Latin Grammar

Nouns
Page 2 Cases: their uses & meanings Page 30 Numbers
Page 3 1st declension Page 31 Time Expressions
Page 4 2nd declension
Page 5 3rd declension Appendix 1
Page 6 Neuter nouns Pages 32-35 Kings words
Page 7 4th declension
Page 7 5th declension Appendix 2 test
yourself
Adjectives
Page 8 Rules of agreement Pages 36-37 Definitions
Page 8 2nd declension Pages 38 Catches & irregulars
Page 8 3rd declension Pages 39-40 Latin Grammar
Page 9 Comparatives & superlatives Questions Help sheet
Page 9 Irregular comparatives & superlatives

Page 10 Adverbs

Pronouns
Page 11 Personal pronouns
Page 12 Relative pronouns
Page 12 Reflexive pronouns
Page 13 Pronouns

Page 14 Demonstrative adjectives

Page 15 Prepositions

Page 16 Question words

Verbs
Page 17 Persons
Page 17 Conjugations
Page 18 Present tense
Page 19 Imperfect tense
Page 20 Perfect tense
Page 21 Pluperfect tense
Page 22 Common irregular verbs
Page 23 Verbs with irregular perfects

Parts of verbs
Page 24 Infinitives
Page 24-25 Imperatives
Pages 25-26 Participles
Page 26 Gerundives

Page 27 Subjunctives
Pages 28-29 Uses of subjunctives

1
Nouns

In Latin nouns are divided into declensions. A declension is simply a posh

word for a group of nouns.

There are 5 declensions but you only need to know the first 3 well.

All nouns have genders: masculine, feminine, neuter.

Nouns have different case endings.

A case shows the role a noun plays in the sentence.

Cases

Nominative: Subject of the sentence (person or thing doing the

verb)

Vocative: Addressing or calling someone by name or title

Accusative: Object of the sentence (person or thing after the

verb having the verb done to it)
After a preposition
Time Expression (THLAC)

Genitive: of, s, s (Jennys case)

Dative to, for

Following certain verbs

Ablative by, with, from

After a preposition
Time Expression (TWAB)

To remember the order of case, think of New Vans Are Generally Driven
Awfully.

You may want to write your own version here:

..

2
1st Declension nouns

1st Declension nouns end in a in the nom sing and ae in the gen sing.
Almost all 1st Declension nouns are feminine.

They take the following endings:

Sing
N puella
V puella
A puellam
G puellae
D puellae
A puella

Pl
N puellae
V puellae
A puellas
G puellarum
D puellis
A puellis

Exceptions:

The following nouns are masculine, even if they look feminine.

agricola, nauta, poeta

The following have dat & abl pl endings in abus.

filia (daughter) filiabus

dea (goddess) deabus

This is to avoid confusion with deus (god) and filius (son)

3
2nd Declension nouns

2nd Declension nouns end in us or -er in the nom sing and i in the gen
sing.
2nd Declension nouns are masculine (with the exception of neuter ones:
see page 6.)

Sing
N servus puer
V serve puer
A servum puerum
G servi pueri
D servo puero
A servo puero

Pl
N servi pueri
V servi pueri
A servos pueros
G servorum puerorum
D servis pueris
A servis pueris

Exceptions:

Although vir (man) ends in ir, it is a 2nd declension noun and declines like
puer.

Magister (and the nouns which go like it) go like puer but drop the final
e after the voc sing; e.g. (magistrum, magistri etc.)

The following nouns have irregular vocative singulars:

Filius fili
Deus di

4
3rd Declension nouns

There is no common model for the nom & voc sing of 3rd declension nouns.

The best we can say is that any noun which does NOT end in a, -us, um is
probably 3rd declension.

Sing
N actor
V actor
A actorem
G actoris
D actori
A actore

Pl
N actores
V actores
A actores
G actorum
D actoribus
A actoribus

Exceptions:

Some 3rd declension nouns take i in the ablative singular.

Some 3rd declension nouns take ium in the genitive plural.

5
Neuter nouns

Unlike French, Latin has a 3rd gender called neuter.

Neuter nouns exist in the 2nd and 3rd declensions.

