Vander Voort, George F. Eds. Atlas of Time-Temperature Diagrams For Nonferrous Alloys

Atlas of
Time-Temperature Diagrams
for Irons and Steels
Edited by
George F. Vander Voort
Carpenter Technology Corporation
Reading PA
ASM International
Copyright 1991
by
ASM International
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
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Nothing contained in this book is to be construed as a grant of any right of

manufacture, sale, or use in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, or
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defense against liability for the infringement of letters patent or registered trademark.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 91-072218

ISBN: 0-87170-415-3
SAN: 204-7586
Production coordination by
Veronica Flint, ASM International
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Preface
The 1930 publication of the epic paper by E.S. Davenport and E.C. Bain on the isothermal
diagram concept had a profound influence on physical metallurgy, metallography and heat
treatment. Prior to the development of this technique, heat treatment was truly an art -
clothed in secrecy and often unpredictable. Metallurgists debated, theories were proposed and
demolished. Even the basic constituents in steel microstructures were not well understood and
firmly established. Indeed, the arguments over pearlite vs sorbite and troostite raged on for
nearly another decade. However, the simple concept of the isothermal diagram brought order
into this picture and paved the way for the current understanding of phase transformations
and industrial control of heat treating processes. Indeed, they even showed the way for new
processes, such as mar tempering and austempering.
Metallurgists began to develop isothermal transformation (IT) diagrams, also called time-
temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams or C-curves, for many steels. At the same time,
the understanding of hardenability was being advanced through the use of experimental
techniques, chiefly the Jominy end-quench test and several variants (for steels with either
very low or very high hardenability), and by mathematical modeling of cooling conditions and
the calculation of hardenability curves from chemical analysis and grain size information.
These two developments were by nature interrelated because of their mutual influence on heat
treatment. Hardenability techniques were primarily centered upon predicting the size of a bar
of a known composition that would just "through harden" in a given quench medium. The
"through harden" aspect related to the microstructure where this term means that the center of
the bar contains a minimum of 50% martensite. In the early days of this work, the balance of
the structure did not receive much attention. However, the ability to predict the Jominy curve
and cross-sectional hardness patterns in heat treated bars was found to depend on knowing
what else would form as the ability to produce martensite decreased.
While isothermal transformation diagrams were instrumental in providing an understanding of
how austenite transforms, and in identifying the constituents that can form in a given steel,
they were not developed under conditions similar to quenching where the specimen
temperature decreased at some rate, generally variable, and the structures were formed over a
wide range of temperatures. Attempts were made to utilize IT diagrams for continuous cooling
situations but the results were never satisfactory. For simple alloys, such correlations were
reasonably useful but as the hardenability increased, particularly bainitic hardenability, they
became less useful. This spawned the development of continuous cooling transformation (CCT)
diagrams.
Because the science of physical metallurgy was much better established by the time CCT
diagrams became common, their development had much less of an impact on metallurgy than
the 1930 introduction of the IT diagrams. However, this in no way detracts from the practical
value of the CCT diagram. The first diagrams were made using metallographic observations of
the microstructures produced at different test locations on Jominy bars that had been end
quenched for different times before the entire bar was rapidly immersion quenched. Because
the cooling rate varies as a function of the distance from the end-quenched face, a great deal
of information could be obtained. A number of interrupted Jominy. bars were heat treated
with varying end-quench times. The cooling curves at each location on the Jominy bar had to
be determined. Each bar was hardness tested and then polished along the side. Then, the
metallographer determined the amounts of each constituent present at key locations along the
bar. Tedious, yes, but useful. Metallurgists were quick to adopt use of the dilatometer for
developing CCT diagrams. When a specimen is cooled at a specific constant rate, the phase
transformation produces a change in length which can be measured by the dilatometer. A
number of specimens would be run at a variety of cooling rates and the arrest points were
plotted on the cooling curve for each specimen. The microstructure of each dilatometer pin
was examined to be sure of the nature of the transformation. Then, the arrest points were
connected together to map out the regions over which a given constituent formed from the
austenite. Other techniques and other methods of plotting also evolved, for example, the
British diagrams plot results as a function of different locations on bars of different diameter
cooled at difference quench rates. Instead of following a cooling curve from the upper left
corner of the diagram towards the x-axis, their data are read vertically. The Benelux CCT
diagrams also are plotted differently with the x-axis showing the time to cool from 800 to
500C.
Irrespective of the way the continuous cooling data were plotted, CCT diagrams are very
helpful for understanding or predicting heat treatment response, especially for those
treatments that involve quenching baths. As with the IT diagrams, CCTs also have their
limitations. Actually, the two diagrams are complementary, not competitive. IT diagrams are
best suited for developing annealing, mar tempering or austempering practices, while CCT
diagrams are best suited for developing quench hardening practices. Neither diagram,
however, tells us anything about the effect of tempering. Dilatometrically derived CCT
diagrams have been criticized because the device tries to suppress the recalescence effects
associated with a phase transformation in its desire to maintain a constant cooling rate.
In the United States, IT diagram development progressed rapidly, mainly as a result of the
initial and continued interest in them by researchers at the United States Steel Corporation.
The US Steel collection of diagrams was republished by ASM in 1977 but has been out of
print for some time. Not all of the diagrams in the 1977 collection were made by US Steel,
however, and some CCT diagrams were included. Other American companies became involved
in the development of both IT and CCT diagrams. Notable is the work by the Climax
Molybdenum Corporation who published a number of books, articles and pamphlets, but no
overall atlas. Other countries have also produced excellent collections of IT and/or CCT
diagrams developed by their researchers; for example, the German, French and Benelux
countries all produced excellent diagrams for their steels and published compendiums. In 1980,
ASM republished CCT diagrams developed by M. Atkins of British Steel Corporation. Besides
these, many diagrams can be found scattered throughout the literature. Vanitec recently
published a collection of diagrams from all over the world of steels containing vanadium.
Besides IT and CCT diagrams, there are other time-temperature type diagrams that have never
been collected together in one place. First, there are diagrams that show transformation after
applied pressure or deformation or under natural cooling conditions. There are time-
temperature-embrittlement (TTE) diagrams dealing with temper embrittlement. There are time-
temperature-precipitation (TTP) diagrams that show the conditions, mainly isothermal, under
which various nitrides, carbides or intermetallic phases precipitate in a wide variety of steels.
There are time-temperature-sensitization (TTS) diagrams that show intergranular attack after
sensi tiza tion trea tmen ts.
This atlas brings together many of the published IT and CCT diagrams from US, British,
German, French and Benelux collections as well as previously non-collected published
diagrams. Also, besides the traditional IT and CCT diagrams, other ITs and CCTs that show
the influence of pressure or deformation have been included. For the first time, TTE, TTP
and TTS diagrams for irons and steels have been brought together in one collection. Naturally,
there are a number of ways in which these diagrams could be arranged. We have chosen to
group them by published collections, except for those diagrams that were found scattered
throughout the open literature. Because the large collections often have a unique style for
plotting (or obtaining) the data, grouping them by the collections maintains coherence and
should help the reader in interpreting the curves.
The editor would like to thank the many people who helped him gather diagrams from the
many different publications. He also acknowledges the excellent support of the ASM staff,
particularly Mrs. Veronica Flint who coordinated much of the acquisitions, all of the
permissions to republish the diagrams, and the mechanics of publication of this book. Readers
who are aware of other useful diagrams not included in this atlas are encouraged to send
copies to the editor.
George F. Vander Voort, Editor

