4 Paid (196) eo pt pp 195-160 Ms Printed ect Brien Boundary-value problems in the kinetic theory of gases Part I. Slip flow By M. M. R. WILLIAMS ‘Nosear Bainering Department, Qiees Mary College, University of London (Received 13 May 1908) Anew method for treating boundary-value problems in gas-kinetio theory has bbeen developed. The nev method has the advantage of reproducing the bulk or asymptotic Low proporties accurately whilst giving a realistic description of the behaviour of the molecular distrizution function in the neighbourhood of e wall. [Asan example, the Kramers, orslip-flow, problom is solved fora genoral specular- {iffuse boundary condition and some new expressions for the slip eoellicient, flow speed and molecular distribution function at the surface are detived. ‘A brief discussion of the eigenvalue spectram of tho essociatod Boltzmann equation is given and its physical signifieanoe pointed out. Certain analogies between this problem and the Milne problem in neutron ‘transport theory are demonstrated. 1, Introduction During the past few years thoro has been e marked inereaso in interest in certain basio problems of the kinetic theory of gases. Ror example, such: well- posed problems az the heat transport between parallel plates, Couotte flow, Poiseuille flow and slip flow have been studied in somo detail. In uc of these ‘problems it is possible, under eortain restrictive conditions on flow velocity and. temperature difference, to linearize the Boltemann equation and thereby subjeot ‘to the well-known techniques of linear analysis. ‘Before n complote solution ofthe above problems may be obtained itis usually found necessary to make cezlain assumptions about the enorgy axchange process Thetoreen atoms of the gas, This usually takes the form of replacing the true seattering kernel by a synthetic function which preserves certain physical characteristics ofthe original The well-known Bhatnagar, Gross & Krook (1954) ‘model (B.G.K.) is an example of this techniquo, and also the improvements ta the B.G.K, model of Gross & Jackson (1950), Cerejgnani (1966) and Loyalka & ‘Ferviger (1067), Tho advantage of such synthetic kernels is that they enable, in ‘mony cases, analytic solutions of the Boltzmann equation to be obtained. An important disadvantage, however, is that the hydrodynamie equations are not reproduced accurately, in the sense that the coeficients of conductivity aud ‘siacosity are inoorroet. This is an important limitation since in many cases the ‘mass flow and heat transport are governed mainly by these parameters, 16 Plaid Moo. 96146 AEM. R. Williams ‘We are faced, therefore, with an apparent dilemma: either we sacrifice bill slow eharacteristies to obtain an acourate picture of the bebaviout ofthe gas near voundaries or we use an approximate method of solving the transport equation and thereby lose the detsiled form ofthe solution in those very regions which are of considerable practical importance. ‘The present paper offers a way out of this impasse and is based on an analogy with a method developed by Williams (1908) in connexion with related newtron transport problems. It has also sine been disoovered that Simons (1967.4, ) has dloveloped a sitnilar technique in connexion with Poizeulle flow. Tho present. soties of papers will, however, go considerably beyond the work of Simons and will teat a variety of problems, ‘The basio dea of tho prosont method is to divide the solution ofthe Boltzmann ‘equation into two parta: the aaymptotieor hydrodyname term and the boundary ‘transient or Knudsen Inyer. The hydrodynamic part of the solution acoouts for the bulk flow and heat transport and is treated exactly, in the sense that it obeys the Chapman-Enskog equations with the appropriate collision operator, ‘The remaining term, which deseribes the Knudsen layer, also satisfies soparately the Boltzmann equation (with modified boundary conditions), but in this equation ‘we make use of the B.G.K, approximation, The uet efieet of this hybrid pro- cedure is to maintain the correct hydrodynamic solution but to render the eom- plete problom exactly soluble, sueh has not been the ease in previous treatments of this problem. Ths equation fs he Kou tyes, thogh cnt approxima representation of the energy transfer propertios of tho atoms of the expected to be a good approximation tothe tru situation. This is