Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel

in hydrochloric acid solution

by rice bran extracts
Liu Dong
Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China and
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chendu, China
Lin Yuanhua
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chendu, China
Ding Yigang
Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China, and
Zeng Dezhi
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chendu, China

Abstract
Purpose The paper reports an investigation into the use of aqueous extracts of rice bran as a green inhibitor for corrosion of carbon steel
in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution.
Design/methodology/approach Extracts from the rice bran were used as the main component of an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for
use in HCl pickling processes. Inhibition behavior on carbon steel in HCl was investigated by means of mass-loss tests, polarization curves,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.
Findings The results show that the extract exhibited good inhibition performance in 1 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the
concentration of the inhibitor and was only moderately affected by temperature variations in the range 303-363 K. The inhibitive action was due to
adsorption on the A3 steel and the adsorption process was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm. The free energy of adsorption (DGads.) was
2 4.192 kJ/mol. The negative value of DGads. indicated spontaneous adsorption of the inhibitor occurred on the surface of A3 steel.
Practical implications Rice bran extract is an effective inhibitor and can be used to protect carbon steel from corrosion in HCl solution.
Originality/value The rice bran extracts are an effective green inhibitor and can be widely used in the pickling of metals.

Keywords Corrosion inhibitors, Green inhibitor, Rice, Acids, Inhibition mechanism

Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
Acid solutions generally are used for the removal of
undesirable scale and rust in several industrial processes.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is widely used in the pickling
processes of metals. The use of inhibitors is one of the most
practical methods for protection against corrosion, especially
in acid solutions, to prevent excessive metal dissolution and to
minimize acid consumption. A number of organic compounds
have been reported as being effective corrosion inhibitors
(Chebabe et al., 2003; Obot and Obi-Egbedi, 2010; Kalaiselvi
et al., 2010). Sulphur and nitrogen containing compounds are
more effective as corrosion inhibitors in acid media. Though
many synthetic compounds show good anticorrosive action,
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most of them are highly toxic to both human beings and the
environment. The safety and environmental issues of
corrosion inhibitors have arisen in many industries and are a
global concern.
For these reasons, the toxic effects of conventional inhibitors
make attractive the use of naturally occurring products for this
purpose. Recently, natural product extracts have become
increasingly important as an environmentally acceptable,
readily available and renewable source of a wide range of
inhibitors. The extracts of leaves, peels, seeds, fruits and roots
have been reported as being effective corrosion inhibitors in
different aggressive environments. A large number of scientific
studies have been devoted to the inhibitive action of some plant
extracts on the corrosion of carbon steel in acidic media,
showing that these extracts could serve as good corrosion
inhibitors, though the approach is not new. In 1930, plant
extracts (dried stems, leaves and seeds) of Celandine

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials
58/4 (2011) 205 210
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0003-5599]
[DOI 10.1108/00035591111148920]
The work was supported by Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory for
Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education (No. GCP201005),
Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (No. 20105121120002)
and China National Natural Science Foundation (No. 51074135).

