Tipe Early Magmatic Pegmatit Porfiri Skarn Epithermal (HS) Epithermal (LS) VHMS SEDEX

Endapan
Pengertian dihasilkan dari proses
magmatik langsung, terbentuk
dengan cara diseminasi,
segregasi, dan injeksi.
hasil kristalisasi magma
granitik yang memiliki ukuran
kristal sangat besar, pada
kondisi larutan dengan
kandungan air yang cukup
tinggi
terbentuk karena adanya kontak
intrusi plutonik intermediet-asam
dengan batuan disampingnya.
Tipe/model endapan :
Lowell Gilbert Model dan Diorite
Model
terbentuk pada kontak intrusi
plutonik dengan batuan induk
karbonat
Dominasi magmatic
(quartz-alunite, alunite-
kaolinite, enargite-Au)
Dominasi air meteorik
Merupakan endapan sulfide logam Endapan ini memiliki host rocks
dasar yang terdapat di sekuen batuan sedimen, umumnya shales
vulkanik submarine. Endapan biji dan chert.
memiliki kadar sulfide yang sangat
tinggi.

Tipe bijih :
Cu-only, Cu-Au, Cu-Mo, Cu-Mo-Au

Tekstur diseminasi, podiform, Fanerik vein (A, B, C), stockwork, breccia, pervasive, massif stratiform, diseminasi, breccia, veins, vuggy open space filling, balded, comb, akumulasi coloform growth zone, banded/layered facies antara sulfide
stratiform. fracture, porfiritik vein related quartz
colloform, crustiform, drustiform, pengendapan perlapisan sulfide dan mineral hidrotermal lainnya.
cockade, botryoidal. (bedding, banding laminasi),
diseminasi, stockwork.

Mineral Bijih kromit, magnetit, ilmenit, Arsenopirit, pyrit, cassiterit, kalkopirit, emas, tembaga, emas, tembaga, besi, pirit, pirit, enargit, kalkopirit, tennanite, Arsenopirit, emas, kalkopirit, galena, sulfide (pirit, pirhotit, markasit, pirit, galena, sphalerite, pirhotit
pirit, kalkopirit, pentlandit, molybdenite, bornite, magnetit, pirhotit, magnetite, haematite sphalerit,, elektrum arsenopirit, kalkopirit, sfalerit,
pirhotit covellit, emas, tellurides,
pirhotit. enargit galena).

Gambar

Sulphide skarn. Euhedral pyrite within laths of alunite

Ilmenit Wolframite dan cassiterite Chalcopyrite dan rutile di Pyrite (yellow-white, bottom Kalkopirit, sphalerit (Rammelsberg CU-
mengandung Porphyry Copper right) is intergrown with Pentagonal dodecahedron pyrite in Galena, chalcopyrite, Zn-Pb SEDEX deposit)
Haematite auriferous quartz vein.
marcasite (white to light pink- sphalerite, small pyrite
white, centre bottom), showing
strong reflection pleochroism
and bireflectance (centre).

A lath-shaped marcasite
aggregate (top left) is a
pseudomorph after pyrrhotite.
Chalcopyrite (yellow, top) is
Molybdenite, Chalcopyrite, intergrown with inclusion-free
Subhedral Enargite in vug of
Ilmenite dan Quartz. sphalerite (light grey, centre) Pyrit, pyrhotit (Rammelsberg CU-Zn-
silica alteration
haematite in and minor pyrargyrite (blue, Platy sulfide aggregates. Pb SEDEX deposit)
Kimberlite pipe centre, top left). Dark grey
areas are silicate.
 Pyrite-enargite-covellite and late
Chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite in the vug Euhedral marcasite in quartz vein
Euhedral - subhedral magnetite Pyrit, pyrhotit, magnetit
chalcosite, covelline, (Rammelsberg CU-Zn-Pb
(light brown, centre) has thin
molybdenite rims of haematite (white, higher SEDEX deposit)
reflectance, centre top) due to
incipient martitization. Coarse-
Tekstur chromite di bijih grained garnet (light grey,
bottom right) is the main phase
stratiform dan podiform.
and is intergrown with other
a.Fine-grained silicates (dark grey, centre
b. Coarse-grained right). Black areas are polishing
Enargite replace by covellite in the
pits.
vug
Tetrahidrite, sphalerit,
galena, pyrhotit.
(Rammelsberg CU-Zn-Pb)
SEDEX deposit)

