Science Study Material BANDHU PRAKASHAN

Life Processes - Control

and Co-ordination
3
GRASPING POINTS
Property of responding to changes in the environment is called Irritability.
Nervous system consists of receptors, effectors and conductors.
The three basic components of Nervous system are
a) Central Nervous system (CNS),
b) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
c) Automatic nervous system (ANS).
Brain and spinal cord are the components of Central Nervous System.
Brain is divided into three parts - forebrain, mid brain and hind brain.
Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
Parts of the brain below the cerebrum are together known as dienchephalon.
Spinal Cord is a long and cylindrical structural passing through vertebral column.
Peripheral Nervous System includes twelve pairs of cranial nerves and thirty
one pairs of spinal nerves.
Eyes are the organs of sight and are stimulated by light.
Diabetic retinopathy, Astigmation, Glaucoma are the disorders of eye.
The human ears are the sense organs meant for hearing and maintenance of
body balance.
The Nose is the organ of smell and breathing.
Exocrine glands discharge their secretions through the ducts to their largest
organs.
Endocrine glands discharge their secretions directly into blood system.
Pituitary gland is a tiny gland of the size of a pea situated at the base of the
brain.
Thyroid gland is located close to the trachea in the neck.
There are four very small parathyroid glands embedded in the tissues of the
thyroid gland.
There are two adrenal glands - one on the upper part of each kidney.
Pancreas is a mixed gland with a portion functioning as an exocrine gland and
another portion functioning as endocrine gland.
The testis secrete the male sex hormones called androgens.
The ovaries secrete female sex hormones called estrogens.
Deficiency of estrogens causes infertility.
Deficiency of estrogens may cause sterility.

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Multiple Choice Questions and answers:

A) Choose the correct answer: 9. Brain and Spinal cord are the
1. The structure that controls reflex components of
actions is a) Autonomic Nervous system
a) Medulla oblongation b) Peripheral Nervous system
b) Cerebrum c) Central Nervous system
c) cortex d) Endocrine system.
d) Spinal cord.
10. Both brain and spinal cord are covered
2. The outer surface of the eye ball is by
covered by a membrane called. a) Two membranes
a) Fovea b) Conjunctiva b) three membranes
c) Pericardium d) Tympanum. c) four members
d) None of the above
3. The passage which connects middle
ear to throat. 11. Brain is protected by a bony case
a) Auditory canal b) Eustachian tube called
c) Windpipe d) Oesophagus. a) Spinal Cord b) Meninges
c) Cranium d) duramater
4. The part of the tongue where we
12. The brain of adult man weight about
find the taste buds responsible to feel
a) 1500 gms. b) 1600 gms.
sweet taste is at
c) 1400 gms. d) 1300 gms.
a) Posterior region
b) Central region
13. The hind brain continues as
c) Lateral rides
a) Cerebrum b) Spinal Cord
d) Anterior region. c) Cortex d) Medulla
5. A gland embedded in another gland. 14. Cerebrum and Dienchephalon are
a) Parathyroid b) Pituitary the parts of
c) Gonad d) Adrenal a) Hind brain
b) Fore brain
6. The supremacy of men is due to a c) Mid brain
well developed d) None of the above.
a) Brain b) Skin
c) Bones d) Heart. 15. The largest part of the fore brain is
a) Cerebrum
7. In nervous system the organ which b) Cerebellum
shows visible response is : c) Dienchephalon
a) Receptor b) Effector d) Medulla oblongata.
c) Conductors d) Nerves.
16. The fastest nerves can transmit
8. In higher animals the receptors are messages at over
a) Muscles b) glands a) 130 m/sec. b) 120 m/sec.
c) Sense organs d) Nerves. c) 110 m/sec d) 140 m/sec.

