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An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the possible impacts

that a proposed project may have on the environment, consisting of the environmental,
social and economic aspects.
The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the
environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The
International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact
assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating
thebiophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major
decisions being taken and commitments made."[1] EIAs are unique in that they do not
require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require
decision makers to account for environmental values in their decisions and to justify those
decisions in light of detailed environmental studies and public comments on the potential
environmental impacts.[2]

Methods[edit]
General and industry specific assessment methods are available including:

Industrial products - Product environmental life cycle analysis (LCA) is used for
identifying and measuring the impact of industrial products on the environment. These
EIAs consider activities related to extraction of raw materials, ancillary materials,
equipment; production, use, disposal and ancillary equipment.[6]

Genetically modified plants - Specific methods available to perform EIAs of genetically


modified organisms include GMP-RAM and INOVA.[7]

Fuzzy logic - EIA methods need measurement data to estimate values of impact
indicators. However many of the environment impacts cannot be quantified, e.g.
landscape quality, lifestyle quality and social acceptance. Instead information from
similar EIAs, expert judgment and community sentiment are employed. Approximate
reasoning methods known as fuzzy logic can be used.[8]
Environmental Impact Assessment
Impact Assessment Division
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Government of India

January, 2001
A Manual
Preface

Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development have been the cornerstones of the policies and
procedures governing the industrial and other developmental activities in India.Ministry of Environment &
Forests has taken several policy initiatives and enacted environmental and pollution control legislations to
prevent indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources and to promote integration of environmental
concerns in developmental projects. One such initiative is the Notification on Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) of developmental projects issued on 27.1.1994 under the provisions of Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 making EIA mandatory for 29 categories of developmental projects.One more item
was added to the list in January, 2000.

EIA is a planning tool that is now generally accepted as an integral component of sound decision-making.
The objective of EIA is to foresee and address potential environmental problems/concerns at an early
stage of project planning and design.EIA/EMP should assist planners and government authorities in the
decision making process by identifying the key impacts/issues and formulating mitigation
measures.Ministry had issued sectoral guidelines some time ago.A compendium of the procedures and
questionnaires entitled Application Form and Questionnaire for Environmental Clearance was
published in September, 1999 in association with the Confederation of Indian Industry.

As part of the continued efforts to ensure transparency in the procedures of environmental clearance and
to assist the project authorities in improving the quality of EIA documents, this Manual is now being
brought out by the Ministry.The Manual has been designed to cover the whole gamut of issues like
regulatory requirements, the EIA methodology including baseline studies, identification of key issues and
consideration of alternatives, impact analysis and remedial measures in a systematic way.It also
delineates the process of reviewing the adequacy of EIA and EMP reports and post-project monitoring.To
make the Manual comprehensive and self-contained, information pertaining to legislative regime, base
line data generation and monitoring, thumb rules for pollution control measures etc. have been annexed
to the main text.

It has been our experience that EIA documents are often voluminous but much of the base-line
information included in these is not fully utilised in the impact analysis and prediction.Some of the impacts
of the proposed development are of little significance to the decision making process. Hence a brief
reference has been made to Scoping . A section on Risk Assessment and Hazard analysis also has
been included
It is hoped that project proponents, EIA consultants and regulatory authorities will find this EIA Manual
useful

1.0 The Need for EIA

Every anthropogenic activity has some impact on the environment. More often it is harmful
to the environment than benign. However, mankind as it is developed today cannot live without
taking up these activities for his food, security and other needs. Consequently, there is a need to
harmonise developmental activities with the environmental concerns. Environmental impact
assessment (EIA) is one of the tools available with the planners to achieve the above-mentioned
goal.

It is desirable to ensure that the development options under consideration are


sustainable. In doing so, environmental consequences must be characterised early in the
project cycle and accounted for in the project design.

The objective of EIA is to foresee the potential environmental problems that would arise
out of a proposed development and address them in the project's planning and design stage. The
EIA process should then allow for the communication of this information to:

(a) the project proponent;


(b) the regulatory agencies; and,
(c) all stakeholders and interest groups.

EIA integrates the environmental concerns in the developmental activities right at the
time of initiating for preparing the feasibility report. In doing so it can enable the integration of
environmental concerns and mitigation measures in project development. EIA can often
prevent future liabilities or expensive alterations in project design.

1.1 Indian Policies Requiring EIA

The environmental impact assessment in India was started in 1976-


77 when the Planning Commission asked the then Department of Science and Technology to
examine the river-valley projects from environmental angle. This was subsequently extended to
cover those projects, which required approval of the Public Investment Board. These were
administrative decisions, and lacked the legislative support. The Government of India enacted the
Environment (Protection) Act on 23rd May 1986. To achieve the objectives of the Act, one of the
decisions that were taken is to make environmental impact assessment statutory. After following
the legal procedure, a notification was issued on 27th January 1994 and subsequently amended
on 4th May 1994, 10th April 1997 and 27th January 2000 (Annex 1) making environmental impact
assessment statutory for 30 activities. This is the principal piece of legislation governing
environmental impact assessment.

Besides this the Government of India under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 issued a
number of other notifications, which are related to environmental impact assessment. These
are limited to specific geographical areas. These are listed in Box 1.1.