heen ti ‘behaviour of the gas in the neighbourhood of a wall is dependent om a corveet representation of the mean free path and the houndary conditions, rather than ‘on the detailed energy exchange properties of the gas. Our model will therefore account for bulk properties exactly and will treat the boundary region in a voalistie moner, ‘Practical application of the problems diseussed above may be found in the design of vacuum equipment and more recently in the assessment of the drag characteristics of satallites in the upper atmosphere, The value of an accurate ‘transport theory anzlysis of rarefied gas problema also Hiss in the fact that reliable slip boundary conditions for tho hydrodynamic equations may be derived. ‘This i the frst of a series of papers on these problems and in it we shall eon- centeate on the slip flow or Kramers problem (Kramers 1949) and consider the other problems mentioned above in later reports. Finally, it should be mentioned that the Kramers problem has already heen treated in various epproximations by Wang Chang & Uhlenbeck (1936), Shen (1988), Corcignani & ‘soni (1960), Careignani (1062, 1986) and Loyalla & Fersiger (2967) ‘The lust tayo anthors have in fact mado uso of the iden of subtiection of the hydrodynamic solution bt have solved for the transient solution byra variational method, oe Kinetic heory of onsen, I. Slip flow 7 2. The basic equation and boundary conditions We consider an infinite space in which gaa is fowing in the =-direction with a ‘mass velocity &, proportional to =, the co-ordinate perpendicular to mass fo. [Applate, vith accommodation coefficient f is introduced in the plane 2 = 0 and ‘tho problem is to find the stationary distribution function of the gus atoms in the halfapseo 23 0. In many respects this problem resembles the classieal Mine problem of neutron transport and radiative transfer (Davieon 1957; Chandsazekdiar 1960) and we shall point out the similarities in due course. ‘The Boltamens equation deseribing this situation may be written LEA anh, a swhere f{¢,2) is the distribution funetion, € the molecular velocity normalized to (@ET/AN! (7 is tomperature and A mass) and J is the collision operator. ee Hen) = flea) (1+H(c,2)), a where Sole) = nfomj2ekT VE em (3) ond fates (Q—Kyah. ” n(4) Kiva constant representing the gradiont of the velocity in thoa-direction {far from the ploto, Ibis readily verified that there are no variations in density or ‘temperature in this problem (Cereignani 1900), inserting (2) into (1) and negleoting terms of onder 18 and héfyle, wo obtain Rete eq(th{ax) = mJ), o whore, to the same order of approximation, we may sot & = 2+ 0. Impliitin this condition isthe fact that particles are conserved at tho wall: [(¢,c’) is the wall-coattoring Function and menautes the probability that aan atom incident on the wall with velocity e’ will eave it-with velocity e, Con- siderable experimental effort has been put into mensuring T,but for the paspose of the present work we shall be content with the asstumption of sn arbitrary ratio, of clastio diffuse seattering to specular reflexion. The boundary eowdlition may thon be written as ef60) Sof awe {ay [* acre, —y.¥,0)-+0—6)Me.—1,3.0) ay less 350) = for > 0 and 0 < x < 2x. fis the proportion of elastio diffuse scattering, ‘In terms of g, (11) becomes e140} = 1~A)ele m0) (H> 0). ayy Kinete theory of gus, I. Slip flow up tisintoresting to note thatthe term involving dffase scattering disappears en- ticoly. However, had we chosen a more complex angular distribution of eonttered particles, this term would stil, in general, be present. For the very special case of ‘purely diffuse seattering we have the extremely simple boundary condition 16,440) = 0 e> 0). (3) ‘We must now solve (8) subject to the boundary condition (12). Before doing this, however, let us define some quantities of practical interest, 3. The pressure tensor and mean flow velocity ‘The component P,. of the pressure tensor ia dofined as follows: aes Bay= m( 22)! faeete,—Keatfle.2) (L442), ay Which to the seme order asthe equation far b may be waitton 2 EEL" dete" dunt sto. (1s) LE now (8) is multipliod by ee and intogeated over all velocity space, we find that it reduces to Effaceef and hence P= constant, 9) ‘The value ofthis constant will bo found Inter: Another quantity ofinterest isthe value of the mean flow velocity in the=-diree- tion as function of, Le. we require (1) ge, 1,2) = __facedtes2) aa -———. ay Josres Tsering (2) and expanding to ander, we Gnd B= Kees 5, aeoee |" He(1 =p?) glo, 3). us) Ye . 