The rule with neuter nouns is as follows:

Whatever the ending of the nom sing, the voc sing & the acc sing will
always be the same.
The nom, voc & acc pl ALWAYS end in a.

Neuter nouns in the 2nd declension all go like templum.

Here are the endings:

Sing 2ND Dec 3RD Dec

N um ?
V um ?
A um ?
G i is
D o i
A o e/i

Pl
N a (i)a
V a (i)a
A a (i)a
G orum (i)um
D is ibus
A is ibus

6
4th & 5th declension nouns

You do not need to know these ending but they are listed below. You do
need to know the meaning of a few 4th and 5th declension nouns which are
also below.

4th dec 5th dec

Sing
N portus (harbour) dies (day)
V portus dies
A portum diem
G portus diei
D portui diei
A portu die

Pl
N portus dies
V portus dies
A portus dies
G portuum dierum
D portibus diebus
A portibus diebus

4th & 5th declension words

4th dec 5th dec

exercitus army dies day

domus house / home fides faith / loyalty
manus hand res thing / matter
metus fear spes hope
portus harbour

7
Adjectives

Adjectives agree with (match) their noun in 3 ways:

Number (Sing. / Pl.)

Case (Nom, Voc etc.)
Gender (M, F, N)

Often the adjective will have the same ending as its noun

e.g. dominus bonus

Sometimes it does not.

agricola bonus looks wrong but

both words are nominative, masculine, singular so they agree.

multi mercatores also looks wrong but

both words are nominative, masculine, plural, so they agree.

If the adjective does not agree in all 3 ways then you have made a
mistake !

Many adjectives are 2nd declension. This means that:

In the feminine, they take the same endings as puella.

In the masculine, they take the same endings as servus.
In the neuter, they take the same endings as templum.

Other adjective are 3rd declension and they have the same endings as 3rd
declension nouns in the masculine & feminine (which are the same endings)
and neuter.

8
Comparison of adjectives

Adjectives can exist in 3 forms: positive, comparative & superlative.

Positive is the normal form e.g. big, small, happy, bad

Comparative means: -er, more e.g. bigger, more big
Superlative means: -est, most, very e,g, biggest, most big, very big

Comparatives

They end in ior in the nom, masc, sing. But do take endings to agree with
the noun e.g. iorem, ioris, iores.

They decline like 3rd declension nouns.

Superlatives

They have 3 types of endings:

-issimus (longissimus)
-errimus (pulcherrimus)
-illimus (facillimus)

Irregular comparatives & superlatives VERY IMPORTANT

Positive Comparative Superlative

Bonus (good) melior optimus
Malus (bad) peior pessimus
Magnus (big) maior maximus
Parvus (small) minor minimus
Multus (much) plus (plures) plurimus

9
Adverbs

There is no rule about what adverbs look like but below is a list of the
most common ones on which you are tested especially on the grammar
sections which asks you to find adverbs.

Latin English

bene well
celeriter quickly
diu for a long time
forte by chance
fortiter bravely
frustra in vain
heri yesterday
hodie today
iam now, already
iterum, rursus again
lente slowly
magnopere greatly
mox soon
non not
numquam never
nunc now
olim once
paene almost
quoque also
saepe often
semper always
sic in this way
statim at once
subito suddenly
tandem at last
tum then

10
Pronouns

There are 4 types of pronoun you need you need to know:

Personal pronouns
Relative pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
Pronouns (general)

Personal pronouns

A personal pronoun is a word which replaces a persons name or title.

These ONLY refer to: I (me), you, we (us)

I You (s) We You (pl)

Nom ego tu nos vos

Acc me te nos vos
Gen mei tui nostri / nostrum vestri /vestrum
Dat mihi tibi nobis vobis
Abl me te nobis vobis

You will quite often find the ablative for with me, you etc. However the
cum (with) is on the end of the pronoun not before it as with nouns.

tecum with you

e.g. mecum with me
nobiscum with us
vobiscum with you

11
Relative pronouns

These mean who, which

M F N
Sing
N qui quae quod
A quem quam quod
G cuius cuius cuius
D cui cui cui
A quo qua quo

Pl
N qui quae quae
A quos quas quae
G quorum quarum quorum
D quibus quibus quibus
A quibus quibus quibus

Reflexive pronouns

These only refer to himself, herself, itself, themselves.