Chromite dan magnetite

Intergrowth of enargite and luzonite

Pyrit, chalcopyrite, pyrhotite

(Rammenlsberg Cu-Zn_Pb
SEDEX deposit
Haematite, Magnetite,
Chalcopyrite
Enargite-luzonite-chalcopyrite micro-
veinlet in the silica alteration

Chromite, chalcopyrite,
rutile di Bushveld
deposit Sphalerit, chalcopyrite, pyrite
(Rammenlsberg Cu-Zn-Pb
Spec of chalcopyrite in the massive
Deposit)
tennantite

Skeletal Magnetite

Tennantite-chalcopyrite-telluride
assemblage Pyrit dengan tekstur rim oleh
galena, sphalerit
(Rammenlsberg Cu-Zn-Pb
Deposit
 Euhedral magnetite (pinkish grey)
replaces hematite (light grey
blades),
Exolution of Ilmenite (brownish
grey) and hematite (light grey)
Referensi http://www.atlas-of-ore-
minerals.com/ix_t_2.htm#q
https://journals.lib.unb.ca/inde
x.php/GC/article/viewFile/33
26/3843 (J. M. Duke. Ore
Deposit Models 7. Magmatic
Segregation Deposits of
Chromite. Geoscience
Canada. Volume 10. Number
1)
http://www.mdpi.com/2075-
163X/6/2/46/htm
ENDAPAN MINERAL DAN MINERAL BIJIH
http://www.atlas-of-ore- W.D. Sinclair.2007. Porphyry
minerals.com/ix_t_3.htm#d Deposits.Canada: Geological
Association of Canada
http://www.atlas-of-ore-
minerals.com/ix_t_3.htm#j
http://ore.um.ac.ir/parameters/ore/fil
emanager/Porphyry%20copper.pdf
http://eprints.utas.edu.au/10703/4/ch
.5-
_PhD_thesis_(full_version)_June_2
010.pdf
Intergrowth of tennantite, galena,
chalcopyrite cementing the early
formed pyrite of advanced argilic.
Pyrite-Tennantite-Emplectite
http://www.science.smith.edu/ge Myo Min Tun, I Wayan Warmada,
osciences/skarn/aboutskarn.html dkk. 2014. High Sulfidation
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of Epithermal Mineralization and Ore
r-95-0831/CHAP12.pdf Mineral Assemblages of Cijulang
Prospect, West Jawa, Indonesia. J.SE
http://www.minsocam.org/msa/ Asian Appl. Geol, Vol. 6(1), pp 29-38.
OpenAccess_publications/Craig
_Vaughan/Craig_Vaughan_Chp
tr_10.pdf Noel C. White and Jeffrey W.
Hadenquist. 1995. Epithermal
http://www.atlas-of-ore-
minerals.com/plate64b.htm Gold Deposit: Styles,
Characteristic, and Exploration.
SEG Newsletter, No. 23, pp.1, 9-
13.
Noel C. White and Jeffrey W.
Hadenquist. 1995. Epithermal Gold
Deposit: Styles, Characteristic, and
Exploration. SEG Newsletter, No. 23, Samuel Abraham, Bheemalingeswara
pp.1, 9-13.
Wei Zhai, Xiaoming Sun, et al. 2009.
Geology, geochemistry, and genesis
of Axi: A Paleozoic low-sulfidation
type epithermal gold deposit in
Xinjiang, China. China: Elsevier.
http://www.atlas-of-ore- https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr-
minerals.com/
95-0831/CHAP29.pdf
https://www.e-
sga.org/fileadmin/sga/Mineral_Deposit
_Archive/Rammelsberg/Rammelsberg_
Konka, Solomon Gebreselassie. 2015. SGA_MDA.pdf
Geology of Volcanogenic Massive
Sulfide Deposit near Meli,
Northwestern Tigray, Northen
Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Kournal
of Science, V7(1):85-104.
http://www.minsocam.org/msa/Op
enAccess_publications/Craig_Vau
ghan/Craig_Vaughan_Chptr_10.pd
f
PERBANDINGAN MINERAL
ENDAPAN EARLY MAGMATIC
Mineral Bijih : kromit, magnetit, ilmenit, pirit, kalkopirit, pentlandit, pirhotit.
NAMA Chromite Magnetit Ilmenit Pyrite Chalcopyrite Pentlandit Pyrhotite
MINERAL
KOMPOSISI FeCr2O4 Fe3O4 FeTiO3 FeS2 CuFeS2 (Fe,Ni)9S8 Fe1-xS
REFLECTANCE Low Medium Low Strong Strong Strong
WARNA Dark grey-brownish gray Gray, commonly with brownish tint Gray-white with brownish, pink, or violet Cream to white Yellow-brassy yellow Light creamy or yellowish Creamy pinkish brown
tint
HARDNESS Hard (5.5) Hard: >pyrrhotite, <ilmenite, Hard: >magnetite, <hematite Hard: >arsenopyrite, >hematite, Medium: >galena, <pyrite, <sphalerite Medium: > chalcopyrite, <pyrrhotite Medium;
>magnetit, ~llmenite <<hematite, <<pyrite ~marcasite >>ccp, =pentlandite, <<arsenopyrote,
<<py
PLEOKROIK Non Non Weak Non Weak Non Weak-strong: creamy brown to reddish
brown along grain boundaries
BIREFLECTANCE - - Strong - Weak -
ANISOTROPISM Isotropic Isotropic Strong Isotropic, Weak-distint, grey-blue to yellow green Isotropic Strong: yellow-gray, greenish gray,
Grey shades, light greenish gray, brownish Occasionally slightly anisotropic with tints grayish blue
gray of violet, brown, turqoise
INTERNAL brown-red brown (Mg-Al-rich Not present except when Mn rich Rare: dark brown - - -
REFLECTION samples)
Absent in Fe-rich samples
(rare, only in thinnest sections)
Geological Cumulate mineral in ultramafics, Accessory mineral in igneous and Accessory of igneous and metamorphic Sedimentary, magmatic, metamorphic, Hydrothermal slfides, dissemination in Basic and ultrabasic intrusive igneous rock Igneous and metamorphic rocks
Environment meteorites metamorphic rocks, biogenic rocks, placers (black sand deposits) hdrothermal igneous rocks
product
Associated Hematite, ilmenite, magnetite, Bravoite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, Occurs with magnetite, hematite, apatite, Practically all minerals but especially Chalcopyrite occurs with pyrite, Pentlandite is the principal ore of nickel. Arsemopyrite, brannerite, carrolite,
minerals millerite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, galena, hematite, ilmenite, rutile, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chromite, tantalite arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, molybdenite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, violarite, chalcopyrite, cobaltite, cubanite, galena,
sperrylite, ulvospinel, velleriite marcasite, pentlandite, pyrite, magnetite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, bornite, digenite, magnetite, and many millerite, cubanite, chromite, ilmenite, ilmenite, magnetite, marcasite, millerite,
pyrrhotite, rutile, sphalerite, sphalerite others minerals. It often alters along cracks magnetite, sperrylite pentlandite, pyrite, stannite
ulvospinel, valleriite, zincite and grain boundaries to covellite, chalcosite,
and malachite. Intergrowths occur with
tetrahedrite, cubanite, galena, sphalerite
Gambar