Carpenter Technology Corporation
Reading PA, USA
Table of Contents
US STEELS, 3 - 51 Type: Carburized 2512 (0.6% C), 20
Composition: Fe - 0.6% C - 0.52% Mn - 5.00% Ni
Introduction, 3 - 12 Type: Carburized 2512 (0.8% C), 21
Type: 1006/1008, 13 Type: Carburized 2512 (1.0% C), 21
Composition: Fe - 0.06% C - 0.43% Mn Composition: Fe - 1.0% C - 0.52% Mn - 5.00% Ni
Type: 1019, 13 Type: Carburized 2512 (1.2% C), 21
Type: 1021, 13 Type: 2910, 22
Type: 1035 Mod., 13 Type: 5140, 22
Composition: Fe - 0.35% C = 0.37% Mn Composition: Fe - 0.42% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.93% Cr
Type: 1045/1050, 14 Type: 5160, 22
Composition: Fe - 0.47% C - 0.57% Mn - 0.06% Cu Composition: Fe - 0.61% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.88% Cr
Type: 1045/1050 + Cu, 14 Type: ~21 00, 22
Composition: Fe - 0.48% C - 0.57% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.46% Composition: Fe - 1.02% C - 0.36% Mn - 0.20% Ni - 1.41%
Cu Cr
Composition: Fe - 0.49% C - 0.57% Mn - 0.97% Cu Type: Fe-C-Cr, 23
Composition: Fe - 0.49% C - 0.54% Mn - 0.20% Si - 1.49% Composition: Fe - 0.33% C - 0.45% Mn - 1.97% Cr
Cu Type: Fe-C-Cr-Mo, 23
Type: 1050, 15 Composition: Fe - 0.11% C - 0.38% Mn - 0.44% Si - 5.46%
Composition: Fe - 0.50% C - 0.91% Mn Cr - 0.42% Mo
Type: 1055 Mod. 15 Type: 410, 23
Composition: Fe - 0.54% C - 0.46% Mn Composition: Fe - 0.11% C - 0.44% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.16%
Type: 1060, 15 Ni - 12.18% Cr
Composition: Fe - 0.63% C - 0.87% Mn Type: Fe-C-Ni-Cr-Mo-V, 23
Type: 1060 Mod./ 1065 Mod., 15 Composition: Fe - 0.22% C - 0.54% Mn - 0.64% Ni - 12.46%
Composition: Fe - 0.64% C - 1.13% Mn Cr - 0.99% Mo - 0.29% V
Type: 1080, 16 Type: 4027, 24
Composition: Fe - 0.79% C - 0.76% Mn Composition: Fe - 0.26% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.26% Mo
Type: 1086/1095, 16 Type: 4037, 24
Composition: Fe - 0.89% C - 0.29% Mn Composition: Fe-0.35% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.25% Mo
Type: WI Tool Steel, 16 Type: Fe-C-Mo, 24
Type: 1320, 16 Type: 4047, 24
Type: Carburized 1320 (0.4% C), 17 Type: 4068, 25
Type: Carburized 1320 (0.6% C), 17 Type: Fe-C-Mo, 25
Composition: Fe - 0.97% C - 1.04% Mn - 0.32% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.6% C - 1.88% Mn
Type: Carburized 1320 (0.8% C), 17 Composition: Fe - 0.22% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.50% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.8% C - 1.88% Mn Type: Mn-Mo Weld Metal, 25
Type: Carburized 1320 (1.0% C), 18 Composition: Fe-0.l0% C - 1.63% Mn - 0.41% Mo
Type: Fe-C-Mo, 26
Type: Carburized 1320 (1.2% C), 18 Composition: Fe - 0.40% C - 0.42% Mn - 0.53% Mo
Type: 1335, 19 Composition: Fe - 0.33% C - 0.41% Mn - 1.96% Mo
Type: Fe-C-Ni, 26
Type: 1340, 19 Composition: Fe - 0.40% C - 0.57% Mn - 3.49% Ni - 0.01%
Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.43% C - 1.58% Mn (low Mn)
Type: Fe-C-Ni-Mo, 27
Type: Fe-Ni-C, 19
Composition: Fe - 0.41% C - 0.60% Mn - 3.51% Ni - 0.21%
Composition: Fe - 0.56% C - 0.26% Mn - 1.97% Ni Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.37% C - 0.68% Mn - 3.41% Ni Mo
Type: Fe-Ni-C, 20 Type: F e-c-si, 27
Composition: Fe - 0.59% C - 0.25% Mn - 3.90% Ni Composiion: Fe - 0.50% C - 0.23% Mn - 0.53% Si - 0.05% Cr
Composition: Fe - 0.10% C - 0.52% Mn - 5.00% Ni Cr
Type: Carburized 2512 (0.4% C), 20
ix
Type: Fe-C-Si-Cr, 28 Type: 4317, 35
Composition: Fe - 0.66% C - 0.78% Mn - 1.62% Si - 0.77% Composition: Fe - 0.17% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.87% Ni - 0.46%
Cr Cr - 0.24% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.63% C - 0.24% Mn - 2.32% Si - 0.32% Type: 4340, 35
Cr Composition: Fe - 0.42% C - 0.78% Mn - 1.79% Ni - 0.80%
Composition: Fe - 0.61% C - 0.26% Mn - 3.80% Si - 0.32% Cr - 0.33% Mo
Cr Type: 4360, 35
Composition: Fe - 0.62% C - 0.82% Mn - 2.01% Si - 0.07% Ni - 0.60% Cr - 0.32% Mo
Cr Type: 4615, 35
Composition: Fe - 0.62% C - 0.96% Mn - 2.01% Si - 0.16% Mo
Cr Type: 4640, 36
Cr Type: 4815, 36
Composition: Fe - 0.43% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.92% Cr - 0.16% Mo
V Type: 4815 (1.0% C), 36
Composition: Fe - 0.63% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.93% Cr - 0.18% Mo
V Type: 8620, 36
Type: Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V, 30 Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.62% Ni - 0.66%
Composition: Fe - 0.23% C - 0.82% Mn - 1.22% Cr - 0.63% Cr - 0.19% Mo
Mo - 0.22% V Type: 8630, 37
Composition: Fe - 0.40% C - 0.78% Mn - 1.26% Cr - 0.63% Composition: Fe - 0.30% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.64% Ni - 0.66%
Mo - 0.22% V Cr - 0.21% Mo
Type: Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V, 31 Type: 8660, 37
Mo - 0.26% V Cr - 0.22% Mo
Type: Fe-C-Mn-Ni-V, 31 Type: 8745, 37
Composition: Fe - 0.20% C - 1.44% Mn - 0.49% Ni - 0.16% Composition: Fe - 0.44% C - 0.90% Mn - 0.46% Ni - 0.64%
V Cr - 0.22% Mo
Type: Fe-C-Ni-Mo-V, 31 Type: 9420, 37
Composition: Fe - 0.26% C - 0.67% Mn - 2.20% Ni - 0.48% Composition: Fe - 0.24% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.47% Si - 0.30%
Mo - 0.09% V Ni - 0.34% Cr - 0.14% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.24% C - 0.69% Mn - 3.36% Ni - 0.60% Type: 9440, 38
Mo - 0.09% V Composition: Fe - 0.38% C - 1.08% Mn - 0.70% Si - 0.34%
Type: Fe-C-Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo-V, 32 Ni - 0.40% Cr - 0.11% Mo - 0.030% Zr
Composition: Fe - 0.27% C - 0.84% Mn - 0.60% Ni - 0.73% Type: 9860, 38
Cr - 0.90% Mo - 0.11% V
Composition: Fe - 0.26% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.69% Ni - 0.73% Cr - 0.26% Mo
Cr - 0.88% Mo - 0.23% V Type: Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo, 38
Composition: Fe - 0.38% C - 0.72% Mn - 1.32% Ni - 0.49% Cr - 0.26% Mo
Cr
Type: 3310, 32 Cr - 0.49% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.11% C - 0.46% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.62% Type: Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo, 39
Cr
Type: Carburized 3310 (0.4% C), 33 Cr - 0.48% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.4% C - 0.46% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.62% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.61% C - 0.73% Mn - 2.74% Ni - 0.99%
Type: Carburized 3310 (0.6% C), 33 Cr - 0.46% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.6% C - 0.45% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.52% Cr Type: Nitralloy, 135 Mod., 39
Type: Carburized 3310 (0.8% C), 33 Composition: Fe - 0.41% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.67% Cr - 0.36%
Composition: Fe - 0.8% C - 0.46% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.62% Cr Mo - 1.26% Al
Type: Carburized 3310 (1.0% C), 34 Type: 1060/10B60, 39
Composition: Fe - 1.0% C - 0.45% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.52% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.63% C - 0.87% Mn - none or 0.0018% B
Type: 4130, 34 Type: 4317/43BI7, 40
Mo Cr - 0.24% Mo
Type: 4137/4140, 34 Composition: Fe - 0.14% C - 0.81% Mn - 1.81% Ni - 0.49%
Cr - 0.27% Mo - 0.0030% B
Composition: Fe - 0.37% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.98% Cr - 0.21%
Mo
Type: 4150 Mod., 34
Mo - 0.36% Ni
x
Type: 4615/46BI5, 40 Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 2 Cr, 45
Composition: Fe - 0.15% C - 0.63% Mn - 1.90% Ni - 0.24% Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni
Mo Composition: Fe - 0.22% C - 0.77% Mn - 1.08% Ni - 1.91%
Composition: Fe - 0.16% C - 0.60% Mn - 1.92% Ni - 0.27% Cr
Mo - 0.0017% B Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.25 Mo, 45
Type: 5160/51B60, 40 Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni
Composition: Fe - 0.61% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.88% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.65% Mn - 1.09% Ni - 0.26%
Composition: Fe - 0.64% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.83% Cr - Mo
0.0006% B Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.5 Mo, 45
Composition: Fe - 0.23% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.59% Ni - 0.52% Composition: Fe - 0.21% C - 0.70% Mn - 1.08% Ni - 0.49%
Cr - 0.21% Mo Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.22% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.57% Ni - 0.51% Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.75 si, 45
Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.0025% B Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni
Type: 8650/86B50, 41 Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.75% Mn - 0.71% Si - 1.07%
Composition: Fe - 0.50% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.60% Ni - 0.51% Ni
Cr - 0.22% Mo (0.21% Mo for 86B50 + 0.0016% B) Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 2 Si, 46
Composition: Fe - 0.79% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.58% Ni - 0.50% Composition: Fe - 0.19% C - 0.75% Mn - 2.09% Si - 1.06%
Cr - 0.21% Mo Ni
Composition: Fe - 0.78% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.59% Ni - 0.49% Type: 1030 Mod., 46
Cr - 0.21% Mo - 0.0025% B Composition: Fe - 0.27% C - 1.12% Mn
Type: 80B20, 41 Type: 4140, 46
Cr - 0.15% Mo - 0.0009% B
Mo
Type: 81B40, 41 Type: Fe-C-Mo, 46
Composition: Fe - 0.43% C - 1.02% Mn - 0.31 % Ni - 0.48% Composition: Fe - 0.22% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.50% Mo
Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.0009% B
Type: 86B45, 42 Type: 1086/1095 + 0.25% V, 47
Composition: Fe - 0.87% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.27% V
Cr - 0.12% Mo - 0.0015% B Type: 52100, 47
Type: 94B17, 42 Composition: Fe - 1.02% C - 0.36% Mn - 0.20% Ni - 1.41%
Cr
Composition: Fe - 0.19% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.42% Ni - 040%
Cr - 0.12% Mo - 0.0018% B Type: Fe-C-Mo, 47
Type: 98B45, 42 Composition: Fe - 0.97% C - 1.04% Mn - 0.32% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.46% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.91% Ni - 0.77% Type: Fe-C (Carbon), 48
Cr - 0.18% Mo - 0.0021% B Composition: Fe - 0.54% C - 0.46% Mn
Type: USS Cor-Ten Steel, 42 Composition: Fe - 0.89% C - 0.30% Mn
Composition: Fe - 0.12% C - 0.45% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.12% P Composition: Fe - 1.13% C - 0.30% Mn
- 0.31% Ni - 0.62% Cr - 0.26% Cu Type: Fe-C-Mn (Manganese), 48
Type: USS Tl Steel, 43 Composition: Fe - 0.59% C - 0.30% Mn
Composition: Fe - 0.15% C - 0.92% Mn - 0.88% Ni - 0.50% Composition: Fe - 0.54% C - 0.45% Mn
Cr - 0.46% Mo - 0.06% V - 0.32% Cu - 0.0031% B
Type: USS Strux, 43 Composition: Fe - 0.65% C - 1.32% Mn
Composition: Fe - 0.39% C - 0.89% Mn - 0.48% Si - 0.68% Type: Fe-C-Ni (Nickel), 49
Ni - 0.95% Cr - 0.50% Mo - 0.03% V - 0.002% B Composition: Fe - 0.59% C - 0.20% Mn
Type: USS Airsteel X 200, 43 Composition: Fe - 0.61% C - 0.19% Mn - 0.94% Ni
Composition: Fe - 0.44% C - 0.79% Mn - 1.63% Si - 2.10% Composition: Fe - 0.57% C - 0.17% Mn - 1.94% Ni
Cr - 0.54% Mo - 0.06% V Composition: Fe - 0.55% C - 0.17% Mn - 3.88% Ni
Type: 1021/1021 + 1 Ni, 43 Type: Fe-C-Cr (Chrominum), 49
Composition: Fe - 0.20% C - 0.81% Mn Composition: Fe - 1.13% C - 0.30% Mn
Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni Composition: Fe - 1.17% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.26% Cr
Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + B, 44 Type: Fe-C-Cr (Chromium), 50
Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni Composition: Fe - 0.35% C - 0.37% Mn
Composition: Fe - 0.19% C - 0.75% Mn - 1.04% Ni + Composition: Fe - 0.37% C - 0.37% Mn - 0.57% Cr
0.0021% B Composition: Fe - 0.42% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.93% Cr
Type: 1021 + Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + Mn, 44 Composition: Fe - 0.32% C - 0.45% Mn - 1.97% Cr
Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni Type: Fe-C-Mo (Molybdenum), 50
Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.5 Cr, 44 Composition: Fe - 0.42% C - 0.20% Mn - 0.21% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni Composition: Fe - 0.40% C - 0.43% Mn - 0.52% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.21% C - 0.75% Mn - 1.08% Ni - 0.48% Composition: Fe - 0.36% C - 0.17% Mn - 0.82% Mo
Cr Composition: Fe - 0.33% C - 0.41% Mn - 1.96% Mo
Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 1 Cr, 44 Type: Fe-C-V (Vanadium), 51
Composition: Fe - 0.21% C - 0.78% Mn - 1.09% Ni - 0.99% Composition: Fe - 0.90% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.20% V
Cr
xi
Type: Fe-C-Co (Cobalt), 51 En 13 (8717), 99
Composition: Fe - 0.95% C - 0.45% Mn Composition: 0.19% C - 1.37% Mn - 0.14% Si - 0.012% S -
Composition: Fe - 0.95% C - 0.48% Mn - 0.96% Co 0.026% P - 0.56% Ni - 0.20% Cr - 0.31% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.98% C - 0.49% Mn - 1.98% Co En 23 (3435 + Mo), 100
Composition: 0.32% C - 0.61% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.013% S -
0.018% P - 3.22% Ni - 0.63% Cr - 0.22% Mo
BRITISH EN STEELS, 55 - 114 En 25 (3430 + Mo), 100
Introduction, 55 - 94 0.018% - 2.63% Ni - 0.64% Cr - 0.58% Mo
En 30B (3335 + Mo), 100
En 42 (1074/1075), 95 Composition: 0.32% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.020% S -
Composition: 0.76% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.016% S - 0.022% P - 4.13% Ni - 1.21% Cr - 0.30% Mo
0.017% P - 0.20% Ni - 0.17% Cr - 0.02% Mo En 110 (4340), 100
En 44 (1095), 95 Composition: 0.39% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.018% S -
0.013% P - 0.08% Ni - 0.11% Cr - 0.01% Mo En 24 (4340), 101
0.021% P - 0.18% Ni - 0.15% Cr - 0.06% Mo En 26 (4340), 101
En 14B (1527), 95 Composition: 0.42% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.022% S -
0.035% P - 0.21% Ni - 0.12% Cr - 0.04% Mo En 100 (8640/8740), 101
0.038% P - 0.16% Ni - 0.10% Cr - 0.02% Mo En 28, 101
En 12 (1030 + 0.9% Ni), 96 Composition: 0.26% C - 0.52% Mn - 0.15% Si - 0.024% S -
Composition: 0.33% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.025% S - 0.010% P - 3.33% Ni - 1.14% Cr - 0.65% Mo - 0.16% V
0.022% P - 0.89% Ni - 0.10% Cr - 0.05% Mo En 351 (3120), 102
0.020% P - 0.17% Ni - 0.65% Cr - 0.02% Mo Carburized En 351 (3120 at 0.9% C), 102
Composition: 0.48% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.021% S - 0.028% 0 - 0.90% Ni - 0.57% Cr - 0.03% Mo
0.023% P - 0.18% Ni - 0.98% Cr - 0.04% Mo En 352 (3120), 103
0.022% P - 0.33% Ni - 1.46% Cr - 0.06% Mo Carburized En 352 (3120 at 1% C), 103
En 56 (420 Stainless Steel), 97 Composition: 0.96% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.016% S -
0.021% P - 0.32% Ni - 13.3% Cr - 0.06% Mo En 33, 104
0.028% P - 0.26% Ni - 0.16% Cr - 0.27% Mo Carburized En 33, 104
0.056% P - 0.24% Ni - 0.14% Cr - 0.41% Mo En 36 (9310), 105
0.031% P - 3.47% Ni - 0.07% Cr - 0.11% Mo En 36 (9310), 105
0.025% P - 1.24% Ni - 0.63% Cr - 0.05% Mo Carburized En 36 (9310 at 0.7% C), 107
0.021% P - 0.15% Ni - 0.94% Cr - 0.05% Mo - 0.20% V Carburized En 36 (9310 at 1% C), 106
0.015% P - 0.20% Ni - 1.01% Cr - 0.23% Mo En 39A (9310), 107
En 20, 99 Composition: 0.11% C - 0.38% Mn - 0.09% Si - 0.010% S -
0.030% P - 0.19% Ni - 0.74% Cr - 0.55% Mo Carburized En 39A (9310 at 0.5% C), 107
Composition: 0.41% C - 0.58% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.036% S - Composition: 0.54% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.019% S -
0.028% P - 0.15% Ni - 1.39% Cr - 0.74% Mo 0.024% P - 3.92% Ni - 1.28% Cr - 0.07% Mo
En 40B, 99 Carburized En 39A (9310 at 1% C), 108
0.010% P - 0.25% Ni - 3.34% Cr - 0.54% Mo 0.029% P - 4.15% Ni - 1.22% Cr - 0.05% Mn
xii
En 34, 108 34 Cr 4 (SAE 5135), 125
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.011% S - Composition: 0.36% C - 0.666% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.026% P -
0.022% P - 1.66% Ni - 0.26% Cr - 0.26% Mo 0.013% S - 1.11% Cr - 0.18% Cu - 0.05% Mo - 0.23% Ni -
Carburized En 34, 109 <0.01% V
Composition: 0.99% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.016% S - 41 Cr 4 (SAE 5140), 126
0.026% P - 1.61% Ni - 0.32% Cr - 0.29% Mo Composition: 0.44% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.030% P -
En 39B (9315), 109 0.023% S - 1.04% Cr - 0.17% Cu - 0.04% Mo - 0.26% Ni -
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.38% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.018% S - <0.01% V
0.027% P - 4.33% Ni - 1.16% Cr - 0.17% Mo 100 Cr 6, 127
Carburized En 39B (9315 at 0.6% C), 110 Composition: 1.04% C - 0.33% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.023% P -
Composition: 0.66% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.028% S - 0.006% S - 1.63% Cr - 0.20% Cu - <0.01% Mo - 0.31% Ni -
0.020% P - 4.26% Ni - 1.16% Cr - 0.18% Mo <0.01% V
Carburized En 39B (9315 at 0.9% C), 110 X 40 Cr 13 (AISI 420 Stainless Steel), 128
0.026% P - 4.26% Ni - 1.18% Cr - 0.16% Mo 0.010% S - 13.12% Cr - 0.09% Cu - <0.01% Mo - 0.31% Ni -
0.02% V
En 355, 111
X 210 Cr (AISI D3 Tool Steel), 129
0.016% P - 2.00% Ni - 1.66% Cr - 0.19% Mo Composition: 2.08% C - 0.39% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.017% P -
0.012% S - 11.48% Cr - 0.16% Cu - 0.02% Mo - 0.31% Ni -
Carburized En 355, III 0.04% V
0.029% P - 2.10% Ni - 1.70% Cr - 0.20% Mo
20 Mo 5, 130
Composition: 0.23% C - 0.65% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.013% P -
En 353, 112 0.030% S - 0.061% Al - 0.12% Cr - 0.08% Cu - 0.60% Mo -
Composition: 0.18% C - 0.93% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.008% S - 0.06% Ni - 0.03% V
0.016% P - 1.34% Ni - 1.11% Cr - 0.11% Mo 37 MnSi 5, 131
Carburized En 353, 112 Composition: 0.38% C - 1.14% Mn - 1.06% Si - 0.036% P -
Composition: 1.00% C - 0.99% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.012% S - 0.019% S - 0.23% Cr - 0.02% V
0.023% P - 1.42% Ni - 1.12% Cr - 0.11% Mo
16 MnCr 5 (SAE 5115), 132
En 354 (4320), 113 Composition: 0.16% C - 1.12% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.030% P -
Composition: 0.19% C - 0.90% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.016% S - 0.008% S - 0.016% Al - 0.99% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.12% Ni -
0.017% P - 1.87% Ni - 1.08% Cr - 0.18% Mo 0.01% V
Carburized En 354 (4320 at 1% C), 113 50 CrY 4 (SAE 6145), 133
0.029% P - 1.93% Ni - 1.13% Cr - 0.23% Mo 0.016% S - 1.20% Cr - 0.14% Cu - 0.04% Ni - 0.11% V
50 CrY 4 (SAE 6150), 134
GERMAN STEELS, 117 - 161 0.013% S - 1.02% Cr - 0.07% Cu - 0.01% Ni - 0.11% V
0.15% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.20% Cr - 0.31% Y (SAE
Example Page, 117 6115), 135
0.024% S - 1.20% Cr - 0.18% Cu - 0.26% Ni - 0.31% V
Ck 45 0.44% C - 0.66% Mn (SAE 1042), 118 15 CrNi 6, 136
0.029% S - 0.16% Cr - 0.02% V
0.009% S - 0.010% Al - 1.60% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 1.56% Ni -
C 70 W 1 0.76% C - 0.29% Mn (SAE 1078), 119 <0.01% V
Composition: 0.76% C - 0.29% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.008% P - 18 CrNi 8, 136
0.008% S - 0.11% Cr - 0.17% Cu - 0.019% Mo - 0.07% Ni - Composition: 0.16% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.013% P -
0.02% V
0.014% S - 0.03% Al - 1.96% Cr - 0.03% Mo - 2.02% Ni -
C 100 W 1 1.03% C - 0.22% Mn (AISI WI Tool 0.01% V
Steel), 120 14 NiCr 14, 137
Composition: 1.03% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.17% Si - 0.014% P - Composition: 0.13% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.013% P -
0.012% S - 0.07% Cr - 0.14% Cu - 0.01% Mo - 0.10% Ni - 0.012% S - 0.012% Al - 0.78% Cr - 0.16% Cu - 0.04% Mo -
trace V 3.69% Ni
0.48% C - 1.98% Mn, 121 25 CrMo 4 (SAE 4118), 138
0.011% S 0.011% S - 0.97% Cr - 0.16% Cu - 0.23% Mo - 0.33% Ni -
0.98% C - 1.84% Mn, 122 <0.01% V
Composition: 0.98% C - 1.84% Mn - 0.08% Si - 0.023% P - 34 CrMo 4 (SAE 4130), 139
0.011% S Composition: 0.30% C - 0.64% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.011% P -
0.73% C - 1.62% Si (71 Si 7), 123 0.012% S - 1.01% Cr - 0.19% Cu - 0.24% Mo - 0.11% Ni -
Composition: 0.73% C - 0.73% Mn - 1.62% Si - 0.019% P - <0.01% V
0.012 S - 0.10% Cr - 0.19% Cu - 0.12% Ni - 0.01% V 42 CrMo 4 (SAE 4135/4140), 140
0.30% C - 3.03% Ni (SAE 2330), 124 Composition: 0.38% C - 0.64% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.019% P -
Composition: 0.30% C - 0.61%,Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.011% P - 0.013% S - 0.99% Cr - 0.17% Cu - 0.16% Mo - 0.08% Ni -
0.007% S - 0.032% Al - 0.07% Cr - 3.03% Ni - <0.01% Ti <0.01% V
xiii
50 CrMo 4 (SAE 4150), 141 X 30 WCrV 9 3, 156
0.022% S - 1.04% Cr - 0.17% Cu - 0.24% Mo - 0.11% Ni - 0.004% S - 2.57% Cr - 0.03% Mo - 0.04% Ni - 0.35% V -
<0.01% V 8.88% W
20 MoCr 4, 142 X 210 CrW 12, 157
0.011% S - 0.049% Al - <0.0005% B - 0.56% Cr - 0.18% Cu 0.008% S - 11.75% Cr - 0.12% Cu - 0.12% Mo - 0.08% Ni -
- 0.44% Mo - 0.020% N - 0.15% Ni 0.08% V - 0.84% W
Composition: 0.27% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.017% P - 60 WCrV 7, 158
0.022% S - 0.034% Al - 0.002% B - 0.50% Cr ~ 0.45% Mo - Composition: 0.55% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.94% Si - 0.015% P -
0.005% N - 0.11% Ni 0.012% S - 1.27% Cr - 0.05% Mo - 0.12% Ni - 0.18% V -
StE 70 (Cr-Mo-Zr), 143 2.10% W
Composition: 0.17% C - 0.84% Mn - 0.54% Si - 0.019% P - 45 CrVMoW 5 8, 159
0.011% S - 0.031% Al - 0.019% As - 0.89% Cr - 0.07% Cu - Composition: 0.39% C - 0.45% Mn - 0.58% Si - 0.018% P -
0.40% Mo - 0.05% Ni - 0.008% N2 - 0.005% 02 - 0.008% Sn 0.003% S - 1.45% Cr - 0.47% Mo - 0.13% Ni - 0.70% V -
- 0.01% V - 0.09% Zr 0.55% W
StE 47 (Ni-V), 143 B 18 (AISI Tl High Speed Steel), 160
0.023% S - 0.043% Al - 0.019% N - 0.07% Ni - 0.13% V 0.003% S - 3.77% Cr - 0.44% Mo - 0.12% Ni - 1.07% V -
StE 47 (Ni-Ti), 144 18.25% W
Composition: 0.17% C - 1.45% Mn - 0.55% Si - 0.016% P - D, 160
0.017% S - 0.055% Al - 0.74% Ni - 0.18% Ti Composition: 0.87% C - 0.32% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.020% P -
105 WCr 6, 145 0.005% S - 8.99% Cr - 0.80% Mo - 0.11% Ni - 2.52% V -
Composition: 1.03% C - 0.97% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.016% P - 11.91% W
0.018% S - 1.05% Cr - 0.25% Cu - 0.03% Mo - 0.13% Ni - D Mo 5, 161
1.15% W Composition: 0.85% C - 0.31% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.015% P -
0.20% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.97% Cu - 0.55% Ni, 146 0.010% S - 4.15% Cr - 4.79% Mo - 0.18% Ni - 2.01% V -
0.024% S - 0.06% Cr - 0.91% Cu - 0.55% Ni E 18 Co 5 (AISI T4 High Speed Steel), 161
28 NiCrMo 7 4, 147 Composition: 0.80% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.019% P -
Composition: 0.30% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.030% P - 0.005% S - 4.52% Co - 4.34% Cr - 0.78% Mo - 0.30% Ni -
0.025% S - 1.44% Cr - 0.20% Cu - 0.37% Mo - 2.06% Ni - 1.52% V - 17.89% W
<0.01% V
X 45 NiCrMo 4, 148
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.35% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.010% P - FRENCH STEELS, 163 - 220
0.015% S - 1.27% Cr - 0.16% Cu - 0.24% Mo - 4.03% Ni -
0.04% V XC 32 Steel, 165
20 NiMoCr 6, 149 Composition: 0.35% C - 0.69% Mo - 0.31% Si - 0.018% S -
Composition: 0.20% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.15% Si - 0.015% P - 0.011% P - 0.31% Ni - 0.12% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.14% CU
0.020% S - 0.015% Al - <0.0005% B - 0.47% Cr - 0.48% Mo XC 38 Steel, 165
- 1.58% Ni
61 CrSiV 5, 150 0.020% P - 0.02% Ni - 0.21% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.22% Cu -
Composition: 0.58% C - 0.81% Mn - 0.89% Si - 0.013% P - 0.060% Al
0.006% S - 1.27% Cr - 0.14% Cu - 0.02% Mo - 0.06% Ni - XC 42 Steel, 165
0.11% V
X 38 CrMoV 5 1 (AISI H 11 Tool Steel), 151 0.015% P - 0.12% Ni - 0.05% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.13% Cu
Composition: 0.39% C - 0.48% Mn - 0.94% Si - 0.013% P - Composition: 0.44% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.028% S -
0.005% S - 5.53% Cr - 0.20% Cu - 0.87% Mo - 0.04% Ni - 0.038% P - 0.09% Ni - 0.16% Cr - 0.02% Mo
0.48% V
45 CrMoV 6 7, 152 XC 55 Steel, 166
Composition: 0.48% C - 0.75% Mn - 0.27 % Si - 0.011% P -
0.020% P - 0.24% Ni - 0.09% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.52% Cu -
0.011% S - 1.81% Cr - 0.72% Mo - 0.11% Ni - 0.23% V <0.03% V
StE 47 (Cu-Ni-V), 153 Composition: 0.52% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.017% S -
Composition: 0.12% C - 1.28% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.015% P - 0.020% P - 0.05% Ni - <0.04% Cr - <0.05% Mo
0.016% S - 0.024% Al - 0.67% Cu - 0.62% Ni - 0.15% V XC 70 Steel, 166
StE 47 (Cu-Ni-Ti), 153 Composition: 0.75% C - 0.75% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.010% S -
Composition: 0.12% C - 1.28% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.015% P - 0.012% P - 0.43% Ni - 0.06% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.56% Cu -
0.016% S - 0.021% Al - 0.67% Cu - 0.62% Ni - 0.18% Ti <0.03% V
56 NiCrMoV 7, 154 Composition: 0.72% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.026% S -
Composition: 0.52% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.010% P - 0.031% P
0.010% S - 1.09% Cr - 0.43% Mo - 1.72% Ni - 0.14% V 55 S 7 Steel, 167
X 30 WCrV 5 3, 155 Composition: 0.55% C - 0.61% Mn - 1.68% Si - 0.014% S -
Composition: 0.28% C - 0.39% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0.020% P - 0.012% P - 0.19% Ni - 0.05% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.20% Cu -
0.006% S - 2.35% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.06% Ni - 0.53% V - trace V - 0.05% Ti
4.10% W 35 M 5 Steel, 167
0.018% P - 0.24% Ni - 0.11% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.19% Cu -
0.010% Al
xiv
45 M 5 Steel, 168 35 NC 6 Steel, 177
0.015% P - 0.02% Ni - 0.15% Cr - 0.19% Cu 0.014% P - 0.93% Ni - 0.80% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.10% Cu -
25 M 6 Steel, 169 0.010% V
Composition: 0.24% C - 1.58% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.014% S - 10 NC 6 Steel, 177
0.016% P - 0.20% Ni - 0.24% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.12% Cu - Composition: 0.11% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.006% S -
0.018% Co 0.017% P - 1.59% Ni - 0.64% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.31% Cu -
10 N 14 Steel, 169 <0.03% V
0.010% P - 3.47% Ni - 0.10% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.15% Cu - Composition: 0.16% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.30% Si - <0.010% S -
0.007% AI 0.013% P - 1.38% Ni - 0.82% Cr - 0.09% Mo - 0.11% Cu
Z 10 N 5 Steel, 169 20 NC 6 Steel, 178
0.025% P - 6.00% Ni - 0.23% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.14% Cu 0.018% P - 1.52% Ni - 0.81% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.20% Cu -
Zl0N9Steel, 170 <0.030% V
Composition: 0.09% C - 0.51% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.008% S - 14NC 11 Steel, 179
0.012% AI 0.013% P - 2.69% Ni - 0.70% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.18% Cu
32 C 4 Steel, 170 35 NC 15 Steel, 179
0.021% P - 0.26% Ni - 1.08% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.17% Cu 0.013% P - 3.74% Ni - 1.86% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.13% Cu -
38 C 4 Steel, 171 0.002% Ti
42 C 4 Steel, 171 0.016% V
0.030% P - 0.46% Ni - 0.96% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.18% Cu Composition: 0.32% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.008% S -
100 C 6 Steel, 172 0.017% P - 2.96% Ni - 0.69% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.31% Cu -
Composition: 1.00% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.030% S - <0.030% V - 0.06% W
0.013% P - 0.21% Ni - 1.71% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.14% Cu- 50 CD 4 Steel, 180
0.010% V - 0.02% Ti Composition: 0.62% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.011% S -
Z 40 C 14 Steel, 172 0.013% P - 0.17% Ni - 1.00% Cr - 0.22% Mo - 0.38% Cu -
Composition: 0.42% C - 0.16% Mn - 0.44% Si - 0.049% S - <0.06% V
0.042% P - 0.27% Ni - 13.40% Cr - 0.08% Cu 18 CD 4 Steel, 181
60 SC 7 Steel, 173 Composition: 0.17% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.026% S -
Composition: 0.66% C - 0.88% Mn - 1.62% Si - 0.006% S - 0.020% P - 0.21% Ni - 1.06% Cr - 0.24% Mo - 0.18% Cu -
0.032% P - 0.07% Ni - 0.74% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.03% Cu 0.006% V - 0.032% Ti
0.016% P - 0.07% Ni - 0.61% Cr - 0.10% Cu 0.014% P - 0.14% Ni - 0.84% Cr - 0.20% Mo
40 CV 5 Steel, 173 25 CD 4 Steel, 181
0.013% P - 0.03% Ni - 1.29% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.06% Cu - 0.018% P - 0.19% Ni - 1.10% Cr - 0.22% Mo - 0.16% Cu
0.120% V 35 CD 4 Steel, 182
50 CV 4 Steel, 174 Composition: 0.37% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.010% S -
Composition: 0.63% C - 0.81% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.016% S - 0.019% P - <0.17% Ni - 1.00% Cr - 0.18% Mo - 0.10% Cu
0.100% V 0.019% P - 0.16% Ni - 0.96% Cr - 0.28% Mo
90 MV 8 Steel, 174 100 CD 7 Steel, 182
0.016% P - 0.06% Ni - 0.02% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.04% Cu - 0.012% P - 0.17% Ni - 2.06% Cr - 0.18% Mo - 0.13% Cu
0.17% V - 0.06% w 30 CD 12 Steel, 183
15 MDV 4-05 Steel, 175 Composition: 0.30% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.016% S -
Composition: 0.14% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.017% S - 0.010% P - 0.17% Ni - 2.99% Cr - 0.43% Mo - 0.13% Cu
0.016% P - 0.16% Ni - 0.10% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.15% Cu - Z 15 CD 5-05 Steel, 183
0.066% V Composition: 0.11% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.016% S -
16 MC 5 Steel, 175 0.016% P - 0.23% Ni - 4.48% Cr - 0.62% Mo - 0.16% Cu
Composition: 0.18% C - 1.10% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.026% S - 45 SC 6 Steel, 184
0.023% P - 0.28% Ni - 1.02% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.18% Cu Composition: 0.43% C - 0.96% Mn - 1.38% Si - <0.010% S -
90 M 5 Steel, 176 0.012% P - 0.03% Ni - 1.06% Cr - <0.10% Mo - <0.06% Cu
Composition: 0.93% C - 1.26% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.007% S - - 0.035% V
0.020% P - 0.24% Ni - 0.60% Cr - 0.16% Cu 45 SCD 6 Steel, 184
50 NC 2 Steel, 176 Composition: 0.46% C - 0.66% Mn - 1.31% Si - 0.006% S -
0.010% P - 0.48% Ni - 0.62% Cr - 0.03% Mo - 0.12% Cu <0.06% V - trace Ti
0.016% P - 0.24% Ni - 0.68% Cr - 0.19% Mo - 0.03%
xv
45 MS 6 Steel, 185 30 CND 8 Steel, 194
Composition: 0.45% C - 1.50% Mn - 1.34% Si - <0.010% S - Composition: 0.30% C - 0.56% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.014% S -
0.017% P - 0.03% Ni - 0.03% Cr - <0.01% Mo - 0.09% Cu - 0.012% P - 1.75% Ni - 1.85% Cr - 0.49% Mo
15 MDV 4-05 Steel, 185 0.018% P - 2.10% Ni - 2.30% Cr - 0.64% Mo - 0.19% Cu
Composition: 0.14% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.017% S - 30 NCD 12 Steel, 194
0.065% V 0.015% P - 3.20% Ni - 0.86% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.17% Cu
20 CDV 5-08 Steel, 186 40 NCD 18 Steel, 195
0.250% V - 0.028% AI 20 ND 16 Steel, 195
0.017% P - 1.40% Cr - 0.96% Mo - 0.270% V
0.017% P - 3.85% Ni - 0.25% Cr - 0.94% Mo - 0.17% Cu
10 CD 9-10 Steel, 186 40 CAD 6-12 Steel, 196
0.022% P - 0.09% Ni - 2.24% Cr - 0.85% Mo - 0.23% Cu -
0.012% P - 0.21% Ni - 1.65% Cr - 0.23% Mo - 0.15% Cu -
0.097% AI- 0.01% Ti
1.100% Al
28 CDV 5-08 Steel, 187 18 CDSV 5 Steel, 196
0.014% P - 0.18% Ni - 1.65% Cr - 0.84% Mo - 0.07% Cu -
0.010% P - 0.25% Ni - 1.22% Cr - 1.05% Mo - 0.19% Cu -
0.380% V
0.460% V - 0.030% Ti
Z 38 CDV 5 Steel, 187 100 WC 40 Steel, 197
0.011% P - 4.90% Cr - 1.07% Mo - 0.09% Cu - 0.350% V
0.015% P - 0.17% Ni - 0.63% Cr - 0.28% Mo - 0.11% Cu -
30 NCD 2 Steel, 188 0.280% V - 3.66% W
Composition: 0.28% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.014% S - 15 NCDV 11 Steel, 197
0.011% P - 0.43% Ni - 0.70% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.20% Cu
20 NCD 2 Steel, 188 0.010% P - 2.59% Ni - 0.67% Cr - 0.49% Mo - 0.20% Cu -
Composition: 0.21% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.002% S - 0.080% V
0.017% P - 0.65% Ni - 0.57% Cr - 0.26% Mo - 0.15% Cu 55 NCDV 7-05 Steel, 198
40 NCD 3 Steel, 189 Composition: 0.58% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.39% Si - 0.012% S -
0.018% P - 0.58% Ni - 0.56% Cr - 0.28% Mo - 0.10% Cu 0.100% V
35 NCD 5 Steel, 189 Z 38 CDWV 5 Steel, 198
50 NCD 6 Steel, 190 0.500% V - 1.80% W
Composition: 0.49% C - 0.57% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.012% S - XC 48 Steel, 199
28 NCD 6 Steel, 190 0.031% P
Composition: 0.29% C - 0.78% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.009% S - E 36 Steel, 199
0.010% Ti 0.022% P - 0.007% N - 0.054% Al
20 NCD 7 Steel, 191 35 M 6 Steel, 199
0.013% P - 2.02% Ni - 0.38% Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.07% Cu - 0.026% P - 0.17% Ni - 0.08% Cr - 0.02% Mo
0.010% AI 19 M Nb 6 Steel, 199
20 NCD 10 Steel, 191 Composition: 0.19% C - 1.39% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.019% S -
Composition: 0.17% C - 1.23% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.013% S - 0.029% P - 0.043% Nb - 0.007% N - 0.046% AI
0.015% P - 2.45% Ni - 0.94% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.011% N2 - 17 MV Az 6 Steel, 200
0.042% AI Composition: 0.17% C - 1.50% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.018% S -
60 NCD 11 Steel, 192 0.017% P - 0.110% V - 0.025% N - 0.082% AI
Composition: 0.57% C - 0.65% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.005% S - 22 N 8 Steel, 200
32 CND 11 Steel, 192 0.021% P - 2.06% Ni - 0.15% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.18% Cu
Composition: 0.31% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.010% S - 20 NCD 8 Steel, 200
16 NCD 13 Steel, 193 0.019% P - 2.00% Ni - 0.39% Cr - 0.09% Mo - 0.05% Cu
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.013% S - 20 ND 8 Steel, 200
35 NCD 16 Steel, 193 0.015% P - 2.10% Ni - 0.05% Cr - 0.32% Mo - 0.10% Cu
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.39% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.005% S - 10 CAD 8 Steel, 201
Composition: 0.34% C - 0.35% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.006% S - 0.020% P - 2.18% Cr - 0.31% Mo - 0.485% AI
0.008% P - 3.55% Ni - 1.54% Cr - 0.31% Mo - 0.008% N2
xvi
30 CAD 6-12 Steel, 201 Z 30 C 13 Steel, 206
0.012% P - 0.13% Ni - 1.66% Cr - 0.22% Mo - 1.050% Al 0.023% P - 0.18% Ni - 12.32% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.12% Cu
14 NCD 4 Steel, 201 <0.06% V
Composition: 0.13% C - 1.08% Mn - 0.14% Si - 0.020% S - 70 C 1 Steel, 206
0.027% P - 1.13% Ni - 0.88% Cr - 0.40% Mo Composition: 0.72% C - 0.36% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.050% S -
18 NCD 6 Steel, 201 0.011% P 0.06% Ni - 0.28% Cr - 0.049% Cu
80 DCV 42-16 Steel, 202 0.010% P - 0.10% Ni - 0.78% Cr - 0.05% Mo - 0.12% Cu
0.021% P - 4.28% Cr - 3.98% Mo - 1.080% V Composition: 0.97% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.006% S -
40 NDCV 18-11 Steel, 202 0.010% P - 0.06% Ni - 0.77% Cr - <0.01% Mo - 0.04% Cu
Composition: 0.41% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.006% S - 30 MS 6 Steel, 207
0.017% P - 4.80% Ni - 0.64% Cr - 1.13% Mo - 0.520% V Composition: 0.29% C - 1.33% Mn - 1.30% Si - 0.016% S -
Z 40 WCV 5 Steel, 202 0.008% P - 0.12% Ni - 0.10% Cu
Composition: 0.38% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.022% S - 30 SC 6 Steel, 207
0.018% P - 0.08% Ni - 3.23% Cr - 0.44% Mo - 0.580% V - Composition: 0.28% C - 0.92% Mn - 1.49% Si - 0.018% S -
4.16% W 0.001% P - 0.12% Ni - 0.99% Cr - 0.10% Cu
Z 30 WCV 9 Steel, 202 12 NC 15 Steel, 207
0.008% P - 0.10% Ni - 2.45% Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.360% V - 0.008% P - 3.42% Ni - 0.86% Cr - 0.08% Mo - 0.16% Cu
8.70% W 40 NC 18 Steel. 208
Z 20 CDNbV 11 Steel, 203 Composition: 0.42% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.012% S -
0.017% P - 0.60% Ni - 11.30% Cr - 0.76% Mo - 0.370% V - 0.02% Al
0.410% Nb - 0.070% N2 20 ND 8 Steel, 208
Z 65 WDCV 06-05 Steel, 203 Composition: 0.21% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.010% S -
Composition: 0.66% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.17% Ni - 0.008% P - 1.84% Ni - 0.07% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.09% Cu
4.00% Cr - 6.00% Mo - 1.800% V - 7.00% W - 0.40% Co 12 ND 16 Steel, 208
Z 60 WCV 18 Steel, 203 Composition: 0.08% C - 0.36% Mn - 0.06% Si - 0.020% S -
Composition: 0.60% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.19% Si - 0.20% Ni - 0.010% P - 4.06% Ni - 0.07% Cr - 0.88% Mo - 0.16% Cu
4.66% Cr - 1.00% Mo - 1.360% V - 17.80% W - 0.72% CO 30 C 5 Steel, 208
XC 38 Steel, 203 Composition: 0.30% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.016% S -
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.016% S - 0.012% P - 0.09% Ni - 1.28% Cr - 0.09% Cu - 0.060% V
0.020% P - 0.20% Ni - 0.21% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.22% Cu - 30 CV 5 Steel, 209
0.060% Al Composition: 0.32% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.016% S -
XC 38 Steel, 204 0.007% P - 0.11% Ni - 1.30% Cr - 0.10% Mo - 0.13% Cu -
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.69% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.019% S - 0.126% V
0.017% P - 0.06% Ni - 0.04% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.013% N2 140 C 10 Steel, 209
Y 1 90 Steel, 204 Composition: 1.43% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.013% S -
0.012% P - 0.20% Ni - 0.12% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.62% Cu - 0.016% V
0.03% V 100 WC 10 Steel, 209
Y 1 120 Steel, 204 Composition: 1.16% C - 0.38% Mn - 0.38% Si - 0.008% S -
0.015% P - 0.09% Ni - 0.04% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.08% Cu 1.20% W
41 S 7 Steel, 205 30 SCD 6 Steel, 209
0.043% P - 0.18% Ni - 0.06% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.22% Cu - 0.066% P - <0.06% Ni - 0.92% Cr - 0.22% Mo - 0.03% Cu
trace V - 0.03% Ti 45 SCD 6 Steel, 210
Z 120 M 12 Steel, 205 Composition: 0.60% C - 1.05% Mn - 1.48% Si - 0.044% S -
Composition: 1.28% C - 12.35% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.009% S - 0.048% P - <0.06% Ni - 1.20% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.04% Cu
0.031% P - 0.28% Ni - 0.01% Mo - 0.23% Cu Z 40 CSD 10 Steel, 210
ION 8 Steel, 205 Composition: 0.30% C - 0.48% Mn - 2.20% Si - 0.012% S -
Composition: 0.08% C - 0.29% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0.035% S - <0.006% P - 0.12% Ni - 10.60% Cr - 1.00% Mo - 0.07% Cu
0.007% P - 2.06% Ni - 0.08% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.13% Cu 0.012% V
Z 12 C 13 Steel, 205 18 NCD-4 Steel, 210
0.020% V - 0.06% W 120 NCD 5-02 Steel, 210
18 C 3 Steel, 206 Composition: 1.18% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.011% S -
Composition: 0.20% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.010% S - 0.022% P - 1.13% Ni - 0.49% Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.10% Cu
0.010% P - 0.27% Ni - 0.79% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.02% Cu 30 NCD 8 Steel, 211
Composition: 0.32% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.27% Si - 1.90% Ni -
1.80% Cr - 0.68% Mo
xvii
30 NC 12 Steel, 211 Z 130 WCV 12-04-04 Steel, 217
0.008% P - 3.38% Ni - 0.83% Cr - 0.03% Mo - 0.13% Cu 0.023% P - 0.16% Ni - 4.18% Cr - 0.87% Mo - 4.360% V -
35 NC 11 Steel, 211 11.00% W
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.59% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.026% S - Z 80 WCDX 12-04-02-02 Steel, 217
10 NC 12 Steel, 212 0.032% P - 0.20% Ni - 4.10% Cr - 1.60% Mo - 2.060% V -
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.33% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.006% S - 12.10% W
0.010% P - 3.02% Ni - 0.68% Cr - 0.19% Mo - 0.14% Cu Z 85 WCV 18-04-02 Steel, 217
14 NC 12 Steel, 212 Composition: 0.79% C - 0.17% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.026% S -
Composition: 0.15% C - 0.32% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.006% S - 0.036% P - 0.08% Ni - 4.00% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 2.110% V -
18.16% W - 0.17% Co
0.016% P - 3.09% Ni - 0.84% Cr - 0.14% Mo - 0.12% Cu
32 NCD 15 Steel, 212 Z 30 WCKV 09-03 Steel, 218
0.026% P - 0.64% Ni - 2.80% Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.240% V -
0.010% P - 3.33% Ni - 1.20% Cr - 0.60% Mo - 0.15% Cu -
8.77% W - 2.06% Co
<0.03% V - 0.08% W
30 NCD 12 Steel, 213 Z 80 WKCV 18-05-04-01 Steel, 218
Composition: 0.30% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.30% Si - 3.20% Ni - Composition: 0.80% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.28% Si - 3.80% Cr -
0.86% Cr - 0.40% Mo 1.060% V - 17.40% W - 4.62% Co
35 NCD 16 Steel, 213 Z 80 WKCV 18-10-04-02 Steel, 218
0.010% P - 3.70% Ni - 1.66% Cr - 0.23% Mo - 0.12% Cu 0.018% P - 4.40% Cr - 0.37% Mo - 1.600% V - 19.20% W -
9.30% Co
16 NC 18 Steel, 213
Composition: 0.89% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.18% Si - 3.90% Cr -
Composition: 0.15% C - 0.48% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.010% Si -
1.030% V - 19.10% W - 9.66% Co
0.012% P - 4.21% Ni - 1.00% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.21% Cu
100 CV 6 Steel, 214 Z 150 WKVC 12-05-05-04 Steel, 219
0.031% P - 3.72% Cr - 0.47% Mo - 0.09% Cu - 4.100% V -
0.006% P - 0.68% Ni - 1.62% Cr - <0.01% Mo - 0.06% Cu - 13.70% W - 6.00% Co
0.174% V
Z 100 CDV 5 Steel, 214 Z 165 WKVC 12-10-05-04 Steel, 219
0.021% P - 4.60% Cr - 0.66% Mo - 6.060% V - 11.64% W -
0.016% P - 6.20% Cr - 1.07% Mo - 0.09% Cu - 0.420% V 11.36% Co
45 WC 20-04 Steel, 214 55 NCDV 7 Steel, 219
0.010% P - 0.14% Ni - 1.20% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.21% Cu - 0.014% P - 1.66% Ni - 1.00% Cr - 0.36% Mo - 0.11% Cu -
0.013% V - 2.34% W 0.220% V - 0.08% W
Composition: 0.46% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.007% S - Z 80 WDCV 6 Steel, 219
0.019% P - 0.44% Ni - 1.26% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.14% Cu -
0.360% V - 2.20% W Composition: 0.76% C - 0.26% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.031% S -
0.026% P - 4.64% Cr - 6.76% Mo - 2.060% V - 6.60% W -
40 WCDS 35-12 Steel, 215 0.86% Co
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.010% S - Z 85 WDKCV 06-05-05-04-02 Steel, 220
0.032% P - 0.12% Ni - 2.86% Cr - 0.16% Mo - 0.14% Cu -
0.260% V - 3.39% W Composition: 0.84% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.014% S -
0.026% P - 4.36% Cr - 4.96% Mo - 1.830% V - 6.48% W -
Z 80 WCV 18-04-01 Steel, 215 4.86% Co
Composition: 0.81% C - 0.17% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.019% S - Z 130 WDCV 06-05-04-04 Steel, 220
0.018% P - 0.08% Ni - 4.26% Cr - 0.09% Mo - 1.080% V -
17.60% W - 0.06% Co Composition: 1.29% C - 0.26% Mn - 0.43% Si - 0.006% S -
0.026% P - 4.42% Cr - 4.10% Mo - 4.000% V - 6.64% W -
35 NC 15 Steel, 215 0.37% Co
Composition: 0.38% C - 0.44% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.003% S - Z 110 DKCWV 09-08-04-02-01 Steel, 220
0.018% P - 3.40% Ni - 1.60% Cr - 0.16% Mo - 0.13% Cu -
0.023% P - 3.91% Cr - 9.60% Mo - 1.210% V - 1.47% W -
35 NCDV 10 Steel, 216 8.36% Co
1.80% Cr - 0.63% Mo - 0.15% V - 0.20% Cu
Z 200 C 12 Steel, 216
Composition: 1.78% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.010% S - BENELUX STEELS, 221 - 242
0.026% P - 0.36% Ni - 11.70% Cr - 0.61% Mo - 0.090% V -
0.63% W Example Page, 223
Z 160 CDV 12 Steel, 216
0.020% P - 0.26% Ni - 12.46% Cr - 0.64% Mo - 0.10% Cu - 032 (SAE 1035), 224
0.66% V - 0.28% W Composition: 0.36% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.032%
Z 85 DCWV 08-04-02-02 Steel, 217 S - 0.012% P
Composition: 0.86% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.023% S - 034 (SAE 1045), 224
0.024% P - 4.03% Cr - 8.00% Mo - 1.380% V - 1.43% W -
Composition: 0.46% C - 0.69% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.03% S
0.19% Co
- 0.016% P - 0.06% Ni - 0.06% Cr - 0.14% Cu
xviii
038, 224 183 (SAE 6150), 231
Composition: 0.771% C - 0.784% Mn - 0.16% Si - Composition: 0.53% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.01% S
0.021% S - 0.013% P - 0.015% P - 1.23% Cr - 0.27% V
041 (SAE 1330), 225 311 (AISI D 1 Tool Steel, 231
Composition: 0.26% C - 1.48% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.015% Composition: 0.90% C - 1.07% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.49%
S - 0.015% P - 0.08% Ni - 0.02% Cr - 0,01% Mo - Cr - 0.63% W
0.14% Cu 273, 232
045, 225 Composition: 0.33% C - 0.38% Mn - 0.30% Si - 1.06%
Composition: 0.36% C - 1.59% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.03% S Cr-1.01% W
- 0.02% P 272, 232
Composition: 0.09% C - 0.45% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.01% S Cr-1.68% W
- 0.02% P - 0.18% Ni - 12.30% Cr 509, 232
287 (AISI D3 Tool Steel), 226 Composition: 0.21% C - 1.46% Mn - 0.38% Si - 0.019%
Composition: 2.09% C - 0.52% Mn - 0.33% Si - 12.76% S - 0.016% P - 0.45% Mo
Cr 007, 233
Composition: 0.145% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.02% Si - 0.005% S - 0.025% P - 0.39% Cr - 0.005% Al - 0.11% Nb
S - 0.012% P - 9.12% Ni 275, 233
507, 226 Composition: 0.46% C - 0.39% Mn-1.40% Si - 0.30% Ni
Composition: 0.315% C - 0.14% Mn - 0.01% Si - 0.006% - 1.41% Cr - 0.10% V - 0.0017% Bo
S - 0.01% P - 9.12% Ni 005, 233
506, 227 Composition: 0.224% C - 1.498% Mn - 0.226% Si -
Composition: 0.14% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.01% Si - 0.005% 0.02% S - 0.022% P - 0.037% Ni - 0.33% Cr - 0.195%
S - 0.09% P - 9.12% Ni - 4.07% Co Mo - 0.054% Al
508, 227 297, 234
S - 0.09% P - 9.05% Ni - 4.07% Co S - 0.009% P - 0.98% Cr - 1.40% Mo
004, 227 312 (AISI 02 Tool Steel), 234
Composition: 0.22% C - 1.25% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.04% S Composition: 0.85% C - 1.98% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.46%
- 0.03% P - 0.33% Cr Cr - 0.14% V
091 (SAE 34/35), 228 150 (SAE 8620), 234
Composition: 0.285% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.30% Si-2.55% Composition: 0.20% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.017%
Ni - 0.71% Cr S - 0,018% P - 0.58% Ni - 0.49% Cr - 0.18% Mo
144, 228 454, 235
S - 0.015% P-4.15% Ni - 0.86% Cr S - 0.027% P - 0.75% Ni - 1.70% Cr - 0.36% Mo -
092, 228 0.04% Cu
Composition: 0.34% C - 0.49% Mn - 0.30% Si-4.30% Ni 458, 235
- 1.16% Cr Composition: 1.485% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.46% Si - 0.028%
455, 229 S - 0.028% P - 0.40% Ni - 1.24% Cr - 0.55% Mo
Composition: 0.14% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.67% Si - 0.012% 113 (SAE 4340), 235
S - 0.024% P - 2.95% Ni - 17.98% Cr - 0.06% Mo - Composition: 0.43% C - 0.49% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.008%
0.04% Al - 0.10% Co - 0.10% Cu S - 0.02% P - 1.51% Ni - 1.10% Cr - 0.33% Mo
085 (SAE 4125), 229 453, 236
S - 0.018% P - 0.175% Ni - 1.065% Cr - 0.255% Mo S - 0.015% P - 3.43% Ni - 1.36% Cr - 0.23% Mo -
081 (SAE 1435), 229 0.041% Al - 0.19% Cu
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.018% 295, 236
0.10% Cu S - 0.011% P - 3.14% Ni - 1.02% Cr - 0.34% Mo
082 (SAE 4140), 230 504, 236
Composition: 0.41% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.022%
Composition: 0.25% C - 0.469% Mn - 0.235% Si -
S - 0.035% P - 0.165% Ni - 1.005% Cr - 0.18% Mo
0.023% S - 0.007% P - 3.65% Ni - 1.65% Cr - 0.395%
280, 230 Mo - 0.008% N2 - 0.013% Al
0.19% Cu - 0.025% Al S - 0.02% P - 4.04% Ni - 1.99% Cr - 0.54% Mo - 0.28%
503, 230 Cu
S - 0.015% P-1.60% Cr - 0.30% Mo Composition: 0.37% C - 0.58% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.007%
290 (AISI A2 Tool Steel), 231 S - 0.021% P - 0.53% Ni - 16.20% Cr - 1.10% Mo
S - 0.018% P - 0.26% Ni - 4.90% Cr-1.03% Mo - 0.22% Composition: 0.325% C - 0.54% Mn - 0.22% Si - 1.103%
Cu - 0.02% Al
Cr - 0.63% Mo - 0.17% V
xix
451, 238 Molybdenum Steel Series, 246
Composition: 0.20% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.57% Si - 0.009% Composition: Fe - 0.05% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.5% Cr
S - 0.016% P - 0.23% Ni - 1.18% Cr - 1.15% Mo - - 0% Mo
0.27% V Composition: Fe - 0.05% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.5% Cr
368, 238 - 0.15% Mo
Composition: 0.28% C - 0.24% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.005% Composition: Fe - 0.05% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.5% Cr
- 0.30% Mo
S - 0.024% P - 0.18% Ni - 2.68% Cr - 2.84% Mo -
Composition: Fe - 0.05% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.5% Cr
0.50% V
- 0.38% Mo
294 (AISI D2 Tool Steel), 238 Composition: Fe - 0.05% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.5% Cr
Composition: 1.62% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.48% Si - 0.01% S - 0.50% Mo
- 0.024% P - 12.44% Cr - 0.80% Mo - 0.83% V Silicon Steel Series, 247
271 (AISI S1 Tool Steel), 239 Composition: Fe - 0.07% C - 0.93% Mn - 0.99% Si - 0.27%
Composition: 0.415% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.52% Si - 1.40% Mo - 0.32% Cr
Cr - 0.31% V - 2.28% W Composition: Fe - 0.07% C - 0.93% Mn - 1.50% Si - 0.27%
367 (H 13), 239 Mo - 0.32% Cr
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.94% Si - 0.015% Composition: Fe - 0.07% C - 0.93% Mn - 2.00% Si - 0.27%
S - 0.02% P - 4.80% Cr - 1.34% Mo - 1.19% V Mo - 0.32% Cr
006, 239 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si Steels (Mo
Composition: 0.18% C - 1.36% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.025% Additions), 248
S - 0.014% P - 0.91% Ni - 0.26% Cr - 0.37% Mo - Composition: Fe - 0.10% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.29% Si
0.057% V - 0.048% Al Composition: Fe - 0.09% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.28%
502, 240 Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.10% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.54%
Mo
Ni - 0.77% Cr - 0.25% Mo - 0.19% V
501, 240 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - B Steels (Mo
Additions), 249
Composition: 0.096% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.0048% B
S - 0.012% P - 2.657% Ni - 1.276% Cr - 0.51% Mo -
0.203% V - 0.002% Al Composition: 0.097% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.26% Mo -
0.0050% B
452, 240 Composition: 0.093% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.51% Mo -
Composition: 1.16% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.57% Si - 0.009% 0.0054% B
S - 0.006% P - 0.71% Ni - 1.79% Cr - 0.27% Mo - 0.37% C - 0.5% Mn - 0.30% Si Steels (Mo
1.30% W
354, 241 Additions), 250
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.49% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.0033% Mo
Composition: 0.545% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.26% Si-4.12%
Ni - 1.16% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.80% W
361 (AISI H 21 Tool Steel), 241 0.40% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si Steels (Mo
Additions), 251
S - 0.013% P - 0.31% Ni - 2.36% Cr - 0.22% Mo -
0.32% V - 8.59% W - 0.16% Cu - 0.013% Al Composition: 0.40% C - 0.83% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.01% Mo
411 (AISI Tool Steel), 241 Composition: 0.40% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.35% Si - 0.53% Mo
Composition: 0.95% C - 0.24% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.018% Composition: 0.40% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.79% Mo
S - 0.006% P - 4.64% Cr - 4.80% Mo - 2.45% V - 7.12% 0.39% C - 0.8% Mn - 1.5% Si Steels (Mo
W
365 (H 11 Tool Steel), 242 Additions), 252
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.48% Mn-1.01% Si - 0.01% S -
0.014% P - 0.36% Ni - 5.13% Cr - 1.72% Mo - 0.50% V
- 0.25% W - 0.13% Cu - 0.015% Al - 0.11% Co Composition: 0.37% C - 0.80% Mn - 1.47% Si - 0.79% Mo
405 (T 15 Tool Steel), 242 0.10% C - 1.4% Mn - 0.3% Si - B Steels (Mo
Additions), 253
S - 0.005% P - 4.42% Cr - 0.70% Mo - 4.55% V -
Composition: 0.088% C - 1.45% Mn - 0.35% Si - 0.0055% B
12.99% W - 4.97% Co
Composition: 0.10% C - 1.46% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.26% Mo -
412, 242 0.0051% B
Composition: 1.19% C - 0.31% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.021% Composition: 0.11% C - 1.43% Mn - 0.35% Si - 0.52% Mo -
S - 0.01% P - 4.54% Cr - 5.10% Mo - 3.29% V - 7.92% 0.0062% B
W - 12.27% Co 0.40% C - 1.3% Mn - 0.3% Si - B Steels (Mo
Additions), 254
MOLYBDENUM STEELS, 243 - 296 Composition: 0.40% C - 1.32% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.004% Mo -
0.004% B
Chromium Steel Series, 245 0.003% B
Composition: Fe - 0.05% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.40% 0.003% B
Mo - 0% Cr
0.39% C - 1.4% Mn - 0.3% Si Steels (Mo
Mo - 0.16% Cr Additions), 255
Composition: Fe - 0.05% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.40% Composition: 0.39% C - 1.46% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.03% Mo
Mo - 0.30% Cr Composition: 0.40% C - 1.47% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.26% Mo
Composition: Fe - 0.50% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.40% Composition: 0.39% C - 1.45% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.49% Mo
Mo - 0.48% Cr Composition: 0.38% C - 1.45% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.76% Mo
xx
0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.3% Ni - B 0.40% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 4.5% Ni Steels
Steels (Mo Additions), 256 (Mo Additions), 264
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.33% Ni - Composition: 0.41% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.36% Si - 4.45% Ni -
0.0040% B 0.01% Mo
0.24% Mo - 0.0047% B 0.26% Mo
0.63% Mo - 0.0063% B 0.47% Mo
0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 1.4% Ni - B 0.40% C - 0.3% Mn - 0.2% Si - 4% Co Steels
Steels (Mo Additions), 257 (Mo Additions), 265
Composition: 0.097% C - 0.69% Mn - 0.31% Si - 1.46% Ni - Composition: 0.40% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.17% Si - 0.01% Mo -
0.0048% B 3.76% Co
0.26% Mo - 0.0063% B 3.72% Co
0.61% Mo - 0.0068% B 3.90% Co
0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 3.0% Ni - B 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.3% Cr - B
Steels (Mo Additions), 258 Steels (Mo Additions), 266
0.0062% B 0.0038% B
0.24% Mo - 0.0060% B 0.26% Mo - 0.0046% B
0.55% Mn - 0.0067% B 0.60% Mo - 0.0067% B
0.20% C - 0.6% Mn - 0.3% Si - 3.0% Ni Steels 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.7% Cr - B
(Mo Additions), 259 Steels (Mo Additions), 267
0.004% Mo 0.0036% B
0.26% Mo 0.22% Mo - 0.0062% B
0.51% Mo 0.61% Mo - 0.0060% B
0.36% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.7% Ni Steels 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 1.4% Cr - B
(Mo Additions), 260 Steels (Mo Additions), 268
0.02% Mo 0.0069% B
0.24% Mo 0.26% Mn - 0.0069% B
0.49% Mo 0.66% Mo - 0.0066% B
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.72% Ni - Composition: 0.10% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.33% Si - 1.43% Cr-
0.82% Mo 1.03% Mo - 0.0064% B
0.37% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 1.4% Ni Steels 0.35% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.3% Cr Steels
(Mo Additions), 261 (Mo Additions), 269
0.02% Mo 0.01% Mo
0.24% Mo 0.24% Mo
0.47% Mo 0.61% Mo
0.74% Mo 0.78% Mo
0.36% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 2.6% Ni Steels 0.40% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.3% Cr Steels
0.02% Mo 0.01% Mo
0.24% Mo 0.26% Mo
dComposition: 0.36% C - 0.83% Mn - 0.36% Si - 2.60% Ni - Composition: 0.41% C - 0.84% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.36% Cr-
0.49% Mo 0.49% Mo
0.78% Mo 0.77% Mo
0.39% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 3.5% Ni Steels
(Mo Additions), 263
Composition: 0.39% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.39% Si - 3.63% Ni-
0.02% Mo
0.24% Mo
0.48% Mo
x xi
0.37% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.7% Cr Steels 0.39% C - 0.8% Mn - 1.5% Si - 0.7% Cr Steels
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.74% Cr- Composition: 0.40% C - 0.84% Mn - 1.60% Si - 0.74% Cr -
0.02% Mo 0.02% Mo
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.39% Si - 0.73% Cr - Composition: 0.40% C - 0.84% Mn - 1.60% Si - 0.74% Cr-
0.26% Mo 0.26% Mo
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.84% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.74% Cr - Composition: 0.39% C - 0.84% Mn - 1.49% Si - 0.73% Cr -
0.60% Mo 0.52% Mo
0.76% Mo 0.77% Mo
SAE 4140, 272 0.37% C - 1.4% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.7% Cr Steels
Composition: 0.39% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.26% Si - 1.00% Cr - (Mo Additions), 280
0.21% Mo Composition: 0.38% C - 1.60% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.77% Cr-
SAE 4150, 272 0.02% Mo
Composition: 0.63% C - 0.83% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.92% Cr - Oompoaitlon: 0.37% C - 1.49% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.77% Cr -
0.21% Mo 0.26% Mo
0.36% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 1.5% Cr Steels Composition: 0.36% C - 1.47% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.76% Cr -
0.60% Mo
(Mo Additions), 273 Composition: 0.36% C - 1.46% Mn - 0.42% Si - 0.76% Cr -
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.37% Si - 1.64% Cr - 0.78% Mo
0.01% Mo 0.12% C - 0.85% Mn - 0.3% Si - 1.4% Ni - 0.7%
0.26% Mo
Cr Steels (Mo Additions), 281
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.37% Si - 1.62% Cr - Composition: 0.12% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.36% Si - 1.44% Ni -
0.60% Mo 0.76% Cr
0.84% Mo 0.77% Cr - 0.19% Mo
0.80% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.5% Si - 6.0% Cr Steels Composition: 0.12% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.33% Si - 1.41% Ni -
0.76% Cr - 0.46% Mo
(Mo Additions), 274
0.11% C - 0.85% Mn - 0.4% Si - 1.4%Ni - 0.7%
0.036% Mo
Cr - B Steels (Mo Additions), 282
1.06% Mo 0.77% Cr - 0.006% B
0.038% Mo 0.76% Cr - 0.21% Mo - 0.006% B
1.03% 0.76% Cr - 0.006% B - 0.64% Mo
1.35% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.5% Si - 6.0% Cr Steels 0.30% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.4% Si - Ni - Cr Steels
0.041% Mo 0.78% Cr - 0.24% Mo
0.98% Mo 0.99% Cr - 0.43% Mo
0.79% Cr - 0.67% Mo
(Mo Additions), 276 0.40% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.4% Si - 0.8% Ni - 0.7%
0.068% Mo
Cr Steels (Mo Additions), 284
Composition: 0.84% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.44% Si - 12.10% Cr- Composition: 0.40% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.78% Ni -
1.06% Mo 0.76% Cr - 0.03% Mo
3.07% Mo 0.76% Cr - 0.27% Mo
0.76% Cr - 0.60% Mo
(Mo Additions), 277
0.38% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 1.4% Ni - 0.7%
0.078% Mo Cr Steels (Mo Additions), 285
1.00% Mo 0.74% Cr - 0.01% Mo
3.06% Mo 0.73% Cr - 0.24% Mo
0.40% C - 1.4% Mn - 1.5% Si Steels (Mo Composition: 0.38% C - 0.84% Mn - 0.34% Si - 1.46% Ni -
0.73% Cr - 0.48% Mo
Additions), 278 Composition: 0.38% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.34% Si - 1.46% Ni -
Composition: 0.41% C - 1.42% Mn - 1.62% Si - 0.02% Mo 0.76% Cr - 0.78% Mo
Composition: 0.41% C - 1.41% Mn - 1.61% Si - 0.27% Mo 0.40% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.4% Si - 2.5% Ni - 0.7%
Composition: 0.40% C - 1.38% Mn - 1.50% Si - 0.80% Mo Cr Steels (Mo Additions), 286
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.74% Mn ~ 0.38% Si - 2.67% Ni -
0.76% Cr - 0.03% Mo
0.76% Cr - 0.24% Mo
0.76% Cr - 0.49% Mo
0.40% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 3.5% Ni - 0.8% 18Ni350 Maraging Steel, 294
Cr Steels (Mo Additions), 287 Composition: 0.008% C - 0.03% Mn - 0.03% Si - 17.4% Ni -
Composition: 0.41% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.32% Si - 3.59% Ni - 3.7% Mo - 0.17% AI - 12.4% Co - 1.62% Ti
0.77% Cr - 0.03% Mo Carbon-Free Fe - 15.0%Co - 10.0% Mo Alloys,
Composition: 0.41% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.32% Si - 3.59% Ni - 295
0.77% Cr - 0.25% Mo Composition: 0.004% C - 0.42% Mn - 0.12% Si - 9.95% Mo -
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.31% Si - 3.56% Ni - 15.20% Co
0.77% Cr - 0.50% Mo Composition: 0.004% C - 0.41% Mn - 0.15% Si - 9.95% Ni -
0.40% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 4.5% Ni - 0.7% 9.99% Mo - 15.30% Co
Cr Steels (Mo Additions), 288 Composition: 0.008% C - 4.78% Mn - 0.21% Si - 10.04% Mo
Composition: 0.41% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.40% Si - 4.56% Ni - - 15.33% Co
0.75% Cr - 0.03% Mo Carbon-Free Fe - 15.0% Co - 20.0% Mo Alloys,
Composition: 0.41% C - 0.73% Mn - 0.42% Si - 4.54% Ni - 296
0.75% Cr - 0.26% Mo Composition: 0.003% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.13% Si - 20.02% Mo
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.73% Mn - 0.41% Si - 4.53% Ni - - 15.00% Co
0.75% Cr - 0.50% Mo Composition: 0.004% C - 0.43% Mn - 0.13% Si - 9.95% Ni -
0.40% Cr - 1.4% Mn - 1.5% Si - 0.7% Cr Steels 20.02% Mo - 15.13% Co
(Mo Additions), 289 . Composition 0.006% C - 4.93% Mn - 0.23% Si - 20.17% Mo -
Composition: 0.41% C - 1.44% Mn - 1.50% Si - 0.75% Cr- 15.33% Co
0.01% Mo
0.26% Mo
Composition: 0.39% C - 1.41% Mn - 1.49% Si - 0.74% Cr - V ANADIUM STEELS, 297 - 370
0.51% Mo
Composition: 0.39% C - 1.39% Mn - 1.48% Si - 0.73% Cr - Mn- V Structural Steels (As Rolled), 299 - 308
0.77% Mo Composition: 0.04% C - 1.90% Mn - 0.11% Si - 0.021% S -
Ni-Cr-Si-Mo-V Steel Series, 290 0.019% P - 0.09% V - 0.02% AI - 0.009% N
Composition: 0.33% C - 0.86% Mn - 1.62% Si - 1.80% Ni - Composition: 0.06% C - 1.95% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.003% S -
0.81% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.067% V 0.010% P - 0.010% Mo - 0.25% V - 0.037% AI - 0.008% N
1.01% Cr - 0.49% Mo - 0.071% V 0.009% P - 0.010% Mo - 0.14% V - 0.038% AI - 0.007% N
1.21% Cr - 0.58% Mo - 0.037% V 0.014% P - 0.010% Cr - 0.010% Ni - 0.010% Mo - 0.04% V -
Composition: 0.35% C - 0.86% Mn - 1.58% Si - 0.23% Ni - 0.010% Cu - 0.047% AI
1.50% Cr - 0.58% Mo - 0.071% V Composition: 0.11% C - 1.28 % Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.018% S -
0.40% C - 1.4% Mn - 1.4% Si - 1.4% Ni - 0.8% 0.031% P - 0.08% V - 0.005% N
Cr Steels (Mo Additions), 291 Composition: 0.11% C - 1.23% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.018% S -
0.031% P - 0.08% V - 0.005% N
Composition: 0.41% C - 1.42% Mn - 1.42% Si - 1.37% Ni - Composition: 0.11% C - 1.40% Mn - 0.55% Si - 0.063% V
0.78% Cr - 0.03% Mo Composition: 0.14% C - 1.52% Mn - 0.48% Si - 0.004% S -
Composition: 0.41% C - 1.41% Mn - 1.41% Si - 1.36% Ni - 0.011% P - 0.071% V
0.78% Cr - 0.26% Mo Composition: 0.14% C - 1.53% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.008% S -
Composition: 0.40% C - 1.39% Mn - 1.37% Si - 1.34% Ni - 0.009% P - 0.06% Cr - 0.03% Ni - 0.01% Mo - 0.04% V-
0.76% Cr - 0.52% Mo 0.02% Cu - 0.057% AI
Composition: 0.40% C - 1.37% Mn - 1.38% Si - 1.31% Ni - Composition: 0.15% C - 0.90% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.05% V -
0.75% Cr - 0.73% Mo 0.014% N
0.40% C - 0.3% Mn - 0.2% Si - 8.0% Ni - 4.0% Composition: 0.15% C - 1.30% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.009% S -
Co Steels (Mo Additions), 292 0.010% P - 0.15% Cr - 0.15% Ni - 0.04% Mo - 0.13% V -
Composition: 0.39% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.20% Si - 8.0% Ni - 0.19% Cu - 0.02% AI - 0.010% N
3.89% Co
0.032% P - 0.025% V - 0.003% Ti - 0.002% Nb - 0.042% AI
0.44% Mo - 3.87% Co Composition: 0.19% C - 1.44% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.007% S -
Composition: 0.39% C - 0.28% Mn - 0.20% Si - 8.04% Ni - 0.011% P - 0.10% Cr - 0.08% Ni - 0.01% Mo - 0.17% V -
1.00% Mo - 3.90% Co 0.20% Cu - 0.03% AI - 0.010% N
0.08% C - 1.0% Ni - 12.0% Cr - 2.0% Mo - 0.3% 0.012% P - 0.11% Cr - 0.10% Ni - 0.02% Mo - 0.08% V -
V Steel, 293 0.14% Cu - 0.01% AI - 0.010% N
Composition: 0.08% C - 1.0% Ni - 12.0% Cr - 2.0% Mo - Composition: 0.20% C - 1.46% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.008% S -
0.8% V 0.013% P - 0.12% Cr - 0.10% Ni - 0.02% Mo - 0.14% V -
Composition: 0.08% C - 1.0% Ni - 12.0% Cr - 2.0% Mo - 0.19% Cu - 0.03% AI - 0.012% N
18Ni200 Maraging Steel, 293 0.006% P - 0.45% V - 0.029% AI - 0.009%
Composition: 0.012% C - <0.03% Mn - <0.05% Si - 17.6%
0.006% P - 0 - 0.45% V - 0.029% AI - 0.009% N
Ni - 3.1% Mo - 0.10% AI - 8.3% Co - 0.08% Ti
18Ni250 Maraging Steel, 294 0,013% P - 0.48% V - 0.038% AI - 0.008% N
0.0021% B - 0.12% AI - 7.9% Co - 0.42% Ti 0.010% P - 0.08% Mo - 0.43% V - 0.06% AI - 0.009% N
18N BOO Maraging Steel, 294
4.9% Mo - 0.003% B - 0.09% AI - 8.8% Co - 0.66% Ti
xxiii
Mn- V-N Structural Steels (As Rolled), 308- Composition: 0.07% C - 1.67% Mn - 0.49% Si - 0.008% S -
310 0.004% P - 0.01% Cr - 0.01% Ni - 0.27% Mo - 0.05% V -
Composition: 0.07% C - 2.79% Mn - 0.18% V - 0.046% Al - 0.0006% B - 0.01% Cu - 0.066% Al
0.005% N Composition: 0.12% C - 0.83% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.005% S -
Composition: 0.16% C - 1.40% Mn - 0.04% Si - 0.012% S - 0.004% P - 0.63% Cr - 1.11% Ni - 0.49% Mo - 0.03% V -
0.004% P - 0.11 V - 0.04% Al - 0.018% N 0.30% Cu - 0.031% Al
Composition: 0.17% C - 1.75% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0-0.10% V - Composition: 0.15% C - 1.39% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.013% S -
0.02% Al - 0.038% N 0.016% P - 0.27% Mo - 0.06% V - 0.018% Al - 0.004% N
0.034% P - 0.036% Cr - 0.076% Ni - 0.02% Mo - 0.16% V - 0.012% P - 0.01% Cr - 0.02% Ni - 0.47% Mo - 0.14% V -
0.002% Nb - 0.01% Cu - 0.010% Al - 0.006% N
0.04% Cu - 0.028% Al - 0.018%
0.016% P - 0.26% Mo - 0.08% V - 0.04% Nb - 0.040% Al -
0.013% P - 0.67% Ni - 0.13% V - 0.01% Al - 0.017% N
Ni-V Structural Steels (As Rolled), 311 0.003% N
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.005% S - Mn-Mo-Nb-V Structural Steels (As Rolled),
0.007% P - 0.26% Cr - 1.07% Ni - 0.06% Mo - 0.08% V - 324 - 326
0.15% Cu Mn- V-Ti Structural Steels (As Composition: 0.06% C - 1.21% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.001% S -
Rolled), 311 - 312 0.014% P - 0.26% Mo - 0.08% V - 0.044% Nb - 0.036% Al -
Composition: 0.06% C - 1.17% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.016% S - 0.003% N
0.016% P - 0.04% V - 0.01% Ti Composition: 0.07% C - 1.49% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.001% S -
Composition: 0.06% C - 1.27% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.080% S - 0.016% P - 0.26% Mo - 0.08% V - 0.042% Nb - 0.036% Al -
0.009% P - 0.01% Cr - 0.01% Ni - 0.01% Mo - 0.04% V - 0.003% N
0.01% Cu - 0.046% Al Composition: 0.09% C - 1.03% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.016% S -
0.033% P - 0.06% V - 0.013% Ti - 0.002% Nb - 0.033% Al 0.09% Nb - 0.021% Al
Mn-Nb-V, 313 - 317 Composition: 0.12% C - 1.72% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.006% S -
0.016% P - 0.20% Mo - 0.06% V - 0.038% Nb - 0.068% Al -
0.0001% N
0.018% P - 0.06% V - 0.066% Nb - 0.011% Al - 0.011% N
Composition: 0.14% C - 1.44% Mn - OJ.23% Si - 0.007% S -
0.011% P - 0.066% Cr - 0.23% Ni - 0.036% Mo - 0.10% V -
0.016% P - 0.31% Ni - 0.07% V - 0.043% Nb - 0.30% Cu -
0.03% Nb - 0.48% Cu - 0.028% Al - 0.013% N
0.041% Al - 0.003% N
Composition: 0.07% C - 1.36% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.004% S - Quenched and Tempered Structural Steels,
0.006% P - 0.08% V - 0.026% Nb - 0.036% Al - 0.006% N 327 - 339
0.023% P - 0.21% Cr - 0.10% Ni - 0.10% V - 0.06% Nb - 0.010% P - 0.10% Cr - 2.64% Ni - 0.64% Mo - 0.04% V -
0.34% Cu - 0.02% Al - 0.008% N 0.07% Cu - 0.029% Al
0.016% P - 0.31% Ni - 0.08% V - 0.043% Nb - 0.30% Cu - 0.016% P - 2.00% Cr - 0.56% Mo - 0.37% V - 0.18% Ti -
0.040% Al - 0.003% N 0.006 % B - 0.41% W
0.048% Nb - 0.01% Cu - 0.036% Al 0.002% B - 0.26% Cu - 0.066% Al
0.013% P - 0.01% Mo - 0.07% V - 0.06% Nb - 0.046% Al - 0.019% P - 0.12% Cr - 1.85% Ni - 0.63% Mo - 0.04% V -
0.007% N 0.01% Cu - 0.031% Al
0.014% P - 0.019% V - 0.003% Ti - 0.023% Nb - 0.046% Al 0.012% P - 1.80% Cr - 0.66% Mo - 0.15% V
0.017% P - 0.09% V - 0.005% Ti - 0.032% Nb - 0.021% Al 0.012% P - 0.68% Cr - 0.86% Ni - 0.48% Mo - 0.07% V -
Mn-V-Nb-Ti, 317 0.001% B - 0.21% Cu
0.011% P - 0.022% V - 0.023% Ti - 0.023% Nb - 0.044% Al 0.007% P - 0.66% Cr - 4.92% Ni - 0.63% Mo - 0.08% V -
Mn-Mo-V Structural Steels (As Rolled), 318- 0.10% Cu - 0.04% Al
324 Composition: 0.11% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.009% S -
0.007% P - 0.61% Cr - 1.30% Ni - 0.48% Mo - 0.03% V -
0.002% B - 0.27% Cu - 0.077% Al
0.002% P - 0.02% Cr - 0.02% Ni - 0.33% Mo - 0.09% V -
0.01% Nb - 0.067% Al
0.017% P - 1.08% Cr - 0.04% Ni - 0.31% Mo - 0.22% V -
0.03% Cu - 0.01% Al
0.019% P - 0.19% Mo - 0.09% V - 0.02% Al - 0.009% N
0.007% P - 0.67% Cr - 2.62% Ni - 0.48% Mo - 0.06% V -
0.019% P - 0.19% Mo - 0.09% V - 0.02% Al - 0.009% N
0.002% B - 0.26% Cu - 0.062% Al
0.019% P - 0.34% Mo - 0.09% V - 0.02% Al - 0.009% N
0.008% P - 6.76% Cr - 0.66% Mo - 0.24% V - 0.16% Ti -
0.011% B - 0.26% W
0.006% P - 0.18% Mo - 0.22% V - 0.020% Al - 0.006% N
Composition: 0.06% C - 1.70% Mn - 0.50% Mo - 0.10% V -
0.012% P - 2.06% Cr - 0.55% Mo - 0.32% V - 0.08% Ti -
0.020% N
0.006% B - 0.32% W
Composition: 0.13% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.66% Si - 6.43% Cr-
0.018% P - 0.20% Cr - 0.02% Ni - 0.26% Mo - 0.03% V -
0.47% Mo - 0.20% V - 0.16% Ti - 0.010% B - 0.19% W
0.01% Cu - 0.036% Al
0.01% Cu - 0.010% Al
0.01% Cu - 0.064%
xxiv
Composition: 0.13% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.016% S - Composition:0.40% C - 0.60% Mn - 1.00% Si - 0.003% S -
0.010% P - 0.98% Cr - 0.01% Ni - 0.31% Mo - 0.20% V - 0.010% P - 6.00% Cr - 1.30% Mo - 0.40% V
0.02% Cu - 0.010% AI Composition:0.43% C - 0.90% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.30% Cr -
Composition: 0.14% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.64% Si - 0.006% S - 0.10% V - 0.03% Nb - 0.016% Al - 0.016% N
0.022% P - 1.43% Cr - 0.64% Mo - 0.03% V - 0.006% Ti Cr-Ni-Mo-V Quenched and Tempered
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.019% S - Engineering Steels, 347 - 354
0.013% P - 0.63% Cr - 0.91% Ni - 0.61% Mo - 0.30% V -
0.032% Al Composition: 0.24% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.016% S -
Composition: 0.14% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.006% S - 0.012% P - 0.37% Cr - 0.67% Ni - 0.62% Mo - 0.03 V
0.008% P - 0.38% Cr - 0.03% Ni - 0.66% Mo - 0.27% V - Composition: 0.26% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.012% S -
0.01% Cu - 0.010% Al 0.014% P - 1.08% Cr - 0.72% Ni - 1.26% Mo - 0.31% V
0.020% P - 0.14% Cr - 0.04% Ni - 0.46% Mo - 0.09% V - 0.016% P - 0.68% Cr - 0.68% Ni - 0.34% Mo - 0.08% V
0.09% Cu - 0.70% W Composition: 0.32% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.40% Si - 1.43% Cr -
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.011% S - 3.30% Ni - 0.33% Mo - 0.19% V
0.23% Nb 0.008% P - 1.13% Cr - 0.16% Ni - 1.19% Mo - 0.22% V
Composition: 0.14-0.20% C - 0.60-1.00% Mn - 0.17-0.37% Si Composition: 0.33% C-- 0.39% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0.006% S -
- <0.070% S - <0.070% P - <0.26% Cr - <0.26% Ni - 0.004% P - 1.09% Cr - 3.60% Ni - 0.72% Mo - 0.12% V -
0.06-0.09% V - <0.26% Cu 0.002% Ti - 0.Ql3% Nb - 0.09% Cu - 0.009% Al
0.020% P - 0.98% Cr - 0.01% Ni - 0.46% Mo - 0.03% V - 0.010% P - 0.61% Cr - 6.10% Ni - 0.63% Mo - 0.09% V
0.01% Cu - 0.044% Al Composition: 0.34% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.010% S -
Composition: 0.23% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.018% P - 0.006% P - 1.22% Cr - 2.80% Ni - 0.60% Mo - 0.09% V
1.66% Cr - 0.30% Ni - 0.29% Mo - 0.21% V - 0.11% Cu Composition: 0.37% C - 0.83% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.006% S -
Composition: 0.23% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.004% S - 0.017% P - 0.87% Cr - 1.70% Ni - 1.18% Mo - 0.18% V
0.016% P - 1.70% Cr - 3.60% Ni - 0.63% Mo - 0.12% V Composition: 0.38% C - 0.46% Mn -0.26% Si - 0.008% S -
0.010% P - 0.46% Cr - 0.81% Ni - 0.61% Mo - 0.06% V 0.06% Cu - 0.010% Al
0.01% Cu - 0.013% Al 0.007% Ti - 0.21% Cu - 0.01% N
Mn- V Quenched and Tempered Steels, 340- 0.006% P - 0.96% Cr - 0.14% Ni - 0.08% Mo - 0.06% V -
341 0.21% Cu - 0.Ql% N
Composition: 0.34% C - 1.31% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.10% V - Composition: 0.40% C - 0.83% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.007% S -
0.018% Al - 0.016% N 0.011% P - 1.00% Cr - 1.76% Ni - 0.46% Mo - 0.12% V -
Composition: 0.36% C - 1.62% Mn - 0.47% Si - 0.008% S - 0.07% Cu - 0.010% Al
0.14% Cu - 0.02% Al 0.018% P - 1.04% Cr - 0.60% Ni - 0.96% Mo - 0.09% V
0.01% Cu - 0.021% .AI 0.06% Cu - 0.010% Al
Composition: 0.46% C - 1.34% Mn - 1.46% Si - 0.013% S - Prestressed Concrete Wires, 355
0.022% P - 0.10% V Composition: 0.67% C - 1.39% Mn - 0.76% Si - 0.009% S-
Cr- V Quenched and Tempered Engineering 0.016% P - 0.03% Cr - 0.32% Ni - 0.19% V - 0.40% Cu -
Steels, 342 0.002% Al - 0.010% N
Composition: 0.43% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.10% V - Composition: 0.69% C - 1.41% Mn - 0.70% Si - 0.009% S-
0.32% Cr 0.030% P - 0.06% Cr - 0.03% Ni - 0.19% V - 0.03% Cu -
Cr-V-Ti Quenched and Tempered Engineering 0.006% Al - 0.007% N
Steels, 342 - 343 Rail Steels, 356 - 357
0.006% P - 0.99% Cr - 0.14% Ni - 0.08% Mo - 0.06% V - 0.024% P - 1.16% Cr - 0.16% V - 0.006% N
0.021% Ti - 0.20% Cu - 0.022% Al - 0.01% N Composition: 0.73% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.010% S -
0.06% Cu - 0.010% Al
0.007% P - 0.99% Cr - 0.14% Ni - 0.03% Mo - 0.12% V -
0.047% Ti - 0.21% Cu - 0.01% N Composition: 0.78% C - 1.61% Mn - 0.48% Si - 0.028% S -
0.014% P - 0.16% V - 0.18% Cu - 0.Ql8% Al - 0.018% N
0.007% P - 0.96% Cr - 0.13% Ni - 0.07% Mo - 0.06% V - Spring Steels, 357 - 361
0.036% Ti - 0.20% Cu - 0.01% N Composition: 0.27% C - 0.77% Mn - 1.39% Si - 1.64% Cr -
Mn-Mo-V Quenched and Tempered 0.20% Ni - 0.66% Mo - 0.07% V
Engineering Steels, 344 - 345 Composition: 0.30% C - 0.69% Mn - 1.40% Si - 0.78% Cr -