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17. The high degree of intelligence of the 24. The posterior most part of the brain
human being due is to the result of is
great development of a) Cerebrum
a) Medulla b) Cortex b) Cerebellum
c) Cerebellum d) Pons. c) Medulla oblongata
d) Pons.
18. The information gained through the
sense organs is stored in the cerebral 25. The long and cylindrical structure
cells and is used when necessary. This passing through vertebral column is
a) Cerebrum
is called
b) Medulla Oblongata
a) Reasoning Power
c) Spinal Cord
b) Emotional power d) Cerebellum.
c) Will power
d) Memory power. 26. Number of pairs of nerves arising
from the spinal Cord is
19. Name the part of Dienchephalon that a) 30 pairs b) 31 pairs
controlls autonomic nervous system c) 33 pairs d) 34 pairs.
and pituitary gland.
a) Hypothalamus 27. Name the centre of reflex actions
b) Medulla oblongata a) Spinal Cord
c) Lower thalamus b) Medulla oblongata
d) Pon Varoli c) Cerebrum
d) Cerebellum.
20. Name the part of brain which is a
small region of brain made up of 28. Name the part which transmits the
nerve fibres connecting cerebrum to impulse from he sensory neuron to
cerebellum. a motor neuron during reflex action.
a) Fore brain b) Hind brain a) Receptor
c) Mid brain d) Cerebellum. b) Motor neuron
c) Association neuron
d) Effector.
21. Pons, cerebellum and medulla
oblongata are the parts of 29. Cranial Nerves take their origin from
a) Spinal Cord b) Cerebrum a) Brain b) Sense organs
c) Hind brain d) Fore brain. c) Muscles d) Glands.
22. Number of cranial nerves that 30. The longest nerve fibres are about
originate from the pons Varoli is a) Two meters long
a) Five pairs b) Four pairs b) One meter long
c) Twelve pairs d) Eleven pairs. c) Three meter long
d) None of the above.
23. The region which is responsible for
the maintenance of equilibrium and 31. Sympathetic system and para
posture of the body is sympathetic system are the parts of
a) Cerebrum a) Sensory nerves
b) Cerebellum b) csentral Nervous system
c) Pons c) peripheral Nervous system
d) Medulla oblongata. d) Autonomic Nervous System

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32. Each eye ball is held by 41. The nature of image formed on the
a) Two pairs of muscles retina is
b) Three pairs of muscles a) Erect b) Inverted
c) four pairs of muscles c) Enlarged d) reduced.
d) None of the above.
42. Fluids present in the area between
33. The gland present in our eye is cornea and lens help in
a) Salivary gland a) Refraction of light and maintain the
b) Lacrymal gland shape of the eye.
c) Thyroid gland b) Reflection of light and maintain the
d) Pituitary gland shape of the eye.
c) Diffraction of light and maintain the
34. Sclerotic, choroid and Retina are the shape of the eye.
three layers of d) Deflection of light and maintain the
a) The Nose b) The Skin shape of the eye.
c) The tongue d) The Eye.
43. Name the part of an eye which
35. Name the middle layer of the wall contains numerous nerve fibres and
of the eye. receptors.
a) Sclerotic layer b) Choroid layer a) Retina b) Cornea
c) Retina d) Pupil. c) Pupil d) Iris
36. The bulged, transparent front portion 44. Cones are sensitive to
of the sclerotic layer is a) Dim Light b) Bright light
a) Pupil b) Cornea c) Yellow light d) Green light.
c) Retina d) Iris.
45. Fovea is the part opposite to the
37. A layer of tissue binding the pupil
pupil where most clear and sharp
above and below is called
image is formed is also known as
a) Iris b) Pupil
a) Black spot b) Red Spot
c) cornea d) Retina
c) Yellow Spot d) White Spot
38. The cells of Iris contain pigments
46. The light rays reflected from the
which are responsible for the
object are focussed on the
a) Shape of the eye
b) Colour of the eye a) Retina to form the image
c) Size of the eye b) Pupil to form the image
d) Vision of the eye. c) Iris to form the image
d) Cornea to form the image.
39. A transparent biconvex lens is
located behind the 47. The other name of short sightedness
a) Retina b) Iris is
c) Conjunctiva d) Choroid. a) Myopia b) Hyper metropia
c) Presbyopia d) Cataract.
40. Conjunctiva is a thin membrane
which protects 48. Night blindness is known as
a) Cornea b) Retina a) Myopia b) Cataract
c) Iris d) Choroid. c) Nyctalopia d) Presbyopia