4. The asymptotic distribution tis wll known that in the absonce of boundatios the molecular distribution function in agus with slowly varying physical parameters obeys the Chapman Bnskog equations (Chapman & Cowling 1060). In view of this fact it may be sssumed that, for# > 0,92) will also obey these equations, the effect ofthe boundary entering only n.a minor fashion. Lotus eabame therefore hat we may smite gp) a follows esp) = Ae. =) let co) 4 form which may be infored fom the nature ofthe inhomogeneous torm in (8)150 AM. AL, B. Wiltiame A(@) and 4(e) are functions to bedetermined and pe, ,2) isa spatially transient term which decays rapidly to zero as xe move avy from the surface x = 0 Inserting (19) into 8) and recalling the definition of PPX, we find that 4 an d obey the fllowing equations: / a o¥ (a Ale) = [fete nye Ato’) (20) and ~8+ Flepet(o) = [iaeten Klee!) ie en Sinoo Kee) ia related to T(e) by Pe) = [acer Kye), eta) {he solution of (20) is simply A(c) = constant ~ lg. bf) satisfies the well-known Chapman-Baskog viscosity equation whose relation to the viscosity coefficient 5s given below. Ibs doar thet insertion of 1) ito (1) lens to Ler 5 80 : Tpple | ete*B(0, ea her in view of (10) te integral over 2) mis be zero Recelig that Ay io the naymplate veloc gradient ee, wo can im rediatelyientity the eoofiient of visonity through its denition, vie Pak vere in terms of abolate unit of velocity, have no (C2)! acto, eo With a solution of (21), (24) constitutes an exact aspression for i. We see thorefoe thatthe proposed solution, i (8), as, tlt, the cores axymptotic Now ve insert (10) into the expresion forthe mean flow velocity (18). ‘he result is written | = " B= Bettde 5 [ete] dette eme, 5) ‘whore we ean sso define tho asymptotic mean flow velocity ax Fany( tt) = Kot + dg. (26) ‘This is the value assumed by ¢,(z) at some distance from the boundary. It is ‘through (26) that we define the ‘slip coefficient’ £, viz. * Heyl O)E Bpey(O). (27) equation (27) may bo used ata boundary condition for the hydsodymaieal equations and i dirty analogous to “asymptotic neutron teanaport teary” (Bevison 1957) in which is called the linnr extrapolation distance, "Prom (26) wo sco that ar em ‘and our next task is, therefore, to obtain dy, », (23) Kinetio theory of ase, I lip lowe wt 5, The transient term After substituting (19) into (8) we arrive at the following equation for ond [rgere]ecme = SG rp facet nieen[" aa PP ple 12) 09) sebject othe boundary condition PAC. p6,0) = (L— A) ple, =p, 0) + BAgo(A — 1°} —(2— A) 2K gee) {1 — HA), (80) sre Ocpet Eqeation (28) cannot be solved in closed form ot stands, However, if we spproxinato the satering keroel onthe right-hand side by a suitable synthetic anti, then an neti soltin hy the method of Wiener & op! ir pose (Noble 1957) Thus, we set Kfese) = 722 FO) VE y wh rie freateery ‘This approximation amounts to a nogleot af the highor orders of anisotropio seattering and replaces K,(e,e'} by « separable, or dogenorato, kernel. The groat advantage of this particular choiee is that it preserves the collision rate or mean free path, in the sense that the new K, still obeys (214); indeed itis defined to do thia, We justify this approximation by arguing Uhat, in the neighbourlood of ‘the boundary, collisions vith the wall and dirvet free fight efoets ace more iax- portant than interpartile collisions, ‘The fee light, or transport mean free path Jbohavion, is governed mainly by Vc), which is reproduced exactly by our model. ‘The boundary condition at the wall involves no approximation whatsoever. ‘With (81), the equation for p reads Lemafax) + Peep) ple, so) = Aye P(e) (x), (3a) view Oa [THT aeL—AHAC I) — 0) anon (2) cnn «mcd nda pole wich ob solved by the Wiener-Hopf technique. We define the Laplace transform 8.9 = fewoyeyae “which, in view of the behaviour of p as x -+ 00, exists for Re(s} > —Eyyq. Where Say equals he minum value of P(e. For the hnsdhephore modal may be sown thas pra ra FL-) od we sll in our analysis aasuino thot thi is generally true forall moloelar seattering laws, Yim Be) = 52) = Bata152 MMR Wiliams Applying the teansform to (32) leads to ~ 1pAeHO)+ CF + 13} plese8) = By(L— s/he (e) Hie), (aay