Lecture-1

DC Circuits
 Lecture DC Circuits
Lecture-1:
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or
loop) is zero.
Expressed mathematically, KVL states that-
that

where M is the number of voltages in the loop (or the number of branches in the loop) and is the mth
voltage.

Sum of voltage
tage drops = Sum of voltage rises

Example 1.1:Find the currents and voltages in the circuit using KVL.

Fig: 1.1

Solution: At the top node, 0 = i1 + i2 + i3 or, i1 = i2 + i3 .........................(1)

For loop 1, 10 + V1 + V2 = 0
Or, V1 = 10 V2 .................. (2)
For loop 2, V2 + V3 6 = 0 or, V3 = V2 + 6 .............. (3)

Using (1) and Ohms law, we get,

(V1/2) = (V2/8) + (V3/4)

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and now using (2) and (3) in the above yields,
[(10 V2)/2] = (V2/8) + (V2 + 6)/4
Or, [7/8]V2 = 14/4
Or, V2 = 4.V.V1 = 10 V2 = 6V, V3 = 4+6 = 10 V, i1 = (104)/2 = 3A, i2 = 4/8 = 500 mA, i3 = 2.5A.

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero. Mathematically,
atically, KCL implies that-
that

where N is the number of branches connected to the node and is the nth current entering (or leaving) the
node. By this law, currents entering a node may be regarded as positive, while currents leaving the node
may be taken as negative or vice versa.

Sum of incoming currents = Sum of outgoing currents at a node

Example 1.2:Find Vo &io and in the circuit using KCL.

Fig: 1.2
Solution: Applying KCL,
0 = 6 + i0 + [i0 /4] + [V0 /8], but i0 = V0/2, which leads to:
6 = (V0/2) + (V0/8) + (V0/8)thus, V0 = 8V and i0 = 4 A.

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 Equivalent Resistance (Req)

Method 1: Series Resistance

Series resistance is simply connecting the "out" side of one resistor to the "in" side of another in a
circuit. Each additional resistor placed in a circuit adds to the total resistance of that circuit.
The formula for calculating a total of n number of resistors wired in series is:
Req = R1 + R2 + .... Rn

That is, all the series resistor values are simply added. For example, consider finding the equivalent
resistance in the image below.

In this example, R1 = 100 and R2 = 300 are wired in series. Req = 100 + 300 = 400 .

Method 2: Parallel Resistance

Parallel resistance is when the "in" side of 2 or more resistors are connected, and the "out" side of those
resistors are connected.
The equation for combining n resistors in parallel is:
Req = 1/{(1/R1) +(1/R2) +(1/R3)..+(1/R
..+(1/Rn)}

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Here is an example, given R1 = 20 , R2 = 30 , and R3 = 30 .
The total equivalent resistance for all 3 resistors in parallel is:
Req = 1/{(1/20)+(1/30)+(1/30)}
= 1/{(3/60)+(2/60)+(2/60)}
= 1/(7/60)=60/7 = approximately 8.57 .

Method 3: Combined Series & Parallel Circuits

A combined network is any combination of series and parallel circuits wired together. Consider finding
the equivalent resistance of the network shown below.

We see the resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series. So, their equivalent resistance (let us denote it
by Rs) is: Rs= R1 + R2 = 100 + 300 = 400 .

Next, we see the resistors R3 and R4 are connected in parallel. So, their equivalent resistance (let us
denote it by Rp1) is:
Rp1 = 1/{(1/20)+(1/20)} = 1/(2/20)= 20/2 = 10

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Then we see the resistors R5 and R6 are also connected in parallel. So, their equivalent resistance (let us
denote it by Rp2) is:
Rp2 = 1/{(1/40)+(1/10)} = 1/(5/40) = 40/5 = 8

So now we have a circuit with the resistors Rs, Rp1, Rp2 and R7 connected in series. These can now
simply be added to get the equivalent resistance R7 of the network given to us originally.
Req = 400 + 20 + 8 = 428 .

Example 1.3:Find Req& i0 in the circuit.

Solution: 20//80 = 80x20/100 = 16, 6//12 = 6x12/18 = 4

The circuit is reduced to that shown below:

(4 + 16)//60 = 20x60/80 = 15
Now ,15 //15+ 5 =12.5
Req= 12.5 ohm
Thus, i0 =40/Req= 3.2A.

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 Wye-Delta
Delta Transformation

Also called as start-delta

delta transformation.

It is a technique to reduce common resistor connections that are neither series nor parallel
parallel.

In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected together in one of two ways to form
a three-terminal network:
Delta, or (also known as the Pi, or ) configuration, and
Star connected network which has the symbol of the letter Y (also known as the T)
configuration.

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 Conversion from Delta () to Wye (Y)

Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in the two adjacent
branches, divided by the sum of the three resistors.

Conversion from Wye (Y) to Delta ()

Each resistor in the network is the sum of all possible products of Y resistors taken
two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.

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The Y and networks are said to be balanced when RA = RB = RC = RY&RAB = RBC = RAC = R.
Under these conditions, conversion formulas become

Example 1.4:Transform
ansform the wye network in Fig. to a delta network.

Solution:Ra= [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R1 = [10x20

[10 + 20x40 + 40x10]/10 = 140 ohms

Rb = [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R2 = 1400/20 = 70 ohms

Rc= [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R3 = 1400/40 = 35 ohms.

Example 1.5:Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b

a for the circuit in Fig.

Solution: Try it yourself.

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 Nodal Analysis
In this method, we set up and solve a system of equations in which the unknowns are the voltages at
the principal nodes of the circuit. From these nodal voltages, the currents in the various branches of
the circuit are easily determined.
The steps in the nodal analysis method are:
Count the number of principal nodes or junctions in the circuit. Call this number n. (A principal
node or junction is a point where 3 or more branches join. We will indicate them in a circuit
diagram with a red dot. Note that if a branch contains no voltage sources or loads then that
entire branch can be considered to be one node.)
Number the nodes N1, N2, . . . , Nn and draw them on the circuit diagram. Call the voltages at
these nodes V1, V2, . . . , Vn, respectively.
Choose one of the nodes to be the reference node or ground and assign it a voltage of zero.
For each node except the reference node write down Kirchhoffs Current Law in the form "the
algebraic sum of the currents flowing out of a node equals zero". (By algebraic sum we mean
that a current flowing into a node is to be considered a negative current flowing out of the
node.)
For example, for the node to the right KCL yields the equation: Ia + Ib + Ic = 0

Express the current in each branch in terms of the nodal voltages at each end of the branch using
Ohm's Law (I = V / R). Here are some examples:

The current downward out of node 1 depends on the voltage difference V1 - V3 and the
resistance in the branch.

In this case the voltage difference across the resistance is V1 - V2minus the voltage across the
voltage source. Thus, the downward current is as shown.

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 In this case the voltage difference across the resistance must be 100 volts greater than the
difference V1 - V2. Thus, the downward current is as shown.

The result, after simplification, is a system of m linear equations in the m unknown nodal voltages
(where m is one less than the number of nodes; m = n - 1). The equations are of this form:

where G11, G12, . . . , Gmm and I1, I2, . . . , Im are constants.

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Example 1.6: Using nodal analysis, find and in the circuit of Fig.

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 Prepared By :
1. Md. Istiaque Rahaman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE, Ahsanullah
University Of Science &
2. Rahul Chandra Das
Adjunct Lecturer
Dept. of EEE, Green
University Of Bangladesh .

Technology(AUST).

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