205
 Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in HCl solution
Liu Dong, Lin Yuanhua, Ding Yigang and Zeng Dezhi
(Chelidonium majus) and other plants were used in H2SO4
pickling baths (Sanyal, 1981). Zucchi and Omar (1985) studied
a variety of plant extracts and reported that Auforpio turkiale and
Azydracta indica reduced the corrosion rate of steel in 1 M HCl
with an efficiency of 88-96 percent. Saleh et al. (1983) reported
that aloe leaves and peels from mangoes and oranges gave
adequate protection to steel in HCl solutions. Chauhan and
Gunasekaran (2007) observed Datura (Datura stramonmium)
seeds are efficient corrosion inhibitors for steel. Oguzie studied
the inhibitive effect of Occium viridis extract (Oguzie, 2006) on
the acid corrosion of mild steel, and Sansevieria trifasciata
extract (Oguzie, 2007) on the acid and alkaline corrosion of
aluminum alloy. El-Etre et al. investigated Khillah extract
(El-Etre, 2005) for the corrosion inhibition of SX 316 steel in
acid media. Lawsonia extract (El-Etre et al., 2005) was studied
for its effect against acid induced corrosion of metals. Opuntia
extract (El-Etre, 2003) was investigated for the corrosion of
aluminum in acid medium and vanillin (El-Etre, 2001) was
evaluated for the prevention of corrosion of mild steel in acid
media. The other cited extracts include (Raja and Sethuraman,
2008) Justicia gendarussa, Lawsonia inermis, Occimum viridis,
Telferia occidentalis, A. indica, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Garcinia kola,
Phyllanthus amarus and Olea Europaea L., etc.
Rice bran is a low-cost and readily available agriculture
product; and phytic acid can be found in abundance in rice
bran, which means that the aqueous extract of rice bran has
potential use as a green inhibitor. The present investigation was
devoted to the examination of aqueous extracts of rice bran as
an inhibitor for the corrosion of A3 steel in HCl solution.
Weight-loss measurements, potentiostatic polarization,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force
microscopy (AFM) were used in the study.
2. Experimental procedures
2.1 Preparation of rice bran extracts
Rice bran was soaked with petroleum ether for 2 h in the husk
triangle flask, placed in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min, and
then was vacuum filtered. A 1 kg sample of the powder was
refluxed in HCl and alcohol for 4 h. The refluxed solution was
filtered to remove any contamination. The concentration of
the stock solution was determining by evaporating 500 ml of
the filtrate and weighing the residue. Prior each experiment,
4 M HCl is added to an appropriate volume of the stock
solution and double-distilled water to obtain a solution of 1 M
HCl and the required concentration of the extracts. The
composition of the extracts was mainly phytic acid and its
concentration was calculated by high-performance liquid
chromatography.
2.2 Specimen preparation
Weight-loss test specimens (50 10 3 mm) and working
electrodes (S 1 cm2) were prepared from A3 carbon steel.
The chemical composition of the steel was C 0.14-0.22, Mn
0.30-0.65, Si 0.30, P 0.045, S 0.05 and Fe balance. All the
solutions were prepared from analytical grade reagents and
distilled water. Weight-loss tests were carried out using a static
autoclave. The test specimens were mechanically polished
using silicon carbide paper (up to 1200 grit), cleaned with
distilled water, and then degreased in ethanol and acetone.
The working electrode was embedded with resin leaving an
area of 1 cm2 exposed to the solution.
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Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials
Volume 58 Number 4 2011 205 210
2.3 Weight-loss tests
The weight-loss determinations were obtained according to
ASTM G31-72, which standardizes the methodology for the
use of this technique in the laboratory. Duplicate specimens
were immersed in the acid test solutions in the absence and
presence of inhibitor for an exposure time of 8 h. Specimens
then were removed, rinsed in water and acetone, and finally
dried and stored in desiccators. The weight loss was
determined on an analytical balance with a precision of
0.1 mg. The percentage of inhibition efficiency (IE%) was
calculated using the equation:
W 2 Wi
IE% 100
W
where W and Wi were the corrosion rates of the steel coupons
in the absence and presence of inhibitor, respectively.
2.4 Electrochemical procedure
Electrochemical measurements were carried out under the
conditions described above. Polarization curves were
measured with a scanning rate 0.5 mV/s; the scanning
potential range was ^ 150 mV vs corrosion potential.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were
obtained using IM6e electrochemical workstation at
frequencies between 10 5 , 10 102 3 Hz, and the
amplitude of sinusoid ac voltage signal was ^5 mV. The
fitting of EIS data was carried out using Zview2 software.
A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as reference
electrode. A platinum bar served as the auxiliary electrode.
The inhibition efficiency (IE%) was calculated as follows:
Rct 2 Rct;o
IE% 100
Rct
where Rct,o and Rct are the charge-transfer resistances in the
absence and presence of the inhibitor, respectively.
2.5 AFM analyses
Images were recorded and the roughness of sample surfaces
was measured using a commercial AFM system (SPI3800,
Seiko Instruments Inc.). Specimens were wet ground through
1200 grit SiC paper and then polished to 0.5 mm with
diamond paste using a polishing cloth. After being rinsed with
distilled water and treated with ultrasonic cleaning in ethyl
alcohol, the samples were stored in air.
3. Results
3.1 Weight-loss tests
Figure 1 shows the results of weight-loss measurements for the
corrosion of A3 steel, in 1 M HCl solutions devoid of and
containing different concentrations of rice bran extracts.
Inspection of the plot shown in Figure 1 revealed that the
addition of rice bran extracts decreased markedly the corrosion
rate of A3 steel. This result indicated the inhibitive effect of the
added extracts on A3 steel corrosion in the acidic solution.
The inhibition efficiency increased as the concentration of
added extracts was increased. It is common practice to assume
that the inhibitive effect of the added compound is a result of
adsorption of its molecules onto the metal surface.
To study the effect of temperature on the corrosion
inhibition properties, the A3 steel specimens were exposed to
1 M HCl containing 1 g/l inhibitor over the temperature range
 Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in HCl solution Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials
Liu Dong, Lin Yuanhua, Ding Yigang and Zeng Dezhi Volume 58 Number 4 2011 205 210