1.71% Ni - 0.31% Mo - 0.04% V
0.016% P - 0.67% Mo - 0.07% V 0.024% P - 1.01% Cr - 0.61% Ni - 0.49% Mo - 0.07% V -
Composition: 0.36% C - 1.61% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.007% S - 0.037% Al - 0.022% N
0.016% P - 1.29% Mo - 0.21% V - 0.10% Cu Composition: 0.33% C - 0.86% Mn - 1.62% Si - 0.014% S -
Composition: 0.33% C - 2.16% Mn - 0.32% Si - 2.02% Ni - 0.024% P - 0.81% Cr - 1.80% Ni - 0.40% Mo - 0.07% V -
0.64% Mo - 0.14% V 0.040% Al - 0.020% N
Cr-Mo-V Quenched and Tempered Engineering Composition: 0.36% C - 0.86% Mn - 1.66% Si - 0.014% S -
Steels, 345 - 347 0.023% P - 1.21% Cr - 0.21% Ni - 0.68% Mo - 0.06% V -
Composition:0.32-0.40% C - 4.76-6.60% Cr - 1.10-1.76% Mo 0.037% Al - 0.021% N
- 0.80-1.20% V Composition: 0.36% C - 0.86% Mn - 1.66% Si - 0.014% S -
0.024% P - 1.60% Cr - 0.23% Ni - 0.68% Mo - 0.07% V -
0.039% Al - 0.022% N
xxv
Composition: 0.55% C - 0.50% Mn - 0.87% Si - 0.035% S - 1-3/4 Mn (SAE 1330), 380
0.02% P - 0.10% Cr - 0.10% Ni - 0.55% Mo - 0.22% V Composition: 0.30% C - 1.80% Mn - 0.15% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.64% C - 0.73% Mn - 0.82% Si - 0.011% S - 0.020% S
0.014% P - 1.26% Cr - 0.05% Ni - 0.16% V - 0.03% Cu -
0.006% Al - 0.012% N 1-1/4 Mn (SAE 1536), 381
High-Temperature Creep-Resistant Steels, 361 Composition: 0.36% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
0.020% S
- 364
1-1/2 Mn (SAE 1536-1541), 381
0.015% P - 2.28% Cr - 0.04% Ni - 1.00% Mo - 0.20% V - Composition: 0.36% C - 1.50% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
0.03% Cu - 0.010% Al 0.020% S
Composition: 0.12% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.010% S - 1-3/4 Mn (SAE 1541, 1335-1340), 382
0.05% Cu - 0.010% Al 0.020% S
Composition: 0.12% C - 0.65% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.015% S - 1-3/4 Mn (SAE 1547, 1345), 382
0.02% Cu - 0.010% Al 0.015% S
1 Mn + S (SAE 1212-12L14), 383
0.012% P - 1.00% Cr - 0.96% Mo - 0.19% V
Composition: 0.20% C - 0.45% Mn - 1.03% V - 0.-002% N Composition: 0.10% C - 1.10% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.21% C - 0.48% Mn - 0.97% Si - 2.92% Ni - 0.250% S
1.09% V - 0.01% Al 1 Mn + S (SAE 1140-1146), 383
Composition: 0.24% C - 0.45% Mn - 2.92% Ni - 1.09% V - Composition: 0.42% C - 1.15% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
0.55% Al 0.160% S
Tool and Die Steels, 365 - 367 1-1/2 Mn + S (SAE 1139), 384
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.51% Mn - 1.00% Si - 5.10% Cr- Composition: 0.44% C - 1.50% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
1.26% Mo - 0.97% V 0.250% S
Composition: 0.75% C - 0.31% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.019% S - 1-3/4 Si Mn, 384
0.025% P - 4.25% Cr - 0.20% Ni - 1.45% V - 17.54% W
0.025% P - 4.10% Cr - 4.90% Mo - 1.88% V - 6.20% W 0.030% S
Composition: 1.06% C - 4.43% Cr - 0.44% Mo - 2.32% V - 2 Si Mn, 385 - 386
10.32% W - 3.92% Co Composition: 0.54% C - 0.85% Mn - 1.90% Si - 0.030% P -
Composition: 1.13% C - 0.51% Mn - 0.50% Si - 0.022% S - 0.030% S - 0.10% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.16% Ni
0.025% P - 4.02% Cr - 8.80% Mo - 1.24% V - 1.80% W - Composition: 0.59% C - 0.85% Mn - 1.90% Si - 0.030% P -
7.90% Co 0.030% S
Composition: 2.50% C - 2.00% Cr - 0.60% Ni - 5.20% Mo -
7.20% V
0.030% S
Stainless Steels, 368 - 369
1/2 Ni, 386
Composition: 0.20% C - 12.00% Cr - 1.00% Mo - 0.30% V
Composition: 0.20% C - 0.48% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.012% S - 0.55% C - 0.65% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.025% P - 0.025% S -
0.016% P - 12.80% Cr - 0.13% Ni - 0.03% Mo - 0.05% V - 0.65% Ni
0.01% Cu - 0.036% Al 1 Ni, 387
0.022% P - 11.80% Cr - 0.49% Ni - 1.00% Mo - 0.31% V - 0.020% S - 0.85% Ni
0.03% Cu - 0.010% Al Composition: 0.43% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
0.020% S - 0.85% Ni
1-1/2 Ni, 388
BRITISH ENGINEERING STEELS, 371 - 451 Composition: 0.16% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.020% P -
0.015% S - 0.20% Cr - 0.05% Mo - 1.50% Ni
3 Ni, 388
Introduction, 373 - 376
0.007% S - 0.07% Cr - 3.03% Ni - 0.032% Al - <0.01% Ti
0.05 C (SAE 1005-1006), 377
3-1/2 Ni, 389 - 390
Composition: 0.05% C - 0.25% Mn
Composition: 0.10%C - 0.53% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.007% P -
0.06 C (SAE 1005-1006), 377 0.005% S - 0.05% Cr - 3.65% Ni - 0.045% Al - 0.07% Cu
Composition: 0.06% C - 0.30% Mn Composition: 0.33% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.031% P -
0.06 C (SAE 1008), 378 0.027% S - 0.07% Cr - 0.11% Mo - 3.47% Ni
Composition: 0.06% C - 0.50% Mn Composition: 0.40% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.007% P -
1-1/4 Mn (SAE 1518-1524), 378 0.005% S - 0.23% Cr - 0.10% Mo - 3.45% Ni
Composition: 0.19% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P - 5 Ni, 390
1-1/2 Mn (SAE 1518-1524), 379 0.020% S - 4.8% Ni
Composition: 0.19% C - 1.50% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P - 9 Ni, 391
1-1/4 Mn (SAE 1525-1527), 379 0.012% S - 0.10% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 9.00% Ni - 0.030% Al
Composition: 0.28% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P - 1/2 Cr (SAE 5015, 4118), 391
0.020% Composition: 0.15% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
1-1/2 Mn (SAE 1526-1527), 380 0.020% S - 0.40% Cr
0.020% S
xxvi
3/4 Cr (SAE 5117-5120,4118), 392 1-1/2 Mn Mo, 403 - 405
0.020% S - 0.80% Cr 0.026% S - 0.28% Mo
1 Cr, 392 Composition: 0.30% C - 1.66% Mn - 0,20% Si - 0.026% P -
Composition: 0.20% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.020% P - 0.026% S - 0.28% Mo
0.020% S - 0.96% Cr Composition: 0.32% C - 1.60% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.020% P -
1 Cr (SAE 5130-5132), 393 0.020% S - 0.27% Mo
0.020% S - 1.06% Cr 0.026% S - 0.28% Mo
1/2 Cr, 393 Composition: 0.37% C - 1.60% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.38% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P - 0.020% S - 0.27% Mo
1 Cr (SAE 5140), 394 0.020% S - 0.46% Mo
Composition: 0.39% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P - 1-1/4 Mn Cr, 406 - 407
1/2 Cr (SAE 5046), 394 0.020% S - 0.60% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.18% Ni - 0.08% V -
0.30% Cu
0.020% S - 0.60% Cr
0.020% S - 0.96% Cr
1 Cr (SAE 5145-5150), 395
0.016% S - 1.16% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.16% Ni
0.020% S - 1.20% Cr
1/2 Cr (SAE 5060, 5155-5160), 395 1-1/2 Si Cr, 407
0.020% S - 0.70% Cr
0.026% S - 0.66% Cr - 0.20% Ni
3-1/2 Si Cr, 408
3/4 Cr, 396
0.010% S - 8.60% Cr
0.026% S - 0.76% Cr
13 Cr (SAE 51405-51409), 396 1-1/2 Ni Mn, 408
0.016% S - 0.20% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 1.60% Ni
0.010% S - 13.0% Cr - 0.20% Ni
13 Cr (SAE 51410), 397 1-3/4 Ni Mo (SAE 4615-4620), 409
Composition: 0.17% C - 0.66% Mn - 0,20% Si - 0.020% P -
0,12% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.020% P - 0.010% S -
0.020% S - 0.20% Cr - 0.26% Mo - 1.80% Ni
12.6% Cr - 0.20% Ni
1-3/4 Ni Mo, 409
13 Cr (SAE 51420), 397 - 398 Composition: 0.24% C - 0,66% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
0.020% S - 0.20% Cr - 0.26% Mo - 1.80% Ni
0.020% S - 12.6% Cr - 0.20% Ni
Composition: 0.:'4% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.021% P -
1-3/4 Ni Mo, 410
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.48% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0,016% P -
0.010% S - 13,3% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.32% Ni
0.040% S - 0.16% Cr - 0.26% Mo - 1.76% Ni
0.010% S - 13.0% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.20% Ni
3-1/2 Ni Mo (SAE 4815-4820), 410
1/4 Mo (SAE 4012), 399
0.010% S - 0.18% Cr - 0.23% Mo - 3.33% Ni
0.020% S - o.ao% Mo
5 Ni Mo, 411
1/4 Mo (SAE 4023-4024), 399
0.020% S - 0.20% Mo - 6.00% Ni
0.020% S - 0.23% Mo
3/4 Ni Cr, 411
1/4 Mo, 400 0.020% S - 0.63% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.86% Ni
0.020% S - 0.26% Mo
1 Ni Cr, 412
1/4 Mo (SAE 4037-4042), 400
0.020% S - 0.86% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 1.16% Ni
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.80% Mo - 0.30% Si - 0.026% P -
0.020% S - 0.26% Mo
1-1/4 Ni Cr, 412 - 413
1/4 Mo (SAE 4047), 401
0.020% S - 0.66% Cr - 1.30% Ni
0.020% S - 0.26% Mo
0.020% S - 0.66% Cr - 1.30% Ni
1/2 Mo (SAE 4419-4422), 401 1-1/2 Ni Cr, 413 - 414
0.020% S - 0.60% Mo
0.020% S - 0.96% Cr - 1.46% Ni
1/2 Mo, 402 Composition: 0.14% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.38% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.026% P - 0.020% S - 1.66% Cr - 1.66% Ni
0.021% S - 0.63% Mo
2 Ni Cr, 414
1-1/2 Mn (SAE 1513-1518), 402 Composition: 0.16% C - 0,60% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.013% P -
Composition: 0.16% C - 1.40% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P - 0.014% S - 1.96% Cr - 0.03% Mo - 2.02% Ni - 0,030% Al
0.020% S
3-1/4 Ni Cr, 415
0.020% S - 0.90% Cr - 3.26% Ni
x xvii
3 Ni Cr, 415 3 Cr Mo, 426 - 427
0.020% S - 1.16% Cr - 3.00% Ni 0.020% S - 3.10% Cr - 0.62% Mo
4 Ni Cr, 416 Composition: 0.28% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0.020% P - 0.020% S - 3.10% Cr - 0.62% Mo
0.020% S - 1.16% Cr - 4.10% Ni Composition: 0.32% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.30% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P - 0.020% S - 3.06% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.30% Ni
0.020% S - 1.26% Cr - 4.10% Ni 3-1/4 Cr Mo, 428
18 Cr Ni (SAE 51431), 417 Composition: 0.17% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.14% Si - 0.020% P -
0.012% S - 17.98% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 2.96% Ni - 0.04% AI- Composition: 0.26% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.14% Si - 0.020% P -
0.10% Co - 0.10% Cu 0.020% S - 3.26% Cr - 0.66% Mo
1/2 Cr Mo, 417 - 418 5 Cr Mo (SAE 51501), 429
0.020% S - 0.60% Cr - 0.55% Mo 0.026% S - 4.66% Cr - 0.66% Mo - 0.13% Ni
1/2 Cr Mo, 418 5 Cr Mo, 429
0.020% S - 0.40% Cr - 0.46% Mo 0.020% S - 6.00% Cr - 0.66% Mo
3/4 Cr Mo, 418 - 419 9 Cr Mo, 430
0.016% S - 0.86% Cr - 0.60% Mo - 0.16% Ni 0.020% S - 9.0% Cr - 1.00% Mo
Composition: 0.27% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.13% Si - 0.030% P - 1 Cr V (SAE 6150), 430
0.022% S - 0.74% Cr - 0.66% Mo - 0.19% Ni Composition: 0.60% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.026% P -
3/4 Cr Mo (SAE 4161), 419 0.025% S - 0.96% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.16% Ni - 0.20% V
Composition: 0.60% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P - 1-1/2 Mn Ni Mo, 431
0.020% S - 0.80% Cr - 0.30% Mo Composition: 0.19% C - 1.60% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
1 Cr Mo, 420 0.020% S - 0.26% Mo - 0.66% Ni
Composition: 0.18% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P - 2 Si Cr Mo, 431
0.020% S - 1.06% Cr - 0.22% Mo 1/2 Ni Cr Mo (SAE 8115, 8615-8617), 432
1 Cr Mo (SAE 4130), 421 Composition: 0.16% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.30% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.26% S - 0.020% P - 0.020% S - 0.60% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.66% Ni
0.020% S - 1.00% Cr - 0.20% Mo 1/2 Ni Cr Mo (SAE 8622-8627, 8720, 8822), 432
1 Cr Mo (SAE 4135), 421 Composition: 0.24% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
0.020% S - 1.06% Cr - 0.26% Mo 1/2' Ni Cr Mo (SAE 8625-8630), 433
1 Cr Mo (SAE 4135-4137), 422 Composition: 0.30% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P -
0.020% S - 1.00% Cr - 0.20% Mo 1/2 Ni Cr Mo (SAE 8640-8642, 8740), 433
0.020% S - 1.06% Cr - 0.30% Mo 1/2 Ni Cr Mo (SAE 8645-8650), 434
0.020% S - 1.00% Cr - 0.20% Mo 1/2 Ni Cr Mo (SAE 8660), 434
0.020% S - 1.00% C - 0.22% Mo 3/4 Ni Cr Mo, 435
1-1/4 Cr Mo (SAE 4137), 424 Composition: 0.40% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P -
0.020% S - 1.16% Cr - 0.20% Mo 1 Ni Cr Mo, 435
11/4 Cr Mo (SAE 4140-4142), 424 Composition: 0.36% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P -
0.020% S - 1.16% Cr - 0.20% Mo 11/2 Ni Cr Mo, 436 - 438
1-1/4 Cr Mo, 425 Composition: 0.16% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P -
2-1/4 Cr Mo, 426 0.020% S - 1.60% Cr - 0.25% Mo - 1.50% Ni
0.010% S - 2.28% Cr - 1.06% Mo - 0.21% Ni 0.020% S - 1.20% Cr - 0.16% Mo - 1.60% Ni
0.020% S - 1.20% Cr - 0.30% Mo - 1.60% Ni
x xviii
1-3/4 Ni Cr Mo. 438 - 439 12 Cr Mo V (SAE 51420 mod). 451
0.020% S - 1.06% Cr - 0.16% Mo - 1.80% Ni 0.030% S - 12.00% Cr - 1.00% Mo - 0.66% Ni - 0.30% V
0.020% S - 0.80% Cr - 0.26% Mo - 1.80% Ni
2 Ni Cr Mo. 439 - 440 OTHER STEELS, 453 - 520
0.020% S - 1.66% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 2.00% Ni 8640 & 8740. 455
0.020% S - 2.00% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 2.00% Ni 0.016% S - 0.68% Ni - 0.62% Cr - 0.24%
2-1/2 Ni Cr Mo. 440 - 441 AMS 6416 (300-M). 455
0.020% S - 0.66% Cr - 0.66% Mo - 2.66% Ni 0.009% S - 1.84% Ni - 0.91% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.12% V
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.020% P - AMS 6418. 456
0.020% S - 0.66% Cr - 0.66% Mo - 2.66% Ni Composition: 0.22% C - 1.30% Mn - 1.36% Si - 1.88% Ni -
3 Ni Cr Mo. 441 - 442 0.22% Cr - 0.38% Mo
Composition: 0.31% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P - AMS 6428 and 6434. 456
Composition: 0.12% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.020% P - 0.021% S - 1.70% Ni - 0.82% Cr - 0.31% Mo - 0.12% Cu -
0.010% S - 0.68% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 3.20% Ni 0.17% V
3-1/2 Ni Cr Mo (SAE 9310). 442 L6 Tool Steel. 457
0.020% S - 0.86% Cr - 0.18% Mn - 3.40% Ni 0.010% S - 1.76% Ni - 0.94% Cr
4 Ni Cr Mo. 443 - 444 Composition: 0.76% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.26% Si - 1.36% Ni -
0.75% Cr - 0.30% Mo - 0.15% V
0.Q18% S - 1.15% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 4.10% Ni AI0 Tool Steel. 458
Composition: 0.30% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P - Composition: 1.36% C - 1.84% Mn - 1.14% Si - 1.81% Ni -
0.020% S - 1.26% Cr - 0.30% Mo - 4.10% Ni 0.15% Cr - 1.41% Mo - 0.38% Graphite
Composition: 0.34% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.020% P - 2315. 458
1/2 Cr Mo V. 444 0.023% S - 3.60% Ni - 0.09% Cr - 0.05% Mo
Composition: 0.12% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.020% P - 2340. 459
0.020% S - 0.40% Cr - 0.60% Mo - 0.15% Ni - 0.26% V Composition: 0.40% C - 0.89% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.021% P -
1 Cr Mo V. 445 0.011% S - 3.34% Ni - 0.11% Cr
Composition: 0.22% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.020% P - 9% Nickel Low Carbon Steel, 459
0.020% S - 1.16% Cr - 0.60% Mo - 0.13% Ni - 0.22% V Composition: 0.10% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.28% Si - 8.66% Ni -
1-1/4 Cr Mo V. 445 0.05% Cr - 0.02% Mo
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.032% P - 3120 Steel. 460
2-1/2 Cr Mo V. 446 0.016% S - 1.36% Ni - 0.67% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.04%
3-1/4 Cr Mo V. 446 0.026% S - 1.36% Ni - 0.60% Cr - 0.03% Cu
0.020% S - 3.26% Cr - 0.96% Mo - 0.20% V Composition: 0.43% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.026% P -
1 Cr Al Mo. 447 0.021% S - 1.76% Ni - 1.19% Cr - 0.05% Mo - 0.06% Cu
0.020% S - 1.16% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 1.00% Al Composition: 0.29% C - 0.21% Mn - 0.06% Si - 0.026% P -
1-1/2 Cr Al Mo. 447 - 448 0.017% S - 3.26% Ni - 1.46% Cr
Composition: 0.31% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.020% P - Krupp 0.15 C Steel. 462
0.020% S - 1.60% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 1.10% Al Composition: 0.16% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.013% P -
Composition: 0.39% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.020% P - 0.020% S - 4.03% Ni - 1.64% Cr - 0.03% Mo
0.020% S - 1.60% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 1.10% Al Krupp 0.90C Steel. 462
0.020% S - 1.66% Cr - 0.33% Mo - 1.00% Al 1.68% Cr
1-1/2 Mn Ni Cr Mo. 449 - 451 4330 Steel. 463
0.025% S - 0.46% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.75% Ni 0.028% S - 1.41% Ni - 0.72% Cr - 0.28% Mo
Composition: 0.33% C - 1.36% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.025% P - 4330 Mod. (Si + V) Steel. 463
Composition: 0.37% C - 1.36% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.025% P - 0.006% S - 1.82% Ni - 0.96% Cr - 0.42% Mo - 0.14% V
0.025% S - 0.45% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.76% Ni 4630 Steel. 464
0.030% S - 0.60% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.76% Ni 0.014% S - 1.70% Ni - 0.12% Cr - 0.23% Mo
0.026% S - 0.46% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.76% Ni Composition: 0.96% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.24% Si - 1.79% Ni -
0.25% Mo
xxix
SAE EX-l Steel, 465 7-1/2% Nickel Steel, 0.25% C, 474
0.015% S - 5.07% Ni - 0.18% Cr - 0.24% Mo - 0.10% CU 0.011% S - 7.61% Ni
SAE EX-2 Steel, 465 7-1/2% Nickel Steel, 0.50% C, 475
Composition: 0.69% C - 0.42% Mn - 0.80% Ni - 0.20% Cr - Composition: 0.48% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0.006% P -
0.13% Mo 0.16% S - 7.61% Ni
8695 Steel, 466 7-1/2% Nickel Steel, 0.80% C, 475
Composition: 0.95% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.56% Ni - Composition: 0.79% C - 0.21% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.008% P -
0.52% Cr - 0.19% Mo 0.016% S - 7.53% Ni
9310 Steel, 466 7-1/2% Nickel Steel, 1.2% C, 475
Composition: 0.11% C - 0.70% Mn - 3.19% Ni - 1.26% Cr - Composition: 1.18% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.008% P -
0.11% Mo 0.016% S - 7.64% Ni
9315 Steel, 467 10% Nickel Steel, 0.50% C, 475
1.12% Cr - 0.13% Mo 0.016% S - 10.11% Ni
9395 Steel, 467 10% Nickel, 0.80% C, 476
1.23% Cr - 0.13% Mo 0.019% S - 10.01% Ni
6F4 Tool Steel, 468 10% Nickel Steel, 1.2% C, 476
0.026% S - 2.80% Ni - 2.95% Mo 0.019% S - 10.30% Ni
6F5 Tool Steel, 468 Fe-l V -0.2C Steel, 476
Composition: 0.55% C - 0.90% Mn - 1.00% Si - 2.75% Ni - Composition: 0.19% C - 0.92% V
0.40% Cr - 0.45% Mo - 0.13% V Fe-lV-lAI-0.2C Steel, 476
2-3/4 Nickel Forging Steel, 469 Composition: 0.21% C - 0.96% V - 0.97% AI
Composition: 0.29% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.34% P - Fe-lV-1.5Ni-0.2C, 476
0.31% S - 2.72% Ni - 0.04% Cr - 0.05% Mo Composition: 0.20% C - 1.46% Ni - 0.96% V
2-1/2 Nickel Saw Steel, 469 Fe - 0.19 C - 1.81 Mo Steel, 477
Composition: 0.19% C - <0.002% Mn - 0.004% Si - 0.006% P
0.023% S - 2.50% Ni - 0.13% Cr - 0.08% Mo - 0.12% CU - 0.002% S - 1.81% Mo
VCM Nitriding Steel, 470 Fe - 4Mo - OAC Steel, 477
Composition: 0.32% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.014% P - 0.018% S - Composition: 0.43% C - 4.0% Mo
0.70% Ni - 1.06% Cr - 1.01% Mo
2-1/2 Ni - 1/2 Mo - V Turbine Rotor Steel, 47C Fe - 4 Mo - 1.0C Steel, 477
Composition: 1.0% C - 4.0% Mo
0.028% S - 2.52% Ni - 0.14% Cr - 0.42% Mo - 0.02% V Fe - 2.3% Mo - 0.22% C Steel, 477
5-1/4 Ni - 1/4 Mo - V, 471 Composition: 0.22% C - 2.3% Mo
Composition: 0.23% C - 0.52% Mn - 0.25% Si - 5.35% Ni - Fe-C-Mo Steels, 478
0.20% Cr - 0.27% Mo - 0.08% V Composition: 0.14% C - <0.003% Mn - 0.0009% Si - 0.002%
Ni-Cr-Mo-V-Cu-B, 471 P - 0.002% S - <0.005% Ni - <0.004% Cr - 2.29% Mo -
<0.002% Cu - <10 ppm N - 168 ppm 0
Composition: 0.15% C - <0.002% Mn - 0.001% Si - 0.001% P
0.020% S - 0.88% Ni - 0.50% Cr - 0.46% Mo - 0.32% Cu - - 0.006% S 2.55% Mo
0.06% V - 0.003% B Composition: 0.17% C - 0.002% Mn - 0.003% Si - 0.002% P -
3-1/4 Ni-Cr-Mo, 472 0.004% S - 0.030% Ni - 0.002% Cr - 2.94% Mo - 0.007% Co -
Composition: 0.33% C - 0.57% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.005% P - 0.004% Cu - 0.002% AI - 0.003% V - 0.004 N
0.007% S - 3.26% Ni - 0.85% Cr - 0.09% Mo Composition: 0.15% C - 3.40% Mo
3 Ni-Cr-Mo-V, 472 Composition: 0.15% C - 3.67% Mo
Composition: 0.32% C - 0.51% Mn - 0.19% Si - 0.013% P - Composition: 0.14% C - 3.98% Mo
0.009% S - 3.02% Ni - 1.37% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.18% V Composition: 0.19% C - 2.30% Mo
4-1/4 Ni - 1-1/2 Cr - 1/10 Mo, 473 Composition: 0.19% C - 2.98% Mo
4-1/4 Ni - 1-1/2 Cr - 1/3 Mo, 473 Composition: 0.18% C - 4.25% Mo
5% Nickel Steel, 0.50% C, 474 Composition: 0.26% C - 2.94% Mo
0.017% S - 5.26% Ni Composition: 0.23% C - 4.00% Mo
5% Nickel Steel, 0.80% C, 474 Composition: 0.24% C - 4.28% Mo
Composition: 0.79% C - 0.23% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.007% P - Fe - 7.6 Ni - 0048 C Steel, 478
0.015% S - 5.25% Ni Composition: 0.48% C - <0.01% Mn - 0.011% Si - 0.003% P
5% Nickel Steel, 1.2% C, 474 - 0.004% S - 7.64% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.01% AI
Composition: 1.26% C - 0.21% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.009% P - Fe - 0.61C Steel, 478
0.019% S - 5.30% Ni Composition: 0.61% C - 0.01% Mn - 0.014% Si - 0.003% P -
0.005% S - <0.01% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.01% AI
xxx
Fe - O.13C - 2.99 Cr Steel, 479 Superhardening l2TT Steel, 486
0.006% S - 2.99% Or 0.029% S - 0.24% Ni - 0.28% Cr - 0.12% Mo - 0.17% Co -
Low Carbon 2.4-4.15% Cr Steels, 479 0.020% Sn - 0.11% Al
Composition: 0.16% C - <0.02% Ni - 2.40% Cr - <0.02% Mo D-6ac High Strength Steel, 486
- <0.001% B Composition: 0.46% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.66% Ni -
Composition: 0.17% C - <0.02% Ni - 3.16% Cr - <0.02% Mo 1.16% Cr - 1.0% Mo - 0.06% V
- <0.001% B Deep Hardening Steels, 487
Composition: 0.14% C - <0.02% Ni - 3.83% Cr - <0.02% Mo Composition: 0.66% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.36% Si - 1.27% Ni -
- <0.001% B 1.00% Cr - 0.29% Mo
Composition: 0.16% C - <0.02% Ni - 4.16% Cr - <0.02% Mo Composition: 0.60% C - 0.37% Mn - 0.24% Si - 3.22% Ni -
- <0.001% B 2.14% Cr - 0.07% Mo
Fe - 10 Cr Steel, 480 Composition: 0.36% C - 0.69% Mn - 0.24% Si - 3.26% Ni -
1.32% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.27% V
Composition: Fe - 0.003-0.007% C - 9.6% Cr
Fe-C-Cr Steel, 480 Ni-Cr-Mo Steel, 488
Composition: Fe - 0.19% C - 4.6% Cr
0.020% S - 2.36% Ni - 0.76% Cr - 0.62% Mo - 0.11% V
Fe-Cr-C Steels, 481 Alloy Steels, 488 - 489
0.022% S - 1.06% Cr - 0.64% Mo - 0.12% V
HSLA Steel, 482 Composition: 0.86% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.38% Si - 0.040% P -
Composition: 0.11% C - 1.61% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.003% S - 0.024% S - 2.47% Ni - 1.21% Cr - 0.60% Mo
0.029% Nb Composition: 0.60% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.036% P -
SAE 1513 + Cb (Nb), 482 0.024% S - 2.76% Ni - 1.26% Cr - 0.60% Mo - 0.12% V
Compoosition: 0.12% C - 1.23% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.03% Al Composition: 0.42% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.030% P -
Croloy 1-1/4, 482 0.022% S - 2.71% Ni - 1.00% Cr - 0.48% Mo
65Nb Steel, 489
0.012% S - 0.17% Ni - 1.16% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.10% Cu Composition: 0.66% C - 0.16% Mn - 0.18% Si - 4.02% Cr -
Croloy 2-1/4, 482 2.04% Mo - 1.02% V - 0.26% Nb - 2.99% W
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.42% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.018% P - SAE 1075, 489
0,013% S - 0.27% Ni - 2.16% Cr - 0.96% Mo Composition: 0.76% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.17% Si - 0.013% P -
Croloy 3M, 483 0.016% S - 0.012% Ni - 0.014% Cr
Composition: 0.12% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.017% P - Eutectoid Steels, 490
0.016% S - 0.34% Ni - 2.96% Cr - 0.94% Mo Composition: 0.76% C - 0.61% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.02% P -
Croloy 5, 483 0.02% S - 0.017% Cr - 0.006% Mo - 0.003-0.01% Al
Composition: 0.76% C - 0.61 % Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.02% P -
Composition: 0.12% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.012% P - 0.02% S - 0.004% Cr - 0.10% Mo - 0.003-0.01% Al
Croloy 7, 483 0.02% S - 0.60% Or - 0.16% Mo - 0.003-0.01% Al
0.036% S - 0.07% Ni - 7.60% Cr - 0.46% Mo 0.02% S - 0.68% Cr - 0.30% Mo
Croley 9M, 483 3.5% Chromium Magnet Steel, 491
0.017% S - 0.28% Ni - 8.40% Cr - 0.96% Mo 0.02% S - 0.16% Ni - 3.66% Cr
2-1/4 Cr - 1 Mo Steel, 484 SAE 51100 Steel, 491
0.013% S - 0.27% Ni - 2.16% Cr - 0.96% Mo 0.013% S - 1.04% Cr
0.2% Carbon Steel, 484 1.0% C High-Chromium Steels, 492
Composition: 0.2% C - 0.6% Mn - 1.0% Ni - 1.0% Cr - 0.4% Composition: 1.02% C - 0.33% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.016% P -
Mo 0.011% S - 8.8% Cr
PS 32 Steel, 485 Composition: 1.02% C - 0.33% Mn - 0.35% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.22% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.87% Ni - 0.012% S - 2.9% Cr
0.62% Cr - 0.47% Mo Composition: 1.04% C - 0.18% Mn - 0.36% Si - <0.01% P -
<0.01% S - 4.0% Cr
PS 55 Steel, 485 Composition: 1.06% C - 0.31% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.017% P -
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.81% Mn - 0.19% Si - 1.80% Ni - 0.012% S - 6.7% Cr
0.48% Cr - 0.66% Mo Hypereutectoid Carbon Steels, 493
3% Mo Low Carbon Tool Steels, 485 Composition: 1.20% C - 0.91% Mn - 0.23% Si - <0.003% P -
Composition: 0.22% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.016% P - 0.002% S
0.026% S - 2.80% Ni - 2.96% Mo Composition: 1.48% C - 0.90% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.002% P -
0.027% S - 2.96% Mo Composition: 1.72% C - 0.90% Mn - 0.26% Si - <0.003% P -
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.017% P - <0.003% S
0.025% S - 2.96% Mo 403/410 Stainless Steels, 494
Non-Superhardening NPL.D Steel, 486 Composition: 0.06% C - 12.8% Cr
Composition: 0.43% C - 1.68% Mn - 0.42% Si - 0.022% P - Composition: 0.10% C - 12.4% Cr
0.042% S - 0.24% Ni - 0.27% Cr - 0.12% Mo - 0.18% Co - Composition: 0.12% C - 12.3% Cr
0.033% Sn - 0.006% Al
xxxi
403 Stainless Steel, 495 H14 Tool Steel, 506
Composition: 0.15% C - 1.00% max Mn - 0.50% max Si - Composition: 0.40% C - 1.15% Si - 5.25% Cr - 4.25% W
0.04% max P - 0.08% max S - 11.50-18.00% Cr H16 Tool Steel, 506
416 Stainless Steel, 495 Composition: 0.54% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.93% Si - 7.83% Cr -
0.190% S - 0.25% Ni - 12.82% Cr - 0.05% Mo - 0.037% N - H21 Tool Steel, 507
0.08% Zr Composition: 0.28% C - 8.25% Cr - 0.25% V - 9.00% W
440A Stainless Steel, 496 D2 Tool Steel, 507
Composition: 0.62% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.17% Si - 16.59% Cr Composition: 1.50% C - 11.50% Cr - 0.80% Mo - 0.20% V
440B Stainless Steel, 496 D4 Tool Steel, 508
Composition: 0.98% C - 0.49% Mn - 0.48% Si - 18.40% Cr - Composition: 2.25% C - 11.50% Cr - 0.80% Mo - 0.20% V
0.55% Mo
0.1% C - 13.0% Cr Steels, 497 - 498 A2 Tool Steel, 508
1.04% Mo - 0.25% V
0.013% S - 0.48% Ni - 12.80% Cr
01 Tool Steel, 509
0.012% S - 0.46% Ni - 12.50% Cr - 0.45% Co Composition: 0.85% C - 1.18% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.50% Cr -
Composition: 0.13% C - 0.50% Mn - 0.45% Si - 0.034% P - 0.44%W
0.010% S - 0.52% Ni - 18.2% Cr - 0.99% Co 02 Tool Steel, 509
0.008% S - 0.48% Ni - 12.8% Cr - 1.87% Co 0.010% S - 0.15% Ni - 0.20% Cr - 0.03% Mo
Composition: 0.18% C - 0.49% Mn - 0.15% Si - 0.012% P - Sl Tool Steel, 510
0.010% S - 0.51% Ni - 12.4% Cr - 4.9% Co
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.48% Mn - 0.55% Si - 0.024% P - Composition: 0.50% C - 1.25% Cr - 0.20% V - 2.75% W
0.011% S - 0.51% Ni - 18.3% Cr - 8.0% Co S2 Tool Steel, 510
0.012% S - 0.49% Ni - 13.5% Cr - 11.9% Co 0.018% S - 0.19% Ni - 0.11% Cr - 0.50% Mo
430 Stainless Steel, 499 S5 Tool Steel, 511
17.20% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.010% AI - 0.03% N 0.30% Mo
442 Stainless Steel, 499 P2 Tool Steel, 511
0.17% C - 0.56% Mn - 0.46% Si - 0.35% Ni - 20.96% Cr - Composition: 0.07% (max) C - 0.55% Ni - 1.35% Cr - 0.20%
0.04% Mo - 0.013% AI - 0.12% N Mo
446 Stainless Steel, 499 P2 (Carburized Case) Tool Steel, 512
Composition: 0.24% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.42% Si - 0.26% Ni - Composition: 0.07% (max) C - 0.55% Ni - 1.85% Cr - 0.20%
24.85% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.010% AI - 0.17% N Mo
M2 Tool Steel, 500 P4 Tool Steel, 512
0.007% S - 4.10% Cr - 4.69% Mo - 1.64% V - 5.95% W 5.12% Cr - 0.51% Mo
M2 Mod Tool Steel, 500 P20 Tool Steel, 513
4.80% Mo - 1.80% V - 5.79% W 0.25% Mo
MI0 Tool Steel, 501 Ll Tool Steel, 513
Composition: 0.85% C - 4.00% Cr - 8.00% Mo - 1.90% V Composition: 1.01% C - 0.50% Mn - 0.30% Si - 1.21% Cr
Tl Tool Steel, 501 L2 Tool Steel, 514
Composition: 0.72% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.89% Si - 4.09% Cr - Composition: 0.45% C - 0.70% Mn - 1.00% Cr - 0.20% V
1.25% V - 18.59% W F2 Tool Steel, 514
T2 Tool Steel, 502 Composition: 1.32% C - 0.28% Mn - 0.50% Si - 0.22% Cr -
Composition: 0.85% C - 4.00% Cr - 0.75% Mo - 2.10% V - 3.51% W
18.50% W WI Tool Steel, 515
T4 Tool Steels, 502 Composition: 0.95% C - 0.25% Mn - 0.20% Si
Composition: 0.72% C - 0.23% Mn - 0.48% Si - 4.04% Cr- Composition: 1.14% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.16% Si
4.72% Co - 1.24% V - 18.38% W
W2 Tool Steel, 516
T7 Tool Steel, 503 Composition: 0.95% C - 0.20% V
Composition: 0.73% C - 4.00% Cr - 2.00% V - 14.00% W
W4 Tool Steel, 516
T8 Tool Steel, 503 Composition: 1.05-1.15% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.50% Si - 0.25%
Composition: 0.80% C - 4.00% Cr - 0.75% Mo - 5.00% Co - Cr
2.00% V - 14.00% W
Fe-Ni-Cr Steels, 517
HJ1 Tool Steel, 504 Composition: 0.10% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.30% Si - <0.005% P -
Composition: 0.40% C - 1.05% Si - 5.00% Cr - 1.35% Mo - <0.015% S - 4.00% Ni - 17.0% Cr - 0.005% N
0.85% V Composition: O.l1%C - 0.88% Mn - 0.88% Si - <0.005% P -
H12 Tool Steel, 504 <0.015% S - 7.25% Ni - 15.6% Cr - 0.005% N
Composition: 0.32% C - 0.85% Mn - 0.95% Si - 4.86% Cr - Fe-Ni-Mn Steels, 518
1.45% Mo - 1.29% W Composition: 0.016% C - 8.62% Mn - 0.04% Si - 28.2% Ni -
H13 Tool Steel, 505 0.001% N - 0.015% 0
Composition: 0.40% C - 1.05% Si - 5.00% Cr - 1.35% Mo - Composition: 0.05% C - 8.73% Mn - 22.94% Ni - 0.015% N
1.10% V
xxxii
Ni-Al-Ti-Cb Steel, 519 1010 Mo Steel, 531
0.26% Al - 1.68% Ti - 0.15% Cb (Nb) 0.007% S - 0.56% Mo - 0.008% Al - 0.002% N
Alnico Steels, 519 1010 Mo-B Steel, 532
Composition: 0.025% C - 14.90% Ni - 84.75% Co - 8.55% Cu Composition: 0.10% C - 0.52% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.002% P -
- 7.00% Al - 0% Ti 0.005% S - 0.0068% B - 0.050% Al - 0.0007% N
Composition: 0.017% C - 14.92% Ni - 84.25% Co - 8.20% Cu 1036 Steel, 532
- 7.00% AI - 2.10 Ti
Composition: 0.87% C - 1.45% Mn - 0.25% Si
Composition: 0.005% C - 14.92% Ni - 84.50% Co - 2.88% Cu
- 7.07% AI - 8.85% Ti 10B36 Steel, 533
Composition: 0.014% C - 14.76% Ni - 84.50% Co - 8.05% Cu Composition: 0.86% C - 1.45% Mn - 0.25% Si
- 7.10% Al - 6.25% Ti SAE 1038 Steel, 534
Ticonal 600, 520 Composition: 0.88% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.015% P -
Composition: 18.6% Ni - 24.0% Co - 8.0% Cu - 7.85% Al 0.030% S - 0.068% Al - 0.008% N
Ticonal 800, 520 Composition: 0.38% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.25% Si
Composition: 18.75% Ni - 28.7% Co - 2.9% Cu - 8.0% Al - - 0.015% P - 0.030% S - 0.063% Al - 0.003%
1.8% Nb N]
Ticonal 1500, 520 SAE 1040 Steel, 535
Composition: 14.8% Ni - 84.1% Co - 8.6% Cu - 7.55% Al - Composition: 0.89% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.010% P -
5.8% Ti O.oI8% S
Ticonal 600 Si-Mod., 520 SAE 1541 Steel, 535
Composition: 18.45% Ni - 24.7% Co - 8.0% Cu - 7.95% Al - Composition: 0.89% C - 1.56% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.010% P -
0.8% Nb + Si 0.024% S
SAE 15B4l Steel, 536
ADDITIONAL STEELS, 521 - 607 Composition: 0.42% C - 1.61% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.006% P -
0.019% S - 0.004% B
Low Carbon Low Alloy High Strength Steels, VAN-80 HSLA Steel, 536
523 - 524 0.012% S - 0.09% V - 0.07% Al - 0.018% N
SAE 3140 Steel, 537
0.005% S - 0.80% Cu - 1.11% Ni - 0.58% Cr - 0.49% Mo -
0.08% V - 0.081% sol. Al Composition: 0.41% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.26% Si - 1.28% Ni -
Composition: 0.22% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.007% P - 0.71% Cr
0.011% S - 0.80% Cu - 1.06% Ni - 0.54% Cr - 0.51% Mo - SAE 4024 Steel, 537
0.029% sol. Al Composition: 0.24% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.38% Si - 0.28% Mo
Composition: 0.22% C - 0.85% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.008% P - SAE 4047 Steel, 538
0.012% S - 0.80% Cu - 1.05% Ni - 0.54% Cr - 0.51% Mo - Composition: 0.51% C - 0.81% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.26% Mo
0.02% V - 0.024% sol. Al
2.6 Ni - 0.4 Mo Steel, 525 SAE 4130 Steel, 539
Composition: 0.80% C - 0.52% Mn - 0.18% Si - <0.02% P -
0.019% S - 0.26% Ni - 0.92% Cr - 0.17% Mo
0.021% S - 2.64% Ni - <0.05% Cr - 0.87% Mo - <0.015% Al
3.6 Ni - 0.5 Mo Steel, 525 SAE 4140 Steel, 540 - 541
Composition: 0.87% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.98% Cr - 0.21% Mo
Composition: 0.80% C - 0.41% Mn - 0.28% Si - <0.02% P -
0.014% S - 8.64% Ni - <0.05% Cr - 0.47% Mo - 0.058% Al Composition: 0.44% C - 1.04% Mn - 0.29% Si - 1.18% Cr -
1 Cr - 1 Mo - 0.2 V Steel, 526 0.15% Mo
Composition: 0.26% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.72% Mn - 0.29% Si -
SAE 43BV14, 541
<0.02% P - 0.025% S - 0.11% Ni - 1.01% Cr - 1.04% Mo - Composition: 0.12% C - 0.57% Mn - 0.29% Si - 1.86% Ni -
0.28% V - <0.015% Al 0.47% Cr - 0.18% Mo - 0.07% V - 0.0014% B
2 Ni - 1.3 Cr - 0.5 Mo Steel, 526 SAE 4315 Steel, 542
Composition: 0.88% C - 0.52% Mn - 0.11% Si - <0.02% P - Composition: 0.16% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.42% Si - 0.008% P -
0.014% S - 2.02% Ni - 1.84% Cr - 0.47% Mo - 0.09% V - 0.029% S - 1.84% Ni - 0.78% Cr - 0.85% Mo
0.040% Al SAE 4330 Steel, 543
3 Ni - 2 Cr - 0.7 Mo Steel, 527 Composition: 0.26% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.89% Si - 0.008% P -
Composition: 0.26% C - 0.41% Mn - 0.22% Si - <0.02% P - 0.007% S - 1.77% Ni - 0.70% Cr - 0.82% Mo
0.024% S - 2.91 Ni - 1.98% Cr - 0.69% Mo - <0.015% Al SAE 4340 Steel, 544
3-1/2NiCrMoV Turbine Disk Steel, 528 Composition: 0.41% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.28% Si - 1.88% Ni -
Composition: 0.8% C - 0.8% Mn - 8.64% Ni - 1.68% Cr - 0.72% Cr - 0.20% Mo
0.49% Mo - 0.08% V SAE 4340+Si Steel, 544
AISI S7 Tool Steel, 529 Composition: 0.43% C - 0.88% Mn - 1.55% Si - 1.84% Ni -
Composition: 0.50% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.80% Si - 8.20% Cr - 0.91% Cr - 0.40% Mn - 0.12% V - 0.088% Al
1.82% Mo SAE 4640 Steel, 545
Duracut Chipper Knife Steel, 530 Composition: 0.42% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.28% Si - 1.77% Ni -
Composition: 0.51% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.82% Ni - 0.24% Mo
4.8% Cr - 1.99% Mo SAE 4815 Steel, 545
1010 Steel, 531 Composition: 0.14% C - 0.45% Mn - 0.22% Si - 3.42% Ni -
Composition: 0.12% C - 0.50% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0.004% P - 0.21% Mo
0.010% S - 0.0005% N SAE 5140 Steel, 546
Composition: 0.42% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.89% Cr
xxxiii
SAE 5160 Steel, 546 HSLA Steels, 560
Composition: 0.63% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.83% Cr ASTM A710 Composition: 0.05% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.28% Si -
SAE 52100 Steel, 547 0.88% Ni - 0:11% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 1.12% Cu - 0.035% Nb
Composition: 1.06% C - 0.33% Mn - 0.32% Si - 1.44% Cr ASTM A710 Mod. Composition: 0.06% C - 1.46% Mn -
SAE 6115 Steel, 548 0.35% Si - 0.97% Ni - 0.72% Cr - 0.42% Mo - 1.25% Cu -
0.040% Nb
0.019% S - 0.92% Cr - 0.16% V HSLA 80/10 Composition: 0.05% - 1.00% Mn - 0.34% Si -
SAE 6135 Steel, 549 1.77% Ni - 0.72% Cr - 0.50% Mo - 1.25% Cu - 0.040% Nb
HSLA 100 Composition: 0.06% C - 0.83% Mn - 0.37% Si -
Composition: 0.67% Mn - 0.46% Si - 0.98% Cr - 0.23% V
3.48% Ni - 0.58% Cr - 0.59% Mo - 1.66% Cu - 0.28% Nb
SAE 8620 Steel, 550 0.24C-Mn-Mo-V Composition: 0.24% C - 1.67% Mn - 0.39%
Composition: 0.17% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.62% Ni - Si - 0.14% Ni - 01.17% Cr - 0.22% Mo - 0.11% V
0.60% Cr - 0.20% Mo
0.35C-Mn-Mo-V Composition: 0.36% C - 1.40% Mn - 0.76%
SAE 8620 Steel, 551 Si - 0.06% Ni - 0.07% Cr - 0.19% Mo - 0.14% V
Composition: 0.21% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.002% P - Cu-Ni-Mo-Cb Steel, 561
0.006% S - 0.63% Ni - 0.49% Cr - 0.17% Mo - 0.014% Cu -
0.014% Al
0.012% S - 1.21% Ni - 0.32% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.63% Cu -
Composition: 0.21% C - 0.71% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.002% P - 0.032% Al - 0.014% N - 0.02% Cb
0.006% S - 0.63% Ni - 0.49% Cr - 0.17% Mo - 0.014% Cu - 12.0% Cr - 1.0% Mo-V Steel, 561
0.014% AI
SAE 8630 Steel, 552 Composition: 0.20% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.026% P -
0.009% S - 0.39% Ni - 11.59% Cr - 0.98% Mo - 0.002% Al -
Composition: 0.31% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.009% P - 0.28% V - 0.0323% N
0.023% S - 0.69% Ni - 0.63% Cr - 0.21% Mo 1-1/4Cr - 1/2Mo Steel Plate, 561
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.66% Ni - 0.005% S - 1.40% Cr - 0.59% Mo - 0.027% sol. Al
0.44% Cr - 0.18% Mo Composition: 0.16% C - 0.58% Mn - 0.53% Si - 0.009% P -
SAE 86B40 Steel, 553 0.005% S - 1.41% Cr - 0.59% Mo - 0.062% sol. Al - 0.0003%
Composition: 0.44% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.49% Ni - B
0.66% Cr - 0.14% Mo, B Mn-Mo-V-N Steel, 562
Composition: 0.67% C - 0.91% Mn - 1.96% Si 0.015% S - 0.50% Mo - 0.16% V - 0.14% N
SAE 9840 Steel, 554 CrMoZr Structural Steel, 562
0.81% Cr- 0.23% Mo 0.011% S - 0.89% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.031% Al - 0.09% Zr
AISr 01 Tool Steel, 555 2-1/4Cr - IMo Steel, 563
Composition: 0.87% C - 1.21% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.62% Cr - Composition: 0.09% C - 0.44% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.008% P -
0.68% W 0.010% S - 2.25% Cr - 0.99% Mo
AISI S5 Tool Steel, 555 Composition: 0.11% C - 0.41% Mn - 0.43% Si - 0.012% P -
0.012% S - 0.25% Ni - 2.10% Cr - 1.02% Mo
Fe - 3.8Mn - 0.7Si Steel, 556 lCr-0.5Mo Stuctural Steel, 564
Composition: 0.19% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.30% Si 0.023% P -
0.021% S - 1.07% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.047% Al
0.019% S - 0.04% Ni - 0.02% Cr - <0.006% Mo - 0.04% Cu -
0.080% Al - <0.006% Nb - <0.006% Ti ICr-0.5Mo-B Structural Steel, 564
Fe - 2.9Mn - 0.7Si Steel, 556 Composition: 0.19% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.022% P -
0.025% S - 1.03% Cr - 0.49% Mo - 0.006% B - 0.041 Al
0.016% S - 0.02% Ni - 0.04% Cr - <0.006% Mo - 0.03% Cu -
2.7Ni-0.9Cr-0.25Mo-B Structural Steel, 565
0.033% Al - <0.006% Nb - <0.006% Ti Composition: 0.19% C - 0.57% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.018% P -
Mn-Mo-Si-Cr Steels, 557 - 558 0.009% S - 2.72% Ni - 0.87% Cr - 0.25% Mo - 0.10% V -
0.0017% B
Composition: 0.061% C - 1.0% Mn - 1.0% Si
9Ni-4Co Ultrahigh-Strength Steel, 565
Composition: 0.061% C - 1.13% Mn - 0.77% Si - 0.28% Cr - 0.32% C - 0.13% Mn - 0.15% Si - 0.090% P - 0.005% S -
0.30% Mo 9.05% Ni - 4.07% CO
Hot-Rolled Dual Phase Steel, 558 HY-80 Steel, 566
Composition: 0.06% C - 1.19% Mn - 0.87% Si - 0.38% Mo - Composition: 0.15% C - 0.32% Mn - 0.31% Si - 2.72% Ni -
0.064% Al 1.52% Cr - 0.41% Mo
C-Mn Steels, 559 Composition: 0.19% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.04% Si - 0.007% P -
0.006% S - 3.30% Ni - 1.78% Cr - 0.50% Mo - 0.004% Al
0.009% S
Low C MnNiMoB Steel, 567
0.009% S 0.004% S - 1.00% Ni - <0.01% Cr - 0.29% Mo - 0.017% Al -
Composition: 0.11% C - 1.73% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.009% P - 0.002% B
0.010% S HY-80 Steel, 568
0.009% S 8.0% Co - 2.0% Cr - 1.0% Mo
Iron-Manganese-Nickel Steel, 559
0.25% Mo
xxxiv
V-Mo-Ti Steel, 569 BS En 16 Steel, 576
Composition: 0.18% C - 0.81% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.40% Ni - Composition: 0.83% C - 1.48% Mn - 0.18% Si- 0.028% P -
0.49% Cr - 0.17% Mo - 0.066% Al - 66 ppm N 0.028% S - 0.26% Ni - 0.16% Cr - 0.27% Mo
Composition: 0.20% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.10% Ni - BS En 17 Steel, 576
0.69% Cr - 0.09% Mo - 0.07% V - 0.021% Al - 0.34% Ti - Composition: 0.38% C - 1.49% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.036% P -
160 ppm N
0.028% S - 0.24% Ni - 0.10% Cr - 0.41% Mo
Rail Steel, 570 BS En 19 Steel, 577
Composition: 0.77% C - 0.96% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.014% p - Composition: 0.44% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.22% Si - 0.023% P -
0.017% S - 0.10% Cr 0.028% S - 0.24% Ni - 1.19% Cr - 0.87% Mo
9Ni Steel, 570 BS En 23 Steel, 577
0.007% S - 8.63% Ni - 0.13% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.032% Al - 0.018% S - 8.22% Ni - 0.63% Cr - 0.22% Mo
0.0083% N2
9Ni-Mo Steel, 571 BS En 26 Steel, 578
0.006% S - 2.42% Ni - 0.74% Cr - 0.46% Mo
0.008% S - 9.30% Ni - 0.17% Cr - 0.61% Mo - 0.046% Al -
0.008% N2 BS En III Steel, 578
15Mo3 Steel, 571 Composition: 0.86% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.13% Si - 0.036% P -
0.032% S - 1.27% Ni - 0.66% Cr
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.016% P-
0.009% S - 0.31% Mo - 0.03% V - 0.004% Al - 0.009% N BS En 160 Steel, 579
13CrMo 4 4 Steel, 571 0.043% S - 1.76% Ni - 0.17% Cr - 0.22% Mo
Composition: 0.11% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.016% P - 42Cr Mo4 Steel, 579
0.016% S - 0.07% Ni - 0.84% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.01% V -
0.002% AI - 0.011% N Composition: 0.41% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.26% Si -0.008% P -
0.024% S - 0.81% Ni - 1.03% Cr - 0.17% Mo - 0.28% Cu -
lOCrMo 9 10 Steel, 571 0.01% V
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.49% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.013% P - 0.27C-1.17Mn-0.31Si-0.48Cr-0.00 13B Steel, 580
0.013% S - 2.43% Cr - 1.06% Mo - 0.01% V - 0.012% N
X12CrMo 7 Steel, 571 0.0013B
Composition: 0.08% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.68% Si - 0.019% P - Weld Zone CCTs, 581
0.007% S - 0.29% Ni - 6.31% Cr - 0.61% Mo - 0.04% V -
0.003% Al - 0.016% N Composition: 0.094% C - 1.82% Mn - 0.8% Si
8Cr-2Mo Steel, 572 Composition: 0.18% C - 1.3% Mn - 0.27% Si
Composition: 0.19% c- 0.46% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.019% P - C-Mn Weld Metals, 582 - 584
0.018% S - 0.09% Ni - 7.83% Cr - 2.02% Mo - 0.01% V - Composition: 0.06% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.028% P -
0.006% Al - 0.013% N 0.008% S - 0.06% Ni - 0.01% Mo - 71 ppm N - 411 ppm 0
X12CrMo 9 1 Steel, 572 Composition: 0.07% C - 1.36% Mn - 0.62% Si - 0.022% P -
Composition: 0.09% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.62% Si - 0.022% P - 0.006% S - 0.06% Ni - 0.01% Mo - 94 ppm N - 362 ppm 0
0.008% S - 0.14% Ni - 9.29% Cr - 1.01% Mo - 0.04% V - Composition: 0.07% C - 2.12% Mn - 0.88% Si - 0.023% P -
0.009% Al - 0.018% N 0.008% S - 0.06% Ni - 0.01% Mo - 81 ppm N - 317 ppm 0
X20CrMoV 121 Steel, 572 C-Mn-Ni Weld Metals, 585 - 588 .
0.009% S - 0.39% Ni - 11.49% Cr - 0.98% Mo - 0.28% V - 0.011% S - 0.06% Ni - 0.06% Mo - 46 ppm N - 446 ppm 0
0.002% Al - 0.0323% N Composition: 0.04% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.024% P -
12Cr-IMo-IW-V-Nb Steel, 572 0.014% S - 1.10% Ni - 0.07% Mo - 120 ppm N - 430 ppm 0
Composition (approx.): 0.1% C - 0.6% Mn- 0.26% Si - 12.0% Composition: 0.06% C - 1.18% Mn - 0.38% Si - 0.022% P -
Cr - 1.0% Mo - 0.28% V - 0.06% Nb - 1.0% W 0.010% S - 2.62% Ni - 0.08% Mo - 178 ppm N - 482 ppm 0
18-0-1 Steel, 573 Composition: 0.04% C - 1.29% Mn - 0.38% Si - 0.030% P -
Composition: 0.64% C - 0.44% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.023% P - 0.017% S - 8.68% Ni - 0.08% Mo - 141 ppm N - 432 ppm 0
0.023% S - 4.02% Cr - 0.42% Mo - 1.24% V - 7.44% W Ti-Oxide Bearing Steel, 589
6-5-2 Steel, 573 Composition: 0.079% C - 1.39% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.0007% P -
Composition: 0.61% C - 0.40% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.023% P - 0.0007% S - 0.002% Al - 0.012% Ti - 0.0016% N - 0.0017% 0
0.030% S - 3.94% Cr - 2.46% Mo - 1.24% V - 1.60% W Composition: 0.092% C - 1.42% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.0010% P -
2-9-2 Steel, 573 0.0008% S - 0.020% Al - 0.0016% N - 0.0020% 0
Composition: 0.62% C - 0.42% Mn - 0.47% Si - 0.028% P - Si-Mn Steel, 590
0.030% S - 8.97% Cr - 8.16% Mo -1.16% V - 0.99% W Composition: 0.09% C - 0.81% Mn - 0.11% Si - 0.017% P -
1524MoV Steel, 574 0.018% S - 0.11% Cu - 0.0060% N - 0.014% 0
Composition: 0.22% C - 1.64% Mn - 0.86% Si -0.014% P - Si-Mn-Ti-B Steel, 590
0.036% S - 0.11% Mo - 0.11% V - 0.011% N Composition: 0.11% C - 1.16% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.013% P -
3.5NiCrMoV Rotor Steel, 574 0.011% S - 0.08% Mo - 0.10% Cu - 0.043% Ti - 0.0034% B -
0.0067% N - 0.020% 0
Composition: 0.26% C - 0.40% Mn - <0.10% Si - 3.60% Ni -
1.60% Cr - 0.60% Mo - 0.10% V T 1 Steel, 591
Cr-Mo-V Rotor Steel, 575 Composition: 0.16% C - 1,00% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.014% P -
0.023% S - 0.94% Ni - 0.63% Cr - 0.46% Mo - 0.34% Cu -
0.004% Ti - 0.0014% B - 0.06% V - 0.008% Sn
0.036% S - 0.84% Ni - 1.04% Cr - 1.20% Mo - 0.24% V
B.S. En 12 Steel, 575 SAE 1320 Steel, 591
0.019% S
0.024% S - 0.93% Ni - 0.16% Cr - 0.04% Mo
xxxv
SAE 1050 Steel, 592 TIME-TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION, 609
Composition: 0.60% C - 0.91% Mn - 652
SAE 4340 Steel, 592
Composition: 0.42% C - 0.78% Mn - 1.79% Ni - 0.80% Cr -
0.33% Mo Carbon Steels, 611 - 612
SAE 4142 Steel, 593 Composition: 0.23% C - 0.86% V
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.010% P - Composition: 0.20% C - 0.023% Nb - 1.04% V - 15 ppm N -
0.026% S - 0.16% Ni - 1.11% Cr - 0.16% Mo - 0.16% CU 13 ppm 0
SAE 52100 Steel, 594 Composition: 0.16% C - 0.020% NB - 0.76% V - 40 ppm N-
41 ppm 0
Composition: 0.09% C - 0.016% Nb - 0.48% V - 40 ppm N -
0.022% S - 0.07% Ni - 1.50% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.11% Cu
69 ppm 0
0.44 C Steel, 595 Composition: 0.04% C - 0.02% Mn - 0.020% Nb - 0.56% V -
Composition: 0.44% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.42% Ni - 6 ppm N - 1 ppm 0
0.22% Cr Austenitic Steel, 613
0.82 C Steel, 595 Composition: 0.069% C - 1.13% Mn - 0.34% Si - 25.16% Ni -
Composition: 0.82% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.42% Ni - 16.39% Cr - 0.86% Al - 4.30% Ti - 0.01% N
0.22% Cr Fe-Nb-C Alloy Steels, 613 - 614
Ni-Cr Steel, 596 Composition: Fe - 0.07% C - 0.031% Nb
Composition: 0.80% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.019% P - 0.019% S - Composition: Fe - 0.09% C - 0.036% Nb - 0.003% B
8.60% Ni - 1.26% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.07% C - 1.07% Mn - 0.033% Nb
SAE 4337 Steel, 597 Composition: Fe - 0.07% C - 0.031% Nb
Composition: 0.36% C - 1.46% Ni - 1.1% Cr - 0.27% Mo
Fe-V-C Alloy Steel, 615
Fe-0.2C-5Cr Steel, 597 Composition: 0.12% C - 0.02% Mn - 0.02% Mo - 0.46% V -
0.002% N
Composition: 0.28% C - 6.1% Cr
Ti Bearing Steels, 615
Fe-0.2C-l V Steel, 597 Composition: 0.072% C - 1.50% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.005% P -
Composition: 0.18% C - 1.09% V 0.010% S - 0.06% Ti - 0.01% Al - 0.0062% N
Low Alloy Steel, 598 Composition: 0.068% C - 1.67% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.006% P -
Composition: 0.67% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.80% Si - 0.016% P - 0.010% S - 0.11% Ti - 0.03% Al - 0.0062% N
Carbon Steel, 598 0.010% S - 0.18% Ti - 0.02% Al - 0.0084% N
Composition: 0.106% C - 0.0086% Si - 0.0016% P - 0.003% S Composition: 0.060% C - 1.43% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.006% P -
0.010% S - 0.26% Ti - 0.01% Al - 0.0070% N
- 0.0006% 0
C-Mn Steel, 598 3.25% Si Steel, 616
0.011% S
P - 0.0017% S - 0.0001% 0
Nb Steel, 599 0.012% S
Composition: 0.10% C - 1.54% Mn - 0.0036% Si - 0.0016% P Nb Steels, 617
- 0.0012% S - 0.04% Nb - 0.0003% 0
Low-Carbon Bainitic Steel, 600 0.009% S - 0.006% Cu - 0.018% Nb - 0.061% Al - 0.004% N
0.002% S - 0.07% V - 0.03% Nb - 0.018% Ti - 0.042% sol. Al 0.009% S - 0.006% Cu - 0.036% Nb - 0.067% Al - 0.004% N
0.0038% N Nb HSLA Steels, 618
Composition: 0.02% C - 1.60% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0.043% Nb -
Composition: 0.067% C - 1.23% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.040% Nb
0.017% Ti - 0.0018% B - 0.0020% N
- 0.02% Al - 0.006% (max) N
0.IC-0.24Mo-B Steel, 601 Composition: 0.066% C - 1.26% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.046% Nb
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.24% Mo - - 0.08% Al - 0.006% (max) N
0.002% B - 0.005% N - 0.048% Zr HSLA Steels, 619 - 621
0.IC-0.39Mo-B Steel, 602 - 603 Composition: 0.062% C - 1.71% Mn - 0.12% Si - 0.016% P -
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.39% Mo - 0.011% S - 0.02% Mo - 0.074% Nb - 0.026% Al - 0.0060% N
0.003% B - 0.006% N - 0.046% Zr Composition: 0.063% C - 1.71% Mn - 0.11% Si - 0.018% P -
0.IC-0.66Mo-B Steel, 604 - 605 0.011% S - 0.03% Mo - 0.084% Nb - 0.024% Al - 0.0068% N
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.35% Si - 0.66% Mo - Composition: 0.060% C - 1.74% Mn - 0.12% Si - 0.017% P -
0.003% B - 0.006% N - 0.044% Zr 0.011% S - 0.29% Mo - 0.076% Nb - 0.022% Al - 0.0061% N
0.2% C - 0.38% Mo-B Steel, 605 - 606 Composition: 0.069% C - 1.70% Mn - 0.12% Si - 0.018% P -
0.011% S - 0.29% Mo - 0.080% Nb - 0.022% Al - 0.0062% N
Composition: 0.20% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.38% Mo - Composition: 0.062% C - 1.76% Mn - 0.12% Si - 0.018% P -
0.003% B - 0.006% N - 0.052% Zr 0.011% S - 0.03% Mo - 0.076% Nb - 0.029% Al - 0.0102% N
Nb Steel, 607 O.l5C Steel, 622 - 623
Composition: 0.16% C - 1.41% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.018% P - Composition: 0.17% C - <0.1% Mn - 0.04% Si - <0.001% P -
0.017% S - 0.031% Nb - 0.020% sol. Al - 0.0064% N 0.004% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - <0.017%
AI- <0.01% V
Composition: 0.14% C - <0.1% Mn - 0.14% Si - <0.001% P -
0.004% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - 0.013% Al
- <0.01% V
Composition: 0.17% C - <0.1% Mn - 0.36% Si - <0.001% P -
0.006% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - <0.006%
Al - 0.01% V
xxxvi
Composition: 0.16% C - <0.1% Mn - <0.1% Si - <0.001% P Ferritic Stainless Steels, 633
- 0.005% S - 0.94% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - 0.007% Al Composition: (A4) 0.06% C - 0.81% Mn - 0.59% Si - 0.026%
- <0.01% V
P - 0.008% S - 0.05% Ni - 24.60% Cr
Composition: 0.17% C - <0.1% Mn - 0.04% Si - <0.001% P - Composition: (A6) 0.06% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.65% Si - 0.024%
0.004% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - <0.017% P - 0.008% S - 0.08% Ni - 81.00% Cr
Al - <0.01% V . Composition: (A7) 0.08% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.80% Si - 0.05%
Composition: 0.14% C - <0.1% Mn - 0.14% Si - <0.001% P - Ni - 83.03% Cr
0.004% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - 0.013% Al 25Cr-3Mo-4Ni Ferritic Stainless Steel, 633
- <0.01% V
Composition: 0.17% C - <0.1% Mn - 0.36% Si - <0.001% P - Composition: 0.014% C - 0.29% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.019% P -
0.006% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - <0.005% 0.011% S - 8.90% Ni - 24.53% Cr - 3.54% Mo - 0.32% Al -
AI- 0.01% V 0.17% Nb
Composition: 0.16% C - <0.1% Mn - <0.1% Si - <0.001% P Composition: 0.013% C - 0.29% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.012% P -
- 0.005% S - 0.94% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - 0.007% Al 0.009% S - 4.66% Ni - 24.41 % Cr - 3.50% Mo - 0.012% Al -
- <0.01% V 0.32% Nb - 0.08% Ti
Composition: 0.17% C - <0.1% Mn - 0.04% Si - <0.001% P - Austenitic Cr-Mn-C-N Stainless Steel, 634
0.004% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - <0.017% Composition: 0.43% C - 13.54% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.008% P -
AI- <0.01% V 0.019% S - 0.17% Ni - 23.23% Cr - 0.46% N
Composition: 0.16% C - <0.1% Mn - <0.1% Si - <0.001% P Esshete 1250 Austenitic Steel, 635
- 0.007% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - 0.039% Composition: 0.10% C - 6.0% Mn - 0.5% Si - 9.6% Ni -
AI- <0.01% V 15.25% Cr - 1.02% Mo - 0.8% V - 1.1% Nb - 0.0066% B
Composition: 0.15% C - <0.1% Mn - <0.1% Si - <0.001% P 304 Stainless Steel, 635
- 0.004% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - 0.078%
AI- <0.01% V Composition: 0.05% C - -9.0% Ni - -18.0% Cr
Composition: 0.14% C - <0.1% Mn - <0.1% Si - <0.001% P Composition: 0.038% C - -9.0% Ni - -18.0% Cr
- 0.004% S - <0.1% Ni - <0.01% Cr - <0.1% Mo - 0.15% Al Stainless Steels, 636 - 638
- <0.01% V 304 - Composition: 0.06% C - 0.52% Mn - 0.53% Si - 0.018%
Low Carbon Steels, 624 - 625 P - 0.014% S - 9.14% Ni - 19.17% Cr
Composition: 0.05% C - 0.35% Mn - 0.008% Si - 0.013% P - 347 - Composition: 0.05% C -1.56% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.018%
0.027% S - 0.03% Ni - 0.02% Cr - 0.03% Cu - 0.058% Al - P - 0.016% S - 10.30% Ni - 17.86% Cr
0.008% AI202 - 0.0058% acid soluble N 816 - Composition: 0.04% C - 1.54% Mn - 0.58% Si - 0.024%
Composition: 0.05% C - 0.35% Mn - 0.008% Si - 0.013% P - P - 0.015% S - 11.96% Ni - 17.27% Cr - 2.47% Mo
0.027% S - 0.03% Ni - 0.02% Cr - 0.03% Cu - 0.058% Al - 309 - Composition: 0.13% C - 1.54% Mn - 0.39% Si - 0.024%
0.008% AI202 - 0.0058% acid soluble N P - 0.015% S - 18.40% Ni - 23.21% Cr
0.022% S - 0.020% Al - 0.0088 acid soluble N 810 - Composition: 0.05% C - 1.95% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.023%
Composition: 0.043% C - 0.35% Mn - 0.004% Si - 0.010% P - P - 0.007% S - 21.09% Ni - 27.23% Cr
0.023% S - 0.079% Al - 0.0072% acid soluble N 446 - Composition: 0.14% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.64% Si - 0.021%
Fe-0.07% N Steel, 625 P - 0.030% S - 0.30% Ni - 25.51% Cr
Fe-1.9% N Steel, 625 Laboratory Experimental Heat. - Composition: 0.04% C -
0.38% Mn - 0.54% Si - 0.024% P - 0.015% S - 0.08% Ni -
Fe-2.35% N Steel, 626 27.78% Cr
3Mn 5B Steel, 626 Austenitic Stainless Steels, 639
Composition: 0.089% C - 2.86% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.014% Al - 304 - Composition: 0.05% C - 1.73% Mn - 0.60% Si - 0.028%
0.00018% N - 0.0005% B P - 0.012% S - 9.0% Ni - 18.7% Cr - 0.026% N
3Mn 20B Steel, 627 316 - Composition: 0.05% C - 1.81% Mn - 0.63% Si - 0.029%
Composition: 0.061% C - 3.02% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.008% Al - P - 0.010% S - 11.9% Ni - 16.6% Cr - 2.3% Mo - 0.024% N
0.0009% N - 0.0020% B 321 - Composition: 0.05% C - 1.76% Mn - 0.59% Si - 0.024%
HT-50 Steel, 627 P - 0.008% S - 10.5% Ni - 17.6% Cr - 0.35% Ti - 0.011% N
Composition: 0.08% C - 1.4% Mn - 0.25% Si - 0.008% P - 347 - Composition: 0.05% C - 1.64% Mn - 0.59% Si - 0.019%
0.002% S - 0.04% Al - 0.008% Ti - 0.0030% N - 0.0014% B P - 0.014% S - 10.4% Ni - 17.6% Cr - 0.025% N - 0.87% Nb
Tempaloy A-I - Composition: 0.07% C - 1.71% Mn - 0.66%
Fe-C Alloys, 628 - 629 Si - 0.028% P - 0.005% S - 9.8% Ni - 18.0% Or - 0.06% Ti -
Composition: 0.05% C - 1.5% AI - 0.0019% N 0.033% N - 0.13% Nb
Composition: 0.02% C - 0.003% Al - 0.0034% N 316 Stainless Steel, 640
Composition: 0.02% C - 0.37% Mn - 0.0186% N
Composition: 0.02% C - 1.0% Ni - 0.015% Al - 0.0010% N
316L Stainless Steel, 640 - 641
Low Carbon Steel, 629 Composition: 0.033% C - 1.55% Mn - 0.44% Si - 0.022% P -
0.022% S - 13.6% Ni - 16.4% Cr - 2.12% Mo - 0.025% N -
Composition: 0.046% C - 0.35% Mn - 0.020% P - 0.018% S - 0.0012% B - 0.18% Co - 0.07% Cu
0.03% sol. AI, 0.010% insol Al - 0.006% N Composition: 0.021% C - 1.74% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.030% P -
Ferritic Steel, 630 0.007% S - 12.3% Ni - 17.2% Cr - 2.40% Mo - 0.080% N -
Composition: 0.12% C - 0.5% V 0.0032% B - 0.21% Co - 0.15% Cu
Composition: 0.12% C - 1.3% Mo Composition: 0.023% C - 1.74% Mn - 0.73% Si - 13.1% Ni -
2-1/4 Cr - 1% Mo Steel, 631 - 632 17.3% Cr - 2.66% Mo
Composition: 0.15% C - 0.50% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.018% P - 316 Stainless Steel, 642
0.012% S - 0.165% Ni - 2.12% Cr - 0.94% Mo - 0.077% Cu - Composition: 0.066% C - 1.57% Mn - 0.21% Si - 12.8% Ni -
0.009% Sn 17.4%. Cr - 2.05% Mo
12% Cr Martensitic Steels, 632 Composition: 0.05% C - 1.68% Mn - 0.44% Si - 0.023% P -
Composition: 0.21% C - 13.2% Cr - 0.024% N 0.012% S - 11.85% Ni - 16.81% Cr - 2.21% Mo - 0.16% Cu -
Composition: 0.18% C - 0.58% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.18% Ni - 0.030% Al - 0.007% Sn - 0.002% Pb - 0.002% B
11.7% Cr - 0.49% Mo - 0.01% Al - 0.38% V - 0.20% Nb-
0.033% N
xxxvii
316 Austenitic Stainless Steel, 642 TIME-TEMPERATURE EMBRITTLEMENT,
Composition: 0.06% C - 1.72% Mn - 0.40% Si - 0.012% P - 653 - 700
0.007% S - 13.30% Ni - 17.30% Cr - 2.33% Mo - 0.003% Ti
Titanium Modified 316 Stainless Steel, 643 SAE 1050 Steel, 655
Composition: 0.067% C - 1.41% Mn - 0.03% Si - 0.006% P - Composition: 0.46% C - 0.75% Mn - 0.02% P - 0.034% S -
0.004% S - 13.96% Ni - 17.62% Cr - 2.61% Mo - 0.29% Ti - 0.03% Ni - 0.12% Cr
0.004% N C-Mn Steel, 655
321 Stainless Steel, 643 Composition: 0.26% C - 1.63% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.021% P -
0.006% S - 9.68% Ni - 17.48% Cr - 0.60% Ti - 0.011% N C-Mn-B Steel, 656
Stainless Steel, 644 Composition: 0.26% C - 1.67% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.021% P -
Composition: 0.088% C - 1.06% Mn - 0.42% Si - 8.0% Ni - 0.032% S - 0.0034% B
24.86% Cr - 0.0116% N SAE 5140 Steel, 657
308 Stainless Steel, 644 Composition: 0.46% C ~ 0.77% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.016% P -
Composition: 0.068% C - 1.61% Mn - 0.49% Si - 0.018% P - 0.013% S - 0.72% Cr
0.012% S - 10.28% Ni - 20.89% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.06% V - SAE 4047 Steel, 657
<0.01% Ti - <0.001% B - 0.10% Cu - 0.039% N2
308CRE Stainless Steel, 644 0.016% S - 0.14% Ni - 0.13% Cr - 0.26% Mo
0.016% S - 9.98% Ni - 19.96% Cr - <0.01% Mo - 0.04% V -
SAE 3140 Steel, 658 - 659
0.67% Ti - 0.002% B - 0.03% Cu - 0.011% N2 2.25Cr-IMo Steel, 660
Austenitic Stainless Steel, 645 Composition: 0.07% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.38% Si - 0.020% P -
Composition: 0.142% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.66% Si - 19.08% Ni - 0.023% S - <0.1% Ni - 2.1% Cr - 1.0% Mo
22.46% Cr Ni-Cr Steel, 660
X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 Steel, 645 - 646 Composition: 0.26% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.07% Si - 0.026% P -
0.020% S - 3.63% Ni - 0.84% Cr
17.76% Cr - 4.72% Mo - 0.026% N Alloy Steel, 66i - 663
0.011% S - 13.66% Ni - 16.80% Cr - 4.80% Mo - 0.039% N 0.021% S - 3.78% Ni - 1.79% Cr
0.011% S - 13.46% - 17.06% Cr - 4.73% Mo - 0.146% N 0.022% S - 1.84% Ni - 1.64% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.16% V
Austenitic Steel, 647 Fe-30Cr (Alloy 90) Steel, 664
Composition: 0.046% C - 1.14% Mn - 0.36% Si - 26.6% Ni - Ferritic Stainless Steels, 664 - 665
16.6% Cr - 4.10% Ti - 0.009% N Composition: 0.002% C - <0.01% Mn - <0.01% Si - 0.001%
310 Stainless Steel, 647 - 648 P - 17.36% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.003% N
Composition: 0.11% C - 1.76% Mn - 0.70% Si - 0.02% P - Composition: 0.004% C - <0.01% Mn - <0.01% Si - 0.001%
0.011% S - 19.76% Ni - 24.66% Cr - 0.31% Mo - 0.061% Al - P - 17.61% Cr - 2.02% Mo - 0.004% N
0.12% Cu - 0.0016% B - 0.006% Pb - 0.004% Sn Composition: 0.003% C - <0.01% Mn - <0.01% Si - 13.68%
Cast 25.7%Cr-22.8%Ni Austenitic Stainless Cr - 0.08% Mo - 0.004% N
Composition: 0.002% C - <0.01% Mn - <0.01% Si - 13.60%
Steel, 648 Cr - 1.88% Mo - 0.004% N
Composition: 0.24% C - 1.72% Mn - 2.13% Si - 0.008% P - Composition: 0.044% C - 0.64% Mn - 0.31% Si - 18.04% Cr -
0.010% S - 22.8% Ni - 26.7% Cr - 0.016% N 0.01% Mo - 0.091% N
316 Stainless Steel, 649 Composition: 0.043% C - 0.64% Mn - 0.31% Si - 18.03% Cr -
Wrought 316 Stainless Steel and 19-12-3 Weld 1.94% Mo - 0.092% N
Metal, 649 Composition: 0.044% C - 0.64% Mn - 0.31% Si - 17.94% Cr -
1.93% Mo - 0.062% N - 0.42% Ti
Wrought 316 Steel Composition: 0.04-0.10% C - <2.00% Mn
Ti-stabilized Steel - Composition: 0.013% C - 0.46% Mn -
- <1.00% Si - <0.046% P - <0.030% S - 10.6-14.0% Ni -
16.0-18.6% Cr - 2.00-3.00% Mo 0.27% Si - 0.020% P - 0.011% S - 17.4% Cr - 2.02% Mo -
19-12-3 Weld Metal Composition: <0.08% C - 0.50-2.60% 0.0148% N - 0.24% Ti
Mn - <1.00% Si - <0.040% P - <0.036% S - 10.0-14.0 Ni - Nb-stabilized Steel - Composition: 0.013% C - 0.49% Mn -
17.0-20.0 % Cr - 2.6-3.6% Mo 0.27% Si - 0.019% P - 0.013% S - 17.4% Cr - 2.00% Mo -
0.0096% N - 0.35% Nb
Duplex Stainless Steel, 650
Duplex Stainless Steels, 666
6Mo Composition: 0.026% C - 0.26% Mn - 0.10% Si - 0.012%
0.012% S - 6.00% Ni - 21.8% Cr - 3.12% Mo - 0.113% N -
0.06% Cu P - 0.016% S - 7.38% Ni - 24.49% Cr - 4.99% Mo - 0.36% N
6Mo Composition: 0.018% C - 0.28% Mn - 0.14% Si - 0.011%
Uranus 50 Duplex Stainless Steel, 650 P - 0.012% S - 9.18% Ni - 23.82% Cr - 6.98% Mo - 0.20% N
0.021% S - 7.38% Ni - 21.08% Cr - 2.39% Mo - 1.33% Cu -
ELI Ferritic Stainless Steel, 666
0.003% B - 0.071% N - <0.01% Ti (33% ferrite) Composition: 0.074% C - 0.12% Si - 0.013% P - 0.002% S -
Duplex Stainless Steel, 651 3.93% Ni - 24.8% Cr - 4.06% Mo - 0.0117% N - 0.61% Nb
Ferritic Cr-Mo-Ni Stainless Steels, 667
26.0% Cr - 1.3% Mo 29Cr-4Mo Ferritic Stainless Steel, 668
Composition: 0.02% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.48% Si - 0.02% P - 29-4 Ferritic Stainless Steel, 668
0.009% S - 6.64% Ni - 26.3% Cr - 2.96% Mo - 0.49% Cu - Composition: 0.004% C - 0.1% Mn - 0.1% Si - 0.01% P -
0.11% N - 0.32% W 0.016% S - 0.1% Ni - 29.0% Cr - 4.0% Mo - 0.012% N
xxxviii
29%Cr-4Mo-2Ni Ferritic Stainless Steel, 669 316L Stainless Steel, 681
0.012% S - 2.17% Ni - 29.5% Cr - 4.0% Mo - 0.0146% N - 0.013% S - 12.62% Ni - 18.42% Cr - 3.00% Mo - 0.020% N 2
0.06% Al - 0.0011% 0 304L Stainless Steel, 682
Uranus 50 Duplex Stainless Steel, 669 Composition: 0.020% C - 1.40% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.032% P -
Composition: 0.032% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.45% Si - 0.022% P - 0.013% S - 10.30% Ni - 18.10% Cr - 0.32% Mo - 0.24% Cu -
0.021% S - 7.38% Ni - 21.08% Cr - 2.39% Mo - 1.33% Cu - 0.039% N
0.071% N - 0.003% B - <0.01% Ti (33% ferrite) 304 Stainless Steel, 682 - 685
AL-6X Austenitic Stainless Steel, 669 Composition: 0.038% C - 1.60% Mn - 0.45% Si - 0.021% P -
Composition: 0.02% C - 1.5% Mn - 0.4% Si - 0.02% P - 0.019% S - 9.2% Ni - 18.4% Cr - <0.03% Ti - <0.03%
0.002% S - 24.5% Ni - 20.5% Cr - 6.3% Mo Cb+Ta - 0.027% AI+Ta
12% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel, 670 - 671 18%Cr-8%Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel, 685
Composition: 0.009% C - 12.77% Cr - 0.002% N - 0.15% Ti 304 Stainless Steel, 686 - 687
Composition: 0.006% C - 12.66% Cr - 0.018% Ni - 0.40% Ti Composition: 0.069% C - 0.01% Si - 0.003% P - 0.009% S -
Composition: 0.002% C - 13.20% Cr - 0.011% N - 0.42% Ti 9.4% Ni - 18.6% Cr - 0.002% N
Fe-26Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel, 672 Composition: 0.063% C - 0.01% Si - 0.060% P - 0.003% S -
9.4% Ni - 17.6% Cr - 0.001% N
Composition: 0.0023% C - 0.01% Mn - 0.106% Si - 0.018% P Composition: 0.068% C - 0.01% Si - 0.003% P - 0.033% S -
- 0.015% S - 0.072% Ni - 25.5% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.0083% N 9.6% Ni - 18.6% Cr - 0.002% N
18Cr-2Mo-Ti Stabilized Fcrritic Stainless Steel, Composition: 0.022% C - 0.01% Si - 0.004% P - 0.006% S -
672 - 673 9.2% Ni - 18.5% Cr - 0.01% N
Composition: 0.023% C - 0.33% Mn - 0.16% Si - 0.019% P - Composition: 0.022% C - 0.01% Si - 0.060% P - 0.006% S -
0.012% S - 0.33% Ni - 17.15% Cr - 2.23% Mo - 0.04% Cu - 9.2% Ni - 18.2% Cr - 0.01% N
0.05% Co - 0.61% Ti Composition: 0.005% C - 0.030% S - 9.5% Ni - 18.5% Cr
Austenitic Stainless Steels, 673 - 676 Composition: 0.078% C - 1.12% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.025% P -
0.027% S - 8.49% Ni - 18.1% Cr - 0.21% Cu
Composition: 0.069% C - 9.4% Ni - 18.6% Cr - 0.002% N
316 Stainless Steel, 687
Composition: 0.028% C - 9.2% Ni - 18.5% Cr - 0.010% N Composition: 0.057% C - 0.54% Si - 1.67% Mn - 0.035% P -
Composition: 0.013% C - 9.5% Ni - 18.5% Cr - 0.010% N 0.025% S - 12.77% Ni - 17.14% Cr - 2.21% Mo - 0.31% Cu
Composition: 0.067% C - 8.76% Ni - 17.67% Cr - 2.0% Mo - 20% Cr and 12 to 46% Ni Stainless Steels, 688
0.035% N 316 Stainless Steel, 689
Composition: 0.067% C - 8.80% Ni - 17.65% Cr - 2.03% Mo - Composition: 0.057% C - 1.65% Mn - <0.07% Si - <0.025%
0.096% N P - 0.007% S - 12.44% Ni - 16.62% Cr - 2.32% Mo - 0.135%
Composition: 0.013% C - 8.49% Ni - 17.30% Cr - 0.037% N Cu - <0.01% Ti - <0.01% Nb
Composition: 0.069% C - 9.4% Ni - 18.6% Cr - 0.002% N Austenitic 308 Stainless Steel, 689
Composition: 0.077% C - 11.6% Ni - 18.08% Cr - 2.0% Mo - Composition: 0.040% C - 1.76% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.016% P -
0.097% N 0.008% S - 9.82% Ni - 20.95% Cr
Composition: 0.064% C - 8.53% Ni - 17.38% Cr - 0.124% N Duplex 308 Stainless Steel, 689 - 690
Composition: 0.067% C - 8.80% Ni - 17.65% Cr - 2.03% Mo - Composition: 0.040% C - 1.76% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.016% P -
0.096% N 0.008% S - 9.82% Ni - 20.95% Cr
Composition: 0.068% C - 1.89% Mn - 8.67% Ni - 17.72% Cr AISI 321 Stainless Steel, 690 - 692
- 0.091% N
9.78% Ni - 16.29% Cr - 2.53% Mo - 0.078% N 18.1% Cr - 0.51% Ti - 0.017% N
Composition: 0.034% C - 1.51% Mn - 0.64% sr- 0.04% P - Rolled Stainless Steel and 18Cr-l0Ni Weld
8.83% Ni - 18.02% Cr - 0.002% N Metal, 692 - 693
11.88% Ni - 18.13% Cr - 0.13% N 18.63% Cr - <0.01% Mo, Ferrite content = 0.5%
7.88% Ni - 18.58% Cr - 0.108% N 19.09% Cr - <001% Mo, Ferrite content 1.1%
9.52% Ni - 20.22% Cr - 0.083% N 19.28% Or - <0.01 % Mo, Ferrite content = 0.7%
Austenitic Steel, 677 - 678 Rolled Stainless Steel and 18Cr-12Ni-2.8Mo
Composition: 0.030% C - 14.37% Ni - 17.78% Cr - 2.04% Mo Weld Metal, 693
- 0.024% N Composition: 0.025% C - 0.69% Mn - 0.72% Si - 12.84% Ni -
Composition: 0.025% C - 9.0% Ni - 18.0% Cr
18.44% Cr - 2.75% Mo, Ferrite content 0.3%
Composition: 0.026% C - 14.97% Ni - 18.02% Cr - 0.027% N Rolled Stainless Steel and 18Cr-lONi Weld
Composition: 11% Ni - 18.5% Cr Metal, 694
304 Stainless Steel, 678 Rolled Stainless Steel and 18Cr-12Ni-2 to 3Mo
18%Cr-15%Ni Stainless Steel, 678 Weld Metal, 694
347 Stainless Steel, 679 - 680 Austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo Steel X 5 CrNiMo 17 13,
Composition: 0.07% C - 0.38% Si - 1.50% Mn - 0.031% P - 694
0.008% S - 11.75% Ni - 18.41% Cr - 0.81% Cb - 0.050% N2 Composition: 0.042% C - 1.50% Mn - 0.45% Si - 14.34% Ni -
Composition: 0.08% 0 - 1.28% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.020% P - 17.76% Cr - 4.72% Mo - 0.025% N
0.022% S - 10.72% Ni - 18.30% Cr - 0.77% Cb - 0.030% N2
304L Stainless Steel, 681
0.018% S - 9.39% Ni - 19.31% Cr - 0.053% N2
xxxix
Alloy 800, 695 - 699 Composition: 2.89% C - 3.08% Mn - 0.61% Si - 17.0% Cr -
Composition: 0.019% C - 1.21% Mn - 0.49% Si - 83.5% Ni - 1.49% Mo
20.6% Cr - 0.01% Cu - 0.51% AI - 0.46% Ti - 0.027% N Composition: 2.94% C - 0.78% Mn - 0.58% Si - 1.16% Ni -
Composition: 0.029% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.48% Si - 0.007% P - 17.6% Cr - 0.54% Mo
0.011% S - 88.40% Ni - 21.30% Cr - 0.07% Cu - 0.41% Ti - Composition: 2.93% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.56% Si - 2.07% Ni -
0.18% AI - 158 ppm N 17.5% Cr - 0.45% Mo
0.004% S - 83.20% Ni - 21.50% Cr - 0.07% Cu - 0.50% Ti - 17.4% Cr - 1.43% Mo
0.05% AI - 150 ppm N
0.005% S - 88.80% Ni - 21.75% Cr - 0.07% Cu - 0.55% Ti - 17.4% Cr - 2.43% Mo
0.19% AI - 154 ppm N Composition: 2.91% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.58% Si - 17.4% Cr -
Composition: 0.029% C - 0.59% Mn - 0.45% Si - 0.008% P - 0.56% Mo - 1.02% Cu
0.012% S - 88.25% Ni - 21.75% Cr - 0.07% Cu - 0.50% Ti - Composition: 2.93% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.55% Si - 17.5% Cr-
0.28% AI - 150 ppm N 0.56% Mo - 1.95% Cu
Composition: 0.080% C - 0.61% Mn - 0.49% Si - 0.007% P - Composition: 2.96% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.52% Si - 17.5% Cr -
0.005% S - 88.25% Ni - 21.85% Cr - 0.07% Cu - 0.20% Ti - 1.55% Mo - 0.98% Cu
0.20% AI - 150 ppm N Composition: 2.88% C - 0.78% Mn - 0.60% Si - 16.9% Cr-
Composition: 0.029% C - 0.61% Mn - 0.47% Si - 0.007% P - 1.52% Mo - 1.74% Cu
0.005% S - 88.45% Ni - 21.40% Cr - 0.06% Cu - 0.31% Ti -
0.19% AI - 151 ppm N Composition: 2.96% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.93% Si - 17.5% Cr -
Carpenter 20Cb-3 Stainless Steel Strip, 699- 1.55% Mo - 0.98% Cu
Composition: Fe - 2.19% C - 11.65% Cr - 0.02% Mo
700
0.004% S - 83.70% Ni - 19.76% Cr - 2.25% Mo - 8.14% Cu - Composition: Fe - 1.95% C - 10.8% Cr - 3.80% Mo
0.79% Cb Composition: Fe - 2.65% C - 12.65% Cr - 0.02% Mo
Duplex Stainless Steels, 700 Composition: Fe - 2.55% C - 12.40% Cr - 1.25% Mo
Composition: 0.030% C - 1.29% Mn - 0.78% Si - 0.022% P - Composition: Fe - 2.41% C - 12.15% Cr - 2,45% Mo
0.014% S - 5.14% Ni - 24.75% Cr - 1.80% Mo - 0.071% N Composition: Fe - 3.51% C - 12.20% Cr - 0.02% Mo
0.009% S - 5.52% Ni - 21.90% Cr - 2.97% Mo - 0.151% N
Composition: Fe - 2.08% C - 15.85% Cr - trace level Mo
IRONS, 701 - 766 Composition: Fe - 2.05% C - 15.60% Cr - 0.81% Mo
Composition: Fe - 2.67% C - 14.95% Cr - trace level Mo
Gray Cast Irons, 703 - 704 Composition: Fe - 2.67% C - 15.20% Cr - 1.09% Mo
Composition: 8.68% C -2.92% GC" - 0.71% CC" - 0.53% Composition: Fe - 2.60% C - 15.20% Cr - 1.95% Mo
Mn - 1.75% Si - 0.56% P - 0.10% S Composition: Fe - 8.58% C - 14.45% Cr - trace level Mo
Composition: 8.68% C - 2.56% GC" 1.12% CC" - 0.87% Composition: Fe - 8.58% C - 14.65% Cr - 0.52% Mo
Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.28% P - 0.11% S - 2.03% Ni Composition: Fe - 3.56% C - 14.60% Cr - 1.47% Mo
Mo - 0.60% Cu Composition: Fe - 4.10% C - 15.10% Cr - trace level Mo
Malleable Irons, 704 - 705 Composition: Fe - 3.96% C - 14.80% Cr - 1.45% Mo
Composition: Fe - 2.60% C - 0.42% Mn - 1.43% Si - Composition: Fe - 3.81% C - 14.75% Cr - 2.50% Mo
0.017% Mo - 0.002% B Composition: Fe - 4.18% C - 18.22% Cr - 0.05% Mo
Composition: Fe - 2.58% C - 0.42% Mn - 1.37% Si - 0.15% Composition: Fe - 4.08% C - 18.00% Cr - 1.14% Mo
Mo - 0.001% B Composition: Fe - 3.96% C - 17.55% Cr - 2.53% Mo
Composition: Fe - 2.58% C - 0.40% Mn - 1.44% Si - 0.32% Composition: Fe - 2.08% C - 20.55% Cr - <0.01% Mo
Mo - 0.001% B
Composition: Fe - 2.57% C - 0.48% Mn - 1.44% Si - 0.27% Composition: Fe - 2.04% C - 20.55% Cr - 0.61% Mo
P - 0.11% S - 0.05% Cr - 0.008% AI - 0.0028% B Composition: Fe - 1.98% C - 20.25% Cr - 2.14% Mo
White Irons, 706 Composition: Fe - 2.67% C - 20.75% Cr - <0.01% Mo
Composition: 2.75% C - 0.13% Mn - 1.21% Si - 0.008% S Composition: Fe - 2.54% C - 20.22% Cr - 1.52% Mo
Composition: 2.70% C - 0.72% Mn - 1.24% Si - 0.007% S Composition: Fe - 8.62% C - 20.35% Cr - <0.01% Mo
White Cast Irons, 707 - 753 Composition: Fe - 2.87% C - 25.50% Cr - 1.22% Mo
Composition: 2.93% C - 0.78% Mn - 0.60% Si - 17.4% Cr - Composition: Fe - 2.72% C - 25.15% Cr - 2.52% Mo
0.04% Mo Composition: Fe - 8.70% C - 25.82% Cr - 0.02% Mo
Composition: 2.90% C - 0.75% Mn - 0.56% Si - 17.6% Cr - Composition: Fe - 8.66% C - 24.95% Cr - 1.53% Mo
0.48% Mo Composition: Fe - 8.52% C - 24.65% Cr - 2.67% Mo
Composition: 2.93% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.59% Si - 17.5% Composition: Fe - 4.81% C - 24.80% Cr - 0.02% Mo
Cr-1.59% Mo
Cr-2.89% Mo
1.49% Mo
xl
Ductile Irons. 754 - 766 Composition: Fe - 8.62% C - 0.82% Mn - 2.46% Si-1.17%
Ni-Mo alloyed ductile iron Ni - 0.49% Mo
Composition: Fe - 8.87% C - 2.62% Si - 0.81% Mn Composition: Fe - 8.59% C - 0.29% Mn - 2.71% Si -
0.024% P - 0.007% S - 0.04% Cr-0.08% Ni - 0.02% Mo -
0.024% Mg
Mo
Composition: Fe - 8.60% C - 0.87% Mn-8.68% Si - 0.022%
P - 0.007% S - 0.04% Cr - 0.08% Ni - 0.08% Mo - 0.027%
Mo Mg
Composition: Fe - 8.87% C - 0.81% Mn - 2.62% Si - Composition: Fe - 8.61% C - 0.20% Mn - 2.88% Si -
0.022% P-0.009% S 0.022% P - 0.009% S - 0.04% Cr - 0.04% Ni - 0.02% Mo -
Composition: Fe - 8.84% C - 0.82% Mn - 2.65% Si - 0.025% Mg
0.022% P - 0.008% S - 0.20% Mo Composition: Fe - 8.54% C - 0.81% Mn-8.45% Si - 0.024%
Composition: Fe - 8.88% C - 0.82% Mn - 2.69% Si - P - 0.005% S - 0.04% Cr - 0.04% Ni - 0.02% Mo - 0.028%
0.022% P - 0.008% S - 0.25% Mg
0.024% P - 0.008% S - 0.49% Mo 0.040% P - 0.011% S - 0.02% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.094% Mg
0.024% P - 0.008% S - 0.75% Mo 0.089% P - 0.010% S - 0.02% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.050% Mg
0.022% P - 0.011% S - 0.05% Ni - 0.50% Mo - 0.044% Mg 0.089% P - 0.012% S - 0.02% Cr - 0.37% Mo - 0.042% Mg
0.028% P - 0.011% S - 0.61% Ni - 0.50% Mo - 0.041% Mg 0.088% P - 0.011% S - 0.02% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.047% Mg
0.028% P - 0.011% S - 1.17% Ni - 0.49% Mo - 0.044% Mg 0.005% S - 0.02% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.01% Cu - 0.025% AI -
Composition: Fe - 8.88% C - 0.82% Mn - 2.40% Si - 0.041% Mg - 0.0027% B
0.024% P - 0.008% S - 2.87% Ni - 0.50% Mo - 0.088% Mg Composition: Fe - 8.62% C - 0.87% Mn - 2.70% Si -
Composition: Fe - 8.24% C - 0.81% Mn - 2.86% Si - 0.005% S - 0.02% Cr - 0.08% Mo - 0.08% Cu - 0.021% AI -
0.024% P - 0.008% S - 4.82% Ni - 0.49% Mo - 0.084% Mg 0.048% Mg - 0.0023% B
Composition: Fe - 8.47% C - 0.88% Mn - 2.47% Si - 0.05% Composition: Fe - 8.61% C - 0.35% Mn - 2.75% Si -
Ni - 0.50% Mo 0.008% S - 0.07% Cr - 0.24% Mo - 0.07% Cu - 0.020% AI -
Composition: Fe -8.89% C - 0.82% Mn - 2.45% Si - 0.61% 0.040% Mg - 0.0024% B
Ni - 0.50% Mo Composition: Fe - 8.58% C - 0.82% Mn - 2.69% Si -
0.004% S - 0.02% Cr - 0.46% Mo - 0.06% Cu - 0.017% AI -
0.040% Mg - 0.0008% B
xli
US Steels
1-T Diagrams
Atlas of Time-Temperature Diagrams 3
Significance of the Isothermal Transformation Diagram

