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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Analysis of heat ux bifurcation inside porous media incorporating inertial and


dispersion effects An exact solution
Kun Yang a, Kambiz Vafai b,
a
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0425, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The phenomenon of heat ux bifurcation inside a porous medium is analyzed by studying the convective
Received 24 May 2011 heat transfer process within a channel partially lled with a porous medium under Local Thermal Non-
Received in revised form 4 August 2011 Equilibrium (LTNE) conditions. Either the thermal dispersion effect or the inertial effect is considered in
Accepted 4 August 2011
the physical model. Exact solutions are derived for both the uid and solid temperature distributions for
Available online 6 September 2011
three interface thermal models at the porous-uid interface. The required conditions for validity of each
interface thermal model are obtained, and the equivalence correlations between different interface ther-
Keywords:
mal models are developed. The range of validity of the Local Thermal Equilibrium (LTE) condition is
Heat ux bifurcation
Interface thermal condition
established, and the phenomenon of heat ux bifurcation inside a porous medium is established and
Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium demonstrated for the rst time in the literature. Furthermore, the Nusselt number is obtained and inves-
Thermal dispersion effect tigated for pertinent parameters. The ranges of physical parameters in which the thermal dispersion
Inertia effect effect and the inertia effect are important are established.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction conditions. Heat ux bifurcation in porous media can be consid-


ered as a general phenomenon under LTNE condition.
LTE and LTNE models are two primary ways for representing The composite system which consists of a uid-saturated por-
heat transfer in a porous medium. LTNE model has gained in- ous medium and an adjacent uid layer has received considerable
creased attention in recent years since the assumption of local attention due to its wide range of engineering applications. Pouli-
thermal equilibrium is not valid and the temperature difference kakos and Kazmierczak [3] studied the forced convection in a duct
between the uid and solid phases within the porous media are (parallel plates or circular pipe) partially lled with a porous mate-
signicant in a wide range of applications such as geothermal engi- rial. The Brinkman-modied Darcy model was used to model the
neering, heat pipe, electronic cooling, enhanced oil recovery, solar ow in the porous medium. The results showed that the change
energy utilization and heat transfer enhancement. The internal of Nusselt number with the thickness of the porous region is not
heat exchange between the uid and solid phases for LTNE model monotonic. Chikh et al. [4] obtained analytical solution of forced
is complicated under some specied conditions, and will cause the convection in an annular duct partially lled a porous medium
phenomenon of heat ux bifurcation in porous medium. The work by using the Brinkman-modied Darcy model. It was found that
of Yang and Vafai [1] was one of the rst attempts to study the heat it may not be necessary to ll the duct completely to attain the
ux bifurcation phenomenon in porous media. They obtained exact maximum heat transfer for highly permeable and conducting
solutions for both the uid and solid temperature distributions for material. Alkam et al. [5] numerically investigated the heat transfer
convective heat transfer within a channel lled with a porous med- enhancement characteristics in the developing region of parallel-
ium subject to a constant wall heat ux boundary condition, with plate ducts by attaching a high thermal conductivity porous sub-
internal heat generation in both the uid and solid phases. They strate to the inner wall of one plate. Mohamad [6] numerically
also derived the necessary conditions for temperature gradient investigated the heat transfer in a pipe or a channel by partially
bifurcation for the uid and solid phases at the channel wall. Fur- inserting the porous materials at the core of the conduit. It was
thermore, Yang and Vafai [2] demonstrated the existence of two found that the heat transfer can be enhanced with a reasonable
primary types of heat ux bifurcations at the wall under temporal pressure drop. Kuznetsov [7] has obtained some solutions for the
velocity and temperature distributions for some composite geo-
metrical congurations involving the uid-porous interface. The
LTE model was used in the above-mentioned studies [37]. The
Corresponding author. phenomenon of heat ux bifurcation in porous media was estab-
E-mail address: vafai@engr.ucr.edu (K. Vafai). lished for the rst time in the work of Yang and Vafai [2].

0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.08.014
K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297 5287

Nomenclature
2
Bi Bi hki aH , Biot number dened by Eq. (26) um area average velocity over the channel cross section
s;eff