Figure 1 Inhibition efficiency of rice bran extracts in 1 M HCl at 313 K Figure 3 Polarization curves of A3 steel in 1 M HCl with different
concentrations of rice bran extracts
92
0.30
1:Blank
91 0.35 2:0.05 g/L
Inhibition efficiency/%

3:0.10 g/L
0.40 4:0.25 g/L
1

Potential (VSCE)
90 5:0.50 g/L
0.45

89 0.50

0.55
88 0.60 2

0.65 5
87 3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70
Concentration of inhibitor/g.L1 4
1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1
Current desensity (A/cm2)
303-363 K. The calculated inhibition efficiencies are shown in
Figure 2. As the temperature was increased, the inhibition
Table I Polarization curve parameters of A3 steel in 1 M HCl with
efficiency decreased, but the inhibitor efficiency value was still
different concentrations of rice bran extracts
more than 80 percent at 363 K. This indicated that the
inhibitor and protective film formed on the steel had good Concentration Ecorr ba bc Icorr IE
thermal stability, and inhibitor was effective in reducing the (g/l) (mV/SCE) (mV/dec) (mV/dec) (mA/cm2) (%)
corrosion of steel in the temperature range 303-363 K.
Blank 516 140 130 10.02
3.2 Electrochemical measurements 0.05 520 154 118 1.673 83.3
In acidic solutions, the anodic reaction of the corrosion process 0.10 521 125 141 1.563 84.4
is the passage of metal ions from the metal surface into the 0.25 530 125 223 1.432 85.7
solution, and the cathodic reaction is evolution of hydrogen gas 0.50 542 150 399 1.172 88.3
or the reduction of oxygen. Polarization curves of A3 steel in
1 M HCl with different concentrations of rice bran extracts are
(Figure 2), it may be concluded that this molecule should be
shown in Figure 3, and the polarization curve parameters are
considered as a mixed-type inhibitor, meaning that the addition
shown in Table I. The inhibitor may affect either the anodic or
of rice bran extracts in 1 M HCl solution both reduces the
the cathodic reaction, or both. Since the anodic Tafel slope (ba)
anodic dissolution of the steel and also retards the cathodic
and cathodic Tafel slope (bc) were found to change with
hydrogen evolution reaction. The presence of increasing
inhibitor concentration, this indicates that the inhibitor affected
both of these reactions. The addition of rice bran extracts shifted concentrations of inhibitor led to a decrease in both the
the Ecorr values towards more negative potentials. A compound cathodic and anodic current density.
can be classified as an anodic- or a cathodic-type inhibitor when The electrochemical impedance diagrams for A3 steel in
the change in the Ecorr value is larger than 85 mV. Since the 1 M HCl solution in the absence and presence of various
largest displacement exhibited by inhibitor was 26 mV at 313 K concentrations of aqueous extracts from rice bran extracts are
shown in Figure 4. Table II summarizes impedance data from
the EIS experiments carried out both in the absence and in
Figure 2 The effect of temperature on inhibition efficiency in 1 M HCl
(1 g/l inhibitor)
Figure 4 Nyquist plot of A3 steel in 1 M HCl with different
100 concentrations of rice bran extracts

95 80
1:Blank
90 70 2:0.05 g/L
Inhibition efficiency/%

3:0.10 g/L
60 4:0.25 g/L
85
5:0.50 g/L
Z ( cm2)

50
80
40
75 30
70 20

65 10
1 2 3 4 5
0
60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
300 310 320 330 340 350 360
Temperature/K Z ( cm2)