Box 1.1

Prohibiting location of industries except those related to Tourism in a belt of 1 km from


high tide mark from the Revdanda Creek up to Devgarh Point (near Shrivardhan) as well
as in 1 km belt along the banks of Rajpuri Creek in Murud Janjira area in the Raigarh
district of Maharashtra (6th January 1989)
Restricting location of industries, mining operations and regulating other activities in Doon
Valley (1st February 1989)
Regulating activities in the coastal stretches of the country by classifying them as coastal
regulation zone and prohibiting certain activities (19thFebruary 1991)
Restricting location of industries and regulating other activities in Dahanu Taluka in
Maharashtra (6th June 91)
Restricting certain activities in specified areas of Aravalli Range in the Gurgaon district of
Haryana and Alwar district of Rajasthan (7th May 1992)
Regulating industrial and other activities, which could lead to pollution and congestion in
an area north west of Numaligarh in Assam (5th July 1996)

1.2 The EIA Cycle and Procedures

The EIA process in India is made up of the following phases:

Screening
Scoping and consideration of alternatives
Baseline data collection
Impact prediction
Assessment of alternatives, delineation of mitigation measures and environmental impact
statement
Public hearing
Environment Management Plan
Decision making
Monitoring the clearance conditions

1.2.1 Screening
Screening is done to see whether a project requires
environmental clearance as per the statutory notifications. Screening Criteria are based
upon:

Scales of investment;
Type of development; and,
Location of development.

A Project requires statutory environmental clearance only if the provisions of EIA


notification and/or one or more statutory notification mentioned inBox 1.1 cover it

1.2.2 Scoping

Scoping is a process of detailing the terms of reference of EIA. It has


to be done by the consultant in consultation with the project proponent and guidance, if need be,
from Impact Assessment Agency.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has published guidelines for different sectors,
which outline the significant issues to be addressed in the EIA studies. Quantifiable impacts are to
be assessed on the basis of magnitude, prevalence, frequency and duration and non-quantifiable
impacts (such as aesthetic or recreational value), significance is commonly determined through
the socio-economic criteria. After the areas, where the project could have significant impact, are
identified, the baseline status of these should be monitored and then the likely changes in these
on account of the construction and operation of the proposed project should be predicted.

1.2.3 Baseline Data

Baseline data describes the existing environmental status of the


identified study area. The site-specific primary data should be monitored for the identified
parameters and supplemented by secondary data if available.
1.2.4 Impact Prediction

Impact prediction is a way of mapping the environmental


consequences of the significant aspects of the project and its alternatives. Environmental
impact can never be predicted with absolute certainty and this is all the more reason to consider
all possible factors and take all possible precautions for reducing the degree of uncertainty.

The following impacts of the project should be assessed:

Air
changes in ambient levels and ground level concentrations due to total emissions
from point, line and area sources
effects on soils, materials, vegetation, and human health
Noise
changes in ambient levels due to noise generated from equipment and movement of
vehicles
effect on fauna and human health

Water
availability to competing users
changes in quality
sediment transport
ingress of saline water

Land
changes in land use and drainage pattern
changes in land quality including effects of waste disposal
changes in shoreline/riverbank and their stability
Biological
deforestation/tree-cutting and shrinkage of animal habitat.
impact on fauna and flora (including aquatic species if any) due to
contaminants/pollutants
impact on rare and endangered species, endemic species, and migratory path/route
of animals.
Impact on breeding and nesting grounds

Socio-Economic
impact on the local community including demographic changes.
Impact on economic status
impact on human health.
impact of increased traffic

1.2.5 Assessment of Alternatives, Delineation of Mitigation


Measures
and Environmental Impact
Assessment Report

For every project, possible alternatives should be identified and environmental attributes
compared. Alternatives should cover both project location and process technologies. Alternatives
should consider no project option also. Alternatives should then be ranked for selection
of the best environmental option for optimum economic benefits to the community at large.
Once alternatives have been reviewed, a mitigation plan should be
drawn up for the selected option and is supplemented with an Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) to guide the proponent towards environmental improvements. The EMP is a crucial input to
monitoring the clearance conditions and therefore details of monitoring should be included in the
EMP.

An EIA report should provide clear information to the decision-maker on the different
environmental scenarios without the project, with the project and with project alternatives.
Uncertainties should be clearly reflected in the EIA report.

1.2.6 Public Hearing

Law requires that the public must be informed and consulted on a proposed development
after the completion of EIA report.

Any one likely to be affected by the proposed project is entitled to have access to the
Executive Summary of the EIA. The affected persons may include:

bonafide local residents;


local associations;
environmental groups: active in the area
any other person located at the project site / sites of displacement

They are to be given an opportunity to make oral/written suggestions to the State Pollution
Control Board as per Schedule IV of Annex I.

1.2.7 Decision Making

Decision making process involve consultation between the project


proponent (assisted by a consultant) and the impact assessment authority (assisted by an expert
group if necessary)

The decision on environmental clearance is arrived at through a number of steps including


evaluation of EIA and EMP.