hint H [m s1]
Biint Biint , interface Biot number dened by Eq. (26)
ks;eff U U Hu2 dp, dimensionless uid velocity
l
cp specic heat of the uid [J kg1 K1] f dx
UB dimensionless interface velocity
dp particle diameter [m]
Um dimensionless average velocity over the channel cross
D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9 parameters calculated by Eqs.
section
(51), (63) and (87)
x longitudinal coordinate [m]
Da Da HK2 ; Darcy number
y transverse coordinate [m]
F the geometric function dened by Eq. (8)
hi interstitial heat transfer coefcient [W m2 K1]
Greek symbols
hint interface heat transfer coefcient [W m2 K1]
a interfacial area per unit volume of the porous medium
hw wall heat transfer coefcient dened by Eq. (81)
[m1]
[W m2 K1]
a velocity slip coefcient at the interface
H half height of the channel [m]
e porosity
H1 half height of the porous media [m]
k b ratio of heat ux for the uid phase to the total heat ux
k k kf ;eff , ratio of the uid effective thermal conductivity
s;eff at the interface
to that of the solid g g Hy ; non-dimensional transverse coordinate
K permeability [m2] g0 dimensionless transverse location where the dimen-
k0
k
k0 kfs , ratio of the uid thermal conductivity to that of sionless temperature of uid is equal to that of solid
the solid phase
kf g1 g1 HH1 ; non-dimensional half height of the porous
k1 k1 k , ratio of the uid thermal conductivity to the
s;eff media
k TT
solid effective thermal conductivity h h s;effq H s;i ; non-dimensional temperature, dened by
w
kf thermal conductivity of the uid [W m1 K1] Eq. (26)
kf,eff effective thermal conductivity of the uid [W m1 K1]
Dha average relative temperature difference between solid
ks thermal conductivity of the solid [W m1 K1]
and uid phases
ks,eff effective thermal conductivity of the solid [W m1 K1]
KH KH FpeKH ; inertia parameter
Nu Nusselt number
l dynamic viscosity [kg m1 s1]
p pressure [N m2]
q density [kg m3]
Pr Prandtl number of uid
q HK c c qqwi ; dimensionless heat ux at the interface
ReH ReH  lf 2 dp
dx
, Reynolds number p
f
qf up dp k k Bi1 k=k; parameter calculated by Eq. (49)
Rep Rep lf , particle Reynolds number q uid density [kg m3]
qi heat ux at the interface [W m2]
qw heat ux at the wall [W m2] Subscripts
Q0 dimensionless internal heat exchange between uid and b bulk mean value
solid phases within the region of 0 6 g < g0 cr critical value
Q1 dimensionless internal heat exchange between uid and f uid
solid phases within the region of g0 < g 6 g1 i interface
Qint dimensionless heat exchange between uid and solid open open region
phases at the interface p porous region
T temperature [K] s solid phase
u uid velocity [m s1] w wall

For the composite systems, the uid ow and heat transfer was introduced to control the total heat ux distribution between
boundary conditions at the interface between a porous medium the solid and uid phases at the interface. Aguilar-Madera et al.
and a uid have a pronounced effect on the velocity and tempera- [16] studied the accuracy of the LTE and LTNE models within the
ture elds [811]. When LTE model is used, the continuity of tem- inter-region using one-domain approach. Yang and Vafai [17]
perature and heat ux can be utilized as the boundary conditions investigated ve of the most fundamental forms of thermal condi-
at the interface. However, since the temperatures of uid and solid tions at the interface between a porous medium and a uid under
phases are different in porous media for LTNE model, an additional LTNE condition, and established the restrictions on the validity of
thermal boundary condition should be given at the interface. Jamet each thermal condition. The inertia and thermal dispersion effects
and Chandesris [12] discussed the physical nature of the coef- become signicant in a number of applications such as when deal-
cients for jump boundary conditions at uid-porous interface. ing with high speed ows and high porosity medium. Vafai and
dHueppe et al. [13] investigated the jump relations at the uid- Tien [18] discussed the boundary and inertia effects on ow and
porous interface under LTE conditions, and obtained the location heat transfer in porous media. An error map was presented to illus-
of an apparent interface where the condition of continuity is suf- trate the applicability of Darcys law. Amiri and Vafai [19] pre-
cient. To avoid specifying the uid-porous interface conditions, sented a comprehensive analysis of the effects of the inertial,
Aguilar-Madera et al. [14] adopted a one-domain approach to boundary, porosity variation and thermal dispersion effects, as
investigate the convective heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel well as the validity of local thermal equilibrium assumption in por-
partially lled with a porous medium. Ochoa-Tapia and Whitaker ous media. Jang and Chen [20] numerically investigated the non-
[15] presented the heat ux jump conditions at the interface for Darcy and thermal dispersion effects on the fully developed forced
LTNE model, in which an excess surface heat transfer coefcient convection parallel plate channel partially lled with a high poros-
5288 K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297