They have no nominative and the ending for sing & pl are the same.
You have to work out from the sense of the sentence whether it refers
to himself, herself, itself, themselves.

A se
G sui
D sibi
A se

Again you will see the cum (with) on the end.

e.g. secum with him(self), her(self), it(self), them (selves)

12
Pronouns (general)

Is, ea, id

These little words mean: he, she, it

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom is ea id
Acc eum eam id
Gen eius eius eius
Dat ei ei ei
Abl eo ea eo

Plural

Nom ei eae ea
Acc eos eas ea
Gen eorum earum eorum
Dat eis eis eis
Abl eis eis eis

13
Demonstrative adjectives

These are adjectives which demonstrate which noun is being talked about.

Is it this (these) one or that (those) ones?

Hic, haec, hoc This / these

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom hic haec hoc

Acc hunc hanc hoc
Gen huius huius huius
Dat huic huic huic
Abl hoc hac hoc

Plural
Nom hi hae haec
Acc hos has haec
Gen horum harum horum
Dat his his his
Abl his his his

Ille, Illa, Illud That / those

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom ille illa illud

Acc illum illam illud
Gen illius illius illius
Dat illi illi illi
Abl illo illa illo

Plural
Nom illi illae illa
Acc illos illas illa
Gen illorum illarum illorum
Dat illis illis illis
Abl illis illis illis

14
Prepositions

Prepositions are small words which come before a noun (pre-) often
showing where the noun is (position).

In Latin prepositions can only be followed by two cases: ACCUSATIVE or

ABLATIVE

Prepositions Accusative Prepositions Ablative

+ +

ad To, towards a (ab) By, from

ante Before, in front cum With
of
circum around de About, down
from
contra Against e (ex) Out of
inter Between, among pro In front of, on
behalf of
per Through, along sine Without
post After, behind sub under
prope Near
Propter On account of
super Above
trans across

NB a becomes ab and e becomes ex when the word following it

starts with a vowel.

e.g. ab Italia

You will almost always see sine followed by mora meaning without delay

THE BELOW IS A HUGE EXAM CATCH.

In is the only preposition which can be followed by ablative and

accusativeBUT

In + acc = into, onto

In + abl = in, on

15
Question words

-ne (on end of 1st word) Simple question (like est-ce que in French)
nonne Surely?
num Surelynot?
ubi where?
quo to where?
unde from where?
quis who?
quid what?
cur why?
quo modo how?
quot how many?

16
Verbs

In Latin verbs are divided into conjugations. A conjugation is simply a

posh word for a group of verbs.

There are 4 conjugations.

1st: porto, portare, portavi, portatum

2nd: doceo,docere, docui, doctum
3rd: traho, trahere, traxi, tractum
4th: audio, audire, audivi, auditum

When you look up a verb in the back of your book or a dictionary, you will
see it laid out as above. The 4 parts of the verb are called principal parts.

These show: present tense

Present infinitive
Perfect tense
Perfect passive participle

To find out which conjugation a verb is in you need to look at the present
tense and the infinitive.

Persons

Just like in French a verb has 6 persons.

1st person sing I

2nd pers sing you
3rd pers sing he, she, it

1st pers pl we
2nd pers pl you
3rd pers pl they

Tenses

A tense tells you when a verb is done. In Latin there are 6 tenses but you
only need to know 4: present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect

17
Present tense

This means: I carry, I do carry, I am carrying.

The endings are:

I -o
You -s
He, she, it -t
We -mus
You -tis
They -nt

1st conj 2nd conj 3rd conj 4th conj

porto doceo traho audio

portas doces trahis audis
portat docet trahit audit
portamus docemus trahimus audimus
portatis docetis trahitis auditis
portant docent trahunt audiunt

Note that: the 1st conj keeps the a

the 2nd conj keeps the e
the 4th conj keeps the i

18
Imperfect tense

This means: I was carrying, I used to carry.