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49. A small proportion of diabetic 57. Pressure receptors, pain receptors

people have been severely blinded and touch receptors are the receptors
by the disease called of
a) Astigmatism a) Eye b) Ear
b) Myopia c) Tongue d) Skin
c) Diabetic Retinopathy
d) Glaucoma 58. Identify the odd gland out
a) Salivary glands b) Pituitary gland
50. In the disorder of eye called c) Thyroid glands d) Adrenal glands
glaucoma the eye ball gradually
a) Bulges b) Hardens 59. Name the gland situated in the brain
c) reduces d) Widens a) Thyroid b) Pituitary
c) Adrenal d) Pancreas
51. Name the organ which maintains the
body balance 60. Excess secretion of growth hormones
a) Skin b) Ear in adults results in a disease called
c) Eye d) Skin a) Dwarfism b) Gigantism
c) Acromegaly d) Goitre.
52. The part of the ear which is
61. Personality Hormone is the name
cartilagenous and covered with skin
given to
a) Ear Pinna b) Auditory Canal
a) Thyroxin b) Cortisone
c) Ear drum d) Tympanum
c) Dopamine d) Adrenaline
53. At the inner end of the auditory 62. The disease Goitre is caused due to
passage there is an obliquely placed deficiency of
membrane called a) Sodium b) Iodine
a) Tympanum c) Calcium d) Iron
b) Pinna
c) Eustachian tube 63. The hormone which controls the
d) Stapes amount of calcium salts in blood and
bone is
54. The inner ear is a delicate organ a) Parathormone b) Thyroxin
surrounded by a fluid called c) Cortisone d) Adrenaline.
a) Utriculus b) Sacculus
c) Perilymph d) Cochlea 64. Synthetic Adrenaline is widely used
in the treatment of
55. The Nasal cavities are lined by a) Asthama b) Diabetics
a) Squamous epithelium c) Skin disorder d) Kidney failure.
b) Olfactory epithelium
c) Cuboidal epithelium 65. Hormone which is called
d) Columnar epithelium Emergency Hormone is
a) Adrenaline b) Thyroxin
56. The taste buds of sweetness are c) Cortisone d) Parathormone.
distributed in the
a) Anterior margin of the tongue 66. Gland that acts as exocrine gland as
b) Posterior margin of the tongue well endocrine gland is
c) Front part of the tongue a) Pancreas b) Parathyroid
d) Side part of the tongue. c) Thyroid d) Pituitary

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67. If sufficient insulin is not produced, 24 c) Medulla oblongata

glucose level in blood 25 c) Spinal Cord
a) Decreases b) Doubles 26 b) 31 pairs
c) Increases d) Controlled 27 a) Spinal Cord
28 c) Association neuron
68. Diabetes is identified by the presence 29 a) Brain
of 30 b) One meter long
a) Salt in Urine b) Blood in Urine 31 d) Autonomic Nervous System
c) Sugar in Urine d) Water in Urine 32 b) Three pairs of muscles
33 b) Lacrymal gland
69. One of the symptom of Diabetes 34 d) The Eye
mellitus is 35 b) Choroid layer
a) Thirst b) Fatigue 36 b) Cornea
c) Fever d) Cold 37 a) Iris
38 b) Colour of the eye
70. Deficiency of estrogens causes 39 a) Retina
a) Pregnancy 40 a) Cornea
b) Sterility 41 b) Inverted
c) Low pitch voice 42 a) Refraction of light and maintain
d) Development of mammary glands. the shape of the eye.
43 a) Retina
Answers: 44 b) Bright light
1 d) Spinal cord 45 c) Yellow Spot
2 b) Conjunctiva 46 a) Retina to form the image
3 c) Windpipe 47 a) Myopia
4 c) Lateral rides 48 c) Nyctalopia
5 b) Pituitary 49 c) Diabetic Retinopathy
6 a) Brain 50 b) Hardens
7 b) Effector 51 b) Ear
8 c) Sense organs 52 a) Ear Pinna
9 c) Central Nervous system 53 a) Tympanum
10 b) three membranes 54 c) Perilymph
11 c) Cranium 55 b) Olfactory epithelium
12 c) 1400 gms. 56 c) Front part of the tongue
13 b) Spinal Cord 57 d) Skin
14 b) Fore brain 58 a) Salivary glands
15 a) Cerebrum 59 b) Pituitary
16 b) 120 m/sec 60 c) Acromegaly
17 b) Cortex 61 a) Thyroxin
18 d) Memory power. 62 b) Iodine
19 a) Hypothalamus 63 a) Parathormone
20 c) Mid brain 64 a) Asthama
21 c) Hind brain 65 a) Adrenaline
22 b) Four pairs 66 a) Pancreas
23 b) Cerebellum 67 c) Increases