ity medium. Jeong and Choi [21] analyzed the thermal dispersion When the thermal dispersion effect is accounted for, the effec-
in a porous medium by using the lattice Boltzmann method. Singh tive thermal conductivities of uid phases is represented as [19]
et al. [22] analyzed the non-Darcian effects on natural convection
kf ;eff e 0:1PrRep kf 5
ow in a vertical channel partially lled with a porous medium. Al-
kam et al. [5] and Mohamad [6] also discussed the inuence of where Pr denotes the Prandtl number of uid, Rep the particle Rey-
inertia effects in porous media. nolds number,
The present study aims at revealing the phenomenon of heat
ux bifurcation inside a composite system under LTNE conditions, qf up dp
Rep 6
by adopting both the thermal dispersion effect and the inertia ef- lf
fect. Three porous-uid interface thermal models are utilized in
where dp denotes particle diameter and up is the velocity in the por-
the present study. The analytical solutions for the uid and solid
ous medium.
phase temperature distributions and the Nusselt number are ob-
The momentum equation in the porous region can be written as
tained. The inuence of the pertinent parameters such as Darcy
number, particle Reynolds number, inertia parameter, Biot num- lf qf F e dp
ber, and interface Biot number are discussed to compare the phys-  u  p u2  0 7
K K dx
ical features.
where K denotes the permeability, lf the uid dynamic viscosity,
p the pressure and F the geometric function. Parameter F is obtained
2. Modeling and formulation
as [19]
Fig. 1 shows the congurations under consideration, in which 1:75
F p 8
uid ows through a rectangular channel partially lled with a 150e3
porous medium in the core region, and subject to a constant heat,
qw. The height of the channel is 2H, and that of the porous medium The momentum and energy equations in the open region are
is 2H1. We assume constant uid properties. The velocity and tem- dp d u
2
perature proles are considered to be fully developed, and the  lf 2 0 9
dx dy
momentum equation for porous region is represented by the Dar-
cianForchheimer model.
Based on these assumptions, the governing conservation equa- @2T f @T f
kf qcp u 10
tions for the porous region are obtained from the works of Amiri @y2 @x
and Vafai [19] based on the LTNE model.
The boundary conditions at the wall and the interface are
Fluid phase 
@u
2
@ Tf @T f 0 11
kf ;eff hi aT s  T f qcp u 1 @yy0
@y2 @x
 
Solid phase @T f  @T s 
 0 12
@y y0 @y y0
@2T s
ks;eff  hi aT s  T f 0 2
@y2 ujyH 0 13
where Tf and Ts denote the uid and solid temperatures, kf,eff and 
ks,eff the effective uid and solid thermal conductivities, u the uid @T f 
kf qw 14
velocity, q the density of the uid, cp the specic heat of the uid, @y yH
hi the interstitial heat transfer coefcient, and a is the interfacial

area per unit volume of the porous medium. @u a
The effective thermal conductivities of both phases are obtained  p uB  up 15
@y yH K
as 1

where uB denotes the interface velocity and a the velocity slip coef-
kf ;eff ekf 3
cient, and the slip velocity condition at the interface between the
open and porous regions based on Beavers and Joseph [8] model is
ks;eff 1  eks 4
adopted here.
where kf and ks are the uid and solid thermal conductivities, In this work, we utilize three models to describe the thermal
respectively, and e denotes the porosity. interface conditions at the uid-porous interface. These are Models
A, B and C.
qw
2.1. Model A

y If the heat transfer between uid and solid phases at the inter-
face is very substantial, then the temperatures of both phases can
2H1

2H

be considered to be equal. This constitutes Model A. That is


x
T f jyH T s jyH T f jyH 16
1 1 1

  
@T f  @T s  @T f 
qw kf ;eff  ks;eff  kf qi 17
@y yH @y yH @y yH
1 1 1
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the physical model and the corresponding coordinate
system. where qi is the total heat ux at the interface.
K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297 5289

2.2. Model B A similar equation is obtained by integrating the energy Eq. (10) in
open region from the interface to the wall and using the corre-
When the heat transfer between the uid and solid phases at sponding boundary and interface conditions.
the interface is not strong enough, the uid and solid temperatures
@T f qw  qi
at the interface will not be equal. As such, the total heat ux distri- qcp um;open 29
@x H  H1
bution between the solid and uid phases at the interface is eval-
uated by an interface thermal parameter, b. This is the basis for where um,open is the average uid velocity in the open region.
Model B. Based on the momentum Eqs. (7) and (9) and the corresponding
boundary and interface conditions (11), (13) and (15), the velocity
T f jyH T f jyH 18
1 1 distributions are obtained as
 In the porous region:
@T f 
kf qi 19 U Up 0 6 g 6 g1 30
@y yH
1
where Up denotes the dimensionless velocity in porous medium.

