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Test at a Glance
Test Name Biology: Content Knowledge
Test Code 0235
Time 2 hours
Number of Questions 150
Format Multiple-choice
Approximate Approximate
Content Categories Number of Percentage of
Questions Examination
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
Topics Covered
Representative descriptions of topics covered in each category are provided below.
Physical laws and principles governing biological H. Procedures involved in the safe preparation,
systems storage, use, and disposal of laboratory and field
C. Differences among facts, hypotheses, theories, materials
and laws Molarity and percent solutions
Testable nature of hypotheses Acid and base solutions
Formulation of theories based on accumulated Flammable and/or caustic chemicals
data Biological specimens and waste
Durability of laws I. Appropriate and safe use and care of laboratory
D. Scientific ideas change over time; contributions equipment
made by major historical figures Optical equipment (e.g., microscopes,
Cell theory and germ theory (e.g., Hooke, Pasteur) spectrophotometers, UV light sources)
Heredity, evolution, and ecology (e.g., Mendel, Separation equipment (e.g., gel electrophoresis,
Darwin) chromatography, centrifuges)
Structure and nature of genetic material (e.g., Measurement, mixing and heating equipment
Hershey and Chase, Franklin, Watson and Crick) (e.g., balances, stirrers, burners)
Classification of organisms (e.g., Linnaeus, Sterilization equipment (e.g., autoclave, ovens)
Woese) J. Safety and emergency procedures for science
E. Appropriate use of scientific measurement and classrooms and laboratories
notation systems Use of material safety data sheets (MSDS)
Precision versus accuracy Use of personal safety equipment: (e.g., gloves,
Metric and SI units goggles, labcoats)
Unit conversions Use of laboratory safety equipment (e.g., fire
extinguishers, eye wash stations, emergency
Scientific notation and significant figures
showers)
Linear versus logarithmic scales (e.g., pH)
2
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
II. Molecular and Cellular Biology F. Structure and function of cells and organelles
D. Biochemical pathways and energy flow within an Chromosome structure (e.g., nucleosome,
telomeres, linear vs. circular)
organism
DNA replication
Cellular locations of biochemical pathways
Photosynthesis (e.g., photosystems, electron J. Processes involved in protein synthesis
transport, C3 and C4) RNA transcription
Cellular respiration (e.g., fermentation, Krebs mRNA processing (e.g., poly A tail, splicing)
cycle, electron transport) Translation (e.g., ribosome structure, tRNA)
Chemosynthesis (e.g., deep sea vent
K. Regulation of gene expression
microorganisms)
Promoters
E. Major differences between prokaryotes and
Enhancers
eukaryotes
Transcription factors
Cell size
Operons
Membrane bound organelles
Environmental influences (e.g., epigenetics)
Cell walls (e.g., peptidoglycan, cellulose)
Chromosome structure (e.g., circular versus
linear)
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
L. Cells may undergo differentiation and C. Chromosomal and genetic changes that lead to
specialization common human genetic disorders
Differential gene expression Changes in chromosome numbers (e.g., Down
Stem cells (e.g., sources, developmental syndrome)
potential) Changes in chromosome structure (e.g.,
M. Nature of mutations deletions, inversion, duplications)
Common genetic disorders (e.g., Sickle-cell
Cause of mutations (e.g., recombination,
anemia, Tay-Sachs)
translocation, mutagens)
Types of mutations (e.g., point mutations, D. Sources of genetic variation
deletions, inversion) Mutation
Somatic versus germ-line mutations Crossing-over
N. Use of basic laboratory techniques to study Genetic exchange (e.g., transduction,
biological processes transformation, conjugation)
Gel electrophoresis Sexual reproduction (e.g., independent
assortment)
Microscopy
Spectrophotometry E. Mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, and
nonrandom mating affect the gene pool of a
O. Use and applications of DNA technologies and
population
genetic engineering
Distribution and movement of alleles within
DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction populations
(PCR)
Distribution and movement of alleles between
Genome sequencing projects populations
Gene therapy
F. Principles and applications of Hardy-Weinberg
Cloning
equilibrium
Transgenic and genetically engineered cells
Conditions of HW equilibrium
Calculating allele frequencies using the HW
III. Classical Genetics and Evolution equation
A. Mendels laws and predicting the probable G. Mechanisms of evolution
outcome of given genetic crosses
Natural and artificial selection
Independent assortment Sexual selection
Law of segregation Genetic drift (e.g., bottleneck, founder effect)
Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses Coevolution
Pedigree analysis Adaptive radiation
B. Non-Mendelian inheritance H. Evidence that supports evolution
Linkage (e.g., recombination mapping) Molecular evidence (e.g., DNA sequence
Sex-linked inheritance comparisons)
Multiple alleles, codominance and incomplete Structural and developmental evidence (e.g.,
dominance homology, embryology)
Polygenic inheritance, epistasis and pleiotropy Fossil record
Organelle inheritance (e.g., mitochondrial Endosymbiosis
inheritance) Convergent versus divergent evolution
Major evolutionary trends (e.g., cephalization,
multicellularity)
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
5
