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Recognition ot'Ear[y Anthropoids in the Fossil Record, With Comments the Asian
n ( ) (
Anthropoid Radiation // American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2000, vo1. 114,
). 40 . . ., , , .N"~2.p.189.
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, n 11 Phylogeny, a11d Fossils: Miocene Homioid Evolution d Adaptations. New York,
1997. p.l-2.
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 1 11 41

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,
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 1 43
42

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Sa/relmrr/,opus
~ , 2002 11 11~ >6,0
tchden;is
, , Q,,a,iulu enensis 200 ( ~ 6,0
. , . Al-di ithec J'(Jfllidu., 1994 104 AJ IIKa 5,815,2 4,4
, , rdipihecu; l'a/11 idus
2001 5,815,2
kadabb
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1995 ~ 4,2- 3,9
) Hominini, usJralapitlrnus
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1978
(Homo ), (. lmo ). ;
1 'arensis
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, bal11e/ l~<rli
1996 3,5/3,0
n, n
Kcnymlll'apus J>lal\aps 2001 .. 3,5
, n,
Aus,ralapithccus
1925 3,0-2,4
n- afrkan
, usuafopillnr..> garlri 1999 2,5
. Pramluopus
1968 2.7-2,2
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r Para!/1/iJapl"' ml>usrus 1938 1,9- 1,4
:v, , Prantllropus !>Oisei** 1959 rt 2,3 1,2
,
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, udo/f~nsi.<** 198
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4~ 1\ ,,,
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., uu .-11 o.ltlllm,

u 2003 .
n - ,
* Australopi!hecu:s aethiopicu.1
ru : Gd . et al. Toward phylogcnetic classification ofprimates "'* rt .1 Zinjanthlopus boisei
ased on DNA e\kience complemented fossil evidece /1 Molecular Phylogenetics *** t.t '11 Pithecnthropu:s rudo/fen:si:s
and Evolltlion, 1998. vol. 9, N~ 3. **** r1 . 11 Pilh'ant!Jropus aectus
44 1 45

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1'Verhaegen M.J.B. Australorithecincs: ancesrs ofthe African apes? 11 Human
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46 1 ii 47

0J1311 l' ;

1 . .
Sarich, Wilson 1967 5
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Siey,Alquist 1987 7 ,7-ll 5,5-7,7
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Holmes et al. 1988 16,2-9,2 5,9-8,9 ~. 12 ,
Hasegawa et !. 1990 9-15 4,3-5,9 3,2-4,6 , ,
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Hori et al. 1992 7,0-8,4 4,2-5,2 .

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Horai et !. 1995 6,3-6,9 4,7-5,1

Ru\olo 1995 7,4-8,9 5-6 , 90- ,

Hedges et al. 2001 4,5-6,5 ,

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,
,
. , , , . n
, , , - -
.
,
<<

r (Oumnopithecus), r 11
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- n, .
. .
14
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Anfipit!Jecus 1amidus.
,
,;1.
- ( '1 . ,
, 8 ~ ,

), n
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. ,
n . ,
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, , 2000-2002 ., m
.
-
, 2000 ., ,
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r, ,
. ,
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), ,

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. ,

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. 15
, ,
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, .. .
(), !,
n r
n <<n ).
, 90 .
,
~
, ..
, 5,2 5,8 .
, . 16
Ardipithecus ramidus
kadabba, , ,
14
. n DeinoA.L. et al. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of
,
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, ,
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. r. kadabba . 1 ~ .... _ ,1 , n (Pikford . et
\. B!peda\ism in Or1orin tugenensis rcvealed its femora fl Comptes rendus Palcvo\,

' 2002. t. 1, . 191 -203). n n,
rJI , n r
1
' . Haile-Selassie. Latc Mioce11c hominids from 1he Middle Awash, Ethiopia 11 , .
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 50 1 ' 51

, 2001-2002 J., .
- , nJ ,

1 Jt:e , 11, . ,
, , , ,
6 . . 17 , , - ,
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), ,
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(Sahelanthmpus tchadensis), . ,
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. , 11, ,
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1

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.

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. robustus, . bahrelghaza/i, . garhi) 20 , rr
: Austm!opithecus Pamntl11'0pus.
()

. (. afensis, . africanus, . garhi),
.
;> (. boisei, . robustus, . aetblopicus),
, , , (. 1.11 ),
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, ,
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1994-1997 . ,
, , . 2" KJIOMC . ,
, , . : . p1aegen:;.
56 1 57

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. anamensis. Cyt(OJJIII

. ( ..'1. .) ~
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anamensis
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afarensis
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africanus
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garhi
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, .
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robustus
). , ,
,
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. , lm ( troglod)'tes).
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, ,
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-
- . ~ . , Kenyanthmpus,
. anamensis
1 . platyops. 22

, , , ,

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21 m ,

( 1998-1 999) .