@T f  p
kf ;eff bqi 20 1 1 4DaKH ReH
@y yH Up 31
1 2KH ReH
 In the open region:
@T s 
ks;eff 1  bqi 21
@y yH a
1 U 0:5g  g1 2 p U B  U p g  g1 U B g1 < g 6 1
Da
where b is the ratio of heat ux for the uid phase to the total heat
32
ux at the interface.
where UB is the dimensionless interface velocity
2.3. Model C
0:51  g1 2 pa

U 1  g1
Da p
UB  33
The temperatures of uid and solid phases are also not equal at 1 pa 1  g1
Da
the interface for Model C, and the heat exchange between uid and
solid phases at the interface is calculated by introducing an inter- Based on Eq. (32), the dimensionless average velocity in the open
face heat transfer coefcient, hint, based on the heat ux jump region is obtained as
interfacial condition developed by Ochoa-Tapia and Whitaker [15] 1 a
U m;open  1  g1 2 p U B  U p 1  g1 U B 34
T f jyH T f jyH 22 6 2 Da
1 1

 Based on Eqs. (31) and (34), the dimensionless average velocity over
@T f  the channel cross section is obtained as
kf qi 23
@y yH U m g1 U p 1  g1 U m;open 35
1

   Based on Eqs. (28), (29), (30), (34) and (35), the dimensionless total
@T f 
kf ;eff  qi  hint T f jyH  T s jyH 24 heat ux at the interface is obtained as
@y yH 1 1
1
qi g Up
   c 1 36
@T s  qw Um
ks;eff  hint T f jyH  T s jyH 25
@y yH 1 1
1

2.4. Temperature solution for interface thermal condition of Model A


where hint is the interface heat transfer coefcient.
The following non-dimensional variables have been introduced
The energy governing equations and the corresponding bound-
ks;eff T  T s;i y H q ary and interface conditions for Model A are normalized by using
h g g1 1 c i
qw H H H qw Eqs. (26) and (30)(36)
kf kf ;eff kf hi aH2 hint H @ 2 hf c
k0 k k1 Bi Biint 26 k Bihs  hf 0 6 g 6 g1 37
ks ks;eff ks;eff ks;eff ks;eff @ g2 g1
K u F eH qf HK dp
Da U KH p ReH 
H2  Hl
2 dp
K l2f dx @ 2 hs
f dx  Bihs  hf 0 0 6 g 6 g1 38
@ g2
where Ts,i is the temperature of solid phase at the interface.
Adding governing Eqs. (1) and (2), the following equation is @ 2 hf U
obtained k1 g1 < g 6 1 39
@ g2 U m
@2T f @2T s @T f  
kf ;eff 2
ks;eff qc p u 27 @hf  @hs 
@y @y2 @x 0 40
@ g g0 @ g g0
Integrating Eq. (27) from the center to the uid-porous interface
and applying the corresponding boundary Eq. (12) and interface hf jgg hs jgg hf jgg 0 41
Eq. (17) for Model A, or Eqs. (20) and (21) for Model B, or Eqs. 1 1 1

(24) and (25) for Model C, result in 


@hf  1
42
qcp up
@T f q
i 28 @ g g1 k1
@x H1
5290 K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297

Based on Eqs. (37) and (38), the governing equations for uid and c
hs b  k1  bcoshkg1  coshkg
solid phases in the porous region are obtained as 1 kk sinhkg1
 
c c g2  g21
kh0000 00
f  1 kBihf Bi 43 56
g1 2g1 1 k

c In the open region


kh0000 00
s  1 kBihs Bi 44  
g1 hf D0 g  g1 4 D1 g  g1 3 D2 g  g1 2 D3 g  g1 hf g1
Differentiating Eqs. (37) and (38) and utilizing the boundary and 57
interface conditions (40) and (41), the following equations are  
where hf g is calculated using equation (55), D0, D1, D2 and D3 are

1
obtained.
calculated using Eq. (51).
  c  
h00f g1 h00s g1 0 45
g1 k 2.6. Temperature solution for interface thermal condition of Model C

h000 000
f 0 hs 0 0 46 The interface thermal conditions for Model C are normalized as

Solving Eqs. (43) and (44) and applying the boundary equations hs jgg 0 58
1
(40), (41), (45) and (46), the temperature distribution in the porous
  