Euhedral magnetite (brownish grey)

Slightly rounded euhedral chrimite
with crystallographically oriented
(Medium grey), silicates (dark
hematite replacement (light grey), Triple junctions of Ilmenite (grey with Cataclastic pyrite (white) partially replaced Massive chalcopyrite (yellow), magnetite Pentlandite flames (light cream) in Anhedral pyrrhotite (brownish tint,
grey)
Bushveld, South Africa brownish tint, strong bireflectance, fine by chalcopyrite (yellow) (medium grey, partially as rim around pyrrhotite (brownish tinted grey), pyrite bireflectance), small chalcopyrite grains
exsolution lamellae of hematite) chalcopyrite), carbonate matrix (dark grey) crystal (white), chalcopyrite (yellow), (yellow);
quartz (dark grey);

Slice of euhedral chromite (brown

internal reflections in thinnest
past), partially serpentised olivine
as matrix (bright-yellow internal Pyrrhotite (brownish grey shades) with
reflections) Rim of ilmenite (brownish grey Skeletal intergrowth of chalcopyrite (yellow) Massive pentlandite (yellowish cream) corrugation lamellae;
pleochroism) around rutile (lamellar twins, with sphalerite (medium grey), anglesite with alteration products along cracks,
bluish to brownish grey pleochroism, (medium grey but darker than sphalerite) pyrrhotite (slightly darker cream),
chalcopyrite (yellow);
 Magnetite is replaced by bireflectance) in galena (light grey), silicates Framboidal pyrite (cream), barite crystals
chalcopyrite with bornite (dark grey (greyish);