When steel in the austenitic state is held at Shape and position of
any constant temperature lower than the curves of the 1- T diagram
minimum at which its austenite is stable, it
will in time transform. The course of The form of each of the curves constituting
isothermal transformation may be represent- the I-T diagram and their position with
ed by plotting percentage of austenite respect to the time axis depend upon the
transformed against corresponding elapsed composition and grain size of the austenite
time at constant temperature in the manner which transforms. Certain alloying elements,
illustrated in the upper portion of Fig. 1. or combinations of elements, change the
at
form of the curve in a characteristic way; in
~aor----,-----,,--------,---.-r------.----,,----.......~-~~-~,o effect, this permits classification of steels on
j7 the basis of the type of curve. For present

purposes, it suffices to state that, with few
exceptions, an increase in alloy content or in
12 grain size of the austenite always retards
l
~ 01'--------o-4-"''=----+--+-----_---.J1OO isothermal transformation (moves the curve
toward the right) at any temperature higher
than about 482C (900 0F): that is, above what
has been called the "nose" or "knee" of the
beginning curve. This retardation is reflected
in the greater hardenability of steel with
higher alloy content or larger austenite grain
size; indeed, it is generally recognized that
response of a steel to any specified heat
.
u,
I 800
treatment which involves transformation of
austenite is largely, if not entirely,
'"
0:
:::>
~
determined by those factors which influence
0: the time required for isothermal transform-
~ 60
2 ation, and hence, the shape and position of
'".... the curves which comprise the I-T diagram.
400
Material used
Each diagram contains sufficient inform-