region is obtained as @hf 

 k  c  Biint hf jgg  hs jgg 59
c 1 2  1 coshkg @ g gg 1 1

hf g  g21 1 47 1

1 kg1 2 1 kBi coshkg1


hf jgg hf jgg 60

 1 1
c
1 2 k coshkg
hs g  g21 1 48 Solving governing Eqs. (37)(39) and applying the boundary and
1 kg1 2 1 kBi coshkg1
interface condition Eqs. (40), (42), (58), (59) and (60), the tempera-
where, ture solutions are obtained as
q In porous region
k Bi1 k=k 49
cD4 cg2
hf coshkg cg1 D5 61
Solving Eq. (39) and applying the boundary Eqs. (41) and (42), the 2
k g1 2 g1 1 k
temperature distribution in the open region is obtained as
cD6 cg2
hf D0 g  g1 4 D1 g  g1 3 D2 g  g1 2 D3 g  g1 50 hs coshkg cg1 D7 62
2
k g1 2g1 1 k
where
where
1
D0  Big1 Biint
24U m k1 D4 2
a kk sinhkg1 Biint k1 k coshkg1
D1 p U B  U p 2
6U m k1 Da D4 k 1 1
51 D5 coshkg1  
UB Big21 1 k Big21 1 k 21 k
D2
2U m k1 D8 Biint g1 1 k  1
D6 kg1 63
1 sinhkg1 1 k
D3  4D0 1  g1 3  3D1 1  g1 2  2D2 1  g1
k1 D6 1
D7  2 2 coshkg1 
k g1 21 k
2.5. Temperature solution for interface thermal condition of Model B D4 1
D8 coshkg1 D5
k2 g21 21 k
The interface thermal conditions for Model B are normalized as
In open region
hs jgg 0 52
1  
hf D0 g  g1 4 D1 g  g1 3 D2 g  g1 2 D3 g  g1 hf g1

@hf  bc 64
53
@g  gg1 k  
where hf g is calculated using equation (61), D0, D1, D2 and D3 are

1
calculated using Eq. (51).
hf jgg hf jgg 54
1 1

Solving governing Eqs. (37)(39) and applying the boundary and 3. Results and discussion
interface condition Eqs. (40), (42), (52), (53) and (54), the tempera-
ture distributions are obtained as 3.1. Validity of the interface thermal models
In the porous region
 The dimensionless uid phase temperature should be larger
c coshkg than the dimensionless solid phase temperature at the interface
hf b  k1  b coshkg1
1 kk sinhkg1 k based on the second law of thermodynamics. That is
 2 2

c g  g1 c hf jgg P hs jgg 65
 55
2g1 1 k 1 kg1 Bi 1 1

Also, the dimensionless temperature gradient of the solid phase at


the interface should larger than zero. That is
K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297 5291


@hs  in Fig. 2(a). When the thermal dispersion effect is incorporated,
P0 66
@g  gg1 bcr increases as Rep becomes larger since k increases with Rep, as
shown in Fig. 2(b). When k is large and Bi is small, bcr will increases
Substituting Eqs. (61) and (62) in Eqs. (65) and (66), results in up to about 1, which means most of the total heat ux at the inter-
face should be transferred into porous region through the uid
Biint P 0 67
phase.
Substituting Eqs. (55) and (56) in Eqs. (65) and (66), results in
3.2. Equivalence correlations between each interface thermal model
1 P b P bcr 68
where, bcr denotes critical ratio of heat ux for the uid phase to the An important physical feature is found by comparing the tem-
total heat ux at the interface. Based on equation (68), bcr stands for perature solutions for different interface thermal models. These
the minimum ratio of heat ux for the uid phase to the total heat solutions become equivalent to each other under the following
ux at the interface. Based on equations (20) and (21), the maxi- conditions:
mum ratio of heat ux for the solid phase to the total heat ux at
the interface is equal to 1  bcr. (a) When b = bcr, the temperatures of uid and solid phases at
the interface are equal, thus the solution for Model B is
sinhkg1
kg1 coshkg1
k equivalent to that for Model A.
bcr 69 (b) When b = 1  D8Biintg1, the solution for Model B is equiva-
1k
lent to that for Model C.
The distributions of critical heat ux ratio bcr for different parame-
(c) When Biint ? 1, the temperatures of uid and solid phases
ters Bi, k0 and Rep are shown in Fig. 2. It is found from Eq. (69) that
at the interface are equal, thus the solution for Model C is
bcr increases as k becomes larger. or g1 and Bi become smaller.
equivalent to that for Model A.
Therefore, when the thermal dispersion effect is excluded, bcr
(d) When Biint ? 0, there is no heat exchange between uid and
increases as k0 becomes larger since k increases with k0, as shown
solid phases at the interface, thus the solution for Model C is
equivalent to that for Model B for b = 1.