207
 Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in HCl solution
Liu Dong, Lin Yuanhua, Ding Yigang and Zeng Dezhi
Table II Nyquist plot parameters of A3 steel in 1 M HCl with different
concentrations of rice bran extracts
Impedance method
Concentration Rct Cdl Surface coverage
(g/L) (V cm2) (mF/cm2) (u) (%)
Blank 6.85 438.1
0.05 38.92 69.6 0.841
0.10 44.19 60.5 0.862
0.25 46.91 56.0 0.872
0.50 59.56 42.5 0.903
the presence of increasing concentrations of eth extracts.
The electrochemical impedance diagrams showed only one
depressed capacitive loop, which is attributable to one time
constant, in the absence and presence of the rice bran
extracts. This indicates two significant effects: the charge-
transfer resistance increased significantly, and the fmax
decreased in the presence of the extracts, reducing the
capacitance value, which may be caused by a reduction in the
local dielectric constant and/or by an increase in the thickness
of the electrical double layer. These results show that the
presence of the extracts modified the electrochemical double-
layer structure, suggesting that the inhibitor molecules act by
adsorption at the metal/solution interface. The solution
resistance (Rs) was identical in the absence and presence of
the rice bran extracts and was 0.5 V cm2. Deviations from a
perfect semi-circular shape can indicate frequency dispersion
of the interfacial impedance. This anomalous phenomenon
has been attributed in the literature to non-homogeneity of
the electrode surface arising from the surface roughness or
interfacial phenomena.
The charge-transfer resistance (Rct) values were calculated
from the difference in impedances at lower and higher
frequencies.
The double-layer capacitance (Cdl) was calculated from the
following equation:
1
C dl
2pf max Rct
where fmax is the frequency at which the imaginary component
of the impedance is maximal. From Table II, it is evident that
the Rct values increased and that the Cdl values decreased with
increasing inhibitor concentration. This result indicates a
decrease in the active surface area caused by the adsorption of
the inhibitors on the carbon steel surface and it suggests that
the corrosion process became hindered; this hypothesis was
corroborated by the anodic and cathodic polarization curves
and the corrosion potential results.
3.3 AFM analyses
After 8 h immersion in 1 M HCl in the presence or absence of
inhibitor at 313 K, the topographic images were measured by
AFM with tapping mode and are shown in Figure 5. AFM
topographic images can give information about the local
mechanical and chemical properties of a sample and has
become an important tool in surface science. Figure 5(a)
shows that after immersion in 1 M HCl, the surface only
exhibited the properties of steel. Clearly, the steel had suffered
severe corrosion and the surface was non-uniform. The
roughness of surfaces (RMS) was 878 nm. However, when the
Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials
Volume 58 Number 4 2011 205 210
Figure 5 AFM images of A3 steel surface
0
0
IE
100
100
[nm]
[nm] 200
200
100 10
82.4 300 300
0 100 100
200 200 300
84.5 300 400 400
85.4 [nm] [nm]
88.5 (a) (b)
Notes: (a) Without inhibitor (0.4 0.4 mm); (b) with inhibitor (0.4 0.4 mm)
surface was covered by inhibitor, as shown in Figure 5(b), the
RMS value was 121 nm. Thus, inhibitor had been adsorbed
on the surface of metal and prevented subsequent dissolution
of the metal. The roughness of a surface (RMS value) is a very
import index and can denote the degree of non-uniformity in
the surface of attack of the surface. Combining this finding
with the results of the EIS measurements, it would appear
that a monolayer-adsorbed film of inhibitor tended to become
more ordered and more denser so that metal was inhibited.
4. Discussion
The efficiency of an organic compound as a successful
inhibitor is mainly dependent on its ability to be adsorbed on
a metal surface. which consists of the replacement of water
molecules at the corroding interface as:
Inhibitor aq xH 2 Oad , Inhibitor ad xH 2 Oaq
where Inhibitoraq is the inhibitor in the aqueous phase and
xH2Oad is the number of water molecules adsorbed on the
metal surface.x is the number of water molecules replaced by
one molecule of the organic inhibitor (also referred to as the
size ratio parameter) and is assumed to be independent of
the coverage or charge on the electrode and represents the
number of inhibitor molecules occupying a given active site.
The inhibition efficiency is directly proportional to the
fraction of the surface covered by the adsorbed molecules.
The surface coverage was estimated from the measured
double-layer capacitance values using the relationship:
C dl 2 C 0dl
u
C dl
0