11)4
ation to identify the steel to which it
pertains with respect to principal elements of
Fig. 1. Diagram showing how measurements 0/ its composition, austenitizing temperature
isothermal trans/ormation are summarized by employed, and usually the austenite grain
the isothermal trans/ormation diagram size established at that temperature. In most
For a given steel austenitized in a particular cases, the steels were made commercially in
way, information given by a series of such an electric or open-hearth furnace, cast in
curves, each determined at a different large ingots, and then reduced to relatively
constant temperature, can be summarized in small cross-section, such as bars 1/2 to 1-1/2
a single diagram, as illustrated in the lower inches in diameter. Specimens were prepared
portion of Fig. 1. This type of diagram, in such a way that a representative area of
which constitutes the so-called isothermal the entire cross-section was examined, no
transformation diagram (I-T diagram, TTT effort having been made to minimize
diagram, or S-curve) of the steel, shows the possible segregation by discarding certain
time required for austenite to begin to portions in the cross section; consequently,
transform, to proceed halfway, and to be the 1-T diagrams are believed to be
completely transformed at any constant reasonably representative of austenite trans-
temperature in the range covered by the formation as it occurs in commercial grades
curves. Thus, the 1-T diagram of a steel may of steel.
be regarded as a kind of map which charts
the transformation of austenite as a function Conventions for constructing
of temperature and time and permits the 1-T diagrams
approximation of how the steel will respond
to any mode of cooling from the austenitic The isothermal transformation diagram is
state. drawn upon a uniform-size chart having a
SOURCE: I-T Diagrams, Third Edition, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, 1963
4 Atlas of Time-Temperature Diagrams
linear scale of temperature drawn vertically Martensite formation

and a logarithmic scale of time drawn
horizontaIIy. The logarithmic time scale is A horizontal line, labeled Ms, appears on
used in conformance with weII-established each diagram; this line indicates the
practice in order to encompass both the very temperature at which martensite starts to
short and extremely long time intervals form on quenching from the austenitizing
encountered. Time intervals of I minute, I temperature. Upon further cooling below this
hour, I day and I week are shown for temperature, more and more martensite will
convenience in locating familiar reference form. The percentage of austenite transform-
points on the basic logarithmic scale of time ed to martensite as cooling progresses is
in seconds. The basic temperature scale is in indicated on the diagrams by arrows
degrees Fahrenheit but a reference pointing to the temperatures at which the
Centigrade scale is also shown to the left. austenite is half transformed (M 60 ) and is
90% transformed (Mgo). Figure 2 shows how
The significance of the various lines, the Ms , M 60 and Mg O temperatures are
numbers, and symbols comprising the determined.
diagram proper is discussed below under
each appropriate subheading.
As-Af Temperatures
The As (austenite start) and A( (austenite

finish) temperatures, represented by hori-
zontal lines near the top of the diagram,
correspond respectively to the lower and
upper limit of the so-called critical range.
Because these temperatures are limiting or
ceiling temperatures for isothermal trans-
formation, they are a significant feature of
the diagram.
For the determination of the As and A(

temperatures, specimens are heated to and
held for a relatively long time at each of a
series of temperatures in the vicinity of the
austenite start and austenite finish
temperatures. The As temperature is chosen
as that temperature at which a trace amount
of austenite forms in the ferrite matrix and Fig. 2. Typical example of transformation of
does not increase perceptibly in amount austenite to martensite
when the holding time is doubled. Thus, As
denotes the maximum tempering temperature These particular percentages of martensite
that can be used without forming a have no special significance and are used
significant amount of austenite in the merely to convey some idea of the progress
particular steel being considered. Similarly, of transformation of austenite to martensite
A( denotes the maximum temperature at as cooling continues below Ms. The temper-
which a barely detectable amount of ferrite ature for 90% martensite, rather than that
can exist in a hypoeutectoid steel. In for some higher percentage, was chosen
eutectoid and hypereutectoid steels, the A( because these measurements became increas-
temperature is only slightly higher than As ingly less reliable with greater percentages
and is of relatively little practical of martensite, and because some of the steels
significance. Therefore, only the As is given may retain an appreciable percentage of
on the diagrams for such steels. austenite, the precise amount being depend-
ent upon several complex factors.
On some of the diagrams the As and A(
temperatures are noted as "estimated." This In many diagrams, the data on martensite
indicates that these temperatures were formation were obtained by direct measure-
calculated according to an empirical formula ment using a metaIIographic technique. When
designed to estimate As and A(. such was the case, the Ms, M60 and MgO
appear without a Qualifying note. In others, The broad curve farthest toward the right
these temperatures were calculated according represents the time required at each
to an empirical formula developed for this temperature for the last trace of austenite to
purpose, and the Ms' M60> and MgO symbols transform. This curve approaches but can
are designated as "estimated temperatures." It never cross As. It extends from near As down
should be noted that these are not to be to below Ms. A specimen Quenched below M,
construed as highly precise temperatures, for will transform, at least in part, to martensite
in some cases the composition of the during cooling and hence strictly isothermal
austenite was either not known exactly transformation of all of the austenite is
(because of undissolved carbides) or the impossible below Ms. The portion of the
composition was not within the range to austenite which reaches any temperature
which the empirical formula applies. below M, will in time transform isothermally
to what for all practical purposes may be
regarded as bainite. The time required is
indicated by the portion of the ending line
Curves of the 1-T diagram extended below the M, horizontal--this
portion of the ending line is shown dashed
Starting at the left of the diagram, the first because some uncertainty exists as to its
curve encountered, extends from near the A r, correct location, reliable measurement being
Acm, or As temperature down to the line relatively difficult in this region.
labeled Ms' This so-called beginning line is
drawn through points representing the time In some of the higher alloy steels a portion
required at each temperature level of the ending curve lies beyond the range of
investigated for a measurable amount of the chart, but it may be logically assumed
austenite to transform. In its simplest form that the ending line is continuous since
the beginning line has a "C" shape with a austenite is unstable at all temperatures
minimum time value at a temperature below As and in time will presumably
usually in the vicinity of 538C (lOOOOF); transform. In certain steels the time required
alloying elements, especially those of the for austenite to transform completely below
carbide-forming type, such as chromium and M, and at temperatures in the vicinity of
molybdenum, cause the beginning curve to 482C is far beyond the duration of ordinary
assume a more complex shape. heat treatments.
The percentage of transformation product The line labeled "50%" and located between
necessary for a measurable beginning the beginning and ending lines represents the
depends upon the sensitivity of the tech- time required at each temperature for
nique used in following the progress of transformation of half of the total austenite.
transformation; in most of the curves about It is included to give. some idea as to the
0.1% transformation served as the basis for progress of transforma tion and is especially
locating the beginning line. useful in regions of a diagram in which the
beginning and ending lines are not parallel.
In all but a few diagrams that represent
eutectoid steels, the second curve from the The principal curves of the I-T diagram
left. which starts in the vicinity of As and have been drawn as broad lines, not only so
extends down to about 482C where it that they will stand out among fainter
merges with the beginning line, represents coordinate lines but also to emphasize that
the beginning of transformation to ferrite- their exact location on the time scale is not
carbide aggregate (pearlite in its broadest highly precise even for the particular steel
sense) in the range of temperature where the sample represented. Portions of these lines
first product of austenite transformation is are often shown as dashed lines to indicate a
either proeutectoid ferrite or proeutectoid much higher degree of uncertainty. Thus, all
carbide. portions of lines extending to the left of the
2-second coordinate are dashlines because for
An exception to the above statement occurs times less than about 2 seconds reliable and
in the diagrams of the 9200 series and accurate measurements were not possible by
certain other diagrams in which the the methods used.
appearance of the microstructure in the
range 538-482C prevented reliable location In this connection, it should be recognized
of the lower portion of the line; in these that the 1-T diagram is designed to represent
diagrams, a cross-hatched zone has been the overall pattern of transformation in a
drawn to indicate uncertainty of the point at particular composition and particularly in
which it merges with the beginning line. regions in which transformation occurs
rapidly should not be regarded as always now available, difficulty in obtaining

being a summary of a complete set of highly accurate direct measurements within a
precise quantitative measurements. The limited temperature range need not prevent
principal fundamental difficulty is that even construction of a reasonably reliable "nose"
a very small piece of steel requires some region for the I-T diagram of a rapidly
appreciable time interval to cool throughout transforming steel.
to the temperature of the isothermal bath.
The order of magnitude of this time interval A given 1-T diagram, even if constructed
is influenced by many factors including: from a complete set of highly precise
measurements, is truly accurate only with
1. the cross-section of the specimen, respect to transformation of the particular
sample of steel used in its determination.
2. the agitation it receives when im- Other samples of the same grade of steel
mersed in the isothermal bath, and may vary appreciably in the exact time
required for transformation to begin and to
3. the composition, volume, and temper- end at each temperature. In practice,
ature of the isothermal bath. isothermal data are usually used in
connection with the heat treatment of pieces
When quenching in a lead-alloy bath such as of steel very much larger than the small
is commonly used in determining an I-T specimens used in developing an 1-T
diagram, rapid movement of the specimen diagram. Although it appears that the mass
through the bath is especially desirable since of the sample does not per se appreciably
mechanical stirrers are relatively ineffective influence transformation rates provided the
in agitating such a heavy liquid. Consequent- difference in cooling time (from immersion
ly, an accurate evaluation of the time to to attainment of thermal equilibrium with
reach bath temperature after immersion is the isothermal bath) at the center of a large,
rarely feasible. as compared to a small, piece of steel is
taken into account, it frequently happens
When transformation begins within a few that the large piece encompasses a greater
seconds and proceeds rapidly as in the "nose" range of composition due to segregation.
region of a plain carbon steel, the time Hence, portions of the large piece may begin
required for the specimen to reach the to transform somewhat sooner and finish
temperature of the bath is a considerable transformation somewhat later than is
portion of the total time required for indicated by the 1-T diagram.
transformation. An additional difficulty
arises from the circumstance that heat
generated by transformation (recalescence) Thus, the usefulness of an I-T diagram is not
may prevent a specimen from ever quite seriously impaired by failure to obtain a
reaching bath temperature until after highly precise measurement of the beginning
transformation is completed. time at all temperature levels. Considerable
judgment is often required in constructing
an 1-T diagram from experimental data, and
Despite these limitations, a beginning line equal judgment is required in its
even in the "nose" region of a rapidly interpretation with respect to conditions
transforming steel can be located with different from those under which it was
sufficient accuracy for many practical determined. The experienced user will not
purposes. This is possible because accumu- read into an 1-T diagram an unduly high
lated knowledge of the kinetics of isothermal degree of accuracy, nor condemn it because
transformation makes it possible to it is not always based upon a complete set of
rationalize the entire reaction from a limited highly precise measurements.
number of measurements. The method of
plotting isothermal data first proposed by
Austin and Rickett is especially useful in The use of a dashline to the left of the 2-
estimating a beginning time from measured second coordinate has been explained as
data for longer times. It is also true that the representing a relatively high degree of
beginning curve has a characteristic "C" uncertainty as to the exact location of the
shape which is modified in a predictable line in this region. In some instances, other
way by certain alloying elements. Since a portions of a beginning or an ending line
large number of I-T diagrams, including may appear as a dashline because the
many for steels which transform slowly number or kind of measurement did not
enough to permit accurate direct serve to locate the dashed portion with quite
measurement at all temperature levels, are the same certainty realized elsewhere.
Fields of the I-T diagram Hardness after transformation

Each field on the diagram above M, is At the right-hand edge of many of the
labeled to indicate the phases observed in diagrams a series of HRC numbers indicates
specimens austenitized and then quenched the hardness of a specimen held only long
and held isothermally within the time- enough at each temperature to transform all
temperature limits of each field. The region of the austenite, measured at room
above the Af temperature and to the left of temperature.
the beginning line is labeled A for austenite
which was presumed to have existed in this In all these steels hardness increases as the
region because specimens treated within the transformation temperature decreases,
time-temperature limits of this field were although in the intermediate region in the
entirely martensitic when quenched to room vicinity of 538C there is often an inversion
temperature. In a few of the diagrams, the in this overall trend.
austenitizing treatment did not dissolve all
carbides in austenite and this is indicated on
each of such diagrams. Microstructure
The region labeled A+F or A+C which lies In practically all steels hardenable by heat
between the beginning line and the treatment, the character of the ferrite-
intermediate broad line represents the time- carbide aggregate is determined primarily by
temperature region in which austenite and a the temperature at which it formed; there is
proeutectoid phase were observed. The latter the same general sequence of microstructures
is ferrite (F) in a hypoeutectoid steel and ranging in appearance from coarse lamellar
carbide (C) in a hypereutectoid steel. This at the higher temperature to fine acicular at
field is, of course, missing in a eutectoid the lower levels. Regardless of differences in
composition. The A+F (or A+C) field extends composition, familiarity with this sequence
from near A f (or Acm) usually down to in only a few steels makes it possible merely
about 482C where the field is pinched out by examining the 1-T diagram for any steel
due to the merging of its two boundary lines. to make a reasonably good prediction as to
its microstructure at each transformation
temperature level.
The field labeled A+F+C--which is bounded
at the right by the ending line, at the left by Characteristic differences in microstructure
the right-hand boundary of the A+F (or exist between steels of markedly different
A+C) field at higher temperatures, and by composition, but these differences are more
the beginning line at lower temperatures-- readily taken into account when the I-T
extends from As or somewhat above, down to diagram is available for comparison with
Ms. Samples held at any constant temperature those of more familiar steels. Thus, the
for a time period within the limits of the presence of proeutectoid ferrite in the
A+F+C field were observed to contain the microstructure is indicated by an "A+F" field
three phases: (1) austenite (observed at room on the 1-T diagram. For a particular
temperature as martensite); (2) ferrite; and austenite grain size, the relative amount of
(3) carbide. Either ferrite or carbide may proeu tectoid ferrite is roughly proportional
exist separately as a proeutectoid constituent to the temperature difference between As
and in addition the two are usually and A f . The character of the ferrite-carbide
intimately associated with each other in the aggregate is primarily determined by
form of an aggregate constituent. The latter transformation temperature so that the
is classified as pearlite at higher temper- difference in its appearance among different
atures and bainite at lower temperatures; at steel compositions is usually less than that
intermediate temperatures both pearlite and which results from a difference in
bainite may form. The labeling of fields on transformation temperature of little more
the basis of phases formed a voids the than 38C. In general, acicular aggregates
necessity of classification of all microcon- usually classified as bainite form from the
stituents resulting from austenite transform- vicinity of the "nose" temperature (the lower
ation at constant temperature and thus "nose" if there happen to be two) down to Ma.
simplifies the diagram. Microstructures formed in many alloy steels,
particularly those containing strong carbide-
The field to the right of the ending line is forming elements such as chromium,
labeled F+C to indicate that only ferrite and molybdenum and vanadium, are somewhat
carbide are present, all austenite having been different from those in plain carbon steel,
converted by the transformation process to yet the same general trend is common to all
these phases. with modifications indicated by the 1-T
diagram. It is generally true that two cooling curves as drawn lie to the left of the
different steels with similar I-T diagrams "nose" and thus indicate full hardening on
will also have similar microstructure at quenching. One of the curves represents
corresponding temperature levels, and hence cooling at the surface of a quenched piece of
quite similar mechanical properties when steel, whereas the other curve represents
heat treated alike. When it is necessary to cooling at the center of the same piece.
discontinue a particular composition that has Locations between surface and center would,
long been successfully used, it is a sound of course, cool at intermediate rates. In Fig.
rule to select a substitute which has an 1-T 3, austenite transforms entirely to martensite
diagram as nearly as possible like that of the as the steel cools through the temperature
old one. If this can be done, very little range of martensite formation, as indicated
modification of heat-treating practice will by cross-hatching on the cooling curves. A
be required when the new composition is tempering cycle such as usually follows the
substituted for the old. quenching operation is illustrated schema-
tically merely to complete the picture. The
I-T diagram has no bearing on the tempering
APPLICATION OF I-T operation unless the austenite-to-martensite
DIAGRAMS TO HEAT TREATMENT transformation is incomplete, as sometimes
happens. In this case, retained austenite
usually transforms during tempering to the
Quenching and transformation product indicated by the I-T
tempering diagram.
The most common method of hardening steel

by heat treatment consists of heating to a Martempering
temperature at which the steel becomes
austenitic and then cooling fast enough,
usually by quenching in a liquid such as MARTEMPERING
water or oil, to avoid any transformation of
the austenite until it reaches the relatively
low-temperature range within which it
transforms to the hard, martensitic
microstructure. The minimum rate of cooling
necessary is related to the location with
respect to the time scale of the "nose" of the
1-T diagram. In Fig. 3, illustrating a quench
and temper type of heat treatment, the
CUSTOMARY QUENCHING
AND TEMPERING
~
TEMPERED
MARTENSITE
TIME - LOG SCALE
Fig. 4. Schematic chart illustrating relationship
of martempering to a typical I-T diagram
Application of the I-T diagram to mar-

tempering is illustrated in Fig. 4. In this heat
treating process, the steel is quenched into a
bath at a temperature in the vicinity of M,
PRODUCT and held in the bath until the center of the
f piece reaches bath temperature, after which
TEMPERED
MARTENSITE it is removed and allowed to cool in air.
TIME - LOG SCALE Again, if complete hardening is to occur,
austenite must cool with sufficient rapidity
Fig. 3. Schematic chart illustrating relationship to avoid transformation at the "nose" of the
of quench and temper type of hardening 1-T diagram. Since it shows the M,
treatment to a typical I-T diagram temperature, the I-T diagram is useful in
selecting the optimum bath temperature for moderately hard bainite. Steels containing
mar tempering and in estimating how long certain alloying elements or combinations of
the steel may be held in the bath without alloying elements may have an I-T diagram
forming bainite. of such nature that unique hardening
treatments are feasible. In such diagrams
Austempering there may be a lower as well as an upper
"nose" separated by a region of very slow
Austempering is a hardening process based transformation.
upon isothermal transformation of austenite
to bainite. Hence the I-T diagram, or at least Annealing or
its lower portion, is not only useful but softening
almost indispensable. In an ideal austemper-
ing treatment, austenite is transformed The aim of the heat treatment in the
isothermally, or nearly so, and as illustrated foregoing examples has been to harden steel,
in Fig. 5 the 1-T diagram shows the time but it may be equally important to know
required for austenite to transform and how to avoid hardening. In this case, the
hence the minimum duration of the curve of the 1-T diagram representing
austempering treatment. The I-T diagram is completion of transformation is the impor-
also useful in planning austempering treat- tant one. For instance, in conventional
ments because it shows the temperature annealing in which steel initially in the
range within which bainite forms and the austenitic state is slowly and continuously
hardness of baini te as a function of cooled, as shown in Fig. 6, the I-T diagram
tempera tu reo in conjunction with the cooling curve
indicates the approximate temperature range
in which transformation occurs and when
AUSTEMPERING slow cooling may be safely discontinued. It
is also possible to estimate in advance a
cooling rate that will allow austenite to
transform completely in a temperature range
sufficiently high to develop the desired soft
microstructure without unnecessary expendi-
ture of time.
UJ
a:::
::>
~ CONVENTIONAL ANNEALING
a:::
UJ
a.
::!
UJ
I-
UJ
a:::
::>
~
a:::
UJ
a.
TIME - LOG SCALE ::!
UJ
I-
Fig. 5. Schematic chart illustrating relationship
of austempering to a typical I-T diagram
Other applications
to hardening PRODUCT FERRITE a PEARLITE
Special hardening treatments, or minor TIME - LOG SCALE

variations of regular hardening practice,
may be based upon the specific pattern of Fig. 6. Schematic chart illustrating relationship
austenite transformation for a particular of conventional annealing cycle to a typical I-
steel. Thus, in high carbon steel there is T diagram
opportunity for variation in the hardening
cycle. When austenite has cooled below the In many alloy steels there is a pronounced
"nose" of the I-T diagram, it will inevitably minimum in the ending line of the 1-T
transform to martensite or at least to diagram at a relatively high temperature.
Assuming that the transformation produced The 1-T diagram is useful in planning heat
at this temperature is 'satisfactory, as is often treatments and in understanding why steel
the case, advantage may be taken of the responds as it does to a particular heat
time-temperature coordinates of this treatment, but it cannot be used directly to
minimum to design a short annealing cycle. predict accurately the course of
As shown in Fig. 7, this is accomplished by transformation as it occurs during continu-
cooling the steel initially in the austenitic ous cooling. It is possible, however, to derive
state as rapidly as convenient to the from the 1-T diagram another time-
temperature of the minimum in the ending temperature-transformation diagram which
line and then holding it approximately at while not highly accurate, is of considerable
this temperature for the time required to aid in bridging the gap between isothermal
transform austenite completely. Subsequently and continuous cooling transformation. This
the steel may be cooled in any convenient diagram will be referred to as the cooling
manner. transformation diagram (C-T diagram). It is
necessary to derive only a few C-T diagrams
in order to demonstrate their relationship to
ISOTHERMAL ANNEALING
the 1-T diagram; once the fundamental
difference between the two types of
transformation diagrams is recognized, it is
possible to interpret more rationally any I-T
diagram with respect to continuous cooling
conditions.
C-T diagram for

eutectoid carbon steel
In Fig. 8, a C-T diagram has been derived
and superimposed on the I-T diagram of a
eutectoid carbon steel, chosen for this
purpose because of its relative simplicity.
PRO~UCT
The cooling rates plotted are based upon
FERRITE measurement of temperature change at
AND indicated locations in an end-quenched bar
PEARLITE such as is commonly used in measuring
TIME - LOG SCALE hardenability. At the top of the chart, the
measured hardness curve has been
Fig. 7. Schematic chart illustrating relationship superimposed over a sketch of the end-
of isothermal annealing cycle to a typical I-T quench bar. Four representative locations (A,
diagram B, C, D) along the bar have been related by
means of each corresponding cooling curve
to the 1-T and C-T diagrams; austenite at a
Transformation on particular location transforms when its
continuous cooling cooling curve passes through a shaded zone
of the C-T diagram. The type of
In heat-treating operations involving contin- microstructure resulting from transformation
uous cooling from the austenitic condition, in each zone is given and the final
transformation occurs over a range of microstructure on reaching room temperature
temperatures rather than at a single constant is listed in the lower portion of the chart.
temperature, and therefore the final struc- This correlation shows the origin of
ture is a mixture of isothermal transform- microstructures in the end-quenched bar and
ation products. The 1-T diagram, particularly the reason why hardness changes along the
the examination of isothermal microstruc- bar. Thus, at point A the hardness is high
tures incidental to its construction, aids because the cooling rate at this point was
greatly in classifying the microstructure of fast enough to miss the pearlite zone of the
steel transformed during continuous cooling. C-T diagram and austenite transformed
If the 1-T diagram is at hand, it is possible entirely to hard martensite. At point B,
to visualize at what stage of the cooling hardness is lower because the cooling curve
cycle different structures formed; this facili- for this point intersected the pearlite zone
tates changes in heat treatment necessary to and austenite transformed in part to fine
obtain more of the desirable and less of the pearlite. The remainder of the austenite
undesirable structures. transformed to martensite during cooling
through a much lower temperature range. Nevertheless, the chart does show, in
Some acicular aggregate (bainite) would also principle at least, how the 1-T diagram
be present after cooling at a rate such as through the medium of a C-T diagram
represented by curve B, but for simplicity derived from it, can be correlated with a
this is not indicated on Fig. 8. The cooling typical heat treatment which involves
rates at point C and at point D are slow austenite transformation as it occurs during
enough in relation to the C-T diagram to continuous cooling.
permit complete transformation in the
pearlite zone. The structure at C and D is Consideration of the I-T diagram in relation
pearlite which is coarser and softer at D to the location of lines of the C-T diagram
than at C. This correlation is not highly in Fig. 8 shows that the "nose" of the former
accurate for three principal reasons: has, in effect, been moved downward and
toward the right by continuous cooling.
1. in the vicinity of the "nose" of the 1-T Thus, direct use of isothermal "nose" times
diagram the beginning line is subject for predicting hardenability leads to con-
to experimental error because of the siderable error in the direction of a pre-
very short time periods involved; dicted hardenability lower than is actually
obtained. In comparing hardenability of
2. recalescence occurs during transform- different compositions, the respective
ation so that the actual cooling isothermal "nose" times are, however, a
departs from the cooling curve as reasonably reliable indicator of the relative
drawn once transformation is well order of hardenability. In the plain carbon
under way; and, steel represented in Fig. 8, bainite, which
forms isothermally within the range 454C to
3. derivation of the C-T diagram from 204C, is sheltered by an overhanging
the I-T diagram is only an approxi- pearlite "nose," and bainite is not formed in
mation. any appreciable quantity on ordinary
continuous cooling in this steel. That is, the
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY rates of bainite formation are so slow
relative to rates of pearlite formation that
austenite cooled slowly enough to permit
formation of bainite has already completely
transformed to pearlite before cooling down
to bainite-forming temperatures. In analyz-
ing I-T diagrams and C-T diagrams, it is
important to note that the former are usually
interpreted by scanning from left to right
along a temperature level, whereas the C-T
diagram is interpreted by scanning down-
ward from upper left to lower right along a
cooling curve.
C-T diagram
for 4140 steel
An analogous continuous cooling transform-

ation diagram for a typical alloy steel, SAE-
AISI 4140, has been derived from the I-T
diagram and correlated with end-quench
hardenability in Fig. 9. In this alloy steel,
unlike the plain carbon eutectoid steel
IL...l!!l previously considered, the pearlite zone lies
='== COOUN'
-
TlWtWOtttlATIOM OI.... RAIII
lIOT"l.......L TRAN.,OftlMTION DIAlIWII
relatively far to the right and does not
- - - GOOLUHI "'IIYII
........ . . . TJlMtrOMIATlOfI DUIUR. OOOL'"
"shelter" the bainite region. Consequently,
the ferrite-carbide aggregate structure in the
0.1 D.2 0.11 I 10
TillE-SECONDS
10' end-quenched bar is bainite rather than
pearlite. Because 4140 is hypoeutectoid in
Fig. 8. Correlation of continuous cooling and composition, a proeutectoid ferrite field
isothermal transformation diagrams with end- appears both on the I-T diagram and on the
quench hardenability test data for eutectoid C-T diagram. The interpretation of Fig. 9 is
carbon steel similar to that of the previously discussed
Next Page
eutectoid carbon steel diagram. Again, limitations in mind, the I-T diagrams are
several representative locations along the useful in interpreting and correlating
end-quenched bar are related to a hardness observed transformation phenomena on a
curve and to the C-T diagram by means of rational basis even though austenite trans-
the cooling curve at each location. forms during continuous cooling rather than
Considered together, Figs. 8 and 9 at a constant temperature.
demonstrate the difference in transformation
on continuous cooling of two steels having
different types of I-T diagrams.
The fields of the C-T diagram are displaced
downward and to the right with respect to ;
analogous fields of the I-T diagram. An
overhanging "nose" on the I-T diagram may ..i
1400
preclude transformation to acicular micro-
structures formed on continuous cooling to
lower temperatures by permitting complete
transformation in the "nose" region. In steels
in which a considerable proportion of
proeutectoid ferrite is formed, continuously
cooled austenite may become enriched in
carbon on reaching intermediate and low
temperatures, to such an extent that the
bainite zone and the martensite zone are
appreciably lowered in temperature as com-
pared to these zones on the 1-T diagram. 200
Even if feasible, a precise derivation of an
I-T or C-T diagram would rarely be war- o ~
ranted since a particular I-Tor C-T diagram

exactly represents but one sample. Samples 10 10'
TImi S .cond.
10' 10'
from other heats, or even from other

locations in the same heat, are likely to have Fig. 9. Correlation of continuous cooling and
slightly different I-Tor C-T diagrams. When isothermal transformation diagrams with end-
used with discrimination and with its quench hardenability test data for 4140 steel
Previous Page
Type: 1006/1008 Type: 1019

Composition: Fe - 0.06% C - 0.43% Mn Grain size: 7 (rimmed Composition: Fe - 0.17% C - 0.92% Mn Grain size: 0-2
steel) Austenitized at 913 0C (1676 0F) Austenitized at 1316 0C (2400 0F)
C OF C OF
~~ilf
11 1 11111 111 1111 11111 111m III AI 1111 11111 11111
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800 800
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f..-
AtF+C V -F+C 14
M,~
W
gj 500 gj 500
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l=-f-
1:= J= ~:. I-
<l oFI=
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ffi
Q.
400 ffi 400
80
1:=1= ~::. 1\,
Q.
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I-T DIAGRAM I-
200 40 0 40 0 1-T DIAGRAM
200
II
.. ,U .. ,I"
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100 20 0 100 *E.I.. . '..
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II 11111 F;'fIIII
o
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME - SECONDS TIME - SECONDS
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Click here to view
Type: 1021 Type: 1035 Mod.

Composition: Fe - 0.20% C - 0.81% Mn Grain size: 8-9 Composition: Fe - 0.35% C - 0.37% Mn Grain size: 75% 2-3,
Austenitized at 92"oC (1700 0F) 26% 7-8 Austenitized at 843 0 C (1660 0F)
C OF o
f1JJ!j- _Ul!!
.~t= 'A-tF .-
_1.1~
E
11111 III
800 800 f - At
11" 111 1
.
1'1'" I'AIII
. f-
111 1111
._f-
111111
i-. I -
e
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A+F
f--. I - ~
~~.I_.
-
eo"...."". ..... f- ......
1- A, I - -f-- - I - 1-'-'1-
700
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o
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700
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I
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W 100 0 W 100 o A-F-e 1\ FtC 25
gj 500
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.1~, ~ 27
'-Ms !:i
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<l I\.
ffi 400
Q.
::.
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1\
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ffi 400
Q.
::.
BO
\~f--
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M
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35
43
w 01= 1== M,o"
~
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I- 300 300 60
I-
200 40 0 200 40 0
IITIDI~G~A~ liT IDlfGrA~

100 20 0 100 20 of-- '" Esllmoled
-T~olu'".
o
0.5 I 2
II 11111
5 10
1*"1 II ~1I1 Itf II ~4
II
8
o IIII1J I,~ II
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52
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SOURCE: I-T Diagrams, Third Edition, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh P A, 1963 as published in Atlas of Isothermal
Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, Metals Park OH, 1977
Type: 1045/1050 Type: 1045/1050 + Cu

Composition: Fe - 0.47% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.06% Cu Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.48% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.46% Cu
60% 8, 60% 6 Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F) Grain size: 66% 8, 36% 6 Austenitized at 843C (1650 0F)
G OF
'hL J'' U'_'"'

I"" "" 0C OF
I"" 1111 ''II'' "II" 11111 11 I 11111
~
800 1""[ II
1
A
1400 t---'3 - - I- 800
1400 l!3 FA - - -
~-P ki+F Ae,- 1-= =ifF -
r~;J
700 f- 1-=
..... l.-- 18 700 t- I6
1200 21 ==
~
0
1200 22
600 ""1 -< ~+~ 27 '7 ~r If 10""
1000
I,
30 :::
<Il 600
". ~
28
29
:"
::;
~rr~~, "'~
1000
~LI~~
; 500 F+C
o 31 .g ~ 500
c:
"'2
c;;
E400
<U
800
A~k~
f- Ms
"'" I'r-., 35 <;
45
:I:
~
:::>
.
Q.
400
800
Ij,Jo. !"" r-
30
34
45
~
600 ~s
I- 300 600 E .,
H- f- M 50 ~ 300 -..-!-M50
200 400
200 400
IiiT ?iigiaj ',- T Diagram
100 200 I I
I~I~~' ,LJ
100 200
o
I-
[uu
Ilhk
IlllIIl II ~I~,~Y I,tt: 62
II'
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0.5 I 2 510 102 103 104 105 106
Time seconds
0
0.5 I 2 5 10 102 103 104 105 106
LIVE GRAPH Time, seconds
Click here to view LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Type: 1045/1050 + Cu Type: 1045/1050 + Cu

Composition: Fe - 0.49% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.97% Cu Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.49% C - 0.64% Mn - 0.20% Si - 1.49% Cu
60% 8, 60% 4 Austenitized at 843C (16600F) Grain size: 60% 8, 60% 6 Austenitized at 843 0C (1660 0F)
C OF G OF
i;~~3 , [ , 11 1111
I"" I'" I"" I"" 1"11 11 1111 11 11
~)~3
II '11 ' 11 ,,
1
1
111
800 800
1400 1400 FA. - - . - -
700 ..... ..... i+t" ~~
- f- oAe, f- -I- .
14 700
1~~ A+F -f- f- .1- - of-,
14
1200 .......... 20 0
1200 22 ~
I.o""V
~+G '7
Ki~,
600 26
A+~C V
<U l/) 600 26 :"
1000 29 :::
~o 1000 F+C
~~iF~~ r-
500 27 :::
29 .g e:::> 500 I', I' c:
r,f'
c;;
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600
300
i-o- t-~ 56 I' ~
I-
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1"'.
~ M50
200 400
I-T Diagram 200 400
100 200
I I I 1" I 1,- J ~ la1g ria ml
'~I~j'
100 200
II11m.! IIII~IIY ,I,~J.~; 62 LJ "II~I1Y I~~I;
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:,",i,l I I hr,
0.5 I 2 510 102 103 104 105 106
0.5 I 2
"
5 10
I
102
"
103
IHIII
10 4 "
Time - seconds
Time, seconds
SOURCE: R.A. Grange, et al., "Effect of Copper on the Heat Treating Characteristics of Medium-Carbon Steel," ASM
Transactions, Vol 61, 1969, pp 377-393
Type: 1050 Type: 1055 Mod.

Composition: Fe - 0.50% C - 0.91% Mn Grain size: 7-8 Composition: Fe - 0.54% C - 0.46% Mn Grain size: 7-8
Austenitized at 910C (16700F) Austenitized at 910C (1670 0F)
'C 'F 'C 'F I 111I II 111111
11111 11!1I11 111 111 111111 II III "1 11 11 1'1'111 11111
800 .1,'1 A 800

I- A
700
140 01=
f- . As '- -Ai,;;;;.-
.... '" A'F . .... -
~ ~~ I;;.; --1- -_ . 700
1400 F==F= At
I-A
1200 T
f-- . As
l~
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...,,;;:.
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-f- .- ---
2o
120 0 I
600
I
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600
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2
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~
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TIME - SECONDS
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Click here to view
Type: 1060 Type: 1060 Mod./l065 Mod.