Blea) = [e%pte,m2) dr. Now, dividing (24) by V-+eus, multiplying by the fhctor &V(@)o-“(1—2)8 tnd integrating over o(0, 0) and (1,1), we obtain 106) +946) = Rian Oo), (35) where where Be) = typ deotrqee | HARI), a als) = [leceriovee fats eho 0 a aud 0) = [lacoiyere[* Seat piel. m0) | In (37] we have denoted by p* the terms on the right-hand side of (30). As mentioned earlier, we will apply the Wiener-Hopf teelinque to solve (88). ‘The basis of this method depends upon the possiblity of rearranging both sides of the equation so that each is analyte in a half-plano; these halfplanes overlap ‘one another, ie. there must be a common region of analyticity, ‘We note below the regions in which tho various terms in (38) are analytio: Os): Res) > —E yn, RQ}: ~ Enya < RO) < Ens (6): Rete) > Ean 9-18) Rel) < Zeta Cleasly the required conditions for analyticity are not satisfied, We therefore ‘employ the conventional Wiener-Hopf factorization technique and define function 7(8) by (9) Since A(s) has « double zero ats = 0, tho function Rs)/sis entirely free feom eros in the strip ~Zaiq Las ja) co, thus the logarithm of 7 teuds to noro as [| > 20. ‘We may therefore define tivo new functions 7.) as follows: Ina) = ter oe ny =, where, by Conchy’s theorem, a vara = af 2 oS, ra(¢)isanalytioin the half planeRe(s) < A and7_(s)inthehalf-planeRe(e) > —£", where —Emuu < =f" < Re(e) ~f" and ‘tho second term on the let-hand side is analytic in the half-plane Re(s) < ‘Tho fist term on tho loft-hand side remains auelytie only inthe stip Zain < Ro(s) < A. We now write g,(e}/r(s) a8 a Cauchy integral, viz. ater H3)—O-(), (a) where OH) = for ee ay G+(s) is anslytic in the half-plane Re(s)<# snd G(s) in the half-plane Re(s) > —/". This decomposition is posiblesineo g,(u)/r4(a) ~ Ola) and aence the integrals exist ‘Finally, then, (42) becomes: (o—Eaia) (0). (40) ‘common region af analyti- city. We may conclude, therefore, by Liowville's theorem, thet the functions on theright- and left-hand sides are analytic continuations of one another. Examine- tion of tho behaviour of (45) a |s| + oo indicates that we may set + (Sin) -) = Op, (40) ‘where Cis a oonstant, ‘Wo obtain Cy by impasing the condition that (2) goes to aero at least as {ast as oxp(—miat). This is equivalent to setting the enefficients of «and. 5°? to 2or0 in an asymptotic expansion of (a) in powers of «, Thus we find y= —Snua@-(0), and in edition @-(0) = Bmx™(0) ‘To evaluste G(s) itis only necessary to invert the orders of the w and (6,1) integrations in (44). Wo then obtain “nore fant owe e%em.0). (47) ‘p* contains the unlenown funetions Ay/2Ky and p(c,~ 1,0). Thus using the con- dition derived above that (/-(0) = Zqin@~{0) we find from (47) that BE nm7 0-9 p [acetone ("ger (22) wtp = eet apy acoere[ aye (22) 40-12) 014 mated) a Bi [fn (FE)mn ered -noy14 BEAL, Williams ‘where we have used a relationship involving the function 7_(s) which is given in appendix Ay/2Ky is by definition the slip coeflicient, but before it can be evaluated it will be necessuzy to obtain the equation for ple, ~ 0). Integration of (32) leads to the relation red e2) 49) for n> 0. Lf we now insert the value of Q, into (48) ond then use (40), the equation for ple, 0) becomes stale = ay pee (22) Tp,PO 0 = 270) + Sand) of ier ene 2) x pene. HH MAGE A=W 2—Me HEAL —p. (50) Thus, together, (48) and (50) yield the slip coefficient £ and the quantity Ale, =H,0){2K,. To obtain the value of the velocity at the suxface, 2{0), it is ‘uly novessary to insert ple, ~ 1,0) in (25). For thespatial haviour of the molecular distribution function tis convenient to rebum to (88). Then we find 40) =f shore C is. line lying to the right ofall singularitis ofthe integrand. Knowing, ®(e), the complete distribution fametion may be reconstructed by integrating, the frst order equation (32). ‘The complete inversion of (51) is represented by a rather complex function, ‘The genocal form of the solution, however, may he written 9s we, Vay 1) KG) (2) = [2 acnesan (ey Thus) becomes Fea) =240-[7 Boemdn (53) ‘The form of this solution ia sketched in figure 2 and we note that it consists of ‘two welllefined ports: tho asymptotic (»-+£) anda spatial transient. In practice, ‘the magnitude of the spatial transient is of some importance for it governs the applicability of the conventional hydrodynamie equations ¢o problems af this type. The