1.2.8 Monitoring the Clearance Conditions

Monitoring should be done during both construction and operation


phases of a project. This is not only to ensure that the commitments made are complied with
but also to observe whether the predictions made in the EIA reports were correct or not. Where
the impacts exceed the predicted levels, corrective action should be taken. Monitoring will
enable the regulatory agency to review the validity of predictions and the conditions of
implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
1.3 Components of EIA

The difference between Comprehensive EIA and Rapid EIA is in the time-scale of the
data supplied. Rapid EIA is for speedier appraisal process. While both types of EIA require
inclusion/ coverage of all significant environmental impacts and their mitigation, Rapid EIA
achieves this through the collection of one season (other than monsoon) data only to reduce
the time required. This is acceptable if it does not compromise on the quality of decision-
making. The review of Rapid EIA submissions will show whether a comprehensive EIA is
warranted or not.

It is, therefore, clear that the submission of a professionally prepared


Comprehensive EIA in the first instance would generally be the more efficient
approach. Depending on nature, location and scale of the project EIA report should contain all
or some of the following components.

Air Environment

Determination of impact zone (through a screening model) and developing a monitoring


network

Monitoring the existing status of ambient air quality within the impacted region (7-10 km
from the periphery) of the proposed project site
Monitoring the site-specific meteorological data, viz. wind speed and direction, humidity,
ambient temperature and environmental lapse rate

Estimation of quantities of air emissions including fugitive emissions from the proposed
project

Identification, quantification and evaluation of other potential emissions (including those


of vehicular traffic) within the impact zone and estimation of cumulative of all the
emissions/impacts

Prediction of changes in the ambient air quality due to point, line and areas source
emissions through appropriate air quality models

Evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed pollution control devices to meet gaseous
emission and ambient air quality standards

Delineation of mitigation measures at source, path ways and receptor

Noise Environment

Monitoring the present status of noise levels within the impact zone, and prediction of
future noise levels resulting from the proposed project and related activities including
increase in vehicular movement

Identification of impacts due to any anticipated rise in noise levels on the surrounding
environment

Recommendations on mitigation measures for noise pollution

Water
Environment

Study of existing ground and surface water resources with respect to quantity and quality
within the impact zone of the proposed project

Prediction of impacts on water resources due to the proposed water use/pumping on


account of the project

Quantification and characterisation of waste water including toxic organic, from the
proposed activity
Evaluation of the proposed pollution prevention and wastewater treatment system and
suggestions on modification, if required

Prediction of impacts of effluent discharge on the quality of the receiving water body
using appropriate mathematical/simulation models

Assessment of the feasibility of water recycling and reuse and delineation of detailed
plan in this regard

Biological Environment

- Survey of flora and fauna clearly delineating season and duration.

Assessment of flora and fauna present within the impact zone of the project

Assessment of potential damage to terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna due to
discharge of effluents and gaseous emissions from the project

Assessment of damage to terrestrial flora and fauna due to air pollution, and land use
and landscape changes

Assessment of damage to aquatic and marine flora and fauna (including commercial
fishing) due to physical disturbances and alterations

Prediction of biological stresses within the impact zone of the


proposed project

Delineation of mitigation measures to prevent and / or reduce the damage.

Land Environment

Studies on soil characteristics, existing land use and topography, landscape and
drainage patterns within the impact zone

Estimation of impacts of project on land use, landscape, topography, drainage and


hydrology

Identification of potential utility of treated effluent in land application and subsequent


impacts

Estimation and Characterisation of solid wastes and delineation of management options


for minimisation of waste and environmentally compatible disposal

Socio-economic and Health Environment


Collection of demographic and related socio-economic data

Collection of epidemiological data, including studies on prominent endemic diseases


(e.g. fluorosis, malaria, fileria, malnutrition) and morbidity rates among the population
within the impact zone

Projection of anticipated changes in the socio-economic and health due to the project
and related activities including traffic congestion and delineation of measures to minimise
adverse impacts

Assessment of impact on significant historical, cultural and archaeological sites/places in


the area

Assessment of economic benefits arising out of the project

Assessment of rehabilitation requirements with special emphasis on scheduled areas, if


any.

Risk Assessment

Hazard identification taking recourse to hazard indices, inventory analysis, dam break
probability, Natural Hazard Probability etc.

Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) analysis to identify potential hazardous scenarios

Consequence analysis of failures and accidents resulting in fire, explosion, hazardous


releases and dam breaks etc.

Hazard & Operability (HAZOP) studies

Assessment of risk on the basis of the above evaluations

Preparation of an onsite and off site (project affected area) Disaster Management
Plan

Environment Management Plan

Delineation of mitigation measures including prevention and control for each


environmental component and rehabilitation and resettlement plan.

Delineation of monitoring scheme for compliance of conditions


Delineation of implementation plan including scheduling and resource allocation

1.4 Roles in the EIA


Process

EIA involves many parties, grouped by their role definition within the
process. The following section outlines the basic responsibilities of various bodies:

The Project Proponent


The Environmental Consultants
The State Pollution Control Board / Pollution Control Committees (PCCs)
The Public
The Impact Assessment Agency

The Role of the Project Proponent

The project proponent during the project planning stage decides the type of projects i.e. new
establishment, expansion or modernisation. Later the project proponent needs to prepare the
Detailed Project Report/Feasibility Report and submits the Executive Summary, which shall
incorporate the project details, and findings of EIA study, which is to be made available to
concerned public.