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
J. Structure and function of major plant tissues and D. Relationship between reproductive strategies
organs and mortality rates
Dermal Sexual versus asexual reproduction
Vascular (xylem, phloem) Parental investment
Ground (e.g., parenchyma, cortex) Numbers of offspring produced versus numbers
Meristems that survive
Flowers, stems, leaves, and roots E. Relationships within and between species
K. Plant life cycles and reproductive strategies Symbiosis (e.g., parasitism, commensalism,
mutualism)
Alternation of generations (i.e., gametophyte,
sporophyte) Predation
Pollination strategies (e.g., wind, insect) Competition and territoriality
Seed dispersal Altruistic behaviors
L. Plants obtain and transport water and inorganic F. Changes occur during ecological succession
nutrients Primary versus secondary succession
Roots Biomass, diversity, productivity, and habitat
Xylem transport changes during succession
M. Plants transport and store products of Aquatic (e.g., stream, estuary, coral reef)
photosynthesis Terrestrial (e.g., desert, grassland, tropical rain
forest)
Products (e.g., simple and complex
carbohydrates) H. Energy flow in the environment
Phloem transport Trophic levels (e.g., pyramids of biomass,
Storage molecules (e.g., starch, cellulose) pyramids of energy)
Storage structures (e.g., plastids, vacuoles, tuber) Food webs
I. Biogeochemical cycles
V. Ecology Water cycle
A. Hierarchical structure of the biosphere Carbon cycle
Populations Nitrogen cycle
Communities Phosphorus cycle
Ecosystems J. Effects of natural disturbances on biodiversity
Biomes and ecosystems
B. Biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem Temporal and spatial disturbances (e.g., climate,
fire, disease)
influence population size
Fragmentation of ecosystems
Resource availability and abiotic factors (e.g.,
nutrients and temperature) Natural ecosystem recovery
Habitat and niche
Competition and predation
C. Models of population growth
Exponential growth
Logistic growth (e.g., carrying capacity)
6
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
K. Humans affect ecological systems and C. Societal impacts associated with the
biodiversity management of natural resources
Pollution (e.g., greenhouse gases, acid Habitat preservation (e.g., Endangered Species
precipitation) Act, National Parks)
Habitat destruction (e.g., deforestation) Extraction of mineral and energy resources (e.g.,
Introduced species (e.g., non-native, mining, drilling)
reintroduced) Agriculture, forestry, wildlife and fisheries
Remediation (e.g., reforestation, mine reclamation) practices
Renewable and/or sustainable use of resources
L. Connections among ecosystems on a local and
global scale D. Ethical and societal issues arising from the use
Natural flow of material between ecosystems of science and technology
Transport of materials by humans Ethical research concerns (e.g, stem cells, toxic
chemicals)
Movement of organisms (e.g., migration)
Ethical use of technology (e.g., genetically
modified organisms, cloning)
VI. Science, Technology, and Society
Societal concerns (e.g., security of genetic
A. Impact of science and technology on the information, equal access to medical treatment)
environment
Pollution and pollution mitigation (e.g., burning
fossil fuels, green building, environmental
cleanup)
Resource management (e.g., waste management,
recycling)
Conservation (e.g., habitat protection, habitat
restoration, species protection)
Non-point sources of pollution (e.g., lawn
fertilizers)
B. Impact of human activity and natural phenomena
on society
Consequences (e.g., economic, social)
Disaster management (e.g., hurricane relief and
cleanup)
Global warming, sea levels, flooding
Epidemiology (e.g., malaria, influenza)
Agriculture and soil erosion
Estuary and wetland degradation
Water management
Production, use, and disposal of consumer
products (e.g., plastics)
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
8
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are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States and other countries. PRAXIS and THE PRAXIS SERIES are trademarks of ETS. 8601
Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
(B)
(C)
(D)
9
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are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States and other countries. PRAXIS and THE PRAXIS SERIES are trademarks of ETS. 8601
Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
10. Which of the following are isomers? 14. Which of the following cellular processes normally
produces ATP from glucose in the absence of oxygen?
(A)
(A) Krebs cycle
(B) Glycolysis
(C) Chemiosmosis
(D) Calvin cycle
(B)
15. Which of the following mechanisms can best account for
the higher concentrations of mineral nutrients in the root
cells of vascular plants than in the surrounding soil
(C) NaCl and KCl
environment?
(A) Osmosis
(D)
(B) Diffusion
(C) Facilitated diffusion
(D) Active transport
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
Directions for Questions 1819: The group of questions Directions for Questions 2021: The group of questions
below describes an experimental situation. First study the below consists of four lettered headings followed by a list of
description of the situation; then choose the one best answer phrases or sentences. For each sentence, select the one
for each question and fill in completely the space on the heading that is most closely related to it. One heading may
answer sheet. be used once, more than once, or not at all.