form ofthe transient given by (58) indicates that t should he negligible tabout one maximum mean free path from the interfave (ie. Zz). Calonlations for the analogous Aline problem in neutron transport theory show this tobe true, ‘This suggests, therefore, that we may use the hydzodynamiv equations with the Kinetic theory of oases, I. Sip flow 155 appropriate slip boundary condition in regions whieh are no neater thax Bik, From a surface, Beforo accopting this us a fact, however, it sould. be bore it aaind that we have approsimated the sattering kernel and have theroby altered the form of the transiont solution. Tt is also worth noting that the constant collision ato approsimation implies Zn = 0. In this easo the transient may be important up to a substantial distance from the boundary. Toweves,m- rerio work by Loyal & Periger (1007) hasshown that this effet fs uot very serious. -— : ‘Frovne 2. Mean ow velocity in =ieation ox function of isance fom the bouslary £n tho slip eooiint, A more fundamental study of the Boltzmann equation (Williams 1966) shows that, in general, the equation for g(, 2) admits solutions of the form For our simple model it was shown thet only double, discrete eigenvalue at = Ocxisted, together with a continuous spectrum extending from y = Emin to 1 =2o, The double zoro gives vis to the asymptotic part af the solution and the continuum to tho intogral torm. In practic, thero may exist other diserete eigenvalues »,(j=1,2,...) which would contsiiute additional terms of the form Asexp (—142) to (53). "These r, ate less than Pain and hence their contribution to ‘the non-asymptotie (Lo. non-hydredynamie) part of the salution will persist over a larger distance from the boundary. Preliminary work on this problem. indicates that the v, are possibly absent altogether, but i they do exist they will bbe close to Zio in absolute value. Thus the above eriterion for the validity of ‘the hydrodynamie approximation i still a good ono166 MM. B. Williams 6. Diffuse reflexion Ti the ease of diffuse reflexion, = 1, and the expressions for {and ge, may be obtained in a elosed form. {is imply the fiat texan of (48) with, and g moy be found from (50) and (19). The result is (2K abate, 1,0) = Be) Hirt —eiteptem | acorey ee fap 1,0) nes p") HSE) + #26) * (4) where Hosp) = (Ble) pan) Bee «ss Similaly, L coped [eee ene MO) = Tf tore veo +e ftecte fas —ny fe.) x{Tacererney [aetna AEH [receneeuey fawn EE a0) ‘These expressions are generalizations of those given by previous enthors and are clearly more accurate. A special case of the above work which is of some interest ia the complete BG. approximation, ie. when we apply the approximation given by (31) to ‘the asymptotic distribution as woll This ease as been dealt with by Corcignani (1900). An immediate shortcoming of this approximation may he seen in the value for the viscosity. Using the hard-sphere model, wo find from (21) aud (22) that the exact value of #, is given by Pokeris & Alterman (1057) rl) = 016034, whereas for the B.G-K. model, which corresponds to setting K, = 0 in (21), a (lin) = 0-630862 ont) with seal ‘Thusan error of about 40 % in the bull flow propertis approsimation. (One of the virtues of the B.G.K. model is thot extremely simple expressions are available for & g(¢, ~,0) and 20). This is useful since these exact results an be used to check the accuracy of less accurate but more flexible methods of solving the transport equation, e.g. the variational and discrete ordinate tochniquos We find, using some properties ofthe yc, funetions given in the appendix, that arises from the B.G.K. () ae =2frahe, tor Kine teary of ones, 1. Sip flow ast — no [fieornee fan fs, a faerie: fanfSO5P ‘The pintogale ave csly oveluated but theresul wil not be given here ong to te longth Toro particular caves ar, however, worth quoting: (i) Vio) = A= constant, Bee ala |laesen/ |. ese. (09) 1 pede $e 5— (6-4 94)(18) tan (ii) Yee) =o. ro eee t, ‘The second case corresponds to a constant interaction cross-section between atoms, whereas the frst assumes a constant collision rete ‘Tn terms of the average mean free path J, where fracerruaie (a) + with He) = fe) (00) [fuori seo find for case (i): f/f = 0-764, cose {i}: ffl = 0°5825, and for the true hard- heroin rate a given in appendix B,£/— 0-0, ‘Thee value sompare with thon dedied fom the atiationa! method of Loyal & Feriger fllos: ens (), 0767; ene (i) 5792, and for be spliers, 6490, This stifingexemploof the power ofthe rvatonsl method Ifthe value of £ obtained by the new method presented in this paper (i.e. (48) with = 1) is eompered sth the value deed by the B.