3.3. Temperature distributions and heat ux bifurcation phenomenon

Fig. 3 shows the dimensionless temperature distributions as a


function of g1, k0, b, Rep, KH and Bi. When KH = 0, the inertia effect
is excluded, otherwise, the inertia effect is incorporated. The tem-
perature difference between the uid and the channel wall is found
to decreases while the inertia and the thermal dispersion effects
are incorporated. This temperature difference also decreases when
Rep and Bi increases. When Bi is small, which translates into a weak
internal heat transfer between the uid and solid phases, the tem-
perature difference between the two phases is relatively large.
However, when g1 is small, the temperature difference between
the two phases is quite small, even for a small Bi, as shown in
Fig. 3(c). This is because, when g1 is small, the total heat ux at
the interface is also small, as shown in Fig. 4. Since only a small
amount of heat ux will be transferred through the porous region,
the inuence of Bi can be negligible. Fig. 4 displays the variations of
total heat ux at the interface as a function of pertinent parameters
KH, Rep and Da. It is found that the total heat ux at the interface
decreases while the inertia effect is incorporated, and decreases
as Rep becomes larger or Da and g1 becomes smaller. However,
when Da is smaller than 105, the inuence of Rep and KH can be
neglected. When g1 is smaller than 0.4, the heat ux transferred
into the porous region is so insignicant that the inuence of Rep
and KH can be neglected. Furthermore, it can be found from Eq.
(36) that, when the inertia effect is excluded, the total heat ux
at the interface is independent of Rep.
It is important to note that the direction of heat exchange be-
tween the uid and solid phases are different in two regions inside
the porous medium, as shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b). This leads to a
heat ux bifurcation for those cases. The condition for this phe-
nomenon can be derived as
1 P b > bcr 70
Based on the equivalence correlation between Model B and Model
C, Eq. (70) can be rewritten as
0 6 Biint < 1 71
Eq. (71) shows that, when the interface heat transfer coefcient
Fig. 2. bcr distributions for pertinent parameters Bi, k0 and Rep for e = 0.8. does not approach innity, the phenomenon of heat ux bifurcation
5292 K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297

Fig. 3. Dimensionless temperature distributions for Model B for a = 0.78, Da = 1  104 and e = 0.8.

will occur inside the two regions, 0 6 g < g0 and g0 < g 6 g1. Within
the region of g0 < g 6 g1, the dimensionless temperature of uid
phase is larger than that of the solid phase, while within the region
of 0 6 g < g0, the dimensionless temperature of uid phase is smal-
ler than that of the solid phase. The value of g0 can be obtained by
setting the temperatures of uid and solid phases to be equal. Based
on equations (55) and (56), it is found that


1 sinhkg1
g0 acosh 72
k kg1 b  k1  b
It is found from Eq. (72) that g0 increases as b becomes smaller.
When b approaches bcr, g0 will approach g1. The distributions of
g0 for pertinent parameters Bi, k0 and Rep are shown in Fig. 5. When
the thermal dispersion effect is excluded and b = 1, g0 increases as
k0 becomes smaller or Bi becomes larger, as shown in Fig. 5(a).
When the thermal dispersion effect is incorporated and b = 1,g0 in-
creases as Rep becomes smaller, as shown in Fig. 5(b).
The dimensionless internal heat exchange between uid and
solid phases within the region of 0 6 g < g0 is obtained as
Z g0 Fig. 4. Dimensionless total heat ux distributions at the interface for a = 0.78.
Q0 Bihf  hs dg
0

Z g1
c sinhkg0 g0
b  k1  b  73 Q1 Bihf  hs dg
1k sinhkg1 g1 g0


The dimensionless internal heat exchange between uid and solid c sinhkg0 g
b  k1  b 1   1 0 74
phases within the region of g0 < g 6 g1 is obtained as 1k sinhkg1 g1
K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297 5293

Fig. 5. g0 distributions for pertinent parameters Bi, k0 and Rep for e = 0.8. Fig. 6. Q1, Qint, and Q1 + Qint distributions for pertinent parameters Rep, Bi and Biint
for a = 0.78, Da = 1  104 and e = 0.8.

The dimensionless heat exchange between uid and solid phases at


the interface is obtained as
of Q1, Qint and Q1 + Qint with Biint are negligible. However, for inter-
Q int Biint hf  hs gg1 1  bc 75 mediate values of Biint, the variations of Q1, Qint and Q1 + Qint with
Biint are quite substantial. It can also be seen that Q1, Qint, and
Based on Eqs. (74)(76), the following equation is obtained
Q1 + Qint increase as Rep becomes smaller, or for larger values of Bi.
Q 0 Q 1 Q int 0 76
3.4. LTE condition
It should be noted that Q1 and Qint are always equal to or larger than
zero, and Q0 is always equal to or less than zero. Q1 + Qint represents The average relative temperature difference between solid and
the total heat energy transferred from the uid to the solid phase uid phases within the porous region is calculated as follows:
within the region of g0 < g 6 g1 and interface, which will be trans- R g1
ferred back to uid phase within the region of 0 6 g < g0 based on 0
jhf  hs jdg Q1  Q0
Dha 77
Eq. (76). The distributions of Q1, Qint, and Q1 + Qint for pertinent hf jg1  hf jg0 g1 hf jg1  hf jg0 Bi g1
parameters Rep, Bi and Biint are shown in Fig. 6. It is found that Bi
and Biint are the major parameters that affect Q1 and Qint. Q1 de- It should be noted that, because of the occurrence of the heat ux
creases with Biint, and Qint and Q1 + Qint increase with Biint. The gure bifurcation phenomenon, the average relative temperature differ-
also shows that, when the heat ux bifurcation occurs, the total ence between solid and uid phases within the porous region can
heat energy transferred from the uid to the solid phase within not be calculated as follow:
R g1
the region of g0 < g 6 g1 and interface will decrease. When Biint is hf  hs dg Q1 Q0
0
small, Q1 is larger than Qint; when Biint is large, Qint is larger than Dha 1
hf jg1  hf jg0 g1 hf jg1  hf jg0 Bi g1
Q1. When Biint approaches zero, Q1 will approach a maximum value
and Qint will approach zero. However, when Biint approaches inn- Q int
78
ity, Q1 will approach zero, and Qint and Q1 + Qint will approach a hf jg1  hf jg0 Bi g1
maximum value. When Biint is very small or large, the variations
5294 K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297