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68 c) Sugar in Urine
69 a) Thirst
70 b) Sterility
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
B. Answer the following questions.
1. What is irritability?
A: The property of responding to
stimulus is called irritability.
2. Name the three divisions of the
nervous system in human being.
A: The nervous system in the human
body has the following three divisions.
a) Central nervous system
b) Peripheral nervous system
c) Autonomic nervous system.
3. What is reflex action? Write two
examples.
A: Automatic response to a stimulus is
called the reflex action.
Eg:1. Withdrawing the fingers on
contact with a hot object.
2. Salivating on seeing desired food
material.
4. Draw a neat diagram showing the
vertical section of the human brain
and label the parts.
A:
5. Draw a neat diagram showing the
vertical section of the human eye and
label the parts.
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
A: Vertical Section of the human eye.
6. How is human eye adapted for close
and distant visions?
A: While seeing the hereby objects the
convexity of the lens increases. While
seeing the distant objects the
convexity of the lens decreases.
Thus by increasing or decreasing
the convexity of lens human eye
adapts for close and distant visions.
(This power of the lens of the eye to
change the convexity depending on
the distance of the object from the eye
is called the power of accommodation
of the lens of the eye.)
7. Which are the three main parts of the
ear?
A: The three main parts of the ear are :
a) Outer ear, b) Middle ear
c) Inner ear.
8. Mention the functions of the parts of
the inner ear?
A: The inner ear remains surrounded by
a fluid called the peri lymph.
The semi circular canals and the
endolymph present in the inner ear
help in maintaining the balance of the
body. Receptor cells present at the tip
of the organ of Corti in the inner ear
convert sound impulses into electrical
impulses and sends them to the
auditory nerve.
Auditar y ner ve carries sound
impulses in the form of electrical
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impulses to the auditory regions of the
cerebrum.
9. Draw a neat diagram of the human
ear and label the parts.
A: Human Ear and its parts.
10. How is nose helpful in sensing smell?
A: Odorous particles from the objects
reach the nose through the air. These
particles dissolve in the mucous
present on the olfactory epithelium
and stimulates the receptor cells of
olfactory epithelium. Olfactory nerve
carries these stimuli in the form of
electrical impulses to the brain. Thus
nose helps in smelling the objects.
11. Which structures present in skin
have made the skin a sense organ?
A: The presence of touch receptors, pain
receptors, chemo receptors, pressure
receptors, thermo receptors in the
skin enabled the skin to be a sense
organ.
12. What is a gland ? Which are the two
types of glands present in the human
body?
A: Gland may be a cell or a tissue or an
organ which has specialised in
secreting chemical/s having specific/s.
The two types of glands present in the
human body are :
a) Ecocrine glands,
b) Endocrine glands.
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13. What is simple goitre? How does it
occur?
A: Simple goitre a hypothyroid
condition. In simple thyroid gland
enlarges and swelling occurs in neck.
Deficiency of iodine in soil, water
and food generally causes simple
goitre.
14. Name the hormones secreted by
gonads.
A: Testes are the male gonads. Testes
secrete the hormones androgens.
Ovaries are the female gonads.
Ovaries secrete the harmones
estrogens.
15. Where are parathyroid glands
situated? Write the effects of the
hormone secreted by the parathyroid
glands.
A: Four parathyroid glands remain
embedded inside the tissues of the
thyroid glands.
Parathyroid glands secrete the
hormone called the paratharmone.
Paratharmone controls the
amount of calcium salts in blood and
bone.
A deficiency of paratharmone leads
to painful muscle cramps.
Excess of paratharmone removes
calcium from the bones making them
soft and spongy.
16. Write the functions of the following
A: a) Optic nerve: Optic Nerve carries
light stimuli in the form of electrical
impulses from the eye to the brain.
b) Utriculus: Utriculus is the upper
part of the inner ear. Utriculus has
three semicircular canals and these
help in maintaining the balance of the
body.
c) Ear drum: Ear drum separates outer
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ear from the middle ear. Ear drum
vibrates to the sound waves.
d) Eustachian tube: Eustachian tube
equalises air pressure on either side
of the tympanum.
Additional questions and answer.
(2marks)
1) What is stimulus and Response?
A: Stimulus: Any external (or) internal
factor that causes change in the
organism is called the stimulus.
Response: The change caused by the
stimulus inside the organism is called
the Response.
2) Pick out the stimulus and response
in the given example A person runs
away from the snake.
A: Snake is the stimulus.
Running away from it is the
Response.
3) Which are the two systems which
bring about control and co-
ordination between systems
A: In multicellular organism, a co-
ordination between various organ
systems is brought about in two
general ways namely control by
ner vous system and control by
endocrine system.
4) What are receptors and effectors?
A: Receptors: The organ which receives
the stimulus is called receptor.
Effectors: The organ which shows
visible response is effector
5) What are the components of central
nervous system? What is the weight
of an adult brain?
A: The components of central Nervous
system are Brain and Spinal cord.
The weight of an adult brain is about
1400 grams.
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