The proponent has to approach the concerned SPCB for NOC and holding the public hearing.
After the public hearing the proponent submits application to IAA for environmental clearance.

Role of Environment Consultant

Environmental consultant should be conversant with the existing legal and procedural
requirements of obtaining environmental clearance for proposed project. The consultant should
guide the proponent through initial screening of the project and establish whether EIA studies are
required to be conducted and if so finalise the scope of such study. The consultant should also be
fully equipped with required instruments and infrastructure for conducting EIA studies. The
environmental consultant is responsible for supplying all the environment-related information
required by the SPCB and IAA through the proponent. The consultant is also required to justify the
findings in the EIA and EMP during the meeting with the expert groups at IAA.

The Role of the State Pollution Control Board (PCB) /Pollution Control Committee (PCC)

The State PCBs/PCCs are responsible for assessing the


compatibility of a proposed development with current operational and prescribed standards. If the
development is in compliance, the PCB will then issue its NOC. They shall also hold the public
hearing as per the provisions of EIA notification. The details of public hearing shall be forwarded
to IAA.

The Role of the Public


The public also has an important role to play in EIA. The concerned persons will be invited
through press advertisement to review information and provide their views on the proposed
development requiring environmental clearance.

The Role of the Impact Assessment Agency (IAA)

Where a proponent is required to obtain environmental clearance, the IAA will evaluate
and assess the EIA report. In this process the project proponent will be given a chance to present
his proposal. If a project is accepted the IAA will also prepare a set of recommendations and
conditions for its implementation based on this assessment. Environmental clearance conditions
and recommendations of IAA are made available to the public on request through SPCB and
through web site at http://envfor.nic.in. During the implementation and operation of the project, the
IAA will also be responsible for the environmental monitoring process.

1.5 How to use this


Manual?

This Manual provides guidance for EIA appraisal and is mainly


addressed to EIA reviewer in the Impact Assessment Agency.

Subsequent chapters outline what should be done in an EIA and


how the pathways to conclusions are to be verified. The answer to the first question is
provided in the form of sequence of analytical steps within EIA and this is designed to help the
reviewer in judging the completeness and adequacy of EIA. The answer to the second question
is provided in the form of good practices of EIA and its presentation. It is hoped that
good practices of measurement and analysis delineated in the manual would help the
reviewer in verifying the reliability of the results presented. The good practices of
presentation outlined in this manual should be insisted upon by the reviewer and this would
aid the transparency of EIA and ease of its verification. There could be many instances where
the manual would not provide the desired guidance to the reviewer and in such cases the
reviewer may like to consult the expert group. However, the manual would aid the reviewer in
formulation of specific questions that the expert group needs to answer.

This manual also indirectly provides guidance to the project


proponent in preparation and presentation of an EIA. This manual can also be used for
preparation of Terms of Reference for an EIA and also to review an EIA prepared by a
consultant / proponents team. The manual provides an answer to the reviewer What to look
for in an EIA? and to the proponent What would the reviewer be looking for in an EIA?
and thereby could improve the effectiveness of EIA process.
2.0 Use of this Chapter

This chapter provides guidance to proponents and reviewers in


undertaking project screening and, where EIA is necessary, appraising the reviewer about the
phases undertaken by the project proponent.

The project proponent should conduct his own screening phase to


determine whether or not the proposal requires environmental clearance from IAA. If required, the
proponent may consult IAA. The reviewer should first determine whether the Initial Project
Description submitted by the proponent is adequate, and then obtain the information necessary to
take decision.

Note: While this chapter will guide the reviewer through the Identification of key issues, it is
also recommended that the reviewer refer to the Sectoral Guidelines.

2.1 Key Elements of an Initial Project Description and Scoping

The key environmental issues to be considered in relation to a project s characteristics


are discussed in Sectoral Guidelines published by MoEF from time to time.
An Initial Project Description (IPD) should at the very least provide
the reviewer with all the information necessary to enable project screening and scoping.

Specific information that must be covered by the IPD includes:

Location/current land use along with contours and whether it conforms to the
development plans proposed for that area

Details of proposed project activity including the project cost

Outlining the key project elements during the pre-construction, the construction and the
operation phases etc. as per the list of documents to be attached with the questionnaire

The IPD may also include.

- Off-site activities

- Associated activities

- Expected project induced activities

- Project activities as PERT chart and process as a flow chart delineating unit processes
with input-output.

This would facilitate the reviewer s task. The project proponent after suitable scoping
should provide environmental information for consideration in detailed EIA. The reviewer while
assessing the report should focus on the crucial aspects involving project location and
characteristics.

2.2 Project Location(s)


The site(s) selection can be an effective approach in minimising the requirement of
mitigation measures.

Proposed project locations should be reviewed based upon


regulatory and non-regulatory criteria.