where: Cdl and C dl are the double-layer capacitances in the
absence and presence of inhibitor, respectively. The calculated
results are shown in Table II.
Adsorption is the mechanism generally accepted to explain
the inhibitory action of organic corrosion inhibitors. The
adsorption of inhibitors can affect the corrosion rate in two
ways:
1 by decreasing the available reaction area, the so-called
geometric blocking effect; and
2 by modifying the activation energy of the cathodic and/or
anodic reactions occurring in the inhibitor-free metal in
the course of the inhibited corrosion process.
208
 Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in HCl solution
Liu Dong, Lin Yuanhua, Ding Yigang and Zeng Dezhi
It is a difficult task to determine which aspects of the inhibiting
effect are connected to the geometric blocking action and which
are connected to the energy effect. Theoretically, no shifts in
Ecorr should be observed after addition of the corrosion
inhibitor if the geometric blocking effect is stronger than the
energy effect. The change observed in the OCP and Ecorr values
upon addition of rice bran extracts indicates that the energy
effect was stronger, although the blocking effect cannot be
ignored.
An attempt was made to fit these results to various isotherms,
including the Langmuir, Frumkin, Freundlich and Temkin
isotherms. The best fit was obtained with the Langmuir
isotherm. The plots of C/u versus C yielded a straight line with
a correlation coefficient higher than 0.998 in Figure 6, where u
the degree of coverage on the metal surface and C is the
concentration of inhibitor. The Langmuir isotherm is expressed
as follows:
C 1
C indicated that spontaneous adsorption of inhibitor would occur
u K
where K is the equilibrium constant of the adsorption reaction,
and was calculated as 0.9105.
The equilibrium constant for the adsorption process is related
to the free energy of adsorption (Gads.) and is expressed by
following equation:
DGads: 2RT ln 5:5 K
where R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature,
55.5 is the molar concentration of water in the solution, and
K u=C1 2 u. The value of free energy of adsorption, DGads.
for A3 steel was calculated as 2 4.192 kJ/mol. The negative
values of DGads. indicate that spontaneous adsorption of
inhibitors will take place on the surface of steel, and DGads. also
suggests that monolayer adsorption of the inhibitor molecules
will take place on the steel surface. Generally, DGads. values up
to 220 kJ/mol are consistent with electrostatic interaction
between charged molecules and the charged metal (physical
adsorption) (Ashassi-Sorkhabi et al., 2005). When inhibitor
molecules are adsorbed onto the metal and form a barrier, it is
effective for the inhibition of steel in 1 M HCl.
Figure 6 The Langmuir adsorption isotherm for rice bran extracts on A3
steel at 313 K
Linear regression for data1_B:
0.6
Y=A+B*X
0.5 Parameter Value Error
-------------------------------------------------
A 0.00684 0.0036
0.4 B 1.09829 0.01264
C/q
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1
C/gL
Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials
Volume 58 Number 4 2011 205 210
5. Conclusions
The results show that the corrosion inhibitor exhibited good
inhibition performance for carbon steel in 1 M HCl.
The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the
concentration of the inhibitor and was only marginally
affected by increases in solution temperature. Polarization
curves showed that the inhibitor had both cathodic and anodic
inhibition action, but that mainly it impeded the anodic
dissolution process and was an anodic-type inhibitor. AFM
showed that along with the adding inhibitor, the physical and
chemical characteristics of the surface were that it tended to
become smoother, which validated the result obtained EIS
measurements that suggested the adsorption film was more
inclined to form with increasing inhibitor concentration. The
inhibitive action was due to adsorption of the organic extract
molecules onto the A3 steel and the adsorption behavior
followed the Langmuir isotherm. The free energy of adsorption
(DGads.) was 24.192 kJ/mol. The negative value of DGads.
on the surface of A3 steel.
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 Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in HCl solution Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials
Liu Dong, Lin Yuanhua, Ding Yigang and Zeng Dezhi Volume 58 Number 4 2011 205 210

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Corresponding author
inhibitors in different environments a review, Progress
in Organic Coatings, Vol. 9, p. 165. Lin Yuanhua can be contacted at: yhlin28@163.com

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