6) What are meninges? Name the fluid
present in it.
A: Both brain and spinal cord are covered
by three membranes called outer
duramatar, middle arachnoid and
inner piameter. These membranes are
called meninges.
The space between the meninges is
filled with a water y fluid called
cerebra-Spinal fluid
7) Name the three parts of Brain. Which
part continues as Spinalcord.
A: The three parts of Brain are fore brain,
midbrain, hind brain.
The hind brain continues as spinal
cord.
8) Which is the largest part of human
brain? Write the names of the major
divisions of the fore brain?
A: The largest part of the human brain is
the cerebrum of fore brain. The major
divisions of the forebrain are (1)
Cerebrum (2) Dienchephalon.
9) What are the two major regions of
cerebrum? What are they composed
of?
A: The two major regions of Cerebrum
are
(a) Outer cortex: Cortex is composed
of cytons and forms the grey matter.
(b) Inner medulla: Medulla is
composed of nerve fibres and forms
the white matter.
10) Write about cortex. Region of
cerebrum.
A: The cortex is deeply folded into ridges
called convolutions which increase
the surface area of the cerebrum. The
high degree of intelligence of the
human being is supposed to be result
of the great development of cortex.
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11) A person is affected by paralysis of
right side. Which part of the brain is
affected in this cause? Give reasons
for your answer.
A: A person is affected by paralysis of right
side. This is due to the injury to the
left hemisphere.
Reasons:- The nerves coming from the
left side of the body are connected to
the right cerebral hemisphere. The
nerves coming from the right side of
the body cross over and enter the left
cerebral hemisphere. Hence right
hemisphere controls the organs of the
left side and left hemisphere controls
the organs on the right side. Any injury
to left hemisphere result in paralysis
to the organs of the right side and
vice-versa.
12) Mention any one function of :
a) Thalamus b) Hypo thalamus.
A: a) Thalamus : Thalamus receives
ner ve impulses from many sense
organs and sends them to upper
region.
b) Hypothalamus : The
hypothalamus regulates body
temperature, water balance, appetite
and slap.
13. What is Mid brain? Write its
functions !
A: Mid brain is a small region of brain
made up of nerve fibres connecting
cerebrum to the cerebellum.
It ser ves mainly as relay station
through which impulses move from
hind brain to the forebrain.
14. Name the three parts of Hind Brain.
A: The three parts of Hind Brain are
a) Pons Varoli
b) Cerebellum
c) Medulla oblongata
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15. Where is cerebellum situated in the
brain? What is its function?
A: Cerebellum is a region which lies
behind and below the cerebrum. It is
responsible for the maintenance of
equilibrium and posture of the body.
It co-ordinates and controls the
movements of muscles in actions like
walking or running.
16. What is Spinal Cord ? What is it
composed of?
A: Spinal cord is a long and cylindrical
structure passing through vertebral
column.
It composed of a large number of
nerve cells and nerve fibres. It has
grey matter in the centre surrounded
by white matter.
Thirty one pairs of nerves arise from
the spinal cord and these branches
reach several parts of the body.
17. What are cranial nerves? Write the
structure of cranial nerves?
A: The nerves origination from the brain
are called its cranial nerves.
Cranial nerves may be sensory, motor
or mixed nerves.
18. What is Vagus? Which parts of the
body does it connect?
A: One of the most important cranial
ner ve is Vagus (Wandering ner ve)
forms the part of the autonomic nerve
system.
It connects to heart, lungs and
digestive organs.
19. What is the origin of Spinal Nerves?
What are its functions?
A: Spinal Nerves take their origin from
Spinal Cord. All of them are mixed
ner ves having both sensor y and
motor fibres. Sensor y fibres carr y
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information from organs to Spinal
Cord.
Motor fibres supply information
required for the movement of the
muscles.
20. Give an example for the contra
functions of Sympathetic and para
sympathetic nervous system.
A: For example the sympathetic system
stimulates the pupil in the eye to dilate
where as para sympathetic system
causes it to constrict.
21. What are sense organs? Name the
five sense organs of man.
A: The organs through which we sense
the objects in our environment are
known as sense organs. We have five
sense organs namely eyes, nose, ears,
tongue and skin by means of which
we are able to see, smell, hear, taste
and touch.
22. What are the main functions of the
human Eyes?
A: Eyes are the organs of sight and are
stimulated by light we can get to know
the colour, size, shape and distance of
an object with the help of eyes.
23. What is the function of the following
Eyebrows hairs of eye brows:-
A: The eye brows protect eye from small
particles that fall from above to the
eye. Eye brows help to shade the eyes
from bright illumination.
Eye lids: Eye lids with the eye lashes
prevent the dust particles from
entering eyes.
24) Mention the three major layers of the
eye. Which is the outer most layer?
A: The three major layers of the eye are
(a)sclerotic (b) choroid (c) retina.
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
Sclerotic layer is the outermost white
layer.
25) Where is cornea found? How is it
protected?
A: The bulged, transparent front portion
of the sclerotic layer is called cornea.
It is protected by a thin membrane
called conjunctiva.
26) Where is the lens situated in the eye?
How is the image formed?
A: A transparent biconvex lens is located
behind the Iris. The lens focuses the
light rays on Retina hence an inverted
image of the object is formed on the