Composition: Fe - 0.63% C - 0.87% Mn Grain size: 5-6 Composition: Fe - 0.64% C - 1.13% Mn Grain size: 7
Austenitized at 816C (1500 0F) Austenitized at 910C (1670 0F)
'C 'F 'C 'F
800
11111 II 1111
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800
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50
300 600
=-1- Ms
I'\.. ',. 50
55
300 60 0
'*'
F---- Mst-
~01.':'> I'
55
...~
~
40 01'= =M..*
200 400 _f-
f-iMoo 200
10--M:oj I
!Moo
I-T DIAGRAM
1,- T IDlfG,RA~ I I I I I
100 200 100 20 Of- -f--- Esllmoled
jJT,~
I I
o
f---
1 1111 I~ II,1,m! ~, 11111 II I~ ~
II
65
o
I-
11111 ~,
111111 II I~ ~
I Iii
65
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10

16 Atlas of Time-Temperature DIagrams
Type: 1080 Type: 1086/1095

Composition: Fe - 0.79% C - 0.76% Mn Grain size: 6 Composition: Fe - 0.89% C - 0.29% Mn Grain size: 4-6
Austenitized at 899 0C (1650 0F) Austenitized at 885 0C (1626 0F)
C F C F
II II 111 1 j I III' 1111" I 1111 11!1I1 11111
I'" II)'" 111" 11 II 1111 11111
800 A 800 A
140 0 140 0
- -t-- A,- --- t-- r-- -- --t--
100
120 0 A .... ~
I
32
100
120 0
I- - As
I
A
-
b.- --- -
I5
33
V~ 1I~ /'''
W
gs
600
500
100 0
A~r"'-
I FtC
38
40 W
gs
600
500
1000 h
'1> "r--
Atf+C t-FtC
40
42
!;i
ffi
80 0'-
t ,
r--K Ftc I'.
.... ... r"'-
40
41
I-
et 80 0
'f' .... r--. f'
"
42
42
400 ffie, 400 r---.r-.- ',r"'-
n,
~i' ~ r- 1'." 43
- 41
::.
~ 60 or-- I-A ,.... 50
::.
~
A r-, "I' ~ '
300
eo,~
300 60 0 - ... .....
,
52
of=: t-= Ms '" i\ I 1', ........ r- 55

i\ oo,-' r";-.. - 5
40 0;= ~ Ids
200 40 51
200 5
I r-
r--
HG~A~
1+-1- M,. Moo
1+-1- M,. ',- T IDI~GRAM t-- Mgo 'I-
T I-
100 20 0 100 20 0
t-* Eshmal~d
IIIJ
J:ml
66
I I
o IT;';';;;;tll~ II I-iiTiIiI II [~ ~
II o 111111 I~ 1111 11111111 II
,~ y
11111 ~
66
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10 103

Type: WI Tool Steel Type: 1320

Composition: Fe - 1.13% C - 0.30% Mn Grain size: 7-8 Composition: Fe - 0.20% C - 1.88% Mn Grain size: 7-8
Austenitized at 910 0C (1670 0F) Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F)
C F C F
, I /1111
/"' II 1111 111'" II
I'" II
/"" I'I''' A II III II 1" 1 II III 111111
800
140 0
t/1-'''1AtCI 1-
800
140 Ot-A
H- AI t- ~--t--t-: --- t - I -
V-
--- 1-1- 1-1- --I--
100 I=: I,.~As ' - - - --- - t--

1= 100 I=-V J{ t- --A t F- 1- - t-I- 1-1- f-- 1-1- _.-f-=
120 0 1 43 ~ SIRS
600 ~ V
120 0
I .... I(~
1-1-
I--" J...-"
I - 45 600 I
I FtC I""-
W 100 46 FtC- I - I
(1:JtC
ol-A I ' W 100 0
gs 500 +F 1- 46 gs 500 """I) 21
t"-or-.-to..
O~t-
&0" .....\
!;i 80 " +e ... I""""
!;i
ffi
o,
::.
400
o T-- t'-o~,,,, j:'
r.... r-- ""'t--.
,..., r--. "
41
51
ffic, 400
::.
80
~
t-i
~ ::o~
Mgo
I'
I-
31
41
~ 60 01- A ..... 55
~
300
r-.-~ r-""'"", 60
300 60 0
I'.. 1"'-- I-T DIAGRAM

200 40 0 F= M, 62 200 40 0
I......
1+-1- Moo .. Eslimoled
I
rlll~r,RA~
100 20 01;::::: 20 01- r-_~err4)frol"'"
t= Mgo 100
o
0.5 I 2
. . hili.. , ...
T'''',UDI ,
5 10
I~ mill 111111
10 3
IHOUR
II
I~
11111 ~
,ill
65
o
0.5 I 2
J""I,~
5 10
1111111 ~IIIII"
I II
Il!!jY
1111\
!1t
II ~
49

SOURCE: I-T Diagrams, Third Edition, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh PA, 1963 as published in Atlas of Isothermal
Type: Carburized 1320 (0.4% C) Type: Carburized 1320 (0.6% C)

Composition: Fe - 0.4% C - 1.88% Mn Grain size: 76% 7-8, 25% Composition: Fe - 0.6% C - 1.88% Mn Grain size: 6-8
3-6 Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F) Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F)
C of 0C OF
11111: 111111 I 1111
JAII~k
1i!1II1 111111 II II III! "1'111 111111 '1 1111 111111
A -
A I-
800 . _ . _O'-e- 1 - - ' - . _. e- . 800
140
trrt
1-- -
1400
I-AI 1-' e- --f-
=- A. ,-;;.....
-10-'
0-
700 .-.~":"' - - - f - 1-,-- _. _. f-. f-.-= 700 F-'A,'- -A- .-1-. ~

P I- _.1-
-1 . -l - e- --f-=
-
0
.-
-
1200
/
A+F I 1200 ~b' ,.... 23
... ~... 1/ It ::::~ l'

600 -r,- I""'" 23 600 -C 31
1'- ~ ~
W 1000 F+C 26 W 1000 34
~ 500 1/1 ~~ F~C
I-
<[
ffi 400
800 \
A + F+ C
I i~ 27
34
~ 500
I-
<[ 800 I-A
A+
-, II..... F+C 31
38
a.
:::;:
e- M.
1\ :j~ ~~ 41
ffi
a.
:::;:
400 ..... ....... ...... 1', ....r-., .......
43
~ 300 600 47
~ 300 600 ..... 50
I- Moo ...... "~o,,
"'- 53
1=--+- M.
200 400
I- M
I-T OIArAj
200 400
I--- Moo I
"-
10-,- M \-T IDI~G~A~
100 200 100 200
o
0.5 I 2
II 11111
5 10
I~ II 1111 ~I1111111 II ~ ~
61
o I 1111 I~ 111111 ~I
f Ilfilll I tr ~ II
65
0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: Carburized 1320 (0.8% C)

Composition: Fe - 0.8% C - 1.88% Mn Grain size: 6-8
Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F)
C OF
II 11 11 I III 111111 II 1111 II IW III
800
1
A " -
-- ..-
1400
700 - AOI- . e- . _. - - . 1--. -

1200 .... 30
600 ~~ ( C.... - 39
W 1000 "'- F+C 40
!5 ........
I-
<[
500
800
( A + F+C 35
41
ffi
a.
:::;:
~
400
A
..... ~
....... ~ ...-....
... .... 1'
.......
46
52
300 600
r..... ~ .... <, .....
...... ..... <,
200 400
f- '-- M.
.......
- ~
.... .... .. 56
59
(00 200
1--- M I-T DIAGRAM
o
~- Moo
0.5 I 2
1111111
5 10
I~I lL fmlll " Itf ~
III 6
TIME - SECONDS
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American' Society for Metals, Metals Park OH, 1977
18 Atlas of TIme-Temperature DIagrams

Austenitized at 92roC (1700 0F)
0C OF 1111I1 111I II III
11 111111 111111
'11" 1
LIVE GRAPH 800
1400 A
Click here to view L.-
700 F=- A,- - . .~ ~- -+- .f-='
k s-- 1-"'_ 1-- 3
1200
(;' ~ ....
W
600
1000
I-
( (...... F+C
43
44
~ 500
A + F+C
...... - 39
I-
<[ 80 0 rA
\ 43
ffi . . . r--.,
r-... ~~' "':--. r-,
400
a. 48
::0
54
~ 300 600
....r--. 1'--'..... ~ t'o-_
'-'I DlJ:
58
61
200 40 0
r-.-
100 20 0
-1-- M.
~1-- M,. .I..
I~ Illtil y~
59
o II III I 111I fiTIill
0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME - SECONDS

Austenitized at 92roC (1700 0F)
C
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
700
47
- 45
sooH-+--+-f"':-+--t-.or-~;+-+-+-HI-H-t----I---i 47
100 200
- -- M.t-H-oi~t-+----t-t--t.;;;7.;--+-+--t,-;,!;;-+-.o=:l
I~ ~IIII
,,Jl,y ~
50
o 111111 111111 I IIIiil ililll1
0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME - SECONDS
Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society for Metals, Metals Park OH, 1977
Type: 1335 Type: 1340

Composition: Fe - 0.36% C - 1.86% Mn Grain size: 70% 7, Composition: Fe - 0.43% C - 1.68% Mn (low Mn) Grain size:
30% 2 Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F) 8-9 Austenitized at 886C (1626 0F)
0C OF C OF
II III II 11111
JJ~[1 ~, ?i-"-
II ,1111 IIA"I 111111 111111 111111 111111 111 111 111111 111111
- 800 A
800
.- f-. 140 o
140 0 - I
1
~'As-
A .... ~~ ._~
As f-. ,.- - . f - --f-
-
100 '-A+I' 100
,;..~
-
W
600
120 o
100 0
1/
,
/" .... ~ , k-(~ FtC

-I
8 GRB
I w
600
120 o-lt'
1000
-(~, .-"
-
",+1'
"
f--
,
/ .... - FtC
I
23
23
f I....
~ 500
A t FtC 21 ~ 500
-\ \
IA t Ft C,
....... 25
l-
e:( \ 1\1 _i' 33
l-
e:(
*,
80 0 800 33
15 15
i\ I.80\_,
'\ 1\
:j~ \
400 400
c,
:;; r- Ms
<, 41 a,
:;;
42
W
I- 300
60 0,,-
M,o
46
~ 300 600 =M
_
s
M'ol
* .........
49
M j
F Mgo ~
90
200 40 0 200 40 0
100 20 0
II' T IDlfG~A~
100 20 o- r- _ J Estimaled
'-T
I
DIAGRAM
I I I I
0 111111 I~ 111In!
III
:HOU~
mil II fir II~
III 89
o IIr'll~ II111In! ~, 11111 II fir ~
II
62
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: Fe-Ni-C Type: 2340

Composition: Fe - 0.56% C - 0.26% Mn - 1.97% Ni Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.37% C - 0.68% Mn - 3.41% Ni Grain size:
8-10 Austenitized at 804C (H80F) 7-8 Austenitized at 788C (1450 0F)
C OF I 111111 II 1111 II , C OF II III
800
111111 11111
A 800
1111111 11111
" 1
11 11 1
A
111 11 11 111 1111
100
140 0
- . AI
_. As 700
140 0
-- AI f- - I-- -
A
-
_I-
-- r- -
- ---
W
600
'20 oAt.._
100
~,./I
;.....
-....
~ ~,....f
FtC
-
I
W
600
120 0
1000
V::::
A, f- - f-.=
~
~- [,.-'
....
~A+I' - - 1 -
,:""'-
_I-'"
- -
1
~ (
~ 500
If
- 3 ~ 800 A + F+C 2
o A9F' ...... F+C
~
l-
80 o~t--"c 1\
e:( ..... ....... I"'- 80 0 2
15 400 1'... 15 400
<,
r-.....,
..... ....... 50"~ ,
n, n, 3
:;; A I.......... ,n":--- -,
50
:;; .........1"'-
~ 300 60 0 ~ 300 60 0
46
- e - Ms
--r-.
Ms
-,
200 40 O-
- :01r-
f-
M~...
200 40 0
::: M..
M,o
5o
'1- T IDlfG~A~ I-T DIAGRAM -

100 20 O- r- - EsUrnQled 100 20 0 I I I I I
I I
o l~iJ'''il~ 11111 ~I
1111111 II lfir ~
64
o 111111 I~ II111In! ~,111111 1

~y
1111 ~~ 60
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Next Page
Type: Fe-Ni-C Type: 2512

Composition: Fe - 0.69% C - 0.25% Mn - 3.90% Ni Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.10% C - 0.62% Mn - 6.00% Ni Grain siee:
8-10 Austenitized at 804 0C (1480~) 7-8 Austenitized at 92~C (17000F)
C C F
.' '! 'I'" I, ,,I
t- III
11111 '11 ' 111 111111 1111111 11111
800 i' !' I I - ~ 800
F
A
700
1400 ~ ,~,
I
J-, ~,-, -J-~
A --+ ---:t:::-t-+---t-t-I-
-r'"
_ I
~~
_- :
700
1400 A,-,
~ ....10-' ...... '-

1200F
I
'AlM~AI!'p.~f __
..... - - . . . .
1200
~ ~':'" 1-.
""'"
600 -;.-~:::~_... _ ..
-, 600
A, A+F- . e- ,_, .1-- - . -'e-
...." , " "
'oooH-j~-+f--jH+-r--r-+---r--+-+-+-+-+-t-+-i
I '
w . 1000
/'" ;'
I ,
w
~ 500 i A+F+C \ i F+C ~
-" ~ 800 .... ~ IA+F+~ _I- -""" 20
I- i,1 ,,~ ! I ".,
~',..
I-" F+C
800H-+~rt---'-'orl-~..t---+--+-~-+-+-+--+-+-t--H !;( 800
=f= M,
ioo"" 27
ffie,
~
w
400
600
A :-1'...
I
tK i'
r-,.....".......
, -
46
ffi 400
c,
::lE
~ 300
"-e-
60 0= F= M
M..
\
' ...
'6
~ ,::' ~......-+......--I"'o.b.-+-+-+-+-=1
I- '00
F--- M,- -r- <,
200 400:::: ~::I :, 5' 200 400
-
I 1- T DIAGRAM 1- T DIAGRAM)
I", i J I I J
100 200f- -r-.-* Eshmaled I j 100 20 o- f-- -*EIII.. " ..
Till""."'"
o "lid
T:t~ !!!J!L I
III,,
I ~
I'll'; 111111"
I
I
!1!AY
1I!1i
~ 64
,'II,! o
0.5 I 2
IIIIIIIIII~
5 10
111111 ~'1II
fI I
lQ,Y
1111 ~
42
0,5 I 2 5 10

Composition: Fe - 0.4% C - 0.52% Mn - 5.00% Ni Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.6% C - 0.62% Mn - 6.00% Ni Grain size:
26% 3, 76% 7-8 Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F) 80% 4-5, 20% 7 Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F)
C F I 1111 11111 111111 111111
C F 1111 II 11111
/1'1 11 1 111'11 11111 1 111111
800 A 800
I
" 111111
1400 140 0
700 F 1 - --I- - '-1-' f- . - -t- .- .1:= -I~

700 A
I' I-
--
A
1200 120 0
7:. f -
-~1~F;'l
1.-- .- -t- . - . I- -L__ e- Appro. As 1- .- - ;;.-
e- A, "A+F
~--~-~.....
600 600
..... ~ L'" I .,
......
,,- .-
W 1000 W 100 0
.... """
~ 500
If\ /
I-" .... ~ as ~ 500 (~~ /
.....1./ ,.
27
,
~

1.-"- !;(
/
800 A + F+C F+C 29 80 0 A+F+C C
ffi 400
c,
::lE
~
..,..,j\ ~ 37
ffi 400
n,
~
r-, ........r-, ...... -, ...... r-,..
l...,!Y.r- 40
'00 600 e---

e-
41
~ '00 60 0 A 46
1-----
M,
r~ 45 i"-.. r-, "- r--.bo,..
51
M,.
200 400 200 40 0= F M,
....... 55
1----- M,.
I-T DIAGRAM - -e- M,. I-T DIAGRAM
100 200 I I I
I I
I 100 20 o~ f= M I I I I I
o
I-
1111111 I~ 111111 mill W%-
II 1111 ~
II
58
o II 1111 I~
I I
11111 mill II I~ ~
6.
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10 "

Previous Page

Composition: Fe - 0.8% C - 0.62% Mn - 6.00% Ni Grain size: 6 Composition: Fe - 1.0% C - 0.62% Mn - 5.00% Ni Grain size:
Austenitized at 92'f>C (1700 0F) 6-7 Austenitized at 92'f>C (1700 0F)
'C 'C 'F
"'
'F 11 11111 '11 111 'I'1'"1 111111
:~~~'.'\.l.' '~"
III II
'"A
1'1'111 1111'" "'111 '111"
- ~,
r-'-I- , r-- _. ,~
I "-,- ..
800
140a I
A
f-I-!-"
1-"' ..... I-
I~I
700
k 1--
-i t,
~
/" 120
It a ...... . e- I - 'A+C-' t-':
L)~i
A.
f- 1IfI!Ql. .- -~'-I-- 600
17 -
AI f- - f- - A+C
I ~ I\. I 24
I
J
j..-""
W
!5 500
1000
I\k' ~ .1 - c- 1
1-1-1-_ '"' 30
If t'--
A+Ftc!'
I" ,
v . . . . 1--"1--""'-
r-,<,
F+C
50

!;i
ffi 400
n,
:E
80 a
I"i'
A t FtC
1' .....
I-"'f-
, r-
FtC-I-- 37
45
..... j'o..
r-, r-.r-.
4 ~ 300 60a A
""
:--.... " I50'':>
'
1""
49
53
I
i'
4
40 a
I" r'-r..... r..... 58
i' r-... 1'-1' -or
200
"'-
<,
'r'-- I-T DIAGRAM r"r.. -
4
"
100 2001= t:-:: M. I I I I I ~

l- M.!"I- f- l - . - -1- - - 1- - ~'-- -I-
a II 11111 II~I 11111111 GITIlII II Itf ~1ft
50
eo\ MARTENSITE ON Q!.ENCHNI TO

I- 10'
"j ,.111111
.
11.111111
. ..
11.111111
TtIS
II
TE:lll'EftATlItE
.
111111111 1 III 11111 Iii II
.. 0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME - SECONDS
105
O-N "!!ll ll~z ~~ llg8

!:! 2 ~
0
8 0 0 LIVE GRAPH
N
Click here to view
TIME- SECONDS
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view

Composition: Fe - 1.2% C - 0.62% Mn - 6.00% Ni Grain size: 7
Austenitized at 92'f>C (1700 0F)
'C 'Ff-
t~x~~- f-l-llll' -j-.Jf 1"'1 t- -1 4 .~
10
- u
140 " I
-'-.
"",,"
I."
-I
1)/
_AmDX A I L
-f- At C
I
1
1000
,
soc
... r-.. ..... 1-0'"
"'r-.. .......
--
.... / V -
A' FtC
';"0.
(
/I~
,;....--
F +C
I
4
4
..... .... .......
t'-- " 0
A r-.. ..... " _0
.00
<, l.:: r-, 0
r- r""-
'00 .00
,...... f-- Ms - e- e- r- r-
, 1111 I ~,
f-
II 11111 I I Ii 1111
o
til' -
o
,-
1-.
III ill
o
'I - N 0 0 0
0 - N
- 0
N n~~ ~~
0
TIME- SECONDS
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Type: 2910 Type: 5140

Composition: Fe - 0.08% C - 0.49% Mn - 8.94% Ni Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.42% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.93% Cr Grain size:
10-12 Austenitized at 843C (1550 0F) 6-7 Austenitized at 843C (1650 0F)
C F II pili 1'1 11I 111"
11,111
-
II 11111 111111
1-
C
800
F I 1111111 IIIIII! II III 111111 11 111 111'"
1-
800 01,-' At _I._I- .- 1-/.- .; .j-
A 140
700
1400
u, . f- ,- 1-+-
L.. ~
~I-
1-. f- . 1-. I- 700
I,-A s -
I
10-'"
k=:~-~
1-'1-
,
600
1200
A V ."....,., .... - 600
120ol-A
t7" \.. , I"-or...r--.
24
31
1.001.'A+F
,
-- A+~I). +F+C-~I-F+C
--1--
-~.
100ol-H A
W 100 0 .. _.. - lJJ 26
~ 500
I-
APpr.J.(
As
.--- -- - ~-
- I- -
I-i-
'.-1-
~ 500
I-
\..0-
(,
-
II
\..0- 30
et 80 0 et 80 37
ffi11. 400 A + F+C ffi
:::;; F- Msl\
.'> 11.
:::;;
400
o
01- i-- Ms
"' 150'1.--
\
1\ l-
44
~ 300 60 01;::
M
M,. ~ 300 60 I- Moo 50
~ I--- M,o 1-
200 40 0 200 40 0
I, T I DltGIRA~ ',"T I DlfG~A~

I-
100 20 0 100 200

I I I 1
I~ ~ ~
62
I~ ~II I~ ~
39
o II 1111 u lu 111111 II II RC o II 1111 II GITiIiI II
0.5 I 2 5 10 106 0.5 I 2 5 10

Type: 5160 Type: 52100

Composition: Fe - 0.61% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.88% Cr Grain size: 7 Composition: Fe - 1.02% C - 0.36% Mn - 0.20% Ni - 1.41% Cr
Austenitized at 843C (1650 0F) Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F)
U
C F E C F II ~
11111 111111
" 11111 111111 II 1111 111111
" 11111 I 1111 1111111
" 1" 11 111'"

800
700
1400
-I- A,
....
A
1-- e-- ,....;; i-==- -l-
I""
- I- - I-- - I- --I- 1
22
800
700
'400
- As - L.
1.-' .... ."'
A
..... ;; .... .... _

_I- .f- 1---1-
Ii
~
I8
I( ' .... ....

1200 33 1200 31
W
600
1000
A ~A+FI~ \ .... F+C
40
43 lLJ
600
100 o-A
\
\
36
36
.....1'0. \
~ 500
I-
r\. (
./- 32 ~ 500
I-
f \ \.
A + F+C
I D F+C 35
et 80 0 39 et 80 0 41
ffi 400
11.
:::;;
~ 300 60 0
i\~ oo~
"
V
........
45
50
ffi 400
11.
:::;;
~ 60 o
~
'" .
Au.l.nU.
Ulldlnol"d
\~ <,
r\ 46
53
'\ "
1"-0 ..... 57
300 Corblde.
!50\~\. .....
f- Ms - 1- F=--. Ms
58
200 40 0 200 40 010- - M50
T .......
Moo I--- M,o
Il
liT IDIIA~RA~ I, T D1~G~A~
100 20 0 100 20 0 I
I I
l~d
I
o II II I~ II GITiIl I I~ ~K 65
o 111111 II GITiI I~ I~K
66
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10 " III

Type: Fe-C-Cr Type: Fe-C-Cr-Mo

Composition: Fe - 0.33% C - 0.45% Mn - 1.97% Cr Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.11% C - 0.38% Mn - 0.44% Si - 5.46% Cr -
6-7 Austenitized at 871C (1600 0F) 0.42% Mo Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 899C (1650 0F)
-c OF I 1111 II~III 111111 II 11111 111111 C Fr-r-.T11TT11T'--rTTTllllnr.ll.mTllmrIlITTT1TTunrll.TTnmrr-rnlT1Tl g
800
1.1 1 1 11111
f-Af- 1- 1-+--;'- ~,.; ~' 1--1- . f-.- f-.f- 1-. f-=
f-.f-! lii'o-"I -+..:.-,+-"l-
f- 'A," - -A..
+1 L"..I- _1"'"".1 '._ I -.
.-
_~
BOO
140
OF=A'I 1400 KT .-I: - - 75RB
700 ~. ( I
I( 1- I
700
I~A'F \A'F'Gi~ F+G 1- B5RB
120
of-I-A/
1/ \ F+C 26 1200
"""'1--..1' ...... ... 8BRB
l1J
S 500
600
100 0
A+F
"r-::'r\ t-:.~~t--_
--
t--
_1
D
28
27
l1J
S 500
600 i"""o r-or-- ~~
-r--I..:~t"--
I ,., I":: BBRB
I~
,..
!;t
ffi 400
80 0 K - A + F+C-
~ ~ I-~
31
35 !;t BOOP f= M'4=H=H=f=jF=f=+~=f=j==f=r=r=r=1
{
ffi 400
~ f- l-. M '\'1\ \.'0' II' 1--'1-'" 44 Q.
::;:
I-- ~ M,o
io'-r- M,.
~ 300 f-'
60 01;::: I--
48 l1J
600 J--H -IH -+-i-+--t-- +--t-- t---t-- t--t--t--t-i l l
1
M50..
l-I--- M,o "'r--, 1- 300
200 40 0 200 40 0 I-T DIAGRAM
100 20 Of- f-- f--

. Eslimoled
Ii T IDlfG~AMI
100 20 0 II
o J~Jl~ II III'" ~IIII II I~ ~
III
58
0 I 11111 I~ 11111
:HOU~
mill II I~ ~ITt;
44RC
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10 102 10 3 10 4 10 5 106

Type: 410 Type: Fe-C-Ni-Cr-Mo-V

Composition: Fe - 0.11% C - 0.44% Mn - 0.37% Si - 0.16% Ni - Composition: Fe - 0.22% C - 0.54% Mn - 0.64% Ni - 12.46% Cr
12.18% Cr Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 982C (1800 0F) - 0.99% Mo - 0.29% V Grain size: 4-5 Austenitized at 10100C
(1850 0F)
-c OF
800
I. I Till. III 1
111
A 111 11 111
f- . .
111
111
~jl 111 111 C OF
1'1 11 11 111'" 111'" 1
I III 1'1 1111
.1.
1 1 111
. Approl. As -
A+F 1-
700
140 0
10'1 -' /[1

A + F.C,..!' ~+
75RB
81RB
800
700
140 0
A V l"-!+C
"-
L-
120 0
1',..... -r, r---
B7RB
120 0 + +
600
~ t-- 50"'~ r--"" I"-- 90RB
600
r-
r--,I'"
l1J 100 0 A I'..
I"
S 500 r--,... l1J
S 500
100 0
1-
e:( ~ 1-
I-
80 0
ffi 400
Q.
e:(
ffi 400
80 0
::;: F-I-. M. Q.
l1J 60 010- 01-- M 50
::;:
1- 300
10-1--- M,. l1J
I- 300
60 0
f-I- MIt- -r-t-: 1- - t-I- - I - 1--1--- -
200 40 0
I-T DIAGjAj 200 40 0
100 20 0
I I 100 20 0
i-TI DIA?R~M
l~ ~ ~I
45RC
o 1111111 I~ 111111 Finll
f luu
I II
5 o I 1111 I~ 11111 11111111 II ~~
11111 I II
0.5 I 2 5 10 10
0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME - SECONDS
TIME - SECONDS
Type: 4027 Type: 4037

Composition: Fe - 0.26% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.26% Mo Grain size: Composition: Fe-0.35% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.25% Mo Grain size: 7
7 Austenitized at 86~C (1675 0F) Austenitized at 86~C (1676 0F)
0C OF C OF
II III' II 1' 111 II
~!~ 11
E 111111 II 1111
f-IJ~~
II 11 _. 11 111 A II 1111 1'11 11 '111 111 11111'
I
AI . f-- 1- .1-. ~. I- . 1-. . I- r= . - I--.I-i--. I- .
1
.1--- . 1-1-'
800
"j' . l-
4.-
BOO ~'I-
140
A 1..-,....
1400
A .... - . - 1-..- F\171'-"'~--I-i--
700
0,1
t .' ...... ioo-"'" ...-1--
. I-'~
82RB 700
...... ~--
.
, i'~
8 BRB
600
1200 1 1 - - A + F
I - ~
lI" A + F+ C
~ -
I
I
600
1200
I-[.L-~
i~"'- "
A + F+C
-- 1- ...
i')
I
I
l.LJ 100
O~ \ _ lJJ 1000
~ 500
...\ (
24
~ 500
~.J (
25
","
F+C
~ 80 0
32
~ 800 F+C
33
ffi 400
a.
- I-~ M
"~ 40 ffia. 400 -, 41
::;: := I-
I--
M,o. M!iO I
::;:
I- M.
.......
~ 300 60 0 ~ 300 600 ~ ~::~
200 40 0 200 400
I-T D1AGjAj
00 20 0 - :.....-_ EsUmoled
100

200 1-1- -TlIJ'gel"oue
Esllmoled
1,-T JDI~G~A~
jJl~
I I
o
0.512510
11.1111 mill II lti ~
50
o ,,[J II~ 11I11 ~,
11111111 II lti ~ 56
0.5' 2 5 10
Type: Fe-C-Mo Type: 4047

Composition: Fe - 0.42% C - 0.20% Mn - 0.21% Mo Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.48% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.26% Mo Grain size:
6-6 Austenitized at 871 0C (1600 0F) 6-7 Austenitized at 816 0C (1600 0F)
0C OF C OF
I.
I"
II A 111111 11 111 1111 II III 11111 I III 11[111 111111 111111 II I
1111111
_....
800 _. I - BOO A
. 1- . . 1-. I - . i--- I -
140O=PFA 1400 = AI
Ao-~ f- . 1-. l-t-: I- I
...
~= F:'
'A+F . cr- As - .-t- -
~ ,.,.
700 700
~ lI-~~ ,
lJJ
BOO
1200
1000
1/
v~
"
,.-- ~ .... "" ! -
8 BRB
I
23 W
600
120OI--A-t7
100 0
:/
~
........
.- -A+F+C
)
~) 1
2
~ 500
~ 80 0
(~ A+F+C
\
, F+C 25
32
~ 500
~ BO0
~ \
< F+C
2
3
ffi 400 I\. ",' '\. ffi 400 \ "-
a.
::;:
-
0 - I - M.o
M.
1'.
40 a.
::;: ~ ~O'4~ I'., 5o
~ 300 60 M
49
~ 300 60 0 M.
-M!iO h
200 40 0 200 40 0'== i= M
1- T IDlfG~A~ IIT I DltGIRA~

100 20 0 - r-l-- '" Estlmolld 1
100 20 0
o l:cr"'j I~ III ~II I ti ill

60
o I 1111 I~ II ~I
111111 I ti ill
105
63
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10

Type: 4068 Type: Fe-C-Mo

Composition: Fe - 0.68% C - 0.87% Mn - 0.24% Mo Grain size Composition: Fe - 0.97% C - 1.04% Mn - 0.32% Mo Grain size
7-8 Austenitized at 899 0C (1660 0F) 7-8 Austenitized at 843 0C (1660 0F)
C OF I I pili C of
11111
"!,,'
A
11111 '11 111 111111
1- I-
11111 111111 11111I 111111 1 111111
-
800 800 A"
-
14001- I- _ 1-1-1- 140 0
~~ 10- 1-1-1-
700
I-
120 01-
--~Af
A,
I-A
r kr""'~
..... t;.
I.- ~ !==~
1=
21
700 I=- l, .I -
~
t::;L,;;;" >.2.10- 1--1-;;;:- :,... 1-
.- ~
... . ,
v~ ..- ..... '20 0
1/ / 1\1"--.
27
W
600
1000
J~ .... I..-
,..-
A +F+C
'" 28
28 W
600
1000
I--
A"II ""'r-..
33
34
I~ lo- ~11
! 500 ! 500 A +F+f
{ 34
~
~
t..-- 37
!;( 80 0 F+C 38 <{ 80 0 F+C 1--1- 43
ffi ~j"I, ffi 'kilo" ~~
"'~
400 ['.1 , 400 "11I1.1111.
t
a. 44 a. 47
"-1'."
:::;: :::;: UlIdlno!ytd
Calbld .. ~
~ 60 0
52
~ 60 0 53
300
'" . .po, r-, 1"0-
'" ~"'"
300
56 -, f'i'. 59
200 400
i-- M,
~-
58 200 400
r-, i"- t'-- 62
~ M~o I -
M,
I-- M,o I,-T IDI~G~A~ I-- M,o
r-
100 20 0 100 200
o 111111 I~ 11111 ~,
f I ITIIII II Itf ~
II
66
o
I=- M,o
II III" ,~ II I,", m 11111 II i~ ~
II I
66
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 1 2 5 10
Type: Mn-Mo Weld Metal Type: Fe-C-Mo

Composition: Fe-0.l0% C - 1.63% Mn - 0.41% Mo Grain size Composition: Fe - 0.22% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.60% Mo Grain size:
6-6 Austenitized at 1093 0C (2000 0F) for 20 s 8-9 Austenitized at 899C (1660 0F)
0C OF
~ Af I ++ t1tI C OF
.u: I-t;;;- 11111 I 1111
'A II I II
O~A
I- - --_.1- -.-1-. ~.-I-. 1-1-
800 800
i"..oo '40o-ftA
140
-~ -- - -'A,:~/ _ . --7' . _. l - . 1--.
,
--~',-'
700 A,.k' . -.- .-"(c-. 1--. - . -" - . 700
600
120
o
J/1/'
'/
AtF
~U_ -
--
!-.
J-~O"
".
.....
76R8
..... 83R8 600

120 0
7'
...
j
1/
A+F
I
I.....
1"'iO ..... ;;;;~~
AtFtC
t>
I
W 100
-- W 1000 20
! 500
~
<{
ffi
a.
400
80 or- *
=~,so~
1:= -M90"
A+ h'c
~ -
1'-_ .....
F+ C
-
25
32
~ 500
!;(
ffi
a.
:::;:
400
800
=1= M,-*
;:::~
{.-,o...
\ I
M,o
M,o
I(
\
\
F+C
I 25
35
39
:::;:
~ 300 600
~ 300 60 0
- I--
200 400
200 40 0 I-T DIAGiAj
I-T DIAGri I--
*
* 100 200 I-- 1--1- Esl-...oled
r-~~e:('iI~'
I I
IIri,~
'00 20 01-
I r
11I11~1I1 II I~ ~
39 48
o 111111 filii11111 11 Itf ~

II
o
0.5 1 2 5 10
II II
0.512510
TIME - SECONDS
TIME - SECONDS
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Type: Fe-C-Mo Type: Fe-C-Mo

Composition: Fe - 0.40% C - 0.42% Mn - 0.63% Mo Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.36% C - 0.17% Mn - 0.82% Mo Grain size
6-7 Austenitized at 871 0C (1600 0F) 6-7 Austenitized at 871C (1600 0F)
C OF U
C OF
111111 I'~" 11111 I 1111 1111" K
I"'A '"I11111
I" I~+~::
' I'" I
I
800
f-IArIJUIi _ '1- "
- I- --I- 800 I- Ar ~- . 1-- - - --
~p
'400
1.--1-'
'400 A i""'"
~f-I-- -1-- f- --I-
700
k' , 700
f- A, - I...... (I'" eORB
'20o .I A+F ~ ~ fJ
600
I!,..oo'....
_100- ..... " .-"I
.... r-.
r--.~ 20 600
'20 0
~;
A+F
fo-"/ A+F+C
-,
.i> - '9
13
I.LJ
~ 500
100 0
~i
~ -,
-A + F+ C 23
28
W
~ 500
I-
100 0
/.".-- /' -l""" I I 1- 26
20
t 80 0 F+C 37 80 0
\ ,o'i\\ F+C
ffi
a.
400
'" '0'-, 1\ ffi 400 .....
36
f-I- l.M; 45 a. I- ~- M.
46
::;:
1'---. ::;: 10- r- M50~ .....1'
~ 300 60 01<= ~ M.o- 50
~ 60 01'-= r= "'90"
Io-f- M.o 300
200 40 0 200 40 0
I-T DIAGrMj I-T D1AGri
-
100 20 0'--- ~ ESlimaied
100 20 Of- t- t- '" E$li/noled
I~T]
I I
o
I-
0.5 I 2 5 10
,7ffi; II 11111 ~I
IIITIII
I!.Q, y~ 60
II 11111 liT o
0.5 I 2
,~cri,~
5 10
II III
:HOU~
mill I,I;-f ~
"
69

Type: Fe-C-Mo Type: Fe-C-Ni

Composition: Fe - 0.33% C - 0.41% Mn - 1.96% Mo Grain size: Composition: Fe - 0.40% C - 0.67% Mn - 3.49% Ni - 0.01% Mo
3-4 Austenitized at 1038 0C (1900 0F) Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 871 0C (1600 0F)
0C OF C OF
I III ''1 11 I II'" 11111 1 1111 II III
P--t.I'''1 "1 ' 11 "1 ' 11 "1'" 11'"
800 1-
~ 800
'400 A+F '400
700
600
'20 0
I-A, - I-\-
A -""'" , -c---
I'
-
\
f~""~(
--
F+C
F=":ti.=
,
28
31
700
600
'20 0
I-
l= cA,
Ar 1-1- --
Io-"f""" A+ ~
yo'" 10-"10-" I-r-'
t--I-
fo-
,....1-
- f- 1--1-
-
I- I
W 100 0
-,- W '000
~ .... 10-"1-
22
~ 500 1.-'1;'
I~
L-~
I-

ffi
80 0 I 1/ ...
A + F+C
F+C
3
4o
~ 500
I-

ffi
80 Ot-A
A + F,+C
" r, "-
( F+ C
l - 25
30
MI"
400 ,,!1O",
400
a.
::;:
~ 300 60 0
l=-
I--
I---
"'50
"'90
I
4 a.
::;:
w
I- 300 60 01=1= M,
I'
, 50%-
"'r-- 1-3
46
<,
t-t- Moo
200 40 0
t-t- M,.
200 40 0
v." 11"1 ,,,lIchl

,"cl,II,I'11l
1- T ID'tGIRA~
1
,-T DIAGRAM
I I I I I
-
'00 20 Of- "1111' 100 200
o
I-
1'11",,1 1,7ffi; Illil ~I 11111
~y
II 1111 ~
lIT
67
o I 1111 I~ "
,111111 :HOU~
mill
, ;-f ~
II
58
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.512510
Type: Fe-C-Ni-Mo Type: Fe-C-Ni-Mo

Composition: Fe - 0.41% C - 0.60% Mn - 3.61% Ni - 0.21% Mo Composition: Fe - 0.39% C - 0.66% Mn - 3.63% Ni - 0.74% Mo
Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 871 0C (1600~) Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 871 0C (1600~)
-c F 111111 111111 I 1111 111111 I 1111 111111
-c F 111111 111 111 111111 111111 I 1111 111111
- -
800 800
140 0 1400
700
f- -AI- -- f- - I--- - f- _.
---= 700
f- AI - .- . f-- -. f - - 1 - -I';" .-' _.--=
-A. -J- ~. _ . ~. -
120 of=: 1200 F A.
600
",. -~ A+F ......1--""
(r~ E : " I 600 '~i+F \.. -
LIJ 1000 W 1000 A
~ \.. :-
(f'" I-
--
,
~ 500 ~ 500
A + F,+,C 25 A+F+C
!;;:
ffi
80 Of- -A
'},
",.
F+C 30
I-

ffia. 400
800
\ ....-\
I .... -
(~
-' 30
"
400
~ -, 39 I- F+C - 41
oo.. - ::E \
~ 300 60 01- Ms
47 ~ 300 600
I--e- M, -
4S
F- Ms.
r-, F-I- Moo
200 40 of M 200 400 I-f- Mgo
l-T DIA~R~M I- I-T DIAGRAM -

100 20 0 I 100 200
o II 1111 I~
II III
~HOU~
mill II Iff ~5
liT o
I-
I 1111
1*"1 1,m!
III ~I111111 I :tf ~
II
5S
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Type: Fe-C-Si Type: Fe-C-Si

Composiion: Fe - 0.60% C - 0.23% Mn - 0.63% Si - 0.06% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.64% C - 0.23% Mn - 1.27% Si - 0.06% Cr
Grain size: 20% 2-3, 80% 7 Austenitized at 843 0C (1660 0F) Grain size: 40% 3-4, 60% 7 Austenitized at 871C (1600 0F)
-c F -c F
u
800
140o~
1 -,A
II 1111 I III A II III
-rt-r-
II III
-
1
..-
1111 111111
-
.- ..- 800
F-IAII~~
1400 f--I I_A
1111 I AlII 11111
1--'
111111
"-1--' _. _.f-='
111111
i
~
As . --=-~ .-. FAs~. /11"1'--
700
I......i "
7' jI.+f .
- -I
700 ,..1........... ;;:;l"- ...~,~ 1-2 o
,
120
'- 21 28
1200
o!...... / I....
600 ~ - 24 600 I
\
30
F+C
"
100 0 F+C 28 1000 -A 31
LIJ LIJ + F\C
~ 500 ~ 500
~
"' , ......,
A - 30 30
I- +F. i' I-
80 0 , f- +~ 35 80 o\. 36
ffi 400
- ffi 400
~
f'.
a.
::E
LIJ 60 of ~
1\ Ms
"'0" 'I'. 43
52
~
~ 60 0= =~
...l \ 46
52
' ....
- I'
I- 300 300
fr'f- Moo - Moo :-- 54
200 40 01= ~ '-'90

200 40 0"= = Ms.
1- T I DlfGrA~ \-T IDlfGrA~

100 1
20 0 100 20 0
I~ IllIuI~, ~ ~
62
I~
\HOU~
Lui iiflill II Itf ~
63
0
0.5 I 2
II 1111
5 10
II 111111 I II o II 11111
0.5 I 2 5 10
II
"

Type: Fe-C-Si-Cr Type: Fe-C-Si-Cr

Composition: Fe - 0.55% C - 0.78% Mn - 1.62% Si - 0.77% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.53% C - 0.24% Mn - 2.32% Si - 0.32% Cr
Grain size 6 Austenitized at 899C (1650 0F) Grain size: 50% 2-3, 50% 7 Austenitized at 982C (1800 0F)
0C OF
1111111 111111 1111111 II III 111111 111111 ~
1- ..
C F
I 1/ A II 1
1'1'11 II 1111 11111 II III Ii II ,1111
1-
800
,400
- A,-
~
~ - ,- - ~
_,_'-
1-
- f-- - r-r- -I--- -
~
l'i
~
800
140 0
A, 1-, r- _A> F_ 1- -.- .1--- 1 - - 1--1--- I - . 1-- I -
i.o- ~_I-'
~~l"'" Y I l/
32 30
I- :,... 100
1 -
700
r t- 1-0""
F+ C 37 F>C 35
600
'200
l- "Li ~ 1'--t...:
...
r:::1:::t:-t-- I"'-
42 600
'200
.... ' ~
.~ ~i'-- ~
1 - 36
"-- 42 33
lJJ
!5
1000I-I-A- A+ F
r,-:: WA o v/. r//~
f"'-- ,.. .....n-u, I-
.~
W
g;;
100 0
\
~ ::
500 500 I- 34
A + r>~
""""
~h
!;i
ffi
80 0
'\ - I-
I-

ffin,
80 0 I\. 38
a,
:E
400
1\ ''(""";"00''
A m j......- 44
:E
400
A'
1\ 1[J..l ~L--' 45
51
~
53
~ OF FM.
300 60 0
Ms-I- .::s "-l- f-lI. I'
F+ C
I-57
300 60
F-I- 101'0
1'-.... 55
200 40 0 Moo 200 40 01- 1= ~90

I I
100- Ml,o I"iT ~I~G~A~ 1 T IDI~G~AMI
100 20 0
1-
100 20 0
,1",,11
o II 11111 I~ II LJ ~ I 1111 II I~ ~ II
65
o 1111 I~ I I
IHOURI
Fi'TIi1l II I~
!!!'
II Ilii
62
0.512510 0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: Fe-C-Si-Cr Type: 9260

Grain size: 30% 3-5, 70% 7-8 Austenitized at 10380C (1900 0F) Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 871C (1600 0F)
C 0C OF 111111 ,
F J '1"IIITTIITn 111 111 II 1111 111111 111111
.IA; 112 l
il
~~_A
l!ii '11111
-I-. r-I- ._.
"
800 FA, , /- A>F- f--I--- +-1- 1-1--= 800 t- oO- . I- -~-
140 ol-A 34 A
V "' .... ~
'4001-
.t, 1...-1'" J.+F l-
~ e- ....
36 28
700 700
tt~ r-,... "to--.