@-K. motel te. (8) ‘ut with b(e) = Vée)~, thon it: may be inferred that the new valuo of £is about 40% renter tian the B.G, vl, Wearviveat thi conluion by analogy with ie calculation ofthe vscwity coeficient which, fe recalled, also depends on tur average ovet ‘Togs conclusions are again eintitel by the aamerica wroak of Loyala& Persie. “Another quantity of nto wich may be stained in a fey simple manner isthe angular dstebution of partite iapinging onthe plat, vz, =k Fine m= gO Hem, o ‘where 1_{0) is givon in the appendis. Cercignani (1960) has given a simple value of (0), but we believe this to be ‘erroneous sinee it does not seem possible to reduce the expression further than the following quadrature: 1 24 aio) = =. (0)= 5 +f Thi crue hus boon coufimsad by Pref. Cesignani(psivate communication to the sasthor, 1908). wf ttertaf lan yem. 62)158 MAL. R. Wiltioms For the special exso of Vic) = A, wo find 2(0} = AKI (2m), aud for 7 340) = Kyl] 5, which aavees with Cereigoans formula 7. Summary and conclusions Anew method for treating houndary-value problems in the kinetic theory of gases has been developed which has the advantago of reproducing the aaymptotie flow properties accurately and giving a realise description of the molecular distribution function in the neighbourhood of a houndary. For the slip fow problem with a general diffaso-specular boundary condition ‘weave obtained expressions for the slip coeficiont, speod of low et the boundary ‘nd distribution of molecules incident on the plate, These results are more ao- ‘curate than aay yet derived and provide usefal boundary conditions for use with ‘the hydrodynamic equations when these are valid. ‘The main uncertainty in tho prosent method lies in the use of the B.G.K, ‘approximation for the tronsiont or boundary-layer effect. ‘This model predicts physically acosptable eigenvalue spectrum for the spatial operator of the Boltzmann equation, but may lack certain refinements associated with a more realistic energy exchange mechanism. This problom is undor investigation and results will be prosented soon, Inthe meantime we re ising the present technique to stucly other flow probloms, viz. Couette and Poiseuille low, and also heat transport botween parallel plates, ‘Theauthor isindobted to J. Spain forhis capable programming of the integrals, Appendix A. ‘The following properties ofthe function ye) are of use in simplifying some of the equations in the text. With y(c.) = (Se) + mie) 7-(ed/a) we find: 2 aeesee | aay pty Ve), a Tfpeeeren [las sca Fea oe 2ffecenaf nue 2 Soa 82 (aeetete f anne —p2r¥e.9 1 (a0) sai Sn a (48 ‘whore a primo indicates differentiation. ‘6,4 s closely related toe unetion arising in the study ofthe Milne problem in neutron transport thoory (Wiliams 1004) and is the velocity dependent equivalent of Chandraselhay's H-fanction (Chandrasschar 1960). ‘Equation (A) may bo devived by applying the Wiener-Hopf tchuique to the following equation: gia) = Kay d4s), (aa) ‘where d and X are defined in the text and ain=freeasine |" antBMER —— ay He a Kinetic theory of ges, F. Sip flow 159 epextoy (22), (ao “10a os) om wh we with Yee, —H,0) 8, Za- 10) = #5; [rect see ‘an Sen Pacote# Similaty 7 (07-{0) may be shown to be given hy 20) pera Sal (as Insertion of 1(u) leads to (57a) of the tos. Appenic8 Fortin ae mote elo fee en =e ord) wt, ‘where the ‘cross-section’ ro? is set equal to unity. ‘The average value of He), a8 defined by (60) of the toxt, is equal to 0-742808. REFERENCES Basrsanan, P. be, Gone, B.P.& Knoon, M. 1054 Phyo, Res 94, 8, Gancioxast, ©. 1962 an, Plge. 20, 210 Canoross, ©. 1006 ann, Phys 40, 400 Canosa, C.& Pant, G. 148 IE Nuows Glo 48, 6 Cusxonasnistan, 8. 1960 Baditiee Pranfer. New Yorks: Dover. Gnaraax, $, & Comte, T-C. 1900 The Modlenatcel Theory of Non-Usiform Gans Carabridgo Univesity Pres Davison, B. 1067 Nentron Transport Theory. Oford University Press nos, EP. & Jsemso, KA. 1059 Phyr. Mud, 2, 432 Kernan, 7B. 1948 Conon Appl. Medh- 1, 275. Kxans, HLA. 1049 Nuowo Cin. 6 Suppl, 887. Lovsa, 8.16. & Foran, JH 1007 Phyr. Plaid, 10, 1938. 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