Pentlandite (cream) with oriented

chalcopyrite exsolution (yellow);
Colloform pyrite (cream, desiccation
cracks), galena (light grey, cleavage Massive chalcopyrite replaces py and is
breakouts), ilmenite mutually intergrown with sphalerite.
(brownish grey, bireflectance), silicates
(dark grey);

ENDAPAN PEGMATITE
Mineral bijih : Arsenopirit, pyrit, cassiterit, pirhotit

NAMA Arsenopyrite Cassiterite Pyrite Pyrhotite

MINERAL
KOMPOSISI FeAsS SnO2 FeS2 Fe1-xS
REFLECTANCE Strong Low Strong Strong
WARNA White with faint creamy, yellowish, pinksh Brownish gray Cream to white Creamy pinkish brown
tint
HARDNESS Hard: >loellingite, >magnetite, <pyrite Hard: >>bismuth, >>bismuthinite, Hard: >arsenopyrite, >hematite, Medium;
>>molybdenite, >stannite ~marcasite >>ccp, =pentlandite, <<arsenopyrote,
<<py
PLEOKROIK Weak, white with bluish tint to faint reddish Weak-non Non Weak-strong: creamy brown to reddish
yellow brown along grain boundaries
BIREFLECTANCE Strong-weak -
ANISOTROPISM Strong, red violet Moderate Isotropic, Strong: yellow-gray, greenish gray,
Occasionally slightly anisotropic with tints grayish blue
of violet, brown, turqoise
INTERNAL Abundant: whitish yellow to yellow-brown - -
REFLECTION
Geological High temperature veins, pegmatites, contact Granites, pergmatites, alluvial process Sedimentary, magmatic, metamorphic, Igneous and metamorphic rocks
Environment metamorphic rocks hdrothermal
Associated Commonly associated with hydrothermal Associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, Practically all minerals but especially Arsemopyrite, brannerite, carrolite,
minerals gold, also with vein ores of Sn and W in higj- molybdenite, wolframite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, cobaltite, cubanite, galena,
temperature hydrothermal deposits. It is also rutile, hematite, magnetite, bismuth, and magnetite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, ilmenite, magnetite, marcasite, millerite,
associated with Ag and Cu ores, galena, pyrrhotite. sphalerite pentlandite, pyrite, stannite
sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite. In placer deposits, cassiteritse is found with
other detrital heavy mineral.
Gambar

Cataclastic pyrite (white) partially replaced Anhedral pyrrhotite (brownish tint,

Euhedral arsenopyrite (rhombohedral to Cassiterite (medium grey) replaced by by chalcopyrite (yellow) bireflectance), small chalcopyrite grains
skeletal, white) in myrmekitic intergrowths stannite (greenish grey), small specs of (yellow);
of falkmanite chalcopyrite
(greenish) and galena (light grey); (yellow), quartz (dark grey);