F>C
38 35
120 0 '20 0
F>C 1- 36
600
""" I""'-
39 600
\ A>F I'-- 33
W 100 0 33 '000
\ W
!5 I'--
~ 500
~, A> F>C
i.'"
37 500
1\ I 1'.1'-.. 33
10--'" ...
I- I-
I--'" 36
;;, 80 ol-A 4' 80 0 A + F>C
~o" ffio, 400 ........
W 400
a,
:::;;
~ 300 60 OFF=
1\
Ms
/i.'" 45
50
:E
lJJ 60 0
A r\ II
\ 1"1'\ 43
50
,..... -
.- 300 _!iO,\ f-
200 40 0"- ~
10'-1- 101'0
"'90
"-
200 40 oi-
F- 101,
101.. '" I
I I
'-
I
1....- 55
p,- I - 101..
~ - T, D,IARA~
1-
I; T I DIAGRAM
100 20 0 100 20 0 , .
o ,,1," ,~I
"
II
II,J
mil
!HOUR
III Itr I~
64
o II I .7fF,
" I" : Fr'
I I~ ~
'11
65
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10 106

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Type: 9261 Type: 9262

Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 871C (1600 0F) Grain size: 6 Austenitized at 8710C (1600 0F)
C OF
i=- 1, I II , ! II III' 111111 I 1111 II I
C OF
J II 1111 11 ' 11 !
"111 1'1111 "
111111
.- f- --A "
800
140 of:::1-
f-I-- f-.I-=
800 I=- Ar- -r--- t- - A
_-l-
As .- -t-r- . f- I---f- 140 0 _ -t-r- -
~ E:~
As-
, .'
'
700
...
~ f.:= 28
700
I""""
32
600
120 0
......
"'
.... ~: .........
..... I'-.
FfC 34
38 600
120 0
""' ~A~ ~t--- to--
A.F..... "",,-
"""r--
FtC 37
39
W 1000 38
r--.. W 100 0
r...
~ 500
~
~~ m;:'
\
I
'"
..... ......
I- ~ 500
~
"'
,/ .....r-.. 33
ffi 400
80 oI- l-A A t FtC
.....
35
ffia. 400
80 01- I- A
I~ I
A t FtC 36
a.
::;:
~ 300
200
60 0
40 of
f-I- Ms-
F= [Ms.
1\1'
'"
\/
~ot." ir"-~
1'-0
~
41
50
55
::;:
~ 300
200
60 0
400
r--- Ms
" '"
~ \
I'~..
l
-
I (I--"
LIP 43
49
55
,!
:D1~G~A~
t- Mso
1<--1- Mg. I-T DIA~RAr
liT 10=-1- Mgo
100 20 0 100 20 0
I
\HOU~
~
65
IIIIJ I~ ~K
65 l!I
I~
lHOUR
o 111;111 I~
II 'I
I
W"I II II ' o
I-
II 1111 I~ II Wn I II
5
0.5 I 2 5 10 10 0.5 I 2 5 10 105

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Type: 6145 Type: 6150

Composition: Fe - 0.43% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.92% Cr - 0.16% V Composition: Fe - 0.63% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.93% Cr - 0.18% V
Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 843 0C (1660 0F) Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 843 0C (1560 0F)
0C OF
I 111111 11111 111111 I'L
o~ _l,"Cl_
11!1I1 I !II'" "1 111 I III ,1111 111,1 u
800
140
~-A, ~
f--- ~~- 1--
A
1---
-=- -e- --I--
e- --
,
800 A
- 1-1-
I-
~
1- 20
i
700 700
t;;oil""
I [S," I""""t ... !"or--.
'20 26 31
600
o I 1- 35 F+C 1- 36
600
A+F
1J.J 100 ol--A F+C 33 w 36
l;'
~ 500 1A +-- ~II I - 30 ~ 500 31
I-
80 0 \. F+C
1/ 37
I-
39
ffi ffi
a..
::;:
400
M,
~ \j>-,l. 1\ 1- 44 a..
::;:
w
400
45
~ 300 60 01=
51
I- 300
52
l - I-- M.. f',
!'o- ~ Moo
200 40 0
,I-T DIAGRAM
200 400 * I
100 20 0
' I I " 100 200~1-~ T=~~' -+-++-++++++-++-+--+--1
I~I ~!
I
~ JII:I II~
I- 61
II I~
I~ ~65
o II 11111 III II 1111111 II o I- 11111 I 1111111 I iTllII
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
LIVE GRAPH
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Type: Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V Type: Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V

Composition: Fe - 0.23% C - 0.82% Mn - 1.22% Cr - 0.63% Mo Composition: Fe - 0.40% C - 0.78% Mn - 1.26% Cr - 0.63% Mo
- 0.22% V Grain size: not given Austenitized at 843 0C (1600 0F) - 0.22% V Grain size: not given Austenitized at 843 0C (1600 0F)
0C OF 0C OF
I 1111 II
II~,- 1--
11 11 '11 111 111'11 11,111
III .
800
Af I1 -I - --
f- I - -I- -f-r- t--
I 1111 1 1 1111 111111 111111 111111 \I
I-
800
I- ~ - ~ A,* t- -- - f--- I-- - l -I-- -I--
140 or=:
1= At - - 140 01=
1= A. 1-1- l-
700 700 I- 1-
~ Ito-. 21
..<- - -
120 0 29
120 0
\ 29
I,.\"I-. A+F
600 IUndluolved Carbld,,) PI--
A+ F
I
1-
600
~R8IDIES) .... -p.- ~ 1-
lJJ 100 0
-- r- W 100 0
(UNOISSOLYED
~ 500
.!;:( 80 0
""""
I\. ! J-::I - .J..'";.,- J
At+ F + C
I-~
I-
40
~ 500
I-

,. l- I--
ffi 400
V""" F+C ffi
80 0 3S
a..
::;: I=- M:- ~l- il-l-
I'
1- 42
a..
::;:
400 1-' A+F+C
" '1./.:0..
V~
F+C 4S
~ 300 60 0 ~ 300 60 01=
I-
M.*I- I- !"Or-
200 40 0 200 40o
-
:-TIDI1AyRA,M
_~,Esllrnoled * Esllmoled I-T DIAGRAM
rr
100 2.0o~
~~Tr I~ ml
100 200 -
I~ IllIuI ~HOU~ ~ ~
o
0.5 I 2 5 10
II illilill II o IIILJ 11111 III~ ~
0.512510

SOURCE: I-T Diagrams, Third Edition, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh PA, 1963 88 published in Atlas of Isothermal
Type: Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V Type: Fe-C-Mn-Ni- V

Composition: Fe - 0.33% C - 0.84% Mn - 1.06% Cr - 1.07% Mo Composition: Fe - 0.20% C - 1.44% Mn - 0.49% Ni - 0.16% V
- 0.26% V Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 10100C (1860 0F) Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F)
C OF 0C OF
II III'.! 111111 IIIIII' 11 11 111111
'n -~ A,-
III~I "1 111 1'1" 11
II
"1
__1--= '11 '''' 1'1"" I'"'
800 - - r---- -4 iL 800 F- -~- - - -- - f=
'400=
f=:At -- -- :--= ~- - 1400
I~+ ~~tf. ..... I ~ V""

700
'20 0 F+C
I7
3o
- 34
700
r- A'-7 F- --t:= t:- 1-1- I--
800 A r---- f::: F:~ 40 600

1200
.... ......r--
A+ Fj
I'l.... I -j I/A+F+C ~
-.-,- ....
LLI 1000 LLI 1000
gs gs
1\ -,~
IL, ~V (
500 1-1- 500
F+ C
!;{ 80 0 1/ r-A+F+C f- f- - -- l-
et 80 0
A
ffi 400 . t - F+~ r- 42 ffi 400 M~
~ 1-1- -M~- I-
(~, ." 1(1- 45 a.
::0
r=- I - I- ' - I - 1---
~ 300 60 0 ~ 300 60 0
I-
200 40 0 200 40 0
:-lj 91~GRt~ *
I-T DIAGRAM
r-~ITlJ::'
Or- I I J I I
I-I-rIIM.
Esllll'oClled
100 20 100 20 01-
o
t-
I~ 1111I,,1~f111 It: .~ r-
,~ ,1m'! ~HOU~
", iI'fJ"" I~ ~
0.5 I 2 5 10 " o
0.5 I 2
/II
5 10
I /I

Type: Fe-C-Ni-Mo-V Type: Fe-C-Ni-Mo-V

- 0.09% V Grain size: not given Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F) - 0.09% V Grain size: not given Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F)
C OF , "1111 "IJIJ 111111 II
u
II~ '"
0C OF ,
800
" 1111 ,
t-
")'lJI I'IJIJ' II JIJ
"11'" 111111
-
14001= ,At
- - - 800
1400F= i= At - - -
700
600
'200
l - I- At ~"':
A
i--""
,... .... A+F
1-,=
""I-
-- I - -
~~
-
",..
-r- -r-:::
~.
I"~
"'-
26
700
600
'2001=
I-
I=I-A,1- I-
A
1-1-- -
-
r"-D A+F
- I - - I--
.~ -,--
'f.('o,:'-
1-
W
gs 500
1000
I~ A+(
I,(~
1- 1- .- "I- t-I-
~ 1-27
LLI
gs 500
,000
.- ,-
I...-~
!;{
ffi 400
~
80 0
F- 1- Mt' p..~ - ooi-( 1-

F+C 3
43
!;{
ffia. 400
80 0
I-
1\ AfF+C
\.-:'0"" !r'-I- F+C 1---
- 31
43
"
::0 M. '-
~ 300 60 0 ~ 300 60 0
~
I-T DIAGRAM 1-
200 40 0 200 40 0
t Esllmoled
:-~ ~IA?R~M * EsliJnoled -
100 20 0 - TerJt)etolp"
r-~IJ'
'00 20 0
~HOU~
o
0.5 I 2 5 10
II
L~
"
,111,,1
iIIiIllI II Itr ~ o
0.5 I 2
1,111,,1
5 10
I~ 11111 rnw :~ ~
II

Type: Fe-C-Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo-V Type: Fe-C-Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo-V

Composition: Fe - 0.27% C - 0.84% Mn - 0.60% Ni - 0.73% Cr - Composition: Fe - 0.26% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.69% Ni - 0.73% Cr -
0.90% Mo - 0.11% V Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 92~C 0.88% Mo - 0.23% V Grain size: 6 Austenitized at 10100C
(1700 0F) (1860 0F)
C OF
II I II I II III,II!
0C OF , .ru II "I I , 1"" ~
II III .
~J~ ~II~I-
11111 11111 1111
-I--I- A:
1'1"" 1
~
800
700
1400
At r-- I-- -r-
r- - I-- - r-
I',r-,- 'A~F ;~~ ~
-f- f-
~
fo'~
I
I6
800
700
140 0
f- - At' l- I- -
l- A: t- 1- -
-r-- -- -r- -- -j;;' --
-t-r- 1--
-17. ~ - 1",,-=
1T;.;"c ( F+C
-I- -
~I---
- . l5
i
II
F+C
I"
-- ...
120 0 25 120 0 28
600
r- t"-or-. 600 A r"-r-- ....... """1000. 33
A I-..... 31
....... I-' F:::
ILl 1000 W 100 0
!5 500
~
ffi 400
80 0
l/io""
1,.....,..1....
A+F+C -- - - :- _I~
10- 35
!5 500
~
ffi 400
80 0
/'t' -.-
:.--"
r:....
A+F+C
.- - I--
35
a.
::;: P=- M: F+C
--f~
39
43
~
t:::- M's ~I- .- 44
~
\
300 60 0 I I ~ 300 60 0
I-T DIAGRAM f-
200 40 0 200

40 Ot- rt---Temperoue
EsllmQIed
* [,Hmoled I-r pltG~Ar

I-~TIr
100 20 01- 100 20 0
o
0.5 I 2 5 10
I~ 11'11 mil liP,[!
II 1111 ~
II o
0.5 I 2
)1 111 11
5 10
I~ IILII fflLI II Itf ~
II

Type: 3140 Type: 3310

Composition: Fe - 0.38% C - 0.72% Mn - 1.32% Ni - 0.49% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.11% C - 0.46% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.62% Cr
Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F) Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 899C (1660 0F)
-c OF
111 11 1 II I'll. 11111 II pili 111111'
C
800
II 1-
800
14001= - AI -
I- A:
- - -F-
--
700 F- - As - - - - -r---= 700
'20 0
I ~I-- t::.... F
I 84RB
600 ,tF ~r 1'10-

I. i
iI' 1- 20
21
600 F+C
W 100 0 ILl
~ 500 l--' ~ 500
f-
~
W 400
80 0
1--1, A:~F+C 1< \
F+C 1- 26
I-

ffi 400
27
a.
::;; f- M s
1\ 'f- oo, ~ 4' a.
::;; t- Mst
~ 300 60 0
I"-
48
ILl
..... 300 600F Mot" +++++-++-t-+-H-H-+-t-
~r= ~:
200 40 0
200 400
I
*j
1-T DIAGRAM
I-T DIAGRAM
100 20 0 I I I I 100 200-f--t- T~'::;~,:II~~. -++++++-++-l-+-H-H
o
0.5 I 2
11 1111
5 10
I~ IIIIIIIII~III I II tf fflfii
60
o
0.5 I 2
IJIIIII~
5 10
.11111 mil :!llfI!.
I 111111
~42
1111111

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Click here to view

Composition: Fe - 0.4% C - 0.45% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.52% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.6% C - 0.45% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.52% Cr
Grain size: 65% 8, 35% 5 Austenitized at 92'f'C (1700 0F) Grain size: 6 Austenitized at 92'f'C (i700 0F)
DC OF DC OF
I 11111 I 1111 111 111I 111111 11111 o
1 I'!'II DO 111111 1111111 II 11'1. I 1'111 I 1111 II III
800 - A o
o 800
I-
.
~
'400 z 1400
o
-
DO
A
700
ApproJ.. As .f-
~~-I- l.-
. -I-
Z 700
f- 1- -/-- f- ApP'Ol. As 1- .1- ._f-
1200 I 14
120 0
~l
II 1\I' A.F:C i"""
~
I-
W
600
1000 f-I-
1/ A F" r--.J.'- l- 1< I-
F+C 2~
20
600
1000
A1';'+C
"-, 1<: F+
.... ....1, r-
27
26
l"'- i;" - - " W
I"'-r- I)
~
~ 500 I .
! 500
I- .... ....
<l:
ffi 400
80 0
i A.Flc ..... I-
Vl-~
1-1- -
I-
<l:
ffi 400
80 0 A
~
L.o
.-
0-
::a ~ I.-.L- 0- A + F+C
"""-
SO\ .....
."1-- ::a /1 I-!-.I-
~ 300 60 01= 1=-= M s
45 W
I- ~OO
60 0 46
1--1- Mso
47
M,
r'\ -.sol Ill-"" F+
1-
52
200 40 01- t== M,o 200 40 0 55
t- Mso
I
1- T DIAGRAM
\-T I DI"G~A~
If:ITf:~ I, !HOU~
100 20 OI- I I " I 100 20 01<= F= M,o
f- \HOU~
I~ ~
60
I~ I~ ~
62
o III f7IT1II1 I III 0 II 11111 11111111 Ii"1IIII11 II
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
TiME - SECONDS TIME - SECONDS

Composition: Fe - 0.8% C - 0.45% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.52% Cr
Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 92'f'C (1700 0F)
0C OF
II 1111 11111 111111 II I III 1111 11
800
1-
'400
LIVE GRAPH 700

Approl. AI. .1- I- i-. J.... r-
120 0 I8
Click here to view ........A+C ".
C 1--
<.... F+C
------- -
800
....-.1 "
- ~I
ILl 1000 ~
~
I-
800 .... 1'-0
r--. ~ ...
-~
I-- t... 40
ffi 400 80
0
.... I-
~
A
( A + F+e
~-
-
~ 300 80 0 ",.
47
""
,~ 10,"
( F+C - 83
200 40 0
~ "
~ ...... ~... 87
1=-1- M.
I-T DIAGRAM
100 20 of i= Moo
o
f<-"I- Moo
0.5 I 2
II 11111
5 10
J..!!l!L
111111 IILJ ~!III II I~ lY ~ ~ 87
TIME - SECONDS
Type: Carburized 3310 (1.0% C) Type: 4130

Composition: Fe - 1.0% C - 0.46% Mn - 3.33% Ni - 1.62% Cr Composition: Fe - 0.33% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.90% Cr - 0.18% Mo
Grain size: 4-6 Austenitized at 927 0C (1700 0F) Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 843 0C (1660 0F)
0C OF 'C OF
I 1111 111111 1111 111 1111 111111 II III
" 1111
-J
"1" 11 ";;'11I 111111 111111
800 800 f-IA,IJ: -- f=L= -...;, - I- ._- .f-.-
-
J
'400 140 of-i::'.+-A
I -
~~~~;...:::
+-1-
, -I
-1-
.- ,
700 I- I- . f--- 700
- ApproJ:_ As 1- _ . - ._f-.
120 0 120 O : : [ F
)~l' ... :--1'-1'--1\.
F+C I
600 ",
.....
A+C
(' A+F+C ~~"':-C
-- -- -.... --
F+C
- 33 600
',_-I- --
!
~
- 24
--
3
,.... ....... ..... ~-
'000 100 o 24
W
I- -1-.... W I!" ,.... A F+C
~ 500 ~ 500 1-"'1'
41
\ 11;- - 28
*"
f- I-
......... A
ffi 400
80 0
\,........ _1-- - ffi 400
80 37
0-
::;:
W
I- 300
60 0 A
" A+f+
I'. .....r--,
'
--
~, ,C I'F+(
[.,oo~' I-"
49
55
0-
::;:
W
I- 300
60
Of-'I
F-'M,
o~l= ~:*
;
.. '0", ~
......
-
44
200 40 0
" ..... , ,-,,,,,,,,
60 40 0
-I-- 200 I-T DIAGrAi
I-T DIAG~AT -'r-. ;
100 20 O~ ~ M, 100 20 OI- l--_ Esllmoted
~HOUR :HOU~
o
f-
10-- M,o
II I~
,,(1, ~,' II I~ ~
II .
48
o lI:ri,~ II IIIII~III II It: ~
5.
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: 4137/4140 Type: 4150 Mod.

Composition: Fe - 0.37% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.98% Cr - 0.21% Mo Composition: Fe - 0.66% C - 0.60% Mn - 1.03% Cr - 0.19% Mo
Grain sillle: 7-8 Austenitized at 843 0C (1660~) - 0.36% Ni Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 8430C (1660 0F)
C OF
[' 111I
11111I1 1'1 ' 111 "1 11 11 111111 II III 'C 111111 ! 11111 11'1111 111111 "1'11I
~
800 A 800
- AI - '-1- I- f-.
700
140 0
120 0
Ao-'
,-' ~ .... .... 1"'"
--
I
2o
o 700
14oot-:l=1.~1==t=+:t;t~+=t:;;tH~~I=+=l=+b
I- AS-'j~
r .~~._.-I-'I-
A+F~~~~ ~ ~ .. -
~ ~ 1"-0 ~ .....
600
I A+F ~ 1'-- .....
2
r'"
W 1000 -A A.+ F+C
~ 500 r"i- ~~
I- ( ~I-- 2
I
80 0
/ F+C 3
ffi I \
0-
::;:
400
-f--
60"-\ -4
\.
~ 300 60 0;:::
M, '
""0
F= M,. ... 51
~I-
200 40 0
',T DJ~G'A~
1
m,
100 20 0
o
0.5 I 2
1111111
5 10
,*1 ,IIllIuI \Ii III I ~ ~
II
61
a
0.5 I 2 5 10
;!llfl ~
11 11111I ,1Tl1I1
64

Type: 4317 Type: 4340

0.24% Mo Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F) 0.33% Mo Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 843C (1650 0F)
0C OF
11 11 11111 .
c 0C OF
11 I1rm '1 .
o
I
111"1
III'~ .' I'I A' 'I'I 111111
I
+ 1-=
ITJTII
I
. i- 1-.
'r
i
800 F-A,- 800 A
'40 '40OF _ At '- l - i---+'-
,7"~rt' .l-
HtA
100 I-. 100 I-- - As;-
-~ A. - -
I - As l-
BGRB
L,....o ,
'20
o II' A +F ' l 1< F+C
120 0
I"--.AtF~ '1.... FtC-
600
I m "",,' 600
I ~~
~~
r::::- r... I"--t-
... 20
W
~ 500
I-
100 o
~\
;
I~Jo,
_I'"
Ai F;C 1,...0
I
23
W
S 500
I-
100 oi-
I-
e-A
1/10-'" _1- - I -
1.- A t FtC
- 24
~ 80 Ot- 1--. FtC 34 80 0 32

- M,. i- ffi
'i\
W 400
a. j" a.
400 \ 1--1- 41
::;: F ~:~* ::;: ""4 ~
F+9- ,-1-
~ ~
48
300
200
60 0
40 0 I-T DIAGRAM
300
200
60 0
>"-1- Ms
1-1--
40 01= t=
M..
Mgo
1'-
- 5.
'" EI".. qll'

T,,,,p./OIIII,
II I~T ,DI~G~A~
100 20 0 100 - 20 0
I I 1 I 62
o Irll" ,~ r rhu GITi", II !~ ~
II
46
o 11111 ,~ II GITiIl II I~ ~
II
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: 4360 Type: 4615

Composition: Fe - 0.62% C - 0.64% Mn - 0.67% Si - 1.79% Ni - Composition: Fe - 0.15% C - 0.63% Mn - 1.90% Ni - 0.24% Mo
0.60% Cr - 0.32% Mo Grain size: 7-8, occasional 4 Austenitized Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 92~C (17000F)
at 982C (1800 0F) C
C OF
II 11111 III
")"11 1111111 11111 111111 800 F JA,I_'_+' II III 1'1..'11 II 11111
-1- - i-1--
II 111'"
-._.
800 A
1- '40
O~I-A
'40 0
-_. .-,... 100
A.~~ .- -
100 ~ As - .-i- .- -f-= '20 0 __ F+C~ 85RB
600
'200
e
1.00' ~
,~
.....1....
FtC - i - 26
30 w
600
'000
t ~tr ...... - 1-"-
(
A t FtC ~-r-. 87RB
I
-.~
W '000 A
1-_1) <,
, 3' ~ 500 -x: V,oJ ( 26
~ 500
~ 80 0 =
~ Ms~
F'C
3
I- 1"'- A t FtC J ffi 400

ffi
a.
::;:
w
400
80 0
60 0
\ , ,,- ..........
_.~
3"
4"
a.
::;:
~ 300 60 0
;;::1= Ms!
M,o" \
I- 300
200 40 o-
Ms
. I...... ,
50'..}.. ..... FtC 54
58 200 400
I-T DlAGri
l0- t-- J
l-~tJ::i
M!lor
l<-
I-- "'
90
t 1,- T I DI~G~A~ '00 20 0>"-
I I
'00 20 0
.j T~r:'~:1
.";~,,.
,L,I o II ,~ I rill mil I~ :-m; 45
I~ ~K
I I
,~ GITi 64
"
0 II 11111 II II 0.512510
0.5 I 2 5 10 TIME - SECONDS
TIME - SECONDS
Type: 4640 Type: 4815

Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 843 0C (1660~) Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 899 0C (1660~)
0C OF 0C OF
800
t:
F=='= Af
II II 11
1 1 111111 111111
- ... =+-,-=
II
.
I
1-
800
140o!::::. Af
11
' 1111 11
.
11111
- - I-I--
1111111
A III~lI~ f--
III' "1'11
--r-
-
1400 ' f-._'
I A I A
.... -~ I I
1200
r- - As' l-r-t- - ,
.....
/.1-
';;;-
- '
700
120 0
A
S
.....
A+F-'
I .-1--
,..... C-
--I-
600 A/ _ Abf:-~""'~
I- i-
~ ... 600 / Il1 .....
IJJ
~ 500
I-
1000
,," \
....
A + F+ C
V I--'~
I
23
W
g:;
f-
500
100 0
/ (
50'-'
A + F+C ;'
I

ffi
800 " F+C 32
eJo, 400
80 0
1'-
\
F+C 30
400 ~o,,~
i'. - 1_ Ms. *
n,
::;;
~
MS\ 42
48
::;; :=~ ~:~* \..
36
300 600 ... ~ 300 60 0

~ ~~~
~
200 400 200 40 0

I-T D1AGri
I-T DIAGRAM -
100 200 100
*
200 - _I---Te"Pllollle
EIIl_"~
JJ I,~
I I I I
o
f-
0,5 I 2
II 11111
5 10
I~ uhu mill II ~ ~
60
o
0.5 I 2 5 10
111111 m, 111111 1 II I~ ~
II '
46

Type: 4815 (1.0% C) Type: 8620

Composition: Fe - 0.97% C - 0.62% Mn - 8.36% Ni - 0.19% Mo Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.62% Ni - 0.66% Cr -
Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 982 0C (1800 0F) 0.19% Mo Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 899 0C (1660 0F)
C Fr-r-rnTllmr-TTTTIllT--r-TTTITTTrTTmrn...-rTTTTTTTr..-rTmTl C OF
11111 II
' 11
111
~ f- Af~- I-A
1111 ,...!.', i!!!'t;.-;; ~L ~,- _.'.!)!'.
800 800
700
I- 'As' I-I--.t. 1-1- , -
of'
700
1400
~ As ~ .1- _,-= 82RB
1200 A+ C 10-'" 1... -,....

I
1200 r- r-A+F F+C
(
l. J r-r-_r-
600 600 1..... - I
A + F+ C .....
W W 1000 I
,-
g:;
!;;:
500 :~.". _1-
8001-+-+--+-+'4._:A ~ 'F + C',-fl~
1
L..J.--l-+""'t'T,..-I- 3
__+--I-+-I---l----I-+-1-+3
~ 500
f-
800
t-L I~
28
36
~ 400 I"~ r- .... r....r--.r--.., F+C 4 ffi
n,
400 -- Ms. .
...... r-'-
~ r-. .... :::I~ i

::;; -1= M,o
M.so*
300 600 ......1-.. 4 ~ 300 60 0
200 4001-+-+--+-+-+-1- T DIAGRAM

1'\ ...~..... 5
5 1-T DIAGRAM
200 400
I r\: ............
100 20 0 _~E'II""led II -
o
0,5 I 2 5 10
111111
~
1111 1111
1!J1,!!
1111111I
!.!:!ill 6
1111111 o IIPJ'T,~ 111111 ~II I I II l~ ~
111I
46
0.5 I 2 5 10

Type: 8630 Type: 8660

0.21% Mo Grain aise: 9 Austenitir:ed at 871C (1600 0F) 0.22% Mo Grain slse: 8 Austenitir:ed at 843C (1560 0F)
-c
800
'F
140 o
dJ,'J:~1
r-~
1'1""
- - - --f--
A II III I'I'''
- -c--- : - -I- 1 - -
111111 111111
,-
800
-c 'F
1400 rr I""
1-- t-f--
I III
A
l '"''
--- -- .
II 111I II
I"" 11,1111
1-
-
AI -
f-- f--f- - - - ,._[-=
700
120 Of-~I--A
A~I
+F
1..... 10-'
~
---.
~ I....... F+C
1-- 82R8
I
700
1200
=- 1-' f-I--
...
--
- FH;- I--f- 24
(
r---. 'roo
J H- ~
600 I' i"'-oo 1- I
t"'-~I-_
600 32
! I'
W
~ 500
I-
100 0
, I
I
- A + FtC
"",,1.-0-""" -~'"'"
1-
21
26
W
~ 500
1000
(
..-
A+F+C
1--....
~
35
29
80 0 F+ C. 32 ~ 80 0 1\ l,....o- 3
ffi 400 ffi 400 ,
o,
::;:
w
I- 300
A"
-"'$
60 0,-- f---- "'so
Io-f- "',.
I!IO":~ (
I'.
f--- f- I- - I - 1--1--- 42
46
~
~ 300 60 0
1'" I\.. ''1-
1('"'"
i'r--
F+C_ I--f-
43
49
40 0
=+-- "'$ .... 55
200 200 400

~ "'so
I-T DIAGRAM .. f- "'so 1-T IDIAGRAM
100 20 0
I I I I I I I I I I
100 20 0
,~I
I
~K
53
:HOU~
GTIi I~ mill I~ I~
64
o I II II 11111 II o II 1111 I~ 11111 I II
0.5 I 2 5 10 105 0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME -- SECONDS TIME -- SECONDS
Type 8745 Type: 9420

Composition: Fe - 0.44% C - 0.90% Mn - 0.46% Ni - 0.64% Cr - Composition: Fe - 0.24% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.47% Si - 0.30% Ni -
0.22% Mo Grain sise 9-10 Austenitir:ed at 843C (1660 0F) 0.34% Cr - 0.14% Mo Grain aize: 7-8 Austenitir:ed at 899C
'C 'F (16600F)
~U~I -~~
III 111 11 1 11111I 11111 1111"
A I- 'C F
800
f- - 1--1- I--~-
~
AI'.! Ill! 1-~J.l}'jT= .U j1!I.,- I-J-'- jill- I:::'-l -Ilil -/-U Iuu-
700
140 01-,
I=-
I-A
As _.~ I--'1- .I---c l-.
.....
I'-~'=
800
140
o~
i- I
- ~ ~~+r
I........ A.-I- --J- I'-I---c-1- -- - -.f-
120 o I A+ F F+C I 700 1-
~ 1-1' t-.... .....

600
... ti
1- 23 120 0
"""'"""'"" I-I-
I
1I~
~-
D
j",ooo
W 100 0 26 600 I
~ 500
I-
[,... J,.ooo
\
....10-
A + F+C
.... , - 26 W 100 0 _
I/A1+Lc
......... F+C 21
L..o .... ~ 500 1 I
It'I-"l-"
80 Ol-A 30 26
ffi 400 V 1_...
~
~
~ 300 60 01=1=
1'[\
$.
", .. "'-i
h \I F+C 40
49
ffi 400
n,
::;:
~
80 0
f- t--
1== t=
"'$.'"
"',.
Mso.
I'
~
35
43
10--1-
:::* "- 300 60 0
200 40 0
Io-f-
I- IE,''''''''' 1- T DIAGRAM 200 40 0

.I EslIlllClled
Tempobe
100 20 Of- _I-- I I I I I 1 ~ DIIAGIR~M
,jJ'I'I~1 1111I1I1~1I1
1-
~
"I~
I- 61 100 20 0
o II
0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME -- SECONDS
o
0.5 I 2
II 1111
5 10
,*"1 II
111111 :HOUR
IIfIIIII
" I~ Jflli 50
TIME -- SECONDS
Type: 9440 Type 9860

Composition: Fe - 0.38% C - 1.08% Mn - 0.70% Si - 0.34% Ni - Composition: Fe - 0.57% C - 0.82% Mn - 1.16% Ni - 1.07% Cr -
0.40% Cr - 0.11% Mo - 0.030% Zr Grain size 10-11 Austenifised 0.26% Mo Grain size: 4-5 Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F)
at 85~C (1575 0F)
C F .
C F
11111 11 11111 111 111 111111 I II II III''"
"
111111 "
f-IJ~~~ - ~I f-
11 11 I AlII 1111" II 11111
800
800
140o~A
. -- .I--.f- .1--. I - - 1---1-
_
5 1400
-c-. A,,-- 1-1-- -- - f- - f-
.
.1-- 1--. f- - rf- ~ 700 ~-;.:.. ..... 1-10-
700
1200
f-A'I:/P1o"" -
l-r- .
""" .... -- ","10- 1--

I
1200
~+F.:tC""'"r-_~I_
F+C 1--1- 27
22
~ \
, 600
:-... I....
32
lU
600
100 0
I A+F
\ "!'-or--.. F+C 26
27
W
~ 500
100 0 A
.- 1-
- 1'-.
-
"
~ 500 I- 1- 1-
1\ A + F+C 27 <t 80 0
~ 80 Of-A / I 33
ffi 400 A+~\+C 1--"'-'"' I- 44
ffi
D..
:::;:
400
1\ \
"150"
I iIo"-i--' 42
D..
:::;:
~ 300 60 0
"r--- "\ \ (i-'"
r-,
F+C
51
M, 1','0"
~ 300 60 01=
10- M,o .....
50
F- M. 55
I- M.o 200 40 0 I
200 40 0 I-T DIAGRAM . -
I I I II
Ii"TI DI~G~A~
100 20 0
100 20 0
I~ ~HOU~
IIIllIuI mil Itr ~
I~I 1m! mil
~HOUR o II
IX~
11 11111
o
0.5 I 2
II 11111
5 10
II
I!!\
II 11111 lIT
60
0.512510
TIME - SECONDS
Click here to view
Type: Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo Type: Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo

Composition: Fe - 0.14% C - 0.26% Mn - 2.21% Ni - 1.05% Cr- Composition: Fe - 0.13% C - 0.16% Mn - 3.08% Ni - 1.76% Cr -
0.26% Mo Grain size: not given Austenitized at 899C (1650 0F) 0.49% Mo Grain size: not given Austenitized at 899C (1650 0F)
C F II 11111 11111
C OF
I 1111 I 1111 111111 illill II 1111 111111 1111" III 11111
800 800
1400 1400
700
1-1- At
V
-l- I-. 1-1-- I--
- ....
- -
- 700
r-r- At
"",I--'" &I"~-
t;::l;:;
120ol-A
-,- F+C- 1200 A+ F- ~ Kl ..f"'~I.F+C
'"r--t- -
1/
600
LI A+ F 600 A ""'" -t:=
W 100 0
I k
1000
P
-
lU
,
~ 500 ~ 500
I- r< I-
.Jl. + F+C
I- ....F+C I-
<t
P" ~+F'+C- I-
<t
ffi 400
D..
:::;:
80 0
I- Mt r-, f -....
,
1/ ffi 400
D..
:::;:
80 0
I- M.
r,.-.... F+C
~ 300 60 0
lU
I- 300
60 0
1-
200 40 0 200 40 0
I-T DIAGRAM
100 20 of-- I--- *Eslimoled
I I I I I
100 20 0
*Esllmohd Tempuahlre I I
I-T DIAGRAM
I I I
~1:J tml :HOU~

J.
o
0.5 I 2 5 10
I~ ulu liIIllI II tr ~
II o
0.5 I 2
IILII
5 10
I~ IIIllIuI mill II III
Itr ~
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Transformation and Cooling Transformation Diagrams, American Society (or Metals, Metals Park OH, 1977
Type: Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo Type: Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo

0.48% Mo Grain size: not given Austenitized at 899 0C (1660 0F) 0.46% Mo Grain size: not given Austenitized at 899 0C (1650 0F)
C OF II C OF
II ;1110' " III .1 II ! 1" II: II 1111 11111, I 1"11 II 1'111 11111 u
11111 1-
800
1'1'"
'",
800
140 1400
700
\=1= At-= f=AL 1=01= 01== 01= F' '1=1=' 1=
700 ~ At ~!'t= :1= 1=:f=f= I--
-- I- - 1;;2
I-~ I:=l;: ::=1=;;
/ p .... 25
r..-
120 0 "<, ....1-- F+C- f-I- 30 1200 22
600
A 'r-. r-, 1' ...... r:::-t"-- 32 600
IC r-," ...... "" I\'t~F+C 29
W 100 0
r-- 100 0
llJ
g:; 500 l--' g:; 500
I~ A+ F +C-
I-
80 0 If I-
80 0
A 1-0'"
:5a. 400 1\ r-, :5a. 400 ~
~
~ 300 60 0
H50% J..-"I--'
I-f--' 45
52
~
llJ
I- 300
60 0
r-,
tTl I..-
L~j,..
49
\.
1\ 57 I-
')L F+C
55
200
100
40 o
20 0
I- Mt
*ESlimoledTempetal~e
I-T DIAGRAM
I I I I I I
I-t-
200
100
40 oI- l-
20 0
Mt
*Esllmaled Temperature
""
: -TIDIIA~RAIM
~'I' !HOU~
J.
,~ I~ ~ ~~
I- I-
o II 11111 I ' 11I111i!1' o I,L,I I~ ,1'11I1 i"itt~11
1I 11 I~
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10 106

Type: Nitralloy, 135 Mod. Type: l060/10B60

Composition: Fe - 0.41% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.67% Cr - 0.36% Mo Composition: Fe - 0.63% C - 0.87% Mn - none or 0.0018% B
- 1.26% Al Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 92roC (1700 0F) Grain size: 6-6 for both Austenitized at 816 0C (1600 0F) Boron
treated: black lines
C F SU
J~I~:~.~ ~~I-' II
I III li",
800
"~I- --f- 1: C OF
' 11' 11
H' 111I II
'A II 1'"1 I III 11111
140
o I I( A+F ~-
~+6
1o
800 F-
'-,
1
Ar
I' .1- 1'- . 1--I - +- f- --1=
700
120ol-I-I--A ~ If -x "'" __r"-
22
30 700
140 0
I- ._~ ~~
+--
I-"
.1- . 1-.- ~ .- I-
600 r"'t:> 1-:1"::::r---t-
ro. 31 120 0 86RB
~"t... 1--1 Ie; F+C
~I--'
JI
llJ 1000 600 ... 12
g:; - 1-1- .-'
I---"
A+F ~
1'-,1""0
I-
500
I--
-A + F+C- I- llJ
g:;
100
-
ot~ Ms~-'t-.
... 1... 500 1..-10-
15 400 0 35 _100 28
80
i;' !;:t I J..E ,.,"
MS~
a.
I~'' F+C 45 80 I- F+C 33
~ I\. :5 400 f- l-
~ 300 60 01= -..... 51 a.
~ I::1= ::.
0- M,.
0- M,.
1-
~ 300 60 0
200 40 0
',- T I DlfGrA~ 200 40 0 I-T DIAGRAM

100
o
20 0
I~
I
m,
I
.JI,Y
~
III
60 100 20 Of- *'E"""'
-!--T,.,.,,,, II
I. I
IIIIIIIII,~ m,
II 11/1 11111 111111 II 1111
~ :Tffi 42
0.5 I 2 5 10 o " 111I 1111111 II
TIME - SECONDS 0.5 I 2 5 10
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH TIME - SECONDS

Type 4317/43B17 Type: 4615/46B15

Composition: Fe - 0.17% C - 0.57% Mn - 1.87% Ni - 0.45% Cr - Composition: Fe - 0.16% C - 0.63% Mn - 1.90% Ni - 0.24% Mo
0.24% Mo / Fe - 0.14% C - 0.81% Mn - 1.81% Ni - 0.49% Cr - / Fe - 0.16% C - 0.60% Mn - 1.92% Ni - 0.27% Mo - 0.0017% B
0.27% Mo - 0.0030% B Grain aises: 7 for 4317, and 4-7 for Grain sirles: 8 for 4616, and 3-7 for 46B16 Austenitirled at
43B17 Austenitlsed at 92~C (17000F) Boron treated: black 92~C (17000F) Boron treated: black lines
lines C F
j 111 lilA "I'"' II 1111 II ,
~+I r-'
II II' II
1
C F 11 II 1111 II 11 --1-=
~r
II II III
800 F=-
1
'-I At" 1-'
1" 11 11
1- . 1-. 1--1--
'A
,.- . 1-.
1" 800
140 0
f- Af . t- 1-. I- -- I--
A
~I"""'" .....
140 0
_I-'"
700 - .~
i"'"
1-- I-hoo 1/
700
120 0
I- -r- ....k-' 1-'-17 ,o
'\.l,~I'00~
600
120 0
JI ~
io-"~ ~ ~A+F
~
- ..>
F+C
....
e6RD
I
W
!5
600
100 0
-I
~
A
/"
,/'
(r(
A+F
- ~~)D
,
A+F+C_r-;,
,
f\l~J~ ~rl-\-
W 100 500 26
/
!5 500
/' 28
l-
e( 80
F+C
:-_c_ 33
l-
e( 80 0 )
f- ,
F+C 33 ffin, 400 0=
~ ~~~* ~ i -
ffi 400 - M.~.l*. ~~O'l. I- ::;: F=
a,
::;: ::: ~ ~::. 1 .... 1\ ~ 300 60 0
~ 300 60 0
200 40 0 I-T DIAGrM,

200 40 0 I-T DIAGRAM
r-t--* Eslimoled
II 100 20 01-
IIJ"I,~ ~
. . Ellhll,'d
100 20 0
l~ ~
I-J- T .... lfll . ' . 43
r
o
0.5 I 2
"I'IIIII,~
5 10
II 1111 tm
f I iT'lil II
,l!!
III'
105
Y
4lii
liT
42 o
0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME - SECONDS
I' 1111
104
1 II II '
105

Click here to view
Type 5160/51B60 Type 8620/86B20

Composition: Fe - 0.61% C - 0.94% Mn - 0.88% Cr / Fe - Composition: Fe - 0.23% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.69% Ni - 0.62% Cr -
0.64% C - 0.88% Mn - 0.83% Cr - 0.0006% B Grain aises: 7 for 0.21% Mo / Fe - 0.22% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.67% Ni - 0.61% Cr-
6160, and 6-7 for 61B60 Auetenifised at 843 0C (16600F) Boron 0.20% Mo - 0.0026% B Grain aises: 8 for 8620, and 9 for 86B20
treated: black lines Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F) Boron treated: black lines
C F II 11111 C F
11 111 11 11I 111 111 111'11 111111 '_I ~- ~' l~
800
b- ~fl~ -I..!....' 11~t- ~~ ~ I- - J-'..' I1111-
800
140 0 140 0
f- Ast- I- - t--f--
100 23 - tJor'"" - -- f- -l- I - -
100
f"~1i"'"
120 0
""
1'1\ ~~~~
F+C
34 120 0
A+F'
Ir
'~~ FllIl I'-t-
I
W
600
100 of-f- A
J 41
42 l.LJ
800
'000
II A
c,.
i'\
20
2
!5 500 V }
F::j)D 32 !5 500
~l
/ .oJ
26
f\
. ~"""
50
~ A+F+C
~ JI- F+ C
r
80 0 39 j"oooo' 35
80 0
ffi ffi M:
"'~\
,/ I~
~
400 400
45
~ ~ o+- r- Mt., \
~ 300 60 0
"'- ..... 52 ~ 300 60
-~ -
\
57
=-1- Ms f- - - """"'" -..:::0 I-T DIAGRAM
200 40 0 _ 200 40 0
I--- Mso
100 20 0 -
f- Moo
I i -r I G A
100 20 0
*ESlilnoled
rr .1..
I~ ~6
R
o II 111111 II 1111 ffl 11111 II Itr o I 1111 I~ 11111 fillilll II
lillJ y
1111\ ~
48
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.512510
Type: 86S0/86B50 Type: 8680/86B80

0.22% Mo (0.21% Mo for 86B60, plus 0.0016% B) Grain size: 9 0.21% Mo I Fe - 0.78% C - 0.86% Mn - 0.69% Ni - 0.49% Cr -
for both Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F) Boron treated: black 0.21% Mo - 0.0026% B Grain size: 8 for both Austenitized at
lines 843C (1660 0F) Boron treated: black lines
C OF C
1111 111 lilli' r ruu 111111 111111 II 1111 ' 1'1 11 I ruu
800
1-
800
'400 bA - -
F- As t- -V- - f---f-- 1-
700 700
600
'20 0
1/~A.J ~ F ) ~ ..... - 29
22
\ 600
~ )F+
LJJ 1000 f--A C'------ 29
i\.' ~+F~C ,.. b

I.....
~ 500
I-
~~ - 29
g 400 80
0
~~\ '\" ~'I - 44
36
F+ C
~ r\:
\
~ 300 60 0
51
f-'- Ms,f- -~
~ --=
"
I-f-- Moo
200 40 0 200 4001-1- Ms I--
1- 1--1--- Mso
I~GRIA~
100
o
20 0
1,111II I~ I
11]
~ I~ ~K
,~ I~ ~65
I Ii III
'" I \I II II o "III 11111111
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: 80B20 Type: 81B40

0.16% Mo - 0.0009% B Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 92~C 0.13% Mo - 0.0009% B Grain slse 7 Austenitized at 843C
(1700 0F) (1660 0F)
C OF -c OF
-
f- A,U ~ i l . [Ill . 111111 11111 I III 111 1111 11111 II 11111'1"
~
I ~ - 1- ~
800 A 1-1-I - z
'40 0
800
140 Of=~ AI - - I
700
'20
011
f- As - . ' 1-1---- (--, ..'::.
1/I +F ~ 1-"-
- - -f-- -- -
;;;;;
.....
--
-8
I o
700
'20 0
~~- Asl-
V
""I.-" - - e- r= :
2
600
0 1\ .
..... I-~A:F+C "'b
L,..
I 600
1'Po + F
\
t'--t---..
F+ C 28
3o
,
2
t '00Of-
LJJ '00 LJJ A
~ 500
I-
et
ffi 80 01-
UfM:'I. F+ C 26
38
~ 500
I-
et
ffi 400
80 0
[,01-- !-
/' ......A+F+C
D 2
3
a.
:::;:
LJJ
I- 300
400
60 0
~ 1= ~:t \ a.
:::;:
LJJ
I- 300
60 01== "'= Ms
\ OO%
I( 43
4
*Eslimoled TtIJ'9!l"olure
M" \
40 O~
M~
200 40 0 200
I-IT IDIAIG7A\1 I-,T ~It G7A~
100 20 0 '00 20 0
o
0.5 I 2
II 11111
5 10
1*"1 1,IIIuI GITiIi II ~ ~
liT
105 106
0
I-
0.5 I 2
" I""
5 10
,~ 11111I ~IIII II
I~ y
~
61
106
Type: 86B45 Type: 94B17

Composition: Fe - 0.45% C - 0.89% Mn - 0.59% Ni - 0.66% Cr - Composition: Fe - 0.19% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.42% Ni - 040% Cr -
0.12% Mo - 0.0015% B Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 843C 0.12% Mo - 0.0018% B Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 92roC
(1550 0F) (1700 0F)
C OF II III II
0C OF
111111 11111 11111 II _I~ III '
-~ II~ f-
11111,
f-
'11 ' 111
1- i!l I=- - ~i ~ - ~~ ~ - 1
111
- I~ I~II-
~
800 800 10- : -I-
-r= 9I
~ AI - .--
140 0
.... 140
o I--"" "'f-"
700
f- As 1 - - I--
~V' ~
i - -I--
700
~
A
-As t-~-
.,,~ ~ ~ il"10-
~~ ~ ~I- 1-- 1-- 1-=
23 Io
~~~+~
120 0 120
I \ o
~
600
r"-", F+ C 1- 31 600 1'"", I
"",~ .... "",
/A+F
, A+ ~
,
+C
W 100 01-- I--t-A 33 lJJ 1000 20
~I-I- I""'- I-
~ 500 l"-"",~ 29 g; 500 '\ lf4/>o.. 26
!;i 80 0
A+F+C
t.... 34 !;i 80 0
II """ + C
33
ffi 400 t sol ~ ffi0- 400 1-' Ms 1-' I-f- 1-
~ iI'~ 43
::;:
~ 300 60 0t- Ms
51
~ 300 60 0
~I- Moo I' *E5llmoled Ten'Clull.....'
200 40 01+ Moo 200 400
'IT ?ltGrAr I- I-TIDI G~I M

100 20 0 100 20 0
o
0.512510
II 1111 I~ III ~1I1 I I~ ~
II
62
o
f-
II 1111 I~ II III tilll \1111 II I~ ~
II
46
0.512510
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Type: 98B45 Type: USS Cor-Ten Steel

Composition: Fe - 0.46% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.91% Ni - 0.77% Cr - Composition: Fe - 0.12% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.41% Si - 0.12% P -
0.18% Mo - 0.0021% B Grain size: not given Austenitized at 0.31% Ni - 0.62% Cr - 0.26% Cu Grain size: 5-6 Austenitized at
843C (1550 0F) 899C (1650 0F)
0C OF C OF
I III II III II 1111 ~
1".',.15!~ Io-~
11111 II 1111 '
"1 11 ' " III 1'1"' "1 111'
i!l
800
1400
I-- - AI I-- -I-- - I-- - - c-- - t- -
....
I-- -I-- 800
140 o ] 1/ i
I=- - A, I- -1= - f--I~ ~nA.~ -I--~- - --
-t-- - t,-
...... I-- f-- \---1-
'~'F(
~
700 700 I- 90
120 0
I... ~ -,~
24 1000010-
= ~,~ 120 88
lJJ
600
1000 I-I-A .. ~I'oo t"-- F+ C

3
3 lJJ
600
1000
+F+C Ie. t-~
94
97
g; t- g;
!;i
300
{, A+F+C'"
~~ .... I-
500
M:
1\
~I-
I F'+ C
.- r- 1-1-
O~ t- M:'
80 o el: 1-
60
ffi 400 /1' I"'-~ "",I- I-"!""" 44
ffi 400
~ I lI"
0-
::;:
~ 300 60 0t- 1- Ms I- I- t-
50 lJJ
I- 300
60 0
I+-t- Moo I'
1--1- M,o *E5l1mo1td T~olu'e
200 40 0 200 400
1?IOltGrAIM I-IT '~G A~