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
12
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are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States and other countries. PRAXIS and THE PRAXIS SERIES are trademarks of ETS. 8601
Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
Answers
1. The correct answer is C. The upward movement of water 12. The correct answer is B. In plant roots, the vascular tissue is
is caused by a pull generated by water loss in the leaves located in the center of the root and is surrounded by a layer of
(transpiration) and facilitated by the cohesive properties of water endoderm cells. The pericycle is a layer of cells on the inner side
in narrow tubes such as xylem vessels. of the endoderm in plant roots. Root branching is initiated in the
pericycle.
2. The correct answer is C. Biologists estimate that large
amounts of energy available to one trophic level are lost and 13. The correct answer is B. The Hardy-Weinberg equation
2 2
not transferred to the next trophic level. states p + 2pq + q = 1, where p = the frequency of the dominant
allele of a gene and q = the frequency of the recessive allele of a
3. The correct answer is A. The Galapgos finches are a
gene. If a recessive trait is expressed in 1% of the population
classical example of adaptive radiation of a single species that 2
( q = 0.01), the frequency of the allele in the population is 0.1
arrived from the continent, diversified, and underwent speciation
(square root of 0.01). If the frequency of the recessive allele = 0.1,
following isolation on several islands.
then the frequency of the dominant allele must be 0.9
4. The correct answer is C. PKU must be a recessive trait (i.e., 1.0 - 0.1 = 0.9). Therefore, 2pq = (2)(0.9)(0.1) = 0.18.
because the parents did not exhibit the disorder, yet must have
14. The correct answer is B. In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis
been carriers for the disorder.
can still occur, and it produces a net yield of 2 ATP per molecule
5. The correct answer is D. The first trophic level consists of of glucose. Neither chemiosmosis nor the Krebs cycle function in
producers. Neither slugs nor mushrooms are producers. In the absence of oxygen. The Calvin cycle normally uses ATP.
choices A, B, and C, the producers are green algae, seeds, and
15. The correct answer is D. Energy is required to move minerals
tree branches, and the primary consumers are paramecia, mice,
up their concentration gradient. In both osmosis and diffusion,
and deer.
substances move down a gradient.
6. The correct answer is C. These are the guard cells that
16. The correct answer is D. This question describes a motor
regulate the stomatal opening.
reflex loop between a thermosensory neuron and a motor neuron.
7. The correct answer is A. Proteins to be secreted pass from Most reflex loops involve an impulse being initiated in a sensory
the ribosomes into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. They neuron and then passing either directly from a sensory neuron to
are then sent to the Golgi complex, where they are modified and a motor neuron or from the sensory neuron to an interneuron and
packaged into vesicles, which transport them to the outside of the then from the interneuron to a motor neuron. The neurons are
cell. separated by synapses.
8. Choice A is the exception. The continuing loss of the diverse 17. The correct answer is D. Mate selection based on a physical
habitats found in tropical rain forests will cause a decrease in feature defines sexual selection.
species diversity, not an increase. Thus, A is the correct answer.
18. The correct answer is A. By comparing the data from Parent 1
9. The correct answer is A. Selection pressure would favor to the reference data, it is clear that Parent 1 is a carrier (AS).
longer legs in the prey animals, and choice A depicts a population
19. The correct answer is A. The infant is homozygous for the
with a large number of individuals with longer legs.
sickle cell allele. This can be seen by comparing lane III of the
10. The correct answer is A. These molecules are examples of reference data with lane III of the sample data.
structural isomerscompounds that have the same empirical
20. The correct answer is C. Malpighian tubules are found in
formula but whose atoms are arranged in a different way. Both
arthropods; arachnids and insects are arthropods.
compounds in choice A are alcohols with the formula C3H8O, but
the position of the OH group is different in each. 21. The correct answer is B. Flame cells contain cilia.
11. The correct answer is D. The sequence of bases in an mRNA 22. The correct answer is B. Bats and wolves are both mammals.
molecule is determined by antiparallel hybridization between A, T, While bats, hummingbirds, and butterflies all fly, their wings are
C, and G of the template DNA and U, A, G, and C of the mRNA analogous structures; the organisms are not closely related.
molecule, respectively.
23. The correct answer is C. Density is defined as mass per unit
volume. The gram is a unit of mass and cubic meters is a volume.
13
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Biology: Content Knowledge (0235)
24. The correct answer is B. Increasing population density will 26. The correct answer is D. Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual
likely lead to increased death rate by increased predation, reproduction in which offspring are produced from unfertilized
increased competition for food, and increased disease eggs. In nature, there are a variety of animals that can reproduce
communicability but has no correlation with the chance of a rare in this fashion.
storm causing fatalities.
27. The correct answer is D. Mollusca is a large phylum of
25. The correct answer is C. Bromothymol blue can be used as invertebrates that includes Gastropoda (freshwater and marine
an indicator of CO2 concentration. CO2 dissolves in solution and a snails and slugs) and Cephalopoda (includes only marine
small percent becomes carbonic acid. Plants utilize CO2 during organisms such as squid and octopuses).
photosynthesis, thus raise the pH of the solution and change the
color of the solution from yellow to blue.
87797-73044 PDF511
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