retina.
27) Where is Retina found in the eye ?
What does it contain ?
A: Retina lines the inner surface of the
eye. It contains numerous ner ve
fibres and receptors.
28) What is (a) optic Nerve (b) Blind spot.
A: a) Optic Nerve: The sensory fibres of
the retina form a bundle of nerves
and emerge from the eye ball as the
Optic Nerve.
b) Blind Spot: The cones and rods are
absent at the exit of the optic nerve.
No image is perceived at this spot
and it is therefore called the blind
spot.
29) What is Glaucoma? How it can be
prevented?
A: Glaucoma is a very serious disease
of the eye in which the lens of the
eye gradually loses transparency
and eye ball gradually hardens.
Periodic check up after 40 years of
age, early detection of the disease,
medicine and surgery can reduce
damage due to glaucoma.
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30) Mention any two ways by which a
foreign body is removed from the
eye.
A: The foreign body can be removed
by causing the flow of tears.
It can be removed by keeping the
eye in a clean bowl of cold water
or boric lotion.
31) What are the different parts of outer
ear? What is the function of pinna?
A: The outer ear consist of pinna,
auditory canal, tympanic membrane.
The ear pinna collects the sound
waves and directs them into the
auditory canal.
32) How do the following help the ear?
(a) hairs present in ears.
A: Hairs present in ears prevents tiny
particles entering the ear.
(b) Wax cells
A: The wax cells on the inner lining of
the auditory canal produce wax which
entangle small organisms and dust.
33) Mention the 3 small bones present in
the middle ear. How do they help in
hearing?
A: The middle ear consists of three small
bones called the malleus, Incus and
stapes. The vibrations of the
tympanum are transmitted across the
middle ear by the movements of these
three bones.
34) Give reasons
a) Sharp objects should not used to
remove hardened wax.
A: Sharp objects may injure the ear
drum.
b) Loud noises must be avoided.
A: Loud noises may damage the hearing.
35) Where is olfactor epithelium
situated? What is its function?
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A: Olfactor epithelium is present in the
lining of Nasal cavities. The receptors
of smell are situated in the epithelial
lining of the upper part of the nasal
cavity. They are connected with the
olfactory nerve. This nerve carries
impulses to the brain whenever smell
is detected.
36) What first aid can be administered if
a bead gets into the nose accidently.?
A: If a bead gets into the nose accidently,
give a pinch of snuff to the person. It
causes a violent sneezing and the bead
will be thrown out.
37) Which part of the tongue are the
following taste buds situated?
a) of Sweetness
A: Front part
b) of salt taste
A: anterior margin
c) of sour taste
A: sides of the tongue
d) of bitter taste
A: posterior region.
38) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a
taste bud
A: Taste bud
39) What is a gland ? Name any two
glands ?
A: A gland is an organ whose cells are
specialised for producing a particular
secretion.
Two types of glands are :-
a) Exocrine glads (with ducts)
b) Endocrine glands (without ducts).
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40) Distinguish between exocrine glands
Exocrine glands
A: Exocrine glands discharge their
secretions through the ducts to
their target organs. E.g.. Salivary
gland.
41) What are Hormones ? How do they
reach respective organs ?
A: Chemical substances secreted by the
endocrine glands are called
Hormones. They reach the
respective organs through the blood
and control and co-ordinates the
activities of the organs.
42) Where is pituitary gland situated in
the human body? Write the structure
of it.
A: The Pituitary gland is situated at the
base of the brain.
Pituitary gland is differentiated into
two lobes namely anterior lobe and
posterior lobe.
43) What are the following :
a) Gigantism
A: If the secretion of the growth
hormone is more prior to puberty, the
growth rate will be high results in
gigantism.
b) Dwarfism
A: If the growth hormone is secreted less
prior to puberty the growth rate is
retarded and this condition is called
Dwarfism.
44) Where is thyroid gland situated ?
Which is the hormone secreted by
thyroid gland?
A: Thyroid gland is situated close to the
trachea in the neck.
It secretes a hormone called thyroxin.
45) Why thyroxin is called personality
Hormone?
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
endocrine glands with example.
Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands discharge their
secretions directly into blood
stream. Eg. Thyroid gland.
A: Thyroxin influences the rate of
metabolism in the body and indirectly
affects the growth of the body - hence
thyroxin is called the personality
hormone.
46) Where are adrenal glands situated ?
Name its parts.
A: There are two adrenal glands one on
the upper part of each kidney.
Each adrenal gland has two parts.
a) Outer cortex b) Inner medulla.
47) Name the hormone secreted by the
adrenal cortex ? What is its functions?
A: Cortisone is the hormone secreted by
the adrenal cortex.
It regulates the rate of metabolism
and the concentration of salts in the
blood.
48) What is the function of Insulin in the
body?
A: Insulin promotes the conversion of
glucose to glycogen for storage in
liver and muscle. Insulin is liberated
when the blood glucose levels are
high, usually when food is digested and
absorbed.
49) When is glucagon secreted ? What is
its function ?
A: Glucagon is secreted when the blood
glucose levels are low. It influences the
conversion of glycogen into glucose.
This glucose is released into the blood
and supplied to the tissues.
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Additional Questions and Answers. (3 marks)