Arsenopyrite twin (blue and brown
anisotropy), pyrrhotite (greenish grey
anisotropy), sphalerite
(isotropic, brown internal reflections);
Arsenopyrite with rim of pyrrhotite (yellow)
PPL
Arsenopyrite with rim of pyrrhotite (yellow)
PPL
Colloform cassiterite (internal reflections with
various brown shades, grey anisotropy visible
in
dark layers);
Wood tin (finely laminated, various brown
internal reflections, grey anisotropy);
Framboidal pyrite (cream), barite crystals
(greyish);
Pyrrhotite (brownish grey shades) with
corrugation lamellae;
Colloform pyrite (cream, desiccation
cracks), galena (light grey, cleavage
breakouts), ilmenite
(brownish grey, bireflectance), silicates
(dark grey);
ENDAPAN PORFIRI
Mineral bijih : kalkopirit, emas, tembaga, molybdenite, bornite, magnetit, enargit
NAMA Gold Copper Molybdenite Bornite Enargit
MINERAL
KOMPOSISI Au Cu MoS2 Cu5FeS4 Cu3AsS4
REFLECTANCE Strong Medium-strong Medium Medium
WARNA Bright golden yellow Deep pink, tarnishes brown White, pinkish tint Pinkish borown=orange, tarnishehes-purple Light pinkish brown or pinkish gray
HARDNESS Soft: >stibnite, <pyrite, <chalcopyriyte Soft: >chalcosite, <cuptite Soft: <bismuth, <<cassiterite, <<cobaltite, Soft: >covellite, `/<chalcopyrite, <sphalerite Medium: >bornite, >galena, ~/>luzonite,
<<wolframite ~/>tennantite, <sphalerite
PLEOKROIK Very strong Weak, not always noticeable Weak, violet to bluish grey
BIREFLECTANCE - Weak Strong Slight
ANISOTROPISM Isotropic Isotropic Very strong, light to dark grey shades Weak to absent Strong, dark blue to grown
Many scratcg=hes suggest otherwise
INTERNAL Blue and green (transmitted light), Rare, deep red
REFLECTION otherwise opaque
Geological Quartz veins, alluvial deposit, mesothermal, basic Precambrian magmatites, at border Porphyry, skarn, vein, magmatic, pegmatite igneous intrusions, hydrothermal Cu ore moderate- to low-temperature hydrothermal
Environment epithermal, vein, VMS placer, IOGC, between oxidation and cementation veins, alteration product of Cu minerals veins, epithermal, vein, VMS, porphyry
porphyry, intrusion related zone, cap rocks of Cu sulfide veins, volcanic
and sedimentary rocks
Porphyry, secondary, supergene, magmatic
Associated In quartz veins with pyrite, arsenopyrite, Small amounts of native copper occur Occurs in veins and dissemination wiyh purite, Cassiterite, ccp, covellite, digenite, enargite, Commonly associated with chalcopyrite, pyrite,
minerals galena,sphalerite, stibnite, tellurides, associated with cuprite, malachite, azurite in chalcopyrite, bpornite, cassiterite, wolframite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite-tennantite bornite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, covellite,
chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, Ag-bearing the oxidized supergene zones of primary bismuthinite, others sulphides. digenite, galena, sphalerite
minerals, Bi-bearing minerals, scheelite, copper deposit.
tourmaline, and carbonates. It also pccurs with chalcocite, enargite,
In massive sulphide deposits with pyrite, bornite, pyrrhotite, iron, magnetite.
chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite. In basalt-hosted deposit, with chalcocite,
In placer deposit with detrital heavy bornite, chalcopyrite, pyrite.
minerals.
Gambar

Irregular patches of gold (yellow) in pyrite
(light cream);
Skeletal copper (light pink) with small specs
of cuprite (bluish grey);
Deformed molybdenite platelets (bright to
medium grey, strong bireflectance, pressure
twinning), pyrrhotite (pinkish grey);
Anhedral bornite (pinkish grey; Ag-rich)
replacing pyrite (white), covellite (blue);
Anhedral enargite (pinkish grey; bireflectance)
intergrown with tennantite (greenish) and pyrite
(light yellow);

Anhedral electrum (yellowish white), pyrite
(cream) altered to goethite (bluish grey
shades), quartz (dark grey);
Anhedral native copper (pink tint) next to
domeykite (grey) in jasper;
Radial molybdenite (strong grey
bireflectance), vaesite (tinted medium grey),
silicate (dark grey);
Anhedral bornite (pinkish grey; Ag-rich) with
relict chalcopyrite lamellae (yellow),
covellite (blue);
Massive enargite (violet to bluish grey
pleochroism), pyrite (cream), quartz (dark grey);
 Massive bornite (pinkish grey) replacing
individual laminae of colloform chalcopyrite Enargite (lamellar blue to brown anisotropy),
(light yellow); pyrite (isotropic), quartz (milky to multicolour
internal reflections);
Au occurs as subhedral crystals within a
quartz veinlet that cross-cuts massive
arsenopyrite.

Prismatic enargite (ena) with pyrite and

chalcopyrite inclusions.
ENDAPAN SKARN
Mineral bijih : emas, tembaga, besi, pirit, pirhotit, magnetite, haematite
NAMA MINERAL Haematite
KOMPOSISI Fe2O3
REFLECTANCE Medium
WARNA Gray-white with bluish tint
HARDNESS Hard: >goethite, >ilmenite, >magnetite, ~/<cassiterrite, ~/<rutile
PLEOKROIK Weak
BIREFLECTANCE Distinct
ANISOTROPISM Moderate, grayish ble, grayish yellow, greenisg gray, light brown tints
INTERNAL REFLECTION Common red

Geological Environment Magmatic, hydrothermal, metamorphic, sedimentary

Associated minerals Common as exsolution lense or lamellae in ilmenite or magnetite, or as a host to lamellae pf the same. It is also commonly associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, rutile, chromite,
cassiterite, goethite, sphalerite, and with siderite, limonite, and quartz.
Gambar