Keep your eyes open for ba-

The endings are:
I -bam
You -bas
He, she, it -bat
We -bamus
You -batis
They -bant

1st conj 2nd conj 3rd conj 4th conj

portabam docebam trahebam audiebam

portabas docebas trahebas audiebas
portabat docebat trahebat audiebat
portabamus docebamus trahebamus audiebamus
portabatis docebatis trahebatis audiebatis
portabant docebant trahebant audiebant

Note that: the 1st conj keeps the a

the 2nd conj keeps the e
the 4th conj keeps the i

19
Perfect tense

This means: I carried, I have carried

Very often, before the ending you will see: v, ss, x, s, u

The endings are:

I -i
You -isti
He, she, it -it
We -imus
You -istis
They -erunt

1st conj 2nd conj 3rd conj 4th conj

portavi docui traxi audivi

portavisti docuisti traxisti audivisti
portavit docuit traxit audivit
portavimus docuimus traximus audivimus
portavistis docuistis traxistis audivistis
portaverunt docuerunt traxerunt audiverunt

Note that: the 1st conj keeps the a and adds a v

the 2nd conj changes to a u
the 3rd conj changes its stem (main part of the verb)
the 4th conj keeps the i and adds a v

20
Pluperfect tense

This means: I had carried

You take the perfect stem (often v, u, x, s, ss) (which is used to make the
perfect tense) and add the endings (which are the imperfect of sum).

The endings are:

I -eram
You -eras
He, she, it -erat
We -eramus
You -eratis
They -erant

1st conj 2nd conj 3rd conj 4th conj

portaveram docueram traxeram audiveram

portaveras docueras traxeras audiveras
portaverat docuerat traxerat audiverat
portaveramus docueramus traxeramus audiveramus
portaveratis docueratis traxeratis audiveratis
portaverant docuerant traxerant audiverant

Note that: the 1st conj keeps the a

the 2nd conj changes to a u
the 3rd conj changes its stem (main part of the verb)
the 4th conj keeps the i

21
 Irregular verbs

These are the key Irregular verbs which you will need to know.

Esse To be Posse To be able to (can) Velle To want Nolle To not want Ferre To bring/carry Ire To go
Present
sum possum (1) volo nolo (2) fero eo (3)
es potes vis non vis fers is
est potest vult non vult fert it
sumus possumus volumus nolumus ferimus imus
estis potestis vultis non vultis fertis itis
sunt possunt volunt nolunt ferunt eunt

Imperfect eram poteram volebam nolebam ferebam ibam

eras poteras volebas nolebas ferebas ibas

Perfect fui potui volui nolui tuli (4) ii

fuisti potuisti voluisti noluisti tulisti iisti
fuit potuit voluit noluit tulit iit

Pluperfect fueram potueram volueram nolueram tuleram ieram

(1) Possum was originally potens sum (I am powerful). This was shortened to potsum which became possum as it was easier to say.
This explains why there is a t. The t appears when the following part of sum starts with an e. (potEst).
(2) Nolo was originally non volo. This was shortened to nolo as it was easier to say. The non remains when the part of volo does NOT
contains an o. (nolo but non vIs).
(3) Eo is the verb which looks like an ending without a verb to stick to!
(4) This has got to be the most largest change in stem from the present tense: fero becomes tuli!

22
Common verbs with irregular perfect tenses

do dare dedi I gave

sto stare steti I stood

iubeo iubere iussi I ordered

maneo manere mansi I stayed, remained
rideo ridere risi I smiled, laughed

ago agere egi I did, drove

cogo cogere coegi I forced
curro currere cucurri I ran
dico dicere dixi I said
discedo discedere discessi I left, departed
duco ducere duxi I lead
gero gerere gessi I waged, wore
mitto mittere misi I sent
pello pellere pepuli I drove
pono ponere posui I put
rego regere rexi I ruled
scribo scribere scripsi I wrote
trado tradere tradidi I handed over
traho trahere traxi I dragged
vinco vincere vici I conquered

capio capere cepi I took, captured

facio facere feci I did, made
iacio iacere ieci I threw
interficio interficere interfeci I killed

fero ferre tuli I carried, brought

23
Parts of verbs

Infinitives

This is the part of the verb which means to

It always ends in re

1st conj portare

2nd conj docere
3rd conj trahere
4th conj audire

There are 4 exceptions:

sum esse
possum posse
volo velle
nolo nolle

Imperatives

An imperative is an order or a command. They come at the start of the

sentence not at the end and are followed by an exclamation mark!