(n . ), , , ,
<< <,,, , -
21Ward . et !. The new hominid species Austra!opithecus anamenvis 11 , ~! . --
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. J./4. . 1.1 5. . ajGrensis (~
11m
).
() U .\IOCCU6H020, UU
().

(Australopithecus
ajarensis)Y ,
,
;
(Australopithecus afa:msis bahrelghazali). , Ji ~
, 3 4
, - ,

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.
, . afOrensis
J , , . aJ(trensis (. 1.15),
, ~
,
, ,
r ( , ~
- . ) .
4 . . ., , , ,
,
n
n (
(, , . anamensis), ,
- ). . , r ~
, , ?, , -11 ~
(Atralopitl1ecus lhelghazalt), , I ( )
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 61
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1.16. . africanus

().
, ,
, , .
, ,
, ..
, ,
.

.
, , ,

,

( ,
), , , .
. 25 , , 1,
, , . africanus, ,
.
Homo, . aj'arensis, . anamensis.
, , . africanus 11
( , , ..
, ) , (
, .. , n . . ajGrensis), , ,
. afarensis
. ! t ,
- - Homo. 26
. africanus (. 1.16), n 3 ( )
2,4 . . . , n 2,6-2,8 .
( , , . ., 5J5 3 ,
), .
, . 27
, , ,
, , . , . boisei,
,
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(1,7-1,5 . . .), 70- , ,

r 525-545 3 , , ,
, 11 ,
, . ajcanus, , , ,
, . 30
, , , ,
.28 , - 2,4 . -
1997 . .Jr
() . ,
2,5 . ,
, ,
Australopithecus ghi ( garhi . ,
)>). . , , ,
. ,
r , . ghi habllis ( ).
. . qfricanus, . , , 2,4 . . . ,
Homo,
, (. 5 .1.2 .).
( 450 3 ).
, , . garhi , 1 .
, ,
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- . ), > -
1.2.3. Homo. , 11
, Homm>.
Homo , , ( ,
- , -, ) . n
. ~~ , - . , -
, .. , , (
), ,
. , ,
, - (>>) . - , ,

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, . , . ,
Homo sapiens, paniscus (), Canis , "J ,
iupus (), n , , ,
, , .
, . , i< , ~
, , ~ ~
, , , . ~
,

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n

( ). 32 ,
, - 11 i\" ~
. ,
n~ ( ). ~
, (
?), , , , ~
, , , .

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1 . ~

, habllis r-
).
(. 1.17),
.
1959 ., , n,
, ii
.
. , n , , m
- 70~- 80~ , habi/is,- ,- ~
() . ~,
, , ~
n
. . , ~
, haiis,
t -, , ~
,
~
(), 1 () , .
, , . habllis sensu lato ( i<
. ) .habllis sensu stricto (..
. habllis, , ), , ~
n , . udolfen.s
u, (. 1.18). ,
, . africanus, ~ , r1, ,
~ , .

'' , , n , -
, (n <<rr
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1
66 J , r

67

. 1.18.
habllis (KNM-ER
1100 ,..-
1813) . udo/jensis
(KNM-ER 1470).

1000
-
900
-
800
-

f

~ 700 - *
'
"'

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.
....

rudoljensis
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1470, 1972 .
- (. . 1.18).

300 1 1 1 1 ' ( 750 3

).
, ..
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(. )
Pithecanthropus rudolji?nsis (-
,
. - . africanus 8 -. boisei . robustus

*- . habllis . rudolfensis 8 - . ergaster . erectus

). , ,
(Pithecanthmpus) r n,
, ,
,
. 1.17. .tt \ ( Elto et !.
2001, .w). .
 1t >nr 69

'
!
68 1

. , ,
, , 01 ,
, n
. . .

,
1.3. Homo
, ,
( , 1.3.1. .
, , , . . (.
), 3),
, . , :
, .
(. . 1.17), , - r1,
habilis ,
rudolfensis Australopithecus. 34 ergaster erectus, 3 ~
, n Kenyanthropus .

KNM-ER 1470, , .
, rudolfensis , ,
platyops, . l1eide/bageis neandertllensis,
, . , -
n 2,4 1,7 . . ., , . . sapiens.
<<n . n,
, . sapiens
rudolfensis,
/ 5 , ( ?) . ,
habllis sensu lalo 60-
, . , sapiens sapiens,
, ,
, . (. sapiens eanderthalensis)
ii n ( .
, , ,
erectus), ,

,
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Homo sapiens Homo - , ,

sapien:m, . , . erectl!.'i.19 ,
sapiens ru ".ri
, , erectus e1gaster. 4()
n ~ erectus n
J . , . e~gasta)
, r
. , , ,
, , , n
. n
, , n .
, ' n 1: 1, ,
, m , ,
Homo sapiens (, .
, ) 1 1,5 . . 11. (. 1.19). . erectus
).
, ( n
-) ( ) . , erectus (.. . ergaster)
. () ,
_1,8 . . . , .
, , ,
, n n
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. , , ,
1,7 0,5 . , , , . ,
, ,
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, - ,
, . aectus r.
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. 1./9. ~ . 1.20. .7m

u 2 4 5 l/3 .
( !), ~
(1) . (2)
''
. afarensis (2}, . garhi
(3), aectus (4)
1 , u?

(5). rt (3)
,

n (4) ,
apxaumpona, ,
(5)
.

,
n
. ,
,

n
n.
,
, (. 1.21 ).
. , r
, , IJ , , ,
, ,
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., , , (
. erectus. 41 , ),
.
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. 1.21. . erectus . , ,
. , r1
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, , . aectus
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, 11 ,
,
<I ,
. . .
44
1,2
<I : ,
q ,

, .., ,
. erectus . 800 . . . ,
, , , , ,
~ '!
,
. (. 5.2.4.),45 , ,
. erectus ._
, -, , r >, ,
11 ,
. , - (. 1.22).
, , , I-J, , I!
, , , ,
, , ( ,
. n 1), n n
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,
. aectus, , . q, , . etectus,
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,
. ,
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. eectus
, (.
40).
u
. eectus -.
. -,

_..-

1,2-I,O
t..
.
,
- - ,

Homo erectus
sapiens , ,
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,
,
,/ (. 1.23).



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, . ,
,

erectus , , n

. 1.22. apxmtmpono. n.
11 1 . ,
, ,
,
rn ,
, , ,
. (. 1.3.3
.
1.3.4.) ,
erectus ,
,
( ),
,
.
.
n -
1 . ,
n
1997 . (J),
.
. , -
 78 1 rJ 79

t< i< ,
n .

( ,
. sapiens 40.000 _;, ),
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500.000
. , i< ,

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1.000.000 .
.
1.800.000

. hablJis 1100 3 , ,
~ (1400 3 ).

Homo heidelbergensis,

,

. 1.23. () 11 () Juoeu .
:: i' rmma. .1 nii ,
(uuJi>), ,
. u, , ( ), , ,
. ( ), - () ,
.
( ), (), ~
1.3.2. . , () (, , .). ~
n
, , r
LJ. , , 600 150 . . .
, , , ,
. , ,

, , , ,
, . , sapiens, .
t . erectus . sapiens , ,
, , ,

. , , ,
tt " << n. .- n ,
" Homo sapiens, n 1994 r.
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80
. 1.24. ~ .
pmux >. ,
{Homo
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-
'1 ,
. :
3 ()
, ,

, , , u
().
l[l m (
, r ,
, .)
n
. en:ctus, n
. ,
, , . antecessor
. ergaster
(. heidelbergensi.~),
. ,
, 1< . antecessor,
' . heide/bergensis,
1 , ,
800 . . , .4s ':l, r
ereclus,
, . .1 ,
n . erectus . heidelhergensis.46 ,
- rt
1 . 49
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, , i<
- Homo antecessor. 47 Homo
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(), (), (),

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J 83

.1.25.

.
(), , () ..
- , ,
, " ( Homo
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u, , ,
,
,
( , ). ,
, 100 :
, , 30 . . .
.

, ,

, , ,
.
,
,
. ,
. ( ),
,
u -- ,
n n (. 1.25), , .
(. 1.26), , ,

.
( 165-170 ).

. , r,
. sapiens, , , ,
,
. ,
n .
1
"' .
, -400 . . ., , :.~,
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'
, '

, n
. ,

. . ,

. sapiens
. s!

,
.
--->- , , .

neanderthalensis . sapiens, 53
" (.
1.3.1.),
. 1.27. . , r ,
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Homo, <
, .

,
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)) ,
, , ,
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.. (. 1.27 ] .28).
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,
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. 1.28.
. . ,

.r ,

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(). 01
. sapiens
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. , 60-
, ,
. ( ,
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Homo
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( )
.
,

(, 1;1 ..). ,
, , , sapiens ,
- ," , . , ,
.
1, 1967 . t
-:- .
1.3.3. : .. 80- -(). -
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n 40 . . ., .
,
.
, , l,

. , >} , sapiens
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. , , , ,
,
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. , ,
Homo sapiens, , . , 1,
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, , ()
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, , ,
. sapiens. i<
,
I , . ,
, . .
, , -
J.< , , , _ ,
, , , , ,
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. .
, ,
50 . . ,

.
. , , m ,
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, , ,
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. -3
. ,
, , 34-36 . . 59
, r
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