Large clusters of euhedral and twinned hematite (medium grey, bireflectance);

Colloform hematite (bright red internal reflections, brownish grey anisotropy), goethite (bluish grey anisotropy, brown internal reflections);

Euhedral hematite (lamellar light and dark brownish grey anisotropy, red internal reflections in matrix);

Deformed hematite platelets (medium grey) in tiemannite (light grey);

ENDAPAN EPITHERMAL (HS)
Mineral bijih : pirit, enargit, kalkopirit, tennanite, covellit, emas, tellurides,
NAMA MINERAL Tennanite Covellite
KOMPOSISI (cu, Fe)12As4S13 CuS
REFLECTANCE Medium Medium
WARNA Grayish white-greeenish gray-white, greenish shade Indigo-ble with violet tint to bluish white
HARDNESS Medium: ~chalcopyrite, >digenite, <sphalerite Soft: <chalcopyrite, <chalcocite
PLEOKROIK Non Strong: indigo blue with violet tint to bluish white
BIREFLECTANCE
ANISOTROPISM Isotropic Strong: 45 derjat orange-reddish brown
INTERNAL REFLECTION Brownish res, reddish

Geological Environment Hydrothermal veins, contact metamorphic Oxidation zone of sulfide Cu deposit, high temperature hydrothermal,
porphyry, IOCG
Associated minerals Commonly seen with copper and iron sulphides (pyrite, ccp, chalcocite,
digenite, bornite.) and is derived from them by alteration. Occurs also
with enargite, sphalerite, native copper, cuprite, hematite, limonite,
gothite, linnaeite, luzonitem tetrahedrite-tennanite.
Gambar

Anhedral tennantite (greenish grey) between euhedral pyrite crystals (light Covellite (blue, strong bireflectance) replacing bornite (brownish relicts)
yellow) and intergrown with enargite (pinkish grey); and chalcopyrite (yellow lamellae);

ENDAPAN EPITHERMAL (LS)

Mineral bijih : Arsenopirit, emas, kalkopirit, galena, sphalerit,, electrum

NAMA MINERAL Arsenopyrite Galena Sphalerite

KOMPOSISI FeAsS PbS (Zn, Fe)S
REFLECTANCE Strong Strong Low
WARNA White with faint creamy, yellowish, pinkish tint White-light gray Dark gray spmetimes with brown or blue tint
HARDNESS Hard: >loeelingite, >magnetite, <pyrite Soft: >>acanthite-argentite, >proustite-pyrargyrite, <bournonite, Medium: >chalcopyrite, <magnetite, <po
<tetrahedrite-tenanntite
PLEOKROIK Weak Non Non
BIREFLECTANCE
ANISOTROPISM Strong, blue, green, reddish brown-yellow Isotropic Isotropic
INTERNAL REFLECTION - - Common: white, yellow, reddish, reddish brown, color varies with
composition and Fe contens
Geological Environment High temperature veins, pegmatites, contact metamorphic rocks Hydrothermal Pb sulfides veins, disseminations in igneous and Hydrothermal sulfide veins, submarine
sedimentary rocks, MVT, VMS, SEDEX
Associated minerals Commonly associated with hydrothermal gold, also with vein ores of Gn is a common mieral, particularly associated with sphalerite, pyrite, Gn, py, marcasite, ccp, po, arsenopyrite, fluorite, tetrahedrite in all types
Sn and W in higj-temperature hydrothermal deposits. It is also ccp, tetrahedrite-tennantite, argentite, lead sulphosalts of sulphides deposits.
associated with Ag and Cu ores, galena, sphalerite, pyrite,
chalcopyrite.
Gambar

Euhedral arsenopyrite (rhombohedral to skeletal, white) in

myrmekitic intergrowths of falkmanite (greenish) and galena (light Massive sphalerite (medium grey) with chalcopyrite disease
Massive galena (light grey) with deformation lamellae (Bleischweif),
grey); chalcopyrite (yellow, at center);

Skeletal sphalerite (grey) in chalcopyrite (yellow);

Skeletal galena (light grey) in tennantite (greenish grey);
Arsenopyrite twin (blue and brown anisotropy), pyrrhotite (greenish
grey anisotropy), sphalerite
(isotropic, brown internal reflections);

Anhedral Sphalerite (bright green internal reflections);

Galena (light grey) replacing anglesite (dark grey);

Alternating zones of iron-rich (dark brown) and iron poor (yellow) sph in
vein.
 ENDAPAN VHMS
Mineral bijih : sulfide (pirit, pirhotit, markasit, arsenopirit, kalkopirit, sfalerit, galena).

