3 Density as a function of pressure an
rho_ps 1 bar 1 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! kg/m3 Density as a function of pressure an
Specific entropy
sV_p 0.01 bar #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) Saturated vapour entropy
sL_p 0.01 bar #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) Saturated liquid entropy
sV_T 0 C #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) Saturated vapour entropy
sL_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) Saturated liquid entropy
s_pT 1 bar 20 C #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) Specific entropy as a function of pre
s_ph 1 bar ### kJ/kg #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) Specific entropy as a function of pre
Specific internal energy
uV_p 1 bar #VALUE! kJ/kg Saturated vapour internal energy
uL_p 1 bar #VALUE! kJ/kg Saturated liquid internal energy
uV_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/kg Saturated vapour internal energy
uL_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/kg Saturated liquid internal energy
u_pT 1 bar 100 C #VALUE! kJ/kg Specific internal energy as a functio
u_ph 1 bar ### kJ/kg #VALUE! kJ/kg Specific internal energy as a functio
u_ps 1 bar 1 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! kJ/kg Specific internal energy as a functio
Specific isobaric heat capacity
CpV_p 1 bar #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Saturated vapour heat capacity
CpL_p 1 bar #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Saturated liquid heat capacity
CpV_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Saturated vapour heat capacity
CpL_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Saturated liquid heat capacity
Cp_pT 1 bar 100 C #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Specific isobaric heat capacity as a
Cp_ph 1 bar 200 kJ/kg #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Specific isobaric heat capacity as a
Cp_ps 1 bar 1 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Specific isobaric heat capacity as a
Specific isochoric heat capacity
CvV_p 1 bar #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Saturated vapour isochoric heat cap
CvL_p 1 bar #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Saturated liquid isochoric heat capa
CvV_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Saturated vapour isochoric heat cap
CvL_T 100 C #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Saturated liquid isochoric heat capa
Cv_pT 1 bar 100 C #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Specific isochoric heat capacity as a
Cv_ph 1 bar 200 kJ/kg #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Specific isochoric heat capacity as a
Cv_ps 1 bar 1 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! kJ/(kgC) Specific isochoric heat capacity as a
Speed of sound
wV_p 1 bar #VALUE! m/s Saturated vapour speed of sound
wL_p 1 bar #VALUE! m/s Saturated liquid speed of sound
wV_T 100 C #VALUE! m/s Saturated vapour speed of sound
wL_T 100 C #VALUE! m/s Saturated liquid speed of sound
w_pT 1 bar 100 C #VALUE! m/s Speed of sound as a function of pre
w_ph 1 bar 200 kJ/kg #VALUE! m/s Speed of sound as a function of pre
w_ps 1 bar 1 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! m/s Speed of sound as a function of pre
Dynamic Viscosity
Viscosity is not part of IAPWS Steam IF97. Equations from "Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1985 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substa
Viscosity in the mixed region (4) is interpolated according to the density. This is not true since it will be two fases.
my_pT 1 bar 100 C #VALUE! Pa s Viscosity as a function of pressure a
my_ph 1 bar 100 kJ/kg #VALUE! Pa s Viscosity as a function of pressure a
my_ps 1 bar 1 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! Pa s Viscosity as a function of pressure a
Prandtl
Calcualted as Cp*my/tc
pr_pT 1 bar 200 C #VALUE! -
pr_ph 1 bar ### kJ/kg #VALUE! -
Thermal Conductivity
Revised release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for the Thermal Conductivity of ordinary water substance (IAPWS 1998)
tcL_p 100 bar #VALUE! W/(m K) Saturated vapour thermal conductiv
tcV_p 1 bar #VALUE! W/(m K) Saturated liquid thermal conductivit
tcL_T 100 C #VALUE! W/(m K) Saturated vapour thermal conductiv
tcV_T 100 C #VALUE! W/(m K) Saturated liquid thermal conductivit
tc_pT 100 bar 350 C #VALUE! W/(m K) Thermal conductivity as a function o
tc_ph 1 bar 350 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! W/(m K) Thermal conductivity as a function o
tc_hs 100 kJ/(kg K) 0.34 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! W/(m K) Thermal conductivity as a function o
Surface Tension
IAPWS Release on Surface Tension of Ordinary Water Substance, September 1994
st_T 100 C #VALUE! N/m Surface tension for two phase wate
st_p 1 bar #VALUE! N/m Surface tension for two phase wate
Vapour fraction
x_ph 1 bar ### kJ/kg #VALUE! Vapour fraction as a function of pres
x_ps 1 bar 4 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! Vapour fraction as a function of pres
Vapour Volume Fraction
Observe that vapour volume fraction is very sensitive. Vapour volume is about 1000 times greater than liquid volume and therfore vapour volume fraction
gets close to the accurancy of steam IF-97
vx_ph 1 bar 418 kJ/kg #VALUE! Vapour volume fraction as a functio
vx_ps 1 bar 4 kJ/(kg K) #VALUE! Vapour volume fraction as a functio