Project siting restrictions depend on the sensitivity of the surrounding


environment. Sensitivity should be assessed in relation to proximity of the project to the
places/sites listed in Annex II A list of identified ecologically sensitive zones (ESZ) notified by
MOEF is given in (Box 1.1, Chapter I).

The siting criteria delineated by MoEF include:

I. As far as possible prime agricultural land/forest land may not be converted into an
industrial site

II. Land acquired should be minimum but sufficient to provide for a green belt wherein the
treated wastewater, if possible/suitable, could be utilised from wastewater treatment
systems
III. Enough space may be provided for storing solid wastes. The space and the waste can be
made available for possible reuse in future

IV. Layout and form of the project must conform to the landscape of the area without unduly
affecting the scenic features of that place

V. Associated township of the project if any to be created must provide for space for phyto-
graphic barrier between the project and the township and should take into account
predominant wind direction.

In addition the following distances should be maintained:

Coastal Areas: at least 1/2 km from the high tide line (within 0.5 km of High Tide Line
(HTL), specified activities as per CRZ notification, 1991 are permitted)(The HTL is to be
delineated by the authorised agency only.)

Estuaries: At least 200 metres from the estuary boundaries

Flood Plains of the Riverine systems: at least 500 metres from flood plain or modified
flood plain or by flood control
systems






























Transport/Communication System: at least 500 metres from highway and railway

Major Settlements (3,00,000 population) at least 25 km from the projected growth


boundary of the settlement
In addition to the siting criteria listed above, the proposed project
location should be reviewed in relation to the following salient issues:

Ambient air, water and noise quality standards

Critically polluted areas

Natural disaster prone areas

Ecologically sensitive areas

Availability of water and other critical infrastructures like electricity, roads with adequate
width and capacity

2.3 Land Use Impacts

When assessing the significance of potential land use impacts, the reviewer will need to consider
the following:

Total land coverage of the project

Expected change in the landscape and topography

Present and designated land use in conformity with regional developmental plans / master
plan

Dependent/resident population

Assessed land capability/suitability in the region

Assessed erosion potential in the region

Unstable or critical hydrologic, biotic and abiotic components systems (especially


drainage)

Slope stability and proneness to land slide hazards

Designated land use in the master plan/regional development plan


2.4 Consideration of Alternatives

Alternatives must be considered with respect to the following:

No project

Siting of the project

Technology/Processes

The reviewer will need to evaluate whether or not the proposal has taken into
consideration all feasible alternatives in respect of siting, and the plant processes including
mitigation methods.

No project:

Alternatives of no project situation need to be weighed against the ecological


implications.

Siting of the project:

Specific information that must be covered in site selection should include:

Status of conformance with siting guidelines of MoEF

Ambient environmental quality in the region and conformance


Existence of sensitive receptors in the impact zone

The characteristics of soil strata and potential for groundwater depletion/ contamination

The location of the site in relation to the watershed, and suitability of the site vegetation
and ecology

Extent of resettlement and rehabilitation, including vulnerability of the affected


populations

Likely Stress on public utilities and services in the region

Likely Stress on the ecosystem

Process selection:

Criteria for the process selection should include:

Choices of inputs to generate minimal wastes and emissions causing minimum stress
on resources

Pollution prevention through maximising efficiency in the utilisation of inputs

Recycling and reuse of wastes and emissions

Treatment of wastes and emissions


Choice of appropriate mitigation methods to reduce the impacts

2.5 Construction Phase

Project construction may require cutting, striping, levelling landscaping, topographic, sea /
riverbed or subsurface transformations, opening of new quarries transportation of men and
materials, construction of temporary houses any of which can cause both positive and negative
environmental impacts.

The construction phase is especially significant in the case of infrastructure projects. In such

cases a detailed schedule of construction activities is critical for scoping impacts. If the

construction stretches over a prolonged period (1-3 years), the impacts of habitat disturbances

may be even more severe in the construction phase than during operation phase. In addition,

there may be substantial influx of labour in some project areas that could create stress on public

utilities, services, public health and social relations.

2.6 Input Requirements

A pre-requisite to estimating the potential environmental impacts of a project is the identification


and recording of the total project inputs including process technology, raw materials, water and
energy.

While not exhaustive, Box 2.1 below provides a checklist of the information likely to be required
for the scoping of project inputs.

Box 2.1

Project Technology
Available technology/equipment

Cleaner options

Land

Nature of land/soil

Topography

Materials

Physical and chemical nature of raw materials

Source of raw material

Storage

Precautionary measures

Mine discharge

Top soil preservation and reuse

Project output

Hazardous/Toxic materials management

Requirements of processing, transportation and handling of any hazardous/toxic


/flammable/explosive material(s)

Storage requirement for hazardous/toxic flammable / explosive material(s)

Usage of any recycled, salvaged material from industrial waste in the process.