1. Draw a flow chart showing components of human nervous system.
A:
Nervous system


Central Peripheral Automic
Nervous Nervous Nervous
system (CNS) system(PNS) system(ANS)


Brain Spinal Cranial spinal sympathetic para-
cord nerves nerves nervous sympathetic
system nervous system

(Components of human nervous system).

2(a)What are meninges ? outer cortex and inner medulla.

A: Both brain and spinal cord are covered
by three memberanes called outer
duramatar, middle arachnoid and
inner piameter. These membranes are
called meninges.
b) Name the fluid present in meninges.
A: The space between the meninges is
filled with a uratery fluid called urebra
- spinal fluid.
c) What is the function of it.
A: This fluid flows from brain to spinal
cord and back to brain. It protects brain
and spinal cord from injuries and
provides nutrients to the cells in brain
and spinal cord.
Cerebral cotex is made up of grey
matter consisting of cytons. Cerebral
cortex is deeply folded into ridges
called corwolutions which increase
the surface area of the cerebrum.
Cerebral medulla is made up of white
matter composed of ner ve fibres
namely axons and dendrites.
4) Draw a neat diagram of cross section
of spinal cord.
A: Cross section of spinal cord

3) Briefly explain the structure of

human cerebrum. 5) Draw a neat labelled diagram
A: Cerebrum is a part of the forebrain. showing reflex arc
Cerebrum is the largest part of the A: Reflex arc
brain. Cerebrum has two equal halves
called the cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebral hemispheres are separated
from one another by a groove.
Cerebrum has two regions namely