In English we simply say the verb.

e.g. Run! Stop! Attack!

Conjugation Singular Plural

1st -a -ate
2nd -e -ete
3rd -e -ite
4th -i -ite

There are 4 comedy irregular imperatives:

fero fer (bring)

dico dic (say, tell)
facio fac (make, do)
duco duc (lead, take)

24
The negative imperative

This means Dont

You use the imperative of nolo: noli (sing), nolite (pl) and follow it with the
infinitive.

e.g. nolite oppugnare Dont attack

Participles

A participle is a verbal adjective. This means that it is part of a verb but

acts like an adjective which means that it agrees with its noun in number,
case and gender.

Present participle

It means: -ing.

The endings you must look for are: -ans, ens, or nt- near the end e.g:
-antem, -antes and -entem, -entes.
These decline like a 3rd declension adjective.

1st conj portans, -antis

2nd conj docens, -entis
3rd conj trahens, -entis
4th conj audiens, -entis

Perfect passive participle (PPP)

This means: having been -ed

It is also the last of the principal parts when you look up a verb.

These decline like a 2nd declension adjective.

1st conj portatus, a, um

2nd conj doctus, a, um
3rd conj tractus, a, um
4th conj auditus, a, um

25
Perfect active participle (PAP)

This means: having -ed

Very few verbs have a PAP. These decline like a 2nd declension adjective.

-gressus having gone ( this could take lots of prefixes; e.g.

egressus having gone out)
adeptus having obtained
conspicatus having caught sight of
hortatus having encouraged
locutus having spoken
passus having suffered
profectus having set out
precatus having prayed
secutus having followed
suspicatus having suspected
versus having turned

Gerundives

This is a part of a verb which means necessary / must

The verb will always end in: -ndum est.

e.g. laborandum est

fugiendum est

The person who is having to do the gerundive is always in the dative case,
as what Latin is literally saying is:
It is necessary for me to work (I must work)

e.g. mihi laborandum est

I must work (it is necessary for me to work)

servo hic manendum est

The slave must stay here (it is necessary for the slave to
stay here)

26
Subjunctives

At your level of Latin, you will never see a subjunctive on its own. It will
always be part of a clause / construction. (See below).

You will meet 2 tenses of subjunctive.

The most common one is the imperfect subjunctive.

Imperfect subjunctive

To form this, you simply take the present infinitive and add the following
endings:
-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt.

1st conj portarem

2nd conj docerem
3rd conj traherem
4th conj audirem

There are NO exceptions.

Pluperfect subjunctive

You will only see this after cum (and very rarely in an indirect question).

It is formed by taking the perfect stem (3rd principal part without the
ending) and adding the following endings:

-issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent

1st conj portavissem

2nd conj docuissem
3rd conj traxissem
4th conj audivissem

27
Use of subjunctive

There are 5 clauses or constructions where you will see a subjunctive.

1 Cum + Pluperfect subjunctive

This means when something had happened.

e.g. Cum Romani hostes oppugnavissent.

When the Romans HAD attacked the enemy

You can also find cum + the imperfect subjunctive (When/while

something was happening)

NB cum can still mean with, when it is followed by the ablative

case (and not the subjunctive)

2 Indirect questions

An indirect question is a sentence which contains a question

word but does not have a question mark.

e.g.: I asked her where she lived.

Question words in Indirect Questions

Quis who
Quid what
Quo modo how
Ubi where
Cur why

In an indirect question the verb (after the question word) will

always be in subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect).

28
3 Purpose Clause

This is the most common of the constructions.

It means : (in order) to

e.g. I went shopping to buy some eggs.

In Latin you will see ut (negative ne ( in order not to)).

This will always be followed by a Subjunctive (imperfect).