Water
Water requirement

Average demand, peak demand at full production, source and type (treated/ untreated)

Water drawal at intake vis- -vis the requirement of competing users

(If water supply is to be augmented from other source(s) for meeting both present and
future requirements)

Physico-Chemical characteristics of surface/ground water at the site and likely impact area

Treatment requirements of water before use

Physico-Chemical characteristics of treated water

Energy/Fuel

Total power requirement for

Existing facilities

Proposed facilities

Sources of power supply

Public supply

D.G.Set/Gas turbine

Captive power plant

Capacity, type of fuel, consumption

Details of fuel used


Coal

Natural gas

LSHS

HSD

Naphtha

Furnace Oil

Other (specify)

Consumption (tonnes/day), Calorific Value (K Joules, kg), % Ash, % Sulphur,


Source of supply, Mode of transportation to the plant site with justification and linkage

Details of technology for power generation

Transport

Details of transport system to be used for transporting raw materials, finished products and
wastes

2.7 Wastes and Emissions

An assessment of the significant environmental issues for each


phase of the project in relation to wastes and emissions involve

Potential releases

The receiving environment including bio-environment


The issues that need to be identified are

1) Air emissions

2) Noise

3) Liquid effluents

4) Solid wastes

5) Hazardous/Toxic Wastes

Box 2.2 below lists the types of release and potential sources.

Box 2.2

A. Air Emissions

Emissions from Compaction & setting during construction

Emissions from Drilling & blasting

Emissions from Operation of DG. Sets/captive power plant

Vehicular emissions

Emissions from storages & transport

Process emissions

Fugitive emissions

Accidental /emergency releases

Emissions from Fuel combustion

Offsite emissions

B. Noise & Vibrations

Generated by the plant and equipment


From Vehicles

Blast induced ground vibrations

C. Liquid Effluents

Process and domestic effluents

Offsite effluents

Storm water

Cooling tower effluents and boiler blow downs

Effluents from treatment plant

Effluents from emission mitigation system

Acid Drainage

Tailing Residue emplacement

Ground / surface water contamination

Accidental / emergency & spills

D. Solid Waste

Domestic solid waste

Soil overburden/Dredged material/stripping and quarrying waste

Process/storage units sludge

Sludge form ETP/STP

Waste from emission mitigation system

Accidental / emergency dumps

E. Hazardous / Toxic Waste


Process / Storage units (tank bottoms)

Sludge form Waste water treatment

Sludge form Emission treatment system

Leachates from storage

Genetically modified organisms

Biotechnological activities and related emissions and wastes

2.7.1 Air Emissions

The issues for air emissions should be based on project location (valley, coastal areas, regions
with frequent dust storms etc.) type of activity and air polluting potential. Table 2.1 presents a list
of key activities and

associated air pollutants.

2.7.2 Liquid Effluents

Detailed assessment will be required where:

the proposed receiving body is surface water, irrigation canal, marine coast, public sewers
etc.

the discharge point is within the catchment area of a drinking water source or a river stretch
designated for drinking purposes (as per CPCB designated usages)

the disposal is on land, the soil is permeable and the aquifer conditions are prone to
groundwater contamination

2.7.3 Solid Wastes


Solid waste can be toxic or non-toxic. A list of toxic or hazardous waste classifications can be
found in the MOEF s Hazardous Waste - Management and Handling Rules , Manufacture,
Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals , genetically modified organisms/biotechnology
activities and related emissions and wastes and related amendments notified from time to time.
Where a project proposal includes any of the waste classes or activities listed in these documents
the proposal should identify this and meet their requirements.

Should the proponent be unable to confirm the existence of an acceptable treatment or disposal
facility for any of the listed hazardous wastes classes with adequate capacity the issue will need
to form input into the detailed assessment.

It is important to note that in addition to those wastes that are classified, all potential waste
groups should be examined according to the following parameters:

Moisture and High Volatile matter

Oil and Grease

Calorific value

pH

Conductivity

Heavy metal (Cr, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni)

concentrations

Phenolic compound concentration

The comprehensive inventorization of solid wastes is necessary, if

the region has no land for disposal

existing capacity of the dumping site is near exhaustion


the region has high intensity and/or duration of rainfall and the region is prone to
flooding/water logging/high ground water table.

2.8 Risks to Environment and Human


Health

Impacts to environment and human health can occur from accidents (both on-site and off-site) or

through general environmental degradation. When determining the appropriate areas for a more

detailed risk assessment, the reviewer should take into account both the type of risks inherent in a

particular activity and the potential for human/ environment exposure.

Table 2.2 provides a list of activities requiring assessment of risk due to occurrence of most
probable instances of hazard and accident. Box 2.3 below indicates the potential means of
human exposure to risks.

Box 2.3

Onsite

Exposure to fugitive dust, noise, gases, thermal and other emissions

House keeping practices requiring contact with solid and liquid toxic wastes

Emission/spillage etc. from storage & handling

Exposure to explosive material

Exposure to toxic chemicals

Offsite
Exposure to toxic releases from offsite / storage/related activities

Contamination of ground / drinking water due to accidental releases or normal release in


combination with natural hazard

Deposition of toxic pollutants in vegetation / other sinks and possible sudden releases due
to accidental occurrences

2.9 Socio-Economic Impacts

It is generally envisaged that the scale of a project s socio-economic impact study is limited to
the region and population directly influenced by the project, with an emphasis on the distribution
of benefits and costs among the project stakeholders. Within project scoping, the socio-
economic issues as in Box 2.4 should be addressed:

Box 2.4
Socio-economic

Onsite and offsite optimal land requirements, specifically in relation to the potential for
displacement, rehabilitation, and habitat fragmentation

Land acquisition details

Quantity and nature of employment and /or estimated needs for migratory workers

Potential for stress/ increase on utilities and services

Potential benefits/disbenefits to the local habitants resulting through project and ancillary
activities

Impact on health of/due to migrant labour

Impact on education of male/female

Community health impacts

Potential impacts on existing occupations and economic activities

Potential losses of livelihood for local and vulnerable sections of the population

Stress on medicinal plants


Potential impacts to archaeological monuments and culturally/religiously important locations

2.10 Ecological Impacts

Project proposals located nearby wildlife sanctuaries, National Parks, and/or biosphere reserves,
breeding /spawning /nesting grounds etc. (Annex II)need to come under careful scrutiny, and the
EIA report should contain impact on such ecologically fragile/sensitive areas.

2.11 Global Environmental Issues

India is a signatory to many international agreements ratifying her commitment to environmental


concerns. These are listed in Annex III. Therefore global concerns must also be considered.
The reviewer will need to note whether a project s potential resource consumption, waste
generation and emissions could break international codes of practice and where this is the case,
the proponent should identify, evaluate and suggest mitigation measures if any in the EIA
report.

There are a number of additional/optional areas, which may be considered:

Potential trans.- boundary transport of atmospheric pollutants or liquid effluents.

Potential impacts to wetlands of international importance as per the Ramsar convention


and those that attract migratory birds

The use or production of hazardous or toxic materials

Potential impacts on primitive and rare cultivated plants, land, ethnic minorities,
archaeological places
Impacts on identified rare and endangered species

Emissions of nuclear radiation on-site and off-site and potential for nuclear accidents

*****
Table 2.1

List of Key Activities and Likely Associated Air Pollutants

S. No. Activity Significant Air Pollutants


A. EIA Notifications, 1994
1. Nuclear Power Plants Tritium, Radioactive elements
2. River Valley Projects TSPM/RPM, HC, CO etc.
3. Air Ports, Ports/Harbours TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx, etc.
4. Petroleum Refineries SO2, HC, Mercaptan, VOCs
5. Chemical fertiliser TSPM/RPM, Fluoride, Ammonia, NOx,SO2
6. Pesticides Odour,VOCs, HC, Cl2
7. Petrochemicals TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx, CO, HC, VOCs
8. Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceuticals TSPM/RPM, VOCs
9. Exploration of Oil & Gas and their TSPM/RPM, HC, CO
production, transportation and storage
10. Synthetic Rubber TSPM/RPM, SO2, HC
11. Asbestos and Asbestos products TSPM/RPM, fibre
12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives HCN Vapours
13. Metallurgical industries TSPM/RPM, SO2, CO, NOx Fluoride etc.
14. Electric arc furnaces TSPM/RPM, NOx,
15. Chlor-alkali industry Hg, Cl2, HCl vapours, H2
16. Integrated paint complex TSPM/RPM, SO2, Volatile Organic
17. Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn H2S, CS2, SO2
18. Storage batteries TSPM/RPM, Pb
19. Tourism Project TSPM/RPM,
20. Thermal Power Plants TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx.
21. Mining Activities TSPM/RPM, HC etc.
22. Highway Projects TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx CO.
23. Tarred roads in Himalayas TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx CO.
24. Distilleries TSPM/RPM, SO2
25. Raw Skins and Hides -
26. Pulp and Paper TSPM/RPM, H2S, Mercaptan
27. Dyes TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx
28. Cement TSPM/RPM, NOx
29. Foundries TSPM/RPM, SO2, CO, Metal Fumes
30. Electroplating TSPM/RPM, Fumes of HCN, HCl Acid
Fumes
Table 2.2

List of Activities involving Hazards/Risks

Sr.
Activity Significant probability of Hazard/Accident
No.
A. Schedule I of EIA Notification

1. Nuclear Power Plant Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation/
Radioactivity/Accidental Releases
2. River Valley Project Flooding, RIS
3. Air Ports, Ports/Harbours Accidents, Natural Atmospheric hazards
4. Petroleum Refinery Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
5. Chemical fertiliser Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
6. Pesticides Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
7. Petrochemical Complex Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
8. Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
9. Exploration of Oil & Gas and their Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
production, transportation and storage
10. Synthetic Rubber Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
11. Asbestos and Asbestos product Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
13. Metallurgical industries Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
14. Electric arc furnaces Pressure Wave / Heat Radiation
15. Chlor-alkali industry Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
16. Integrated paint complex Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
17. Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
18. Storage batteries Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
19. Tourism Project Human Accident
20. Thermal Power Plants Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
21. Mining Activities Pressure Wave / Heat Radiation/ Radio Activity/ Tailing
dam failure/Inundation/Subsidence/Acid Drainage
22. Highway Projects Heat Radiation/ Traffic Accidents
23. Tarred roads in Himalayas Heat Radiation/Landslides/Traffic Accidents
24. Distilleries Pressure Wave / Heat Radiation
25. Raw Skins and Hides Heat Radiation
26. Pulp and Paper Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
27. Dyes Heat Radiation
28. Cement Pressure Wave / Heat Radiation
29. Foundries Pressure Wave / Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
30. Electroplating Toxic Gas Release / Heat Radiation
Note: The probability of occurrence of human accident is however prevalent in all the
activities.

The Review
Checklist
How To Use This Checklist

All project proposals requiring Environmental Assessment (see Chapter 3 of this


Manual) may be examined according to the following review process.

The Review Checklist comprises two sections:

(A) Pre-Appraisal

(B) Appraisal

Each section begins with a set of guidance notes to be followed by EIA reviewers
in its completion.

Within Section B environmental information submitted as part of a project


proposal is appraised under the following headings:

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 6. DIFFICULTIES IN COMPILING INFORMATION


2. PROJECT AND PROCESS ALTERNATIVES 7. GENERAL PRESENTATION

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 8. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

4. DESCRITPTION OF IMPACTS 9. RISK ASSESSMENT

5. MITIGATION MEASURES
Section A - Guidance Notes for Pre-
Appraisal

Pre-appraisal can be used to determine whether a submitted project proposal meets the preliminary
appraisal requirements of MoEF. These include project siting restrictions, permitting requirements,
and supporting documentation. The outcome of section A will be the decision on whether to continue
appraising the proposal through section B of the checklist.

Step 1 (the first task):

For each Review Question the reviewer will need to determine whether or not the project proposal
meets MoEF s preliminary requirements. If yes, the reviewer notes this and moves on to the next
question.

Step 2 (the second task):

If a proposal does not meet MoEF s preliminary requirements, the reviewer notes this, and where
applicable provides comment in the right hand column. Where a discrepancy is based on the
omission of supporting documentation or information and where appropriate and feasible, the
reviewer indicates where this information may be obtained according to the following listing:

A] Project Proponent E] Central Government

B] State Agencies F] Departmentally

C] Central Agencies G] Central Pollution Control Board


D] State Government H] Other (please note)

Step 3 (the third task)

On the basis of the preliminary appraisal the reviewer makes a decision on whether or not the proposal
justifies further review. If yes the reviewer continues with Section B of the Checklist.

0. PRELIMINARY PROJECT APPRAISAL

No. Criterion Yes / No

Legal Requirements

0.1 Whether the proposal submitted attracts the provisions of EIA


notification, CRZ notification, public hearing process and
amendments issued from time to time. When the proposal
satisfies the provisions of the above

0.2 Are there litigation and/or dispute against the project?

0.3 Whether the project requires site clearance under EIA


notifications; has site clearance been obtained? This should
take into account clearances required under:

The Local Authority;

Forest Committee;

Committee of State Government

Regional or local development authority

Information Requirements

0.4 Does the application include all those items listed in the
MoEF Document Checklist'?

0.5 Are the purpose(s) and objectives of the project clearly


described?

0.6 Are the nature and status of the decision(s) that are required to
be made, clear from the information supplied?

0. PRELIMINARY PROJECT APPRAISAL

No. Criterion Yes / No

Land Requirements
0.7 Where applicable, does the proposal include information relating
to siting criteria, including distances from:

Areas of cultural heritage; / historical monuments

forests;

Ecologically sensitive areas( as mentioned in Annexure II);

Human settlements;

Coastal Regulation Zones

Roads, National Highways and Railways

Defence installation, Air ports.

Water and Fuel Requirements

0.8 Has water requirement quantified and sources identified?

Does this include an assessment of competing users, e.g.


drinking, industry, irrigation etc.?

0.9 Are fuel sources identified and quantified? Whether fuel linkage
and its transportation is established?

0.10 Have any special or hazardous wastes that will be produced been
identified and quantified?
0. PRELIMINARY PROJECT APPRAISAL

No. Criterion Yes / No

Financial and Socio-Economic Requirements

0.11 Whether the total project investment is given

0.12 Whether cost of environment protection, mitigation measures


and R & R provided

Strategic Requirements

0.13 Does the proposal identify up-stream and down-

stream impacts, for example:

Sources of raw materials;

Material and product transportation;

Provide relevant maps on 1:25000/1:2500 scale

0.14 Other Relevant Criteria[1]


0.15 Whether the Public Hearing details enclosed

(1) [1] Insert here other criteria, if any have been identified, which are considered relevant to the specific circumstances of the proposal

Annex II

List of Ecologically Sensitive Places


Annex II

List of Environmentally Sensitive Places

Religious and historic places


Archaeological monuments/sites
Scenic areas
Hill resorts/mountains/ hills
Beach resorts
Health resorts
Coastal areas rich in corals, mangroves, breeding grounds of specific
species
Estuaries rich in mangroves, breeding ground of specific species
Gulf areas
Biosphere reserves
National park and wildlife sanctuaries
Natural lakes, swamps Seismic zones tribal Settlements
Areas of scientific and geological interests

Defense installations, specially those of security importance and sensitive


to pollution

Border areas (international)

Airport
Tiger reserves/elephant reserve/turtle nestling grounds
Habitat for migratory birds
Lakes, reservoirs, dams
Streams/rivers/estuary/seas
Railway lines
Highways
Urban agglomeration

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