Version history
News in V2.6
* Error in valid region for function tc_ptrho
* Error in function h3_pt for temperatures near the saturation point.
News in V2.5
* DLL distrubution for use in other applications
* Freebasic translation
* Fixed small error in Cv Region 5 p>1000bar
News in V2.4a
* ToSIUnit for h_ps region 4. (No effect in SI unit version).
News in V2.4
* Functions by p,rho inplemented in matlab also.
* Many missing ; in matlab causing printouts detected.
* OpenOffice version introduced. (Fixed calculation differences in open office and excel)
* Matlab error giving varaible undefined in some backwards solutions fixed.
News in V2.3
* Option Explicit, gives more efficient calculations.
* Extensive testing
* my_ph not defined in region 4.
* Problems at region border for h4V_p to adress solver problems at the exact border.
* Problem at fast border check in region_ph fixed.
News in V2.2
* Extensive testing
* Fixed error in Cp_ph
* Function p_hrho added. (Very good for calcualting pressure when heating a volume with water/steam mixture.)
* Fixed error in T_hs return no value for vet region bellow the water saturation line.
* Prandtl number added
News in V2.1
* Calling function h_prho
* Fixed problem with Cv reporting NaN in region 5.
* Equivivalent to the Matlab version. (Downloadable from www.x-eng.com)
News in V2
* Calling functions of h and s added.
* Thermal conductivity, Surface tension added
* Calling functions h_px and h_tx added.
* Cp, Cv and w undefined in the mixed region. (Before interpolation with the vapor fraction was used.)
* A work sheet "Properties" for simple lookups added.
page can be removed)

on temperature
ure as a function of pressure and enthalpy
ure as a function of pressure and entropy
ure as a function of enthalpy and entropy

e as a function of h and s.
e as a function of h and rho (density). Very unaccurate for solid water region since it's almost incompressible!

ed vapour enthalpy
ed liquid enthalpy
ed vapour enthalpy
ed liquid enthalpy
as a function of pressure and temperature.
as a function of pressure and entropy.
as a function of pressure and vapour fraction
as a function of temperature and vapour fraction
as a function of pressure and density. Observe for low temperatures (liquid) this equation has 2 solutions. (Not valid!!)

ed vapour volume
ed liquid volume
ed vapour volume
ed liquid volume
volume as a function of pressure and temperature.
volume as a function of pressure and enthalpy
volume as a function of pressure and entropy.

ed vapour density
ed liquid density
ed vapour density
ed liquid density
as a function of pressure and temperature.
as a function of pressure and enthalpy
as a function of pressure and entropy.

ed vapour entropy
ed liquid entropy
ed vapour entropy
ed liquid entropy
entropy as a function of pressure and temperature (Returns saturated vapour entalpy if mixture.)
entropy as a function of pressure and enthalpy

ed vapour internal energy

ed liquid internal energy
ed vapour internal energy
ed liquid internal energy
internal energy as a function of pressure and temperature.
internal energy as a function of pressure and enthalpy
internal energy as a function of pressure and entropy.

ed vapour heat capacity

ed liquid heat capacity
ed vapour heat capacity
ed liquid heat capacity
isobaric heat capacity as a function of pressure and temperature.
isobaric heat capacity as a function of pressure and enthalpy
isobaric heat capacity as a function of pressure and entropy.

ed vapour isochoric heat capacity

ed liquid isochoric heat capacity
ed vapour isochoric heat capacity
ed liquid isochoric heat capacity
isochoric heat capacity as a function of pressure and temperature.
isochoric heat capacity as a function of pressure and enthalpy
isochoric heat capacity as a function of pressure and entropy.

ed vapour speed of sound

ed liquid speed of sound
ed vapour speed of sound
ed liquid speed of sound
of sound as a function of pressure and temperature.
of sound as a function of pressure and enthalpy
of sound as a function of pressure and entropy.

Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substance", 2003 are used.

y as a function of pressure and temperature.

y as a function of pressure and enthalpy
y as a function of pressure and entropy.

ed vapour thermal conductivity

ed liquid thermal conductivity
ed vapour thermal conductivity
ed liquid thermal conductivity
l conductivity as a function of pressure and temperature.
l conductivity as a function of pressure and enthalpy
l conductivity as a function of enthalpy and entropy

tension for two phase water/steam as a function of T

tension for two phase water/steam as a function of T

fraction as a function of pressure and enthalpy

fraction as a function of pressure and entropy.

and therfore vapour volume fraction

volume fraction as a function of pressure and enthalpy

volume fraction as a function of pressure and entropy.
ns. (Not valid!!)