NAMA MINERAL Marcasite Pyrite Pyrhotite Arsenopyrite Galena Sphalerite Chalcopyrite

KOMPOSISI FeS2 FeS2 Fe1-xS FeAsS PbS (Zn, Fe)S CuFeS2
REFLECTANCE Strong Strong Strong Strong Strong Low
WARNA Yellowish white with greenish or pinkish Cream to white Creamy pinkish brown White with faint creamy, yellowish, pinkish White-light gray Dark gray spmetimes with brown Yellow-brassy yellow
tint tint or blue tint
HARDNESS Hard: ~pyrite, >po Hard: >arsenopyrite, >hematite, Medium; Hard: >loeelingite, >magnetite, <pyrite Soft: >>acanthite-argentite, >proustite- Medium: >chalcopyrite, Medium: >galena, <pyrite,
~marcasite >>ccp, =pentlandite, <<arsenopyrote, <<py pyrargyrite, <bournonite, <tetrahedrite- <magnetite, <po <sphalerite
tenanntite
PLEOKROIK Strong: white with brown tint, yellow with Non Weak-strong: creamy brown to reddish Weak Non Non Weak
green tint brown along grain boundaries
BIREFLECTANCE - Weak
ANISOTROPISM Strong, blue, green-yellow Isotropic, Strong: yellow-gray, greenish gray, grayish Strong, blue, green, reddish brown-yellow Isotropic Isotropic Weak-distint, grey-blue to yellow
Occasionally slightly anisotropic with tints blue green
of violet, brown, turqoise
INTERNAL - - - - - Common: white, yellow, reddish,
REFLECTION reddish brown, color varies with
composition and Fe contens
Geological Sedimentary, hydrothermal, secondary , Sedimentary, magmatic, metamorphic, Igneous and metamorphic rocks High temperature veins, pegmatites, contact Hydrothermal Pb sulfides veins, Hydrothermal sulfide veins, Hydrothermal slfides,
Environment SEDEX, MVT, epithermal, vein hdrothermal metamorphic rocks disseminations in igneous and sedimentary submarine dissemination in igneous rocks
rocks, MVT, VMS, SEDEX
Associated Practically all minerals but especially Arsemopyrite, brannerite, carrolite, Commonly associated with hydrothermal Gn is a common mieral, particularly Gn, py, marcasite, ccp, po, Chalcopyrite occurs with pyrite,
minerals arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, cobaltite, cubanite, galena, gold, also with vein ores of Sn and W in higj- associated with sphalerite, pyrite, ccp, arsenopyrite, fluorite, tetrahedrite molybdenite, pyrrhotite,
magnetite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, ilmenite, magnetite, marcasite, millerite, temperature hydrothermal deposits. It is tetrahedrite-tennantite, argentite, lead in all types of sulphides deposits. pentlandite, bornite, digenite,
sphalerite pentlandite, pyrite, stannite also associated with Ag and Cu ores, galena, sulphosalts magnetite, and many others
sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite. minerals. It often alters along
cracks and grain boundaries to
covellite, chalcosite, and malachite.
Intergrowths occur with
tetrahedrite, cubanite, galena,
sphalerite
Gambar

Cataclastic pyrite (white) partially Anhedral pyrrhotite (brownish tint, Euhedral arsenopyrite (rhombohedral to Massive chalcopyrite (yellow),
replaced by chalcopyrite (yellow) bireflectance), small chalcopyrite grains skeletal, white) in myrmekitic intergrowths Massive sphalerite (medium grey) magnetite (medium grey, partially
Radial marcasite aggregate (white) with (yellow); Massive galena (light grey) with deformation
of falkmanite (greenish) and galena (light with chalcopyrite disease as rim around chalcopyrite),
thin pyrite coating (cream); lamellae (Bleischweif), chalcopyrite (yellow,
grey); carbonate matrix (dark grey)
at center);