100 20 0 100 20 0
11I1I1~11I1
I
l.!\y
I~
I-
o II 11111 II II II I~ ~
II o I 1111 I~
III II ~,
111111 I 1111 ~
II
0.512510 0.5 I 2 5 10

Click here to view
Click here to view
Type: USS T1 Steel Type: USS Strux

Composition: Fe - 0.15% C - 0.92% Mn - 0.88% Ni - 0.50% Cr - Composition: Fe - 0.39% C - 0.89% Mn - 0.48% Si - 0.68% Ni -
0.46% Mo - 0.06% V - 0.32% Cu - 0.0031% B Grain size: 6-7 0.96% Cr - 0.60% Mo - 0.03% V - 0.002% B Grain size: 7-6
Austenitized at 913 0C (1675 0F) Austenitized at 843 0C (1550 0F)
C OF II II C OF i;1
~I 1111
Il-Ff
1111I 111111 1111 111111 11111 111111 111111 11111 II 1111
800
140 0
~ Al f - - I - - -- r-
It
--
800
f--- At - - -
-
i
700
cr- -~:- f - - f-- -- - - "_"!o
r...- A'+1=---' ~~t= ~ A+F+C
100
'400
A: --
A+F
~-
(A+F~~
,.... -- _.- I~I
~"
F+C
'20 0 .... 1200
F+ C 20
W
!5
600
'000
A
- ..... ~
-
.-
W
!5
800
100 o
A
I"""
-~ "::: 1-00
'---t'+~ -
, .. ~
r-- or-
1- 21
,
500 -1-
("" ,.._.f-. -A+F+C 500
It A+F+~I- I-
-
I- ~ 0% I-
<t '
80 0
ffi 400 M*s \
r- 15 400 0
......
II--.'
l- 80
a. 43
::;:
w ~ >0%
I"'" F+ C
I- 300 60 0
~ 300 60 0 Ms I - . ~r- I -
l- -
l- \.
*EsliJnoied TeD1*oh....
200 40 0 200 40 0
*..'imo'odT-r' 'i T IDllAGrAIM
100 20 0
'iT '1 GRA M 100 20 0
.I. .I..
o
f-
0.5 I 2
111111
5 10
I~ II fflrl
1111 11111I Iltf
11111 ~ o
f-
0.512510
11111I I~ 11111 fflLI I tr ffflii
Type: USS Airsteel X 200 Type: 1021/1021 + 1 Ni

Composition: Fe - 0.44% C - 0.79% Mn - 1.63% Si - 2.10% Cr - Composition: Fe - 0.20% C - 0.81% Mn / Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67%
0.64% Mo - 0.06% V Grain size: not given Austenitized at Mn - 1.07% Ni Grain sizes: 8-9 for 1021, and 7-8 for 1021 + 1
964 0C (1760 0F) Ni Austenitized at 92r>C (1700 0F) for 1021 and 843 0C
(1560 0F) for 1021 + 1 Ni Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni
C OF
II 11111 I II 11111 111 111 I 11111
C OF
800 ~I 11111 I 1" 11 II 1111 II 1" 1 II 111111
"\-
140 OF F As
(
-
I'" F~ d
800
~
1.0 ~ 10-
- ..
-- -1-=
-..... --":-:::.
I
100
A+!+C
140 0
~ ....... i"'"
600
120 0
1-0 ....
<5~ 1.. -
25 700
120
:;,0
0 .. ~
~ ...iII"" -....... ~
.......
-- - - - -- f-I-=
86RS
l1J
~ 500
100 0 A
W
600
1000
'.~'
A+ +
... ~ . -I
1~ 1\
~ !5 500 F+C - 25
ffia. 400
80 0
,...- ~
~ _1-- O"""~I s \
80 I\.\. 33
::;: + ~+r ~ ffi 400 \ j\
~ 60 0 1 46 a. -
300
/_ 50 '10
11 F+ C ::;:
f-- *
Ms f - I - ~ 300 600
200 400 I-T D1h~R M r-r IAGRAM -
.\ 200 400
*EslllMled Tftl'lPeratu'e
100 20 0 -
o I~ ~I
IITI I " tr ffflii 100 200
~1I1
111111 111111
:l!\ Y
~
f-
I~
41
0.5 I 2 5 10 o 111111 111111 11 1111 II
TIME - SECONDS 0.5 I 2 5 10
LIVE GRAPH TIME - SECONDS
Click here to view
Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + B Type: 1021 + Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + Mn

Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni / Fe - 0.19% Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni / Fe - 0.17%
C - 0.76% Mn - 1.04% Ni + 0.0021% B Grain sil..es: 8 C - 1.66% Mn - 1.07% Ni. Grain size: 6 Austenitized at 816C
Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F) Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + B (1600F) Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + Mn
C .C OF
1. 1 11I1 11111
I"" 111'"1 11111' 111111
800 800
'400
- AI ... I
-- -- I-- - - -- r-=,
I:::~"'-
-
~
A.
~~
700
,-
700
-
A A+~ I- -
120 0'--1-
'/
600 600
~~ ~~
... '.lJ
I
23
w W 100 0
!5 500 !5 500 ~V+C 33
F+C
!i !i 80 0 ...
~SO~
1.... - 36
ffi 400 ffi
~ 1\
400 M,
a. -
::0 ~
~ 300 600~-+-+-I-+--+-+-+--+-H-H-+-+-++---H ~ 300 60 0
I-T DIAGRAI1 - I-TDI~G AM
200 400H-+--+-++--++-+-+-H-H-+-+-t-+---r--J 200 40 0
- -
100 200~-+-+-I-+--+-+-+--+-H-H-+-+-++---H 100 20 0
~1I1 ~~
!.!1,Y
o 1111111 I~ 111111 mill III~ ~4B o I 1111 I~ I 111I1 1 1111
46
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.512510
Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.5 Cr Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 1 Cr

C - 0.76% Mn - 1.08% Ni - 0.48% Cr Grain size: 9 Austenitized C - 0.78% Mn - 1.09% Ni - 0.99% Cr Grain size: 10
at 92~C (1700 0F) Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.6 Cr Austenitized at 92'f>C (1700 0F) Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + 1 Cr
C OF 111111 II 111I 11111I C OF
~-~ - - f-
II III 11111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 II 1111.
BOO
1400 H-.. AI
A, i ~
l-
-=
BOO
140 0
- AI f-
!-o"b-;;," 'i"'"
-f- f-- I- -1-- ---
700 ~:
- F
_I-
-r-r--: -'-- -- '--f- -r-= 700
~
-- -
- - I- - I-- f=
-
B6RB ;;;0- ["...-
1200 120 0 1
~j F:: ro-_
~- f,P \ _I-'
~"". '~+ ~~~~ . . . r-.
600 I 600
F+C
1,.00
-I
W 1000
i
\j ~- "F+ C
1--0.. 1 W 1000
I,;'
-' -""'" 21
~~
~ 500 !5 Vl - i"
~, '\./ ~-
~ 23
f-
500 A+ F+C
,;
24
!i BOO 31
15 400 o\
ffia. W.-.l!ftM BO \ 35
~
400
f- w'" M
\
::0
~ 300 600
f- I-T DIAGRAM
~
~ 300 60 0 " I-T ~I GF AM
-
-
200 400 200 400
-
100 20 0 100 20 0
I~ ~ hili ~ ~
R
I~ ~ fir ~
4B 49
o II 111I II 1111 II I iTllII o 111111 111111 ,1111I II III
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
Next Page
Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 2 Cr Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.25 Mo

C - 0.77% Mn - 1.08% Ni - 1.91% Cr Grain size: 8 Austenitized C - 0.65% Mn - 1.09% Ni - 0.26% Mo Grain size: 6-7
at 92~C (1700 0F) Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + 2 Cr Austenitized at 871 0C (1600 0F) Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.25
C OF Mo
I 1111 11111' 111111 II I I iii II III '
C OF I III II 1111
800 c-- r- f=,-- I - - - I - -- -I- ' f- '11 111 111111 11111 111111
Jt h-'''''' .-e_ ...

- At 'I-
140 0
.- ..... 800 At I - -I-- - c- - I- - r- 1-1- - I - -- ,-,='
1.00'" - f- .- -I-
:, A~ 1-110- ~~
~I- ... 1- 140
700 -;-
120 0
I-f.. . . ~
/ 1,1-
'_ 1".00 I-"
+-C I4 700 ~~ Aor- - r---
1200 ~ A
.. - f-o, -f-
I-/~
-- f..---
600
~
I.-
'~ I- """
t::1:' ~
I
I....... .-
1"0)
80RB
100 o " 600

~I'- /.
A+ +C 86RB
lLJ
!5 500
(~ I- 1-1-
1- ; lLJ 1000
A+F+C
,
~~~
!;j:
ffi 400
~
~ '00
80 0
60 0
""
M \
s
i/ """"
~fso
1'\ I( F+C .. !5
!;j:
ffi
Q.
::;
500
400
800
~i\
Ms
'1,
1\ \
~+ C 26
.5
I-T 01 GRAM ~ .00 600

200 400 I- I-T DIAGRAM
200 400
100 20 0
I!.!\ y
~
100 20 0
I~
I-
Grfi 50
o
0.5 I 2
II 11111
5 10
II 11111
TIME - SECONDS
1111\ II 11111 II
o II 11111
0.5 I 2 5 10
I~ II 111I m 11111 II I~ .~ 47
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view TIME - SECONDS
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.5 Mo Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.75 Si

C - 0.70% Mn - 1.08% Ni - 0.49% Mo Grain size: 10 C - 0.75% Mn - 0.71% Si - 1.07% Ni Grain size: 9 Austenitized
Austenitized at 92~C (1700 0F) Black Lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.5 at 92~C (1700 0F) Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + 0.75 Si
Mo
C OF
-
~-
C
F ~{II 1111 1 1111 111"1
10001-
II 1111 II
1-- I--
IIII- '111"
.- 800 A
"'-'
AU-:: "'" ... 1-
l;l
'"
'"
800 I=>- Aff-- 140 0
I
~V ~ ,-
140 ol-I-A
I"""; +F
.... -
700 - t-r- I - f - I~ %
700
~ I'A.~~ -~ -I- -
I.oo~
-I- ~- 120 011'
~. r-(I'"" I""
8 4RB
120 0
.... F+- l - 84RB
~
10-"1'""
I-
Io"l~ 1""1"" "'"'
600 I
vi.......
1/r- ~ ~toe:: I'ot- 1-1- ~+F+C
l- i.. Io 100 ol~
800 ~ I
lLJ
~
1.... !5
lLJ 100 0
/
A+F+C I 500 \1\ +C
1- 2
!5 500 Ij I-
t-"
I-
o~\ 'M \( I\. 1(' +C
24
ffi 80 O~ \'-tM 4
ei 400 80 F/M
\
.2 Q.
::;
400
~ 1-
"
Q.
lLJ
::; I- .00
60 0
~ .00 60 0 I-T 01 G~~ M
I-T )1 GRAM 200 40 0
200 40 0
100 20 0
100 20 0
I~ Gli'filll I~ ~ 47
~ ~1i
o II III II
I~
II 1111
o 11 1111 II 1111 Grfil
111111 I
48
0.5 I 2 5 10
0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME - SECONDS
Click here to view
SOURCE: I-T Diagrams, Third Edition, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh PA, 1963 aa published in Atlaa of Isothermal
Previous Page
Type: 1021 + 1 Ni / 1021 + 1 Ni + 2 Si Type: 1030 Mod

Composition: Fe - 0.18% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.07% Ni / Fe - 0.19% Composition: Fe - 0.27% C - 1.12% Mn
C - 0.76% Mn - 2.09% Si - 1.06% Ni Grain size: 7 Austenitized Grain size: 0-2 (black lines) Austenitized at 12880C (2350 0F)
at 964C (1760 0F) Black lines: 1021 + 1 Ni + 2 Si Grain size: 7-8 (gray lines) Austenitized at 862C (1666 0F)
C C OF
111111 11111I
_{"A, I"" II
"1 11I 11.1111 1111 1111111
800
700
f- - f--
800
700
120
F--
1400f-,.A
':--'
I~ ",.
- I- --
.... - A+
r-
-
t-
I;;;ii-- --I-
o
,----
- l-r- - - 1-=
1-1-- C--=
!--I-
.
o~
600 800 ~;....- I
ILl ILl 1000

I ~ t;:: ,
~ ~
~ 500 A+ F+l F+ C
~ 500 2
!d: \ 36
ffi ffi 400 80 o~ 1- M;
~
400
a,
::0
" I..... ~r- l-
~ 300 600,HH----1-f-+-f-++-+++-++-+-+-+-t-t-i ~ 300 60 0

I-T DIA RAM *E.Imo'edT~Cllu"e
200 400,HH----1H-+-f-++-+++-++-+-+-+-t-t-i 200 40 0
100 200IHH---1H-+-+-+-+-+-++--++-+-+-+-t---t---i 100 200

I-r I~GRIA
lli2Yft l~
o uluu
~
111111 111111 11111111
I!.!\~
1111111
~4
11111I o II 11111 I~ II iiftlll , I~ ~K
II 54
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: 4140 Type: Fe-C-Mo

Composition: Fe - 0.37% C - 0.77% Mn - 0.98% Cr - 0.21% Mo Composition: Fe - 0.22% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.60% Mo
Grain size: 2-3 (black lines) Austenitized at 10930C (2000 0F) Grain size: 1-2 (black lines) Austenitized at 13710C (2600 0F)
Grain size: 7-8 (gray lines) Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F) Grain size: 8-9 (gray lines) Austenitized at 899C (1660 0F)
0C OF , t III'~ +- .....
"I"1- ~
800 I-
J! pll
A, _ . l-
I
.-
1 ';:'
11111 11111
,-
.I--.f- 800
F
F=--A, -
u.-
'A"
t- --- r-' +-
"1'"1
---I- t - I - -
11111 111111
I-I--I~-
~~
700
14001-
A, -
I
- I-
I..... 10-'''''"
'I---f-
86R8 700
1400
H+~~~
t- A,
A
f-- +-,.- f-I- .
'20 01- I-A """" 26 1200 At F
~I;::::1.0.
f' ~D
O'I:::;p-
600
l/ At .... 1- 31 600 ~ ~., ......... .J~"'"I) I - I
J F:~
W 100 0
"'" ~V 29
ILl ,1.!"~+-+tft:r=~$i~~~H~F91~r-
A:F+~ /rr
I~~ {....1- At FtC
100 21
~ 500 28 ~ 500 L , - 27
I-
<l 80 0
~ 37
I-
<l iw.\f FtC
ffi FtC
ffi 8001=1= M,,~=ft:e~t-=I=:j::::R=HH=iH=t=l=j
36
~
400
,o,~
If 45 o,
400
+- M.~r' \ \ ,-
~ 300 60 o~
M, '
M 50
::0
~ 300
+- M \'
600H-+--l--+-+-+-++-+++-+++-++-+--H
'=""" M.o " -
200 400 200 4ooH-+----1-f-+-f-+ 1-T DIAGRAM -+-+--1-+-+-+-1
1- T I DlfGrA~
100 20 0 1
100 2001- -r- T~~::e -+++-+++-+++-++-1-+--1
II
o
0.5 I 2
II 1111
5 10
I~ 'I ~I
f I \11111 II if ~
II I
60
o I- IIIIIIIIII~ !Pf! ~ 48
11111:
~
111111111 I I 11111 111111I
0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: 1086/1095 + 0.25% V Type: 52100

Composition: Fe - 0.87% C - 0.30% Mn - 0.27% V Composition: Fe - 1.02% C - 0.36% Mn - 0.20% Ni - 1.41% Cr
Grain size: 2-3 (black lines) Austenitized at 1062 0C (1926 0F) Grain size: 3 (black lines) Austenitized at 1066 0C (1960 0F)
Grain size: 11 (gray lines) Austenitized at 816C (1600 0F) Grain size: 9 (gray lines) Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F)
'C 'F II III 1111 ! 111111 111" 1 I 1111 111111 ~
.- e
'C 'F II
1"11] I
1111 111111 111111 II 1111
A 1-
A
i
800 800
140 0 140 0
- - r-i-. f- - . f- f- - f--r- r- A, It!' -- - f-
700
120
U-= ~
(
~
32 700
120 0
~~ 1;' ....... ,~
I - 36
45
~~~ ".... ~~"~~ i'-

0"
600 /' 1- 42 600 F+C . - 51
I.LJ 1000 b- A+F+C\ F+C 38 W 100 0 52

A~F+C-- l- i--
gj 500
!;i
f5
80 0
~,
1'"
-,1"'I\~ \ r-
\
39
~ 600
~

f5a.
80 or- "
-f:'
...,
",
I-~
- 39
44
r--~ ~~ ~~ ~
1'\ ~~
... 1- .....
400 400
-0 I' 50
~ 50 ::;: ...... 50\
I'
~ 300 60 0
\ ,..]), ~~
'\1"" ~ 300 60 0
"\ "-
~~
" I........
I""" r-.. .......
54
59
40 OF F 200 40 0 I-T DIAGRAM 61

200 Ms'"
r<, r--..
100
100-1-
20 01'= 1== Mgo
M,. I-T IDilGRAM
100 20 o~
F--
t-: M50
Ms t-
-t-'-'-I- -- ....
o
*1
Ellhmal"
T,lIIplfOIIll"
I~ IIIIJ
II
!HOU~
~II Illtr ~
66
o
i-
11 11111 I~
.1.
111111 mill I~Y

II 11111 ~
63
0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10
Type: Fe-C-Mo
Grain size: 6-6 (black lines) Austenitized at 964C (1760 0F)
Grain size: 7-8 (gray lines) Austenitized at 843C (1660 0F)
'C F I III II 11 11 ! 1111 11 1111" I III 111 111
800 A
140 0
I-
1.0- ~' ..
LIVE GRAPH Ai
700
~ [,;~ ....... jooo""'V"
I
Click here to view 120 0
~v I , 1'1'0 1',...
F+C t--t- 31
W
600
100 ot- 1" ~I

A + F+C
""''
r- 35
I~ 1-""1"
gj 500
!;i 80 0
~ 1-
41
f5 400 ,
J"il~
P=:=. . . . . r-:'"'"
J' N~ 1- 48
~
~ 300 60 0
F+C- t--r- 54
~ ....
I"""Il I .... !'C::
~r-..t"'o
..... 5
200 40 0
20 O-
-
r- M,o
Ms -
" ,,- ......
62
r~IIT~RA~
100
o
- f - M,.
111111 I~ m,II 111111 II ~ ~
II
65
0.5 I 2 5 10
TIME - SECONDS
Type: Fe-C (Carbon)

Composition: Fe - 0.54% C - 0.46% Mn I Fe - 0.89% C - 0.30%
Mn I Fe - 1.13% C - 0.30% Mn Beginning of transformation at
left, ending at right
700
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Ca"bon Se"ias
Steel 'fie 600
f.-Hypo"t au
2.- E"tectoid aag
J.- Hypo,,Eut UJ 500';;>
.;
~800
~ ~oo Js
1
~
600
400
JOO~
200
,I
200 100
IMin. I&y' 0
0
05 I 100 10oo
Beginning
Type: Fe-C-Mn (Manganese)

Mn I Fe - 0.50% C - 0.91% Mn I Fe - 0.64% C - 1.13% Mn I
Fe - 0.65% C - 1.32% Mn Beginning of transformation at left,
ending at right
",00
?OO
./20(}
600
1000
500
\l
~<lOO
400~
i MV
"'-100
sooj
;00
200
SOURCE: E.S. Davenport, "Isothermal Transformation in Steels," Transactions of American Society for Metals, Vol 27, December
1939, pp 837-886
Type: Fe-C-Ni (Nickel)

Composition: Fe - 0.69% C - 0.20% Mn / Fe - 0.61% C - 0.19%
Mn - 0.94% Ni / Fe - 0.67% C - 0.17% Mn - 1.94% Ni / Fe -
0.65% C - 0.17% Mn - 3.88% Ni Beginning of transformation at
;100
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
600
500~
.(oof
4001
'00
200
o
.51 10. ~
&ginning
Type: Fe-C-Cr (Chrominum)

Mn - 0.26% Cr Beginning of transformation at left, ending at
right
LIVE GRAPH ?GO

Click here to view Chl'071ium Sat>i8s
HiJh C3t>bon 600
SfetJI "0- %C 'UMn
1 ad I.IJ QJO
2 026 1.1? Q40 500~
!!.:
:rOOD li
.(OO~
s
1600 i
JOO~
~
-oo NJO
200 100
~
.."
0
o().5 1 1 10000 KXXXJO
T~fns.-a
1939, pp 837-886
Type: Fe-C-Cr (Chromium)

Mn - 0.67% Cr I Fe - 0.42% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.93% Cr I Fe -
0.32% C - 0.46% Mn - 1.97% Cr Beginning of transformation at
~ m~
1100
A.' 4 ~ i== r
A.' 1 ~J WJt; - ~ J
LIVE GRAPH ~ -
- I-J.t} '.1
r::
~
1
-
? '00
1200 I---
Click here to view
1000
1/'
L J
.....
= "4
1
f-
2 -,
-
r--
4
-
-
600
...
- \ (
SO
-
~
-
""
.~
I-- 4
I, \( s -# Chl'OfT1ium Seflies
I Mfium Caf'bon Ste81
, t Sfeel ,,0> HC %Mn

I
2
ao aJ5
QS? 0.3? as
QJ?
1-2
;;-
-
-4
J
- J 0.93 0.42 0.68 f-t I- 200

4 I.B? 0.J2 Q4S
200 I- ~_I~ l- I- l- I 00
f~
D
as I
I-
S
II~'
100
I~~
)() /(
l-
I ~
~
......
100 KJIO
1:;-. I.lo
10000 ~'00000
rime in &con<b Ending
Type: Fe-C-Mo (Molybdenum)

Mn - 0.21% Mo I Fe - 0.40% C - 0.43% Mn - 0.62% Mo I Fe -
0.36% C - 0.17% Mn - 0.82% Mo I Fe - 0.33% C - 0.41% Mn -
1.96% Mo Beginning of transformation at left, ending at right
Ael 1-2'''-4
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Molybd8num Se"ies
Steel %Mo we "Mn
I QD 0.35 O.J?
2 0.21 0.42 0.20
J 0.52 0.40 OAJ
4 Q82 0.J6 0.1?
200 5 1.96 I aM 0.41
~~...
",
o
0.51
1939, pp 837-886
Type: Fe-C-V (Vanadium)

Mn - 0.20% V The curves are for 60% transformation
11
, r--
l-
f---
r--
I-
-
,-
I--
..0.
LIVE GRAPH ~ POO

Click here to view ~~
~~
1200 l- e....
600
1000 - I-
500
1\
l- I
""2
-,
f-- - , 500
VenBdium 8ePies
1\[\
400 1\ 200
8tee/ %V 2iQ. %Mn
1 aD a88 Q41
2 0.20 0.90 Q4?
III 100
200 Ij! S :;j
~ ~~
o 71. ~~ 0
05 , 10 100 1000 1()(}()()
TJfTIt1 fOf'50 % 7ilnsfof'fT1lJtion. &cond8
Type: Fe-C-Co (Cobalt)

Mn - 0.96% Co / Fe - 0.98% C - 0.49% Mn - 1.98% Co
Beginning of transformation at left, ending at right
1400 i=:
A~~
r-
f-
f-
r=- g;,r.:
I-'
r-
f-
-
i=
l-
i=
?'Oo
LIVE GRAPH li?OO ~ ~
~
I-- I-- f- f-
Click here to view , 600
1000
r\:
\
f- f- f- f- f-
!1-:
"-800 - e.... '-
2~ J~
f-
~ ~
.
-'!
~600 f-
J
~
1
~ f- f-
1
f-
~ CobBl! SePiea
$/ee/ %Co 111C '16ltfn
400 - f- r-r- 1 ao
0.95 Q4S f- f- f- 200
2 a95 a95 0.48
rill m1m J 1.98 a98 0.49

- f- r '- 100
~ ~:? ~j ~
o 51-
a
~,
~O
~ ....
1000 0<'01
,",~
100 lP~ ~o
KXXXXJ
lJfJQlnnirr; Ending
1939, pp 837-886
British En Steels
1-T Diagrams
Transformation Characteristics of Direct-Hardening Nickel-Alloy Steels

Isothermal transformation constituent and of pearlite, and there is often
diagrams uncertainty whether a transformation has
proceeded to completion or has stopped at
When a steel is quenched from a temperature some stage of partial transformation. Con-
at which it is austenitic, to temperatures at sequently, it is customary to supplement the
which austenite is no longer the stable phase, results obtained by these less direct methods
it transforms ultimately to mixtures of ferrite by some microscopical examination. For
and carbide or to martensite. The time taken example, the isothermal diagrams presented in
for transformation to ferrite and carbide, at the Iron and Steel Institute Atlas'' were
each of a series of temperatures, can be determined by the combined application of
represented by a diagram relating temper- the dilatation and microscopical methods.
ature, time, and progress of transformation.
Diagrams of this type are known as isothermal Heal and Mykura,6 and more recently Gillam
transformation diagrams and they have for and Cole," demonstrated the possibility of
many years made a major contribution to the following transformations by measuring, as
understanding and control of the heat treat- transformation proceeds, the changes in the
ment of alloy steels. intensity of a line in the X-ray diffraction
pattern of either the gamma or the alpha
The most direct of the commonly used phase. This method, although experimentally
methods of obtaining the data for these somewhat cumbersome, has the attractive
diagrams is the microscopic method originally feature of being even more direct than the
used by Davenport and Bain. 1 This involves microscopical method, and also of providing
austenitizing small samples of the steel at an information not otherwise obtainable.
appropriate temperature, quenching to a sub-
critical temperature, holding at that lower Results of experimental observations at a
tempera ture for progressi vel y increasing times, series of subcritical temperatures are usually
and finally quenching to room temperature. presented on a single diagram, the ordinates
By microscopical examination of the quenched and abscissae of which represent, respectively,
samples it is then possible to determine the the temperature and the time of transform-
time taken for the transformation to start, the ation. Smooth curves are drawn through points
rate at which it proceeds, and the time indicating the time required for transform-
required for its completion. This method is ation to start at various temperatures and
still the most reliable of those available for through those indicating the time required for
studying steels which undergo rapid iso- complete transformation. Additional curves
thermal transformation; it is, however, time- may be drawn to indicate the time required
consuming, and considerable skill is required for various percentages of transformation, and
to interpret the large number of micro- the separation of proeutectoid ferrite is
structures which must be examined to provide frequently distinguished from the transform-
an accurate diagram. It is consequently often ation of austenite to pearlite. The critical
more convenient to follow the course of transformation temperatures of the steel (Ac1
transformation by measuring the changes in and Acs) and the martensite reaction range
some physical property accompanying trans- are usually indicated by horizontal lines but
formation and, since breakdown of austenite the lengths of the lines used for this purpose
is accompanied by an expansion, and changes have, of course, no significance.
of length are readily measured, the dilatation
method is by far the most widely adopted. All the samples used for the determination of
Techniques involving measurement of changes the isothermal transformation diagrams pre-
in magnetic permea bili ty, 2 electrical resist- sented here were taken from batches of
ance,s and hardness.v' have also been used by commercial steel. The analyses, grain sizes and
various investigators, but these and the methods of manufacture are given in the
dilatation method, when used alone, do not pages showing the relevant isothermal trans-
provide the detailed information obtainable formation diagrams. Specimens were machined
from microscopical examination. For example, from material which had been hot-rolled and
they do not usually differentiate reliably cold-drawn to 9 s.w.g, wire or to O.030-in.
between the separation of a proeutectoid thick tape.
All the micrographs in this introduction are at 64% of their original size
SOURCE: Transformation Characteristics of Direct-Hardening Nickel-Alloy Steels," The Mond Nickel Company Limited, London,
1960
Each specimen was austenitized for 30 min- The ACl and Acs temperatures shown on the
utes. The temperature adopted was usually at diagrams were determined from continuous-
or near the center of the range recommended heating dilation curves. The dilatometer and
in the appropriate British Standard En test specimens were of the same types as those
specification. The diagrams for the more used for the isothermal tests and a standard
rapidly transforming steels (B.S. En 12, III heating rate was adopted, 100C per hour,
and 160) were determined solely by the micro- over the range 500 to 870C. The Ms, M lO, M 50,
scopical method. Those for the remaining MgO temperatures were determined according
steels were derived from a consideration of to the method introduced by Greninger and
dilatation curves and of the microstructures Troiano.
of samples quenched after being allowed to
transform to various stages. No tests extended The hardness values developed by the steel,
beyond 24 hours. A general view of the when isothermally transformed at each of a
isothermal and accessory equipment employed series of temperatures, are indicated on the
is provided in Fig. 1. right-hand side of each diagram. The bold
figures indicate the hardness values of the
fully transformed steel. Figures in italics
apply to cases where transformation had not
started or was incomplete after 24 hours; such
hardness values are of the structures develop-
ed by holding at the selected temperatures for
24 hours followed by quenching to room
temperature. For example, after 24 hours at
650C, the 4.25% Ni-Cr Steel (B.S. En 30A) had
transformed at only 8%, and on quenching to
room temperature, the remaining 92% of the
structure transformed to martensite. Thus, al-
though the product of transformation at 650C
was of low hardness, the final structure had
the relatively high hardness of 590 D.P.N.
Fig, 1 General view of equipment used for the This steel, however, transformed completely at
determination of isothermal transformation 600C in less than 24 hours. The room-temper-
diagrams at the Birmingham Laboratory of The ature structure of a sample transformed at
Mond Nickel Company Limited that temperature contained no martensite, and
had a hardness value of 210 D.P.N.
The method adopted for the presentation of

the diagrams is in most respects conventional. General features of
The time-scale is logarithmic and is based on isothermal transformation
seconds, but for convenience of reference it is diagrams
marked in minutes and hours.
Isothermal transformation takes place by
A hypoeutectoid steel generally transforms in processes involving nucleation and growth of
the pearlite range in two stages: separation of nuclei. If a sample of steel is austenitized and
proeu tectoid f erri te followed by separation of then quenched to a subcritical temperature,
pearlite. The start of transforma tion to pear- for a definite period of time after the sample
lite, as distinct from separation of reaches this temperature, there will be no
proeutectoid ferrite, has been indicated in microscopically detectable sign of transform-
these diagrams by a heavy broken line, which ation. This initial period is usually referred to
will be referred to as the "carbide line." The as the "incubation period," or "period of
position of this line was determined from a induction." At the end of the incubation
consideration of the microstructures of period, nuclei are visible in the structure and
partially transformed samples. This line does transformation proceeds by the growth of
not necessarily indicate the end of the these nuclei, and of course, by the develop-
separation of pro-eutectoid ferrite, since it is ment and growth of additional nuclei.
probable that the ferrite and pearlite stages of
the transformation overlap to an appreciable The type of structure formed depends
ex ten t. In certain diagrams, where the pearlite primarily on the temperature at which the
and the bainite reactions overlap, the full transformation occurs, but is influenced also
extent of this line has not been shown, owing by the composition of the steel. The general
to the difficulty of defining its position with f ea tures of an isothermal transformation
adequate accuracy. diagram may conveniently be discussed by
reference to the diagram (Fig. 2) for the low The diagram for the B.S. En 100 steel shows,
alloy (B.S. En 100) type of steel. in the vicinity of 550C, a very narrow range
of temperature within which formation of
Between the upper and lower equilibrium pearlite is not preceded by formation of fer-
transformation temperatures (A g and AI) only rite (Fig. 2). This range is wider in some steels
ferrite is formed by isothermal transform- (e.g., B.S. En 110), but in others formation of
ation. The separation is preceded by an pearlite is always preceded by formation of
incubation period and proceeds by nucleation f err i te (e.g., B.S. En 25).
and growth, but some of the austenite remains
untransformed. Reaction ceases when austen- The above remarks apply to a hypoeutectoid
ite and ferrite are present in the proportion steel. The proeutectoid constituent in a hyper-
indicated by the equilibrium diagram at the eutectoid steel would, of course, be cementite.
chosen temperature. With falling temperature
between A g and Al the amount of ferrite The interlamellar spacing of pearlite depends
which can form increases up to a limiting on the temperature at which it is produced.
amount which depends on the steel. For example, pearlite formed just below the
Al temperature is readily resolved under the
microscope (Fig. 3), having coarse carbide
In the range between the Al temperature and lamellae which tend to globularize, but as the
about 550C, transformation occurs in two temperature of transformation is reduced the
stages: precipitation of ferrite, followed by pearlite becomes progressively finer until that
formation of pearlite. The amount of ferrite formed towards the lower end of the pearlite
formed decreases as the tempera ture of transformation range is usually too fine to be
formation is lowered, and the amount of resolved with a light microscope (Fig. 4). The
pearlite increases proportionally; the carbon lamellar form of these structures is revealed,
content of the pearlite decreases, therefore, as however, with the electron microscope (Fig. 5).
the temperature of its formation is lowered. As would be expected, this change in the pear-
lite structure is accompanied by an increase of
hardness.
Figure 6 shows various stages in the formation
of a ferrite-pearlite structure in a high-carbon
2.5% Ni-Cr-Mo steel (B.S. En 26). The micro-
structures represent samples isothermally
transformed for various times at 650C, and
then water-quenched. Figures 6a and 6b illus-
600 ~
trate the early part of the transformation,
during which ferrite precipitation predomin-
ates. Figures 6c and 6d demonstrate the
'00 subsequent separation of pearlite. The micro-
structure shown in Fig. 6d represents complete
WJ-~~:::=====+=====:1J30DPN isothermal transforma tion, but in the other
three samples isothermal transformation was
T/I,t,NSfO/lHATlON
H. TO HA~TEN\ITf
100
I 2 5 10 20 ~o I 2 S 10 20 eo I 2 S 10 20 I
SECONDS HINUTES DAY
DURATION OF ISOTHERMAl TREATt1ENT
Fig. 3 Ferrite and a coarse lamellar pearlite

Fig. 2 Isothermal transformation diagram for formed by isothermally transforming a sample
low alloy steel (B.S. En 100) austenitized at of low Ni-Cr steel (B.S. En 111) at 700 0C.
860 0C Etchant: 4% picric acid in alcohol
+- FERRITE
x850 PEARLITE -e
Fig. 4 Ferrite and fine irresolvable pearlite

formed by isothermally transforming a sample
of low Ni-Cr steel (B.S. En 111) at 600C.
Etchant: 4% picric acid in alcohol
incomplete and the matrix in each case

consists of martensite formed during the
wa ter-quenching trea tmen t. x 10,000
Within the temperature range between A g and Fig. 5 Ferrite and pearlite in a sample of B.S.
the lower limit of the pearlite range (540C, in En 100 low alloy steel, isothermally transformed
Fig. 2) the incubation period at first becomes at 630C. Electron micrograph. Preshadowed
shorter and then longer with decreasing evaporated aluminum replica
temperature of transformation. Simultaneous-
ly, the rate of reaction passes through a
maximum. The part of the curve at which the
incubation period reaches a minimum is
usually referred to as the pearlite "nose" or
"knee" and is of considerable importance since
its position on the time scale may determine
the hardenability of a steel.
The structures produced in the lower temper-
ature range of transformation (e.g., between
540 and 310C, in Fig. 2) are usually referred
to as "bainite" or "intermediate" structures.
These are harder than pearlite, the hardness
increasing progressively as the temperature of a 7 hours x 850 b 14 hours x850
forma tion is lowered. Bainite structures vary
grea tly in appearance, bu t one characteristic
type, which is formed at temperatures towards
the upper end of the range, has many of the
general characteristics of proeutectoid ferrite
although it is more irregular in outline and
has no marked tendency to precipitate at
grain boundaries (Fig. 7). At intermediate
temperatures in the bainite-formation range,
separation of ferrite is followed rapidly by
precipitation of carbide, within or near the
ferrite phase (Fig. 8). At the higher inter-
mediate temperatures the carbide particles
dispersed in the ferrite are relatively coarse, c 19 hours x 850 d 24 hours x 850
but these become progressively finer and more

numerous as the temperature of transform- Fig. 6 Various stages in the formation of a
ation is lowered (Fig. 9 and 10). The bainite ferrite-pearlite structure in a 2.5% Ni-Cr-Mo
structures formed in the lower temperature high-carbon steel (B.S. En 26) austenitized at
range have a dark-etching acicular appearance 835C and isothermally transformed for the
not readily distinguishable from that of times indicated at 650C. Etchant: 2% nitric acid
tempered martensite (Fig. 11). Such structures in alcohol
consist of a very fine dispersion of carbide

particles in a ferrite matrix (Fig. 12), and it is
probable that the two phases separate almost
simultaneously. Until recently there was some
doubt regarding the mechanism of formation
of acicular bainite, but Ko and Cottrell-? have
demonstrated that the lower-bainite needles
are formed by nucleation and growth. By
observing the surface-relief effects produced
on a polished surface when a steel transforms
from austenite to bainite, these authors have
x 10.000
Fig. 9 Upper bainite and martensite in 2.S% Ni-

Cr-Mo high-carbon steel (B.S. En 26), partially
transformed isothermally at 47 Soc. Electron
micrograph. Preshadowed evaporated aluminum
replica
shown that the mechanism of growth is such
that the bainite lattice is coherent with that
x850 of the parent austenite. In this respect, the
Fig. 7 Upper bainite structure developed in a formation of bainite is unlike that of ferrite
B.S. En 26 steel (2.S% Ni-Cr-Mo high-carbon), and pearlite, which result from incoherent
austenitized at 83SoC, and isothermally growth.
transformed at SOoOC for 90 h. Etchant 2%
nitric acid in alcohol
The pearlite- and bainite-formation ranges of
the B.S. En 100 steel (Fig. 2) overlap between
540 and 480C, and within this range
formation of upper bainite is followed by
separation of a dark-etching pearlite. This
change is illustrated by Fig. 13a and 13b.
The diagram for the B.S. En 110 (low Ni-Cr-
Mo) steel also shows a partial overlap of the
two ranges of transformation. A greater extent
of overlap is apparent on the diagram for the
B.S. En 22 (3.5% nickel) steel, and in the
diagram for the B.S. En 12 (1% nickel) steel
the two ranges overlap to such an extent that
a 1 minute 40 seconds x 850 b 3 minutes 20 seconds x 850 it is difficult to distinguish them individually.
(--INTERMEDIATE
BAINITE
c 1 hour 30 minutes x 850
x 10.000
Fig. 8 Three stages in the formation of
intermediate bainite in a 2.S% Ni-Cr-Mo high- Fig. 10 Intermediate bainite and martensite in
carbon steel (B.S. En 26), austenitized at 83SoC, 2.S% Ni-Cr-Mo high-carbon steel (B.S. En 26),
and isothermally transformed for the times partially transformed isothermally at 4S0 vc.
indicated at 4S0C. Etchant: 2% nitric acid in Electron micrograph. Preshadowed evaporated
alcohol aluminum replica
Next Page
reaction starts.l! On the other hand, the

bainite reaction is, in general, steadily retard-
ed by progressive increase of carbon content.
Alloying elements differ in the nature and
magnitude of their effects on isothermal
transformations. Nickel 11 ,12,13 and mangan-
ese 11 ,14 retard the pearlite and bainite trans-
formations fairly uniformly at all temper-
atures. Copper and silicon are similar to
nickel in their effects on isothermal trans-
formations, but their retarding effect is much
a 1 minute 40 seconds B5D b 3 minutes 20 seconds N50
weaker. Cobalt 15 appears to increase the rate
of transformation at all temperatures.
Molybden um 11,12,14,16,11 and chromium 11,18
strongly retard the pearlite reaction, but
affect the bainite reaction to a much smaller
extent. These elements also raise the temper-
ature range within which the pearlite reaction
occurs and lower that over which the bainite
reaction takes place. Consequently the
isothermal transformation diagrams for steels
containing appreciable amounts of either of
these elements frequently show a "bay" of
austenite stability between the two reaction
x 850 d 1 hour x ~5D
zones.
c 5 minutes
Fig. 11 Four stages in the formation of lower Vanadium, in the amounts in which it is
bainite in a 2.5% Ni-Cr-Mo high-carbon steel normally added to hardenable steels, increases
(B.S. En 26), austenitized at 835C and pearlite- and bainite-incubation periods only
isothermally transformed for the times indicated slightly, but, markedly prolongs the reaction
at 340C. Etchant: 2% nitric acid in alcohol times of both types of transf'ormation.l?
Small amounts of boron, of the order of

By contrast, the pearlite and bainite ranges in 0.003%, have marked effects on the rates of
the diagrams of steels containing appreciable
amounts of chromium or molybdenum are
separated by a range of temperature within
which austenite is relatively stable. For
example, the diagram for the B.S. En 25 (2.5%
Ni-Cr-Mo) steel shows that no transformation
occurs within 24 hours at temperatures in the
tOWER
range 525 to 565C. BAINITE--+
The general effect of carbon, and of all the

common alloying elements except cobalt, is to
move the curves of the isothermal trans-
formation diagram to the right, i.e., to delay
the initiation of transformation and to MARTENSlTE-*
decrease the rate at which the reaction

proceeds. Compare, for example, the curves
f or B.S. En 12 (l % nickel) steel and B.S. En
30B (4.25% Ni-Cr-Mo) steel.
Increase of carbon content, up to the eutectoid
percentage, retards the pearlite reaction but
further increase of carbon content shortens Fig. 12 Lower bainite and untempered
the incubation period and accelerates the rate martensite in a 2.5% Ni-Cr-Mo high-carbon steel
of reaction. This latter effect, it has been (B.S. En 26). partially transformed isothermally
suggested, is due to the nucleating action of at 320C. Electron micrograph. Preshadowed
carbide particles rejected before the pearlite evaporated aluminum replica
Previous Page
nickel. Hodge, Giove and Storm 24 have also

demonstra ted than an addition of 0.3% moly-
bdenum is about twice as effective in retard-
ing transformation in a steel containing 3%
nickel as in one con taining 1% chromium.
The martensite
reaction
The upper and lower limits of the martensite

a 17 minutes x 850 range, i.e., the temperatures at which the
formation of martensite starts and finishes,
are usually designated M, and Mr, respectively.
The additional symbols MlO, M60 and M90
indicate the temperatures at which 10, 50 or
90% of the austenite has transformed to
martensi teo
The martensite reaction is fundamentally
different from the pearlite and bainite
reactions. If a sample of steel is austenitized
and cooled to a temperature just below its M,
temperature sufficiently rapidly to prevent
b 2 hour45 minutes x850 transformation in either the pearlite or the
bainite range, a small fraction of the austenite
Fig, 13 The formation of upper bainite and will transform to martensite. If cooling is
pearlite in a low alloy steel (B.S. En 100), continued to lower temperatures, additional
austenitized at 860C, and isothermally martensite will form as the temperature falls.
transformed for the times indicated at 500C. The individual needles or plates of martensite
Etchant: 2% nitric acid in alcohol are formed almost instantaneously from the
austenite, and it is generally accepted that the
reaction is essentially not time-dependent. It
transformation of a steel. This element retards cannot, therefore, be suppressed by the use of
the formation of ferrite and of bainite but, high cooling rates. On the other hand, isolated
although the start of the pearlite reaction is claims have been made that the M,
delayed by the presence of boron, the total temperature of a steel can be lowered by
time required to complete the pearlite reaction using certain rates of cooling 26 and that in
is not usually affected appreciably.20,21 some highly alloyed steels the reaction can be
suppressed if very high cooling rates are
Increase in grain size retards formation of used. 26 These suggestions have not, however,
pearlite by reducing the grain boundary been supported by other investigators. 21, 28
surface area available for nucleation, but has
little, if any, effect on the rate of formation
of bainite structures.P It has been shown by Machlin and Cohen 29
that the formation of martensite in single
crystals of a 70% iron, 30% nickel alloy does
Combinations of two or more alloying not proceed uniformly with falling
elements have complex effects on isothermal temperature below Ms ' but occurs in a series
transforma tions and a great deal of systema tic of "bursts," in which groups of martensite
work is required to determine to what extent needles are generated almost simultaneously.
the effects of one element are intensified or This "burst" phenomenon is less apparent in
weakened by the presence of another. They polycrystalline alloys, since the temperatures
are, however, clear indications that certain at which the bursts occur vary for the
combinations are particularly effective in individual crystals and the integrated effect is
delaying transformation to non-martensitic one of continuous uniform transformation.
products. For example, Brophy and Miller 23
ha ve shown that nickel retards isothermal If the cooling of a low-alloy or medium-alloy
transformation to a greater extent in the steel through the martensite temperature range
presence of manganese, chromium or moly- is interrupted, further transformation to
bdenum than when it is present alone, and martensite ceases. In certain highly alloyed
that similarly these elements are more effec- steels (e.g., steels containing 0.6% C, 6% Mn
tive in the presence, than in the absence, of and 0.7% C, 15% Cr), however, isothermal
formation of martensite has been observed to carbon and alloying elements will also lead to
follow athermal formation of this cons tit- similar discrepancies.
uent. 26 ,30,31 This effect is, of course, quite
distinct from the isothermal formation of The Me temperature, i.e., the temperature at
bainite at temperatures within the martensite which the martensite reaction ceases, is more
range, which is well recognized. Recent work difficult to determine experimentally, but the
has shown that this bainite-forming reaction limited published data indicate that the
may be nucleated more readily in austenite effects of different alloying elements on the
partially transformed to martensite than in Me temperature are similar in ma~nitude to
austenite containing no martensite. l 0 .32 their effects on the MB temperature. 2,33 It has
been suggested, however, that the MB-Me
Carbon and most of the alloying elements temperature range is extended with increase
depress the MB temperature of steel; the of carbon content.36 Steven and Haynes 32 have
effects of alloying elements are, however, shown that for a limited range of carbon
relatively slight compared with that of carbon. contents (0.32 to 0.44%) and a wide range of
Since low MB temperatures favor the retention alloy contents, the temperatures at which
of austenite and promote the development of various proportions of martensite are formed
internal stress and quenching cracks, the mild can be obtained from the following equations:
effects, in this respect, of alloying elements in
general and of nickel and chromium in M1odeg.C. = Ms- 10 3
particular must be regarded as advantageous. M.. deg. C. = Ms- 47 9
M,odeg.C. = Ms-I03 12
A number of formulae have been proposed for Mf deg.C. =Ms-215 15
calculating the M, temperatures of steels from
their chemical compositions. 33 