Otherwise, when Biint approaches zero, Qint will approach zero, thus
the average relative temperature difference calculated according to
Eq. (78) will approach zero, which is obviously unreasonable.
When Dha is small enough, the LTE condition is considered to be
valid. In this work, the criterion for LTE condition is chosen to be
Dha < 2%. Based on Eq. (77), Dha is found to decrease as g1 becomes
smaller. Therefore, a critical g1,cr can be introduced to examine the
LTE condition. That is.

(a) when g1 > g1,cr, Dha > 2.0%, thus the LTE condition is consid-
ered to be invalid;
(b) when g1 < g1,cr, Dha < 2.0%, thus the LTE condition is consid-
ered to be valid,

where, g1,cr is determined based on the following equation

Dha jg1 g1;cr 2:0% 79

The g1,cr variations as a function of pertinent parameters Bi, Biint, Fig. 8. g1,cr variations as a function of Biint for a = 0.78 and e = 0.8.
Rep, KH and Da are shown in Figs. 7 and 8. It is found that g1,cr in-
creases as Da becomes smaller, or Rep become larger, or the inertia
effect is incorporated, which is the result of the decrease in the total can be translated into a strong internal heat transfer between the
heat ux transferred into the porous region, as shown in Fig. 4. It is uid and solid phases. However, when g1 is small enough, the LTE
also found that g1,cr increases as Bi becomes larger, since a larger Bi condition is valid, even for a small Bi. This is because the total heat
ux transferred into the porous region decreases as g1 becomes
smaller, as shown in Fig. 4. Comparing between Fig. 7(a) and (b),
it is found that, when the thermal dispersion effect is incorporated,
g1,cr will increase, which also can be seen in Fig. 8. This is because
the dispersion phenomenon is treated as an additional diffusive
term for the effective conductivity of uid phase based on Eq. (5)
[19]. Fig. 8 reveals that Biint has a complicated inuence on the
g1,cr distributions. When Bi is small, g1,cr will increase as Biint be-
comes smaller. However, when Bi is large, g1,cr will reach its maxi-
mum value at moderate values of Biint.

3.5. Nusselt number results

The non-dimensional bulk mean temperature of the uid can be


calculated as
R1
0
hf gUdg
hf ;b 80
Um
The wall heat transfer coefcient is dened by
qw
hw 81
T f ;w  T f ;b
and the Nusselt number can be presented as
hw 4H 4
Nu 82
kf k1 hf ;w  hf ;b
where 4H is the hydraulic diameter of the channel.
Nusselt number for interface thermal condition of Model B can
be obtained by substituting Eqs. (30), (32), (55) and (57) in Eqs.
(80) and (82). These results in
hw 4H
Nu
kf
4
h   i
k1 D0 1  g1 D1 1  g1 D2 1  g1 2 D3 1  g1 hf g1  hf ;b
4 3

83

where
hf ;pm U p g1 hf ;om U m;open 1  g1
hf ;b 84
Um
Fig. 7. g1,cr variations as a function of Da for a = 0.78 and e = 0.8.
K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297 5295


c sinhkg1 The Nusselt number variations as a function of pertinent
hf ;pm b  k1  b coshkg1
1 kk sinhkg1 kg1 k parameters Bi, Biint, Rep, KH and Da are shown in Fig. 9. It is found
cg1 c that the Nusselt number increases while the thermal dispersion ef-
  85
31 k 1 kg1 Bi fect is incorporated. This is because the effective conductivity of
uid phase increases with the inclusion of the thermal dispersion
 effect. When all the other parameters are unchanged, the Nusselt
1 D0 0:5D1 D0 D9
hf ;om 1  g1 6
 1  g1 5 number will increase while the inertia effect is incorporated. This
U m;open 14 6
is because, when Rep is unchanged, the total uid mass ow over
0:5D2 D1 D9 U B D0
1  g1 4 the channel cross section will increase with the inclusion of the
5 inertia effect. In most cases, the Nusselt number will increase as