4 Indirect commands

This is exactly the same as a purpose clause (ut/ne + imperfect

subjunctive)

EXCEPT

Before the ut/ne you will see a verb of ordering or commanding.

impero I order
moneo I warn / advise
persuadeo I persuade
oro I beg
rogo I ask

5 Result clause

This is a sentence which contains a so word, ut (ut non) and an

(imperfect) subjunctive.

In this construction ut means that.

So words

adeo (so with a verb)

tam (so with an adverb or an adjective)
tantus (so great / big)
tot (so many)

29
Numbers

Numbers are divided into 2 groups: cardinal and ordinal.

Cardinals are normal numbers.

Ordinals are when you want to put things in an order (1st, 2nd , 3rd etc)

Cardinals Ordinals

1 unus, a, um 1st primus, a, um

2 duo 2nd secundus, a, um
3 tres, tria 3rd tertius, a, um
4 quattuor 4th quartus, a, um
5 quinque 5th quintus, a, um
6 sex 6th sextus, a, um
7 septem 7th septimus, a, um
8 octo 8th octavus, a, um
9 novem 9th nonus, a, um
10 decem 10th decimus, a, um
11 undecim
12 duodecim These ordinals decline like 2nd
13 tredecim declension adjectives
14 quattuordecim
15 quindecim
20 viginti
30 triginta
40 quadraginta
50 quinquaginta
60 sexaginta
70 septuaginta
80 octoginta
90 nonaginta
100 centum
1000 mille, milia

30
Time Expressions

Time expressions exist in only TWO cases: Acc & Abl

Time
How
Long
ACcusative

When the time expression is in the Accusative, we translate with the

word For (This is the answer to a how long question e.g. How long are
you going to Spain for? For 10 days.)

e.g. duas horas for 2 hours

multos dies for many days

Time
When
ABlative

When the time expression is in the Ablative, we translate with the words
in, on or at (This is the answer to a When question, e.g. When are
you going to Spain? In 10 days / on Monday.

e.g. septem diebus in 7 days

secunda hora on the second hour

31
Appendix 1

Kings Words

Below is a list of words which Kings boys find very difficult to remember.
Included, too, are ways to help remember some of them:

do dare dedi datum I give

trado tradere tradidi traditum I hand over
traho trahere traxi tractum I drag

Remember:
You give a donation.
When you trade, you have to hand something over
A tractor drags a plough.

habito habitare habitavi habitatum I live

habeo habere habui habitum I have

Remember:
An inhabitant lives somewhere.

(ad)iuvo (ad)iuvare (ad)iuvi (ad)iutum I help

audio audire audivi auditum I hear
audeo audere I dare

Remember:
Someone who is audacious is daring

moneo monere monui monitum I warn, advise

maneo manere mansi mansum I stay, remain

Remember:
You want to stay in a manor or a mansion.

32
pugno pugnare pugnavi pugnatum I fight
oppugno oppugnare oppugnavi oppugnatum I attack
occupo occupare occupavi occupatum I seize

Remember:
Someone who is pugnacious always wants to fight.
To occupy somewhere, you have to seize it first.

contendo contendere contendi contentum I hurry

curro currere cucurri cursum I run

Remember:
After a curry you might well need to run!

descendo descendere descendi descensum I go down

discedo discedere discessi discessum I leave, depart

venio venire veni ventum I come

advenio advenire adveni adventum I arrive
invenio invenire inveni inventum I find

Remember:
A venue is a place to which everyone comes.
An advent calendar shows when Christmas is going to arrive.
An invention helps you find an easier way of doing something.

capio capere cepi captum I take, capture

cupio cupere cupivi cupitum I want, desire

dico dicere dixi dictum I say, tell

duco ducere duxi ductum I lead

Remember:
A Duke leads an army

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fugio fugere fugi fugitum I flee
effugio effugere effugi effugitum I escape

timeo timere timui I am afraid

terreo terrere terrui territum I frighten
terra land

Remember:
If you are timid, you are afraid but a terrorist frightens you

dormio dormire dormivi dormitum I sleep

dominus master
donum gift

Remember:

You sleep in a dormitory, a donation is a gift and a master dominates

absum abesse I am absent, away

adsum adesse I am present, here

quam how (with an adjective), than (with a comparative

adjective, who / which (relative pronoun)
quamquam although
numquam never
postquam after
antequam before

tandem at last
tamen however

miser wretched
miserunt they sent (mitto, mittere, misi, missum)

ad to (You ad(d) one thing to another)

a, ab from, by

iter (itineris) journey

itaque and so
iterum again

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Remember:
An itinerary is the plan of a journey

filius son
filia daughter

deus god
dea goddess

patria country, homeland

pater, patris father

ira anger
iratus angry

via road, street

vita life

quis? who?
quid? what?

nos we, us
noster our

totus whole
tutus safe

carus dear
clarus clear, famous

fortis strong, brave

forte by chance
fortiter bravely

ibi there
ubi where, when

mox soon
nox night

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Appendix 2
Use the notes above to help you fill in definitions of the words below:

Verbs
Conjugation

..

Infinitive..

..

Tenses..

..

..

Participle.

..

..

Imperative

..

Subjunctive.

..

..

Person..

..

Gerundive..

..

Nouns
Declension.

Case..

Gender..

Adjectives
Positive.

..

Comparative.

..

..

36
Superlative..

..

..

Agreement..

..

Odds and Ends

Pronouns..

..

Relative pronouns..

..

Personal pronouns..

..

Reflexive pronouns.

..

Prepositions.

..

Adverbs

..

Conjunctions

..

Quam words

Demonstrative adjectives

..

Time expressions

..

..

Constructions.

..

..

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Use your notes to fill in below any notes about what might be a catch or
irregular about the titles below.

1st Declension Nouns........................................................................................

2nd Declension Nouns........................................................................................

Neuter Nouns...................................................................................................

Adjectives with irregular comparatives and superlatives.

Common adverbs.............................................................................................

Prepositions.................................................................................................

Verbs with irregular infinitives

Verbs with irregular imperatives

Why subjunctive

38
 Latin Grammar Questions Help Sheet

These notes are designed to help with the eight questions on the paper which ask you to find
an example of a certain grammatical feature.

1 A verb in the imperfect tense

Look for BA in the ending (eram, eras,

erat etc., aberam, aderam and poteram
are the only verbs without BA)

2 A verb in the perfect tense

Look for 3rd Principal Part (PP3)

(often the letters V, X, S, SS, U appear just before the ending)

3 A verb in the pluperfect tense

Look for PP3 (often with a V, X, S, SS, U just before the ending) +
eram, eras, erat etc.

4 A noun in the nominative case

This means the subject of a sentence.

You expect the 1st noun in a sentence to be nominative.

5 A noun in the vocative case

This is someone being spoken to. It will always be in speech marks. It often has a
comma on one or both sides of it.

6 A noun in the accusative case

This is the object and will usually be in the middle of a sentence.

The noun after many prepositions will also be accusative.

7 A noun in the ablative case

Look for one of Claras prepositions (e, a, de, ex, ab, cum, in). The noun after it
will be ablative.

8 A cardinal number

Write a number from 1-1000.

9 An ordinal number

Write a number from 1st-10th.

10 An adverb

Top answer is non. Also look out for subito, bene, mox.

39
11 A conjunction

Top answer is et. Also look out for sed.

12 A preposition followed by the ablative case

Write one of Claras prepositions (e, a, de, ex, ab, cum, in)

13 A preposition followed by the accusative case

Write a preposition which isnt one of Claras.

14 A subjunctive verb

Give the verb after ut or ne. cum can also have a subjunctive after it instead of
an ablative noun.

15 A comparative adjective

Look for IOR- in an adjective.

16 A superlative adjective

Look for SS- in an adjective.

NB irregulars (maximus, minimus, optimus, pessimus, plurimus)

17 A present participle

Look for a verb with the letters NS or NT- (before the ending)

18 A personal pronoun

Look for part of ego, tu, nos or vos.

19 A relative pronoun

Look for part of qui, quae, quod.

20 An infinitive

Look for 2nd Principal Part (verb ending in RE)

N.B. esse, posse, velle, nolle

21 An imperative

Look for a verb ending in A, -E, -I or TE.

An imperative will always be in speech marks and often comes 1st word (unusual for a
verb) and often is followed by !

22 A gerundive

Look for a verb with ndum at the end.

40