Framboidal pyrite (cream), barite crystals

(greyish); Pyrrhotite (brownish grey shades) with Skeletal sphalerite (grey) in
corrugation lamellae; chalcopyrite (yellow);
Radial marcasite (bluish white and cream Skeletal galena (light grey) in tennantite
Arsenopyrite twin (blue and brown Skeletal intergrowth of chalcopyrite
pleochroism, bireflectance) partially (greenish grey);
anisotropy), pyrrhotite (greenish grey (yellow) with sphalerite (medium
replaced by pyrite (slightly brighter cream anisotropy), sphalerite grey), anglesite (medium grey but
than marcasite); (isotropic, brown internal reflections); darker than sphalerite)
 Colloform pyrite (cream, desiccation
cracks), galena (light grey, cleavage
breakouts), ilmenite
(brownish grey, bireflectance), silicates
(dark grey);

Marcasite (brown to turquoise), pyrite Galena (light grey) replacing anglesite (dark Anhedral Sphalerite (bright green
(isotropic, here dark cream), sphalerite grey); internal reflections);
(isotropic), carbonate (bright internal
reflections); Massive chalcopyrite replaces py
and is mutually intergrown with
sphalerite.

Alternating zones of iron-rich (dark

brown) and iron poor (yellow) sph
in vein.

Mrc, gn, sph, apy

 ENDAPAN SEDEX
Mineral bijih :pirit, galena, sphalerite, pirhotit

NAMA MINERAL Pyrite Pyrhotite Galena Sphalerite

KOMPOSISI FeS2 Fe1-xS PbS (Zn, Fe)S
REFLECTANCE Strong Strong Strong Low

WARNA Cream to white Creamy pinkish brown White-light gray Dark gray spmetimes with brown or blue tint
HARDNESS Hard: >arsenopyrite, >hematite, Medium; Soft: >>acanthite-argentite, >proustite-pyrargyrite, Medium: >chalcopyrite, <magnetite, <po
~marcasite >>ccp, =pentlandite, <<arsenopyrote, <<py <bournonite, <tetrahedrite-tenanntite
PLEOKROIK Non Weak-strong: creamy brown to reddish Non Non
brown along grain boundaries
BIREFLECTANCE -
ANISOTROPISM Isotropic, Strong: yellow-gray, greenish gray, grayish Isotropic Isotropic
Occasionally slightly anisotropic blue
with tints of violet, brown,
turqoise
INTERNAL - - - Common: white, yellow, reddish, reddish brown,
REFLECTION color varies with composition and Fe contens
Geological Sedimentary, magmatic, Igneous and metamorphic rocks Hydrothermal Pb sulfides veins, disseminations in Hydrothermal sulfide veins, submarine
Environment metamorphic, hdrothermal igneous and sedimentary rocks, MVT, VMS, SEDEX
Associated Practically all minerals but Arsemopyrite, brannerite, carrolite, Gn is a common mieral, particularly associated with Gn, py, marcasite, ccp, po, arsenopyrite, fluorite,
minerals especially arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, cobaltite, cubanite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, ccp, tetrahedrite-tennantite, tetrahedrite in all types of sulphides deposits.
chalcopyrite, galena, magnetite, ilmenite, magnetite, marcasite, millerite, argentite, lead sulphosalts
marcasite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite pentlandite, pyrite, stannite
Gambar

Cataclastic pyrite (white) partially Anhedral pyrrhotite (brownish tint,

replaced by chalcopyrite (yellow)
bireflectance), small chalcopyrite grains
(yellow);
Massive sphalerite (medium grey) with chalcopyrite
Massive galena (light grey) with deformation
disease
lamellae (Bleischweif), chalcopyrite (yellow, at
center);

Framboidal pyrite (cream), barite

crystals (greyish); Pyrrhotite (brownish grey shades) with Skeletal sphalerite (grey) in chalcopyrite (yellow);
corrugation lamellae;
Skeletal galena (light grey) in tennantite (greenish
grey);

Colloform pyrite (cream,

desiccation cracks), galena (light Anhedral Sphalerite (bright green internal
grey, cleavage breakouts), reflections);
ilmenite
Galena (light grey) replacing anglesite (dark grey);
 (brownish grey, bireflectance),
silicates (dark grey);

Alternating zones of iron-rich (dark brown) and iron

poor (yellow) sph in vein.

REFERENSI
G. Spry, Paul and Brian L. Gedlinskie. 1987. Tables for Determination of Common Opaque Minerals.Ames, Lowa: The
Economic Geology Publishing Company.

Marshall, Dan. , C.D. Anglin, and Hamid Mumin.2004. Ore Mineral Atlas. Canada: Brandon University.

Pracejus, Bernhard. 2008. The Ore Minerals Under The Microscope: An Optical Guide.Amsterdam:Elsevier