0:5D3 D2 D9 U B D1 Rep becomes larger. However, when both the thermal dispersion
1  g1 3
4 effect and the inertia effect are excluded, the Nusselt number is
 
0:5hf g1 D3 D9 U B D2 independent of Rep. When all the other parameters are maintained
1  g1 2 unchanged, the total uid mass ow over the channel cross section
3
  will increase as Da becomes smaller. This results in an enhance-
hf g1 D9 U B D3  
1  g1 hf g1 U B 86 ment in the Nusselt number, as shown in Fig. 9(b). When Bi or Biint
2 increases, the heat transfer between uid and solid phases is en-
hanced inside the porous region or at the interface, thus the Nus-
a selt number will increase, as shown in Fig. 9(b). When g1 is
D9 p U B  U p 87
Da small, the total heat ux transferred into the porous region is also
small, thus the inuences of Bi, Biint, Rep, KH and Da on the Nusselt
The Nusselt number for interface thermal conditions of Models A numbers become weak, as shown in Fig. 9(a) and (b).
and C can be obtained by substituting the corresponding equiva-
lence correlations, b = bcr and b = 1  D8Biintg1 in Eqs. (83)(86),
respectively.

Fig. 9. Nusselt number variations as a function of pertinent parameters Bi, Biint, Rep, Fig. 10. DNuT distributions for pertinent parameters Bi, Biint, Rep, KH and Da for
KH and Da for a = 0.78 and e = 0.8. a = 0.78 and e = 0.8.
5296 K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297

Fig. 11. DNuF distributions for pertinent parameters Bi, Biint, Rep, KH and Da for a = 0.78 and e = 0.8.

3.6. Thermal dispersion effect and inertia effect thermal dispersion effect becomes less signicant when the inertia
effect is incorporated.
To further investigate the signicance of the thermal dispersion DNuF distributions incorporating the inuence of pertinent
effect, the difference between the Nusselt numbers obtained from parameters Bi, Biint, Rep, KH and Da are shown in Fig. 11. It can be
including and ignoring the thermal dispersion effect is calculated. seen that DNuF approaches zero as g1 becomes smaller or when
That is g1 approaches unity. As such the inertial effects are more pro-
nounced for moderate values of g1. It can also be seen that Da plays
NuT  NuNT
DNuT 88 a major role on the distribution of DNuF. When Da is less than 105,
NuT the inertial effect can be neglected. When Bi or Biint increases, DNuF
where NuT is the Nusselt number adopting the thermal dispersion will decrease, since the inuence of the inertial effect become
effect, while NuNT is the Nusselt number when the thermal disper- weaker as the heat exchange between the uid and solid phases
sion effect is neglected. is enhanced. It is also found that the inertia effect become weaker
To further investigate the signicance of the inertia effect, the when the thermal dispersion effect is incorporated.
difference between the Nusselt numbers obtained from adopting
the inertia effect or neglecting it is calculated. That is 4. Conclusions
NuF  NuNF
DNuF 89 The phenomenon of heat ux bifurcation inside a porous med-
NuF
ium is analyzed in this work. To this end, convective heat transfer
where NuF is the Nusselt number which incorporates the inertia ef- within a channel partially lled with a porous medium under LTNE
fect, while NuNF is the Nusselt number based on neglecting the iner- model, with consideration of both the thermal dispersion and iner-
tia effect. tial effects, is investigated analytically. Exact solutions are derived
DNuT distributions reecting the inuence of pertinent param- for the uid and solid temperature distributions and Nusselt num-
eters Bi, Biint, Rep, KH and Da are shown in Fig. 10. As mentioned ber for three interface thermal models at the porous-uid inter-
earlier, DNuT decreases as g1 becomes smaller. It is found that Da face. The range of validity of all the interface thermal models is
plays a major role on the distribution of DNuT. When Da becomes established in this work. The equivalence correlations between dif-
smaller, D NuT will decrease, and approaches zero at smaller values ferent interface thermal models are developed. When the heat
of g1. When g1 approaches unit, the velocity distribution becomes transfer between the uid and solid phases does not approach
uniform, thus DNuT for different Da values will approach the same innity, and the temperatures are not equal at the porous-uid
value. When Bi or Biint increases, DNuT will decrease, which means interface, the phenomenon of heat ux bifurcation will occur in-
that the inuence of the thermal dispersion effect becomes weaker side the porous media. The average temperature difference be-
as the heat exchange between the uid and solid phases is en- tween the uid and solid phases inside the porous media, in
hanced. By comparing Fig. 10(a) and (b), it can be seen that the which the phenomenon of heat ux bifurcation should be consid-
K. Yang, K. Vafai / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 52865297 5297

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