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6) What are the functions of the
following in a reflex arc
a) Receptor
A: A receptor ( sense organ) that receives
stimulus.
b) Association neuron
A: An association neuron which
transmits the impulse from the
sensory neuron to a motor neuron.
c) Effector
A: An effector where the action takes
place in response to the stimulus.
7) What is spinal cord? Briefly write the
structure of the spinal cord.
A: Spinal cord is the backward
continuation of the medulla
oblongata inside the vertebral
column. Medulla oblongata is a part
of the nervous system. Spinal cord is
a long and cylindrical structure
passing through the vertebral
column. Spinal cord has white matter
out side and grey matter inside. From
spinal cord originates 31 pairs of
nerves and these nerves are called the
spinal nerves. All spinal nerves are
mixed nerves. Spinal nerves reach
different organs of the body namely
heart, lungs, stomach, urinar y
bladder and sox glands.
8) Name the two types of receptor cells
found in retina? How are they
different in their function?
A: The two receptor cells found in retina
are rods and cones. Retina lines the
inner surface of the eye. It contains
numerous nerve fibres and receptors.
BANDHU PRAKASHAN
Rods are sensitive to dim light and
cannot distinguish colours. Cones are
sensitive to bright light and can
distinguish colours.
Additional Questions with Answers.
(4 marks)
1) Briefly explain how the human eye
functions.
A: Light rays reflected from the objects
reach the lens after passing through
the cornea and the aqueous humour.
Lens focuses an inverted image on the
retina. The photosensitive cells of the
retina convert light impulses into
electrical impulses.
Optic nerve carries the light impulses
in the form of electrical impulses to
the optic regions of the cerebrum.
Cerebral cells analyse, understand the
impulses result in the perception of an
erect image of correct size.
2) Brief explain the structure of the
outer ear and its functions.
A: The outer ear consists of pinna,
auditor y canal and the tympanic
membrane.
Pinna is a cartilagineous organ
covered with skin. Pinna collects the
sound causes and directs them into
the auditory canal.
The Auditory canal has hairs at its
opening these hairs present tiny
particles entering the ear. The wax
secreting cells on the inner lining of
the auditory canal produce wax. This
wax entangles small organisms and
dust entering into the ear.
At the inner end of the auditory canal
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will be present a membranous e) Specific areas of cerebrum are

structure called the tympanum or the associated with specific functions.
ear drum. Tympanum separates the Thus there are separate centres for
outer ear from the middle ear, hearing, seeing, tasting and
speaking.
tympanum vibrates to the sound
waves.
5) Mention any four measures that can
be taken to take care of the eyes.
3) Explain the structure of the middle A: Do not strain your eyes by reading in
ear and write the functions of the dim light.
middle ear. You should avoid bright light that
A: The middle ear consists of three small shines directly into your eyes.
bones called the malleus (hamoner), Watching television (TV) from a
Incus (anvil,) and stapes (stirrup). short distance or for a long time is
harmful.
The stirrup is close to the oval window Eyes should be washed at least
(fenestra ovals) of the inner ear. twice daily.
Middle ear bones transmit the Rest your eyes every half an hour
vibrations of the tympanum to the when you are doing close work, by
closing them or looking off into the
inner ear.
distance for a few minutes.
The middle ear is connected through
Whenever you feel any trouble in
a tube to the throat. This air passage
the eyes consult an eye specialist.
is called the eustachian tube.
Eustachian tube equalises air pressure 6) Draw a neat diagram. Showing the
on the two sides of the tympanum. location of the endocrine glands in
the human body and label them.
4) List the import functions of the A: Location of endocrine glands in the
cerebrum. human body.
A: a) Cerebrum is the seat of
consciousness.
b) Cerebrum is the seat of intelligence,
imagination, reasoning and will
power.
c) Cerebrum helps in sensing the
environment by receiving impulses
through sense organs, analysing
them, interpreting them and then
understanding.
d) Cerebrum stores the information
collected through the sense organs
and helps in using the same in
future this is called memory.

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7) Draw diagrams showing the 8) Draw a neat diagram of Layers of

location and the structure of Retina showing rods and cones.
adrenal glands in the human body. A: Layers of Retina showing rods and
A: Location and the structure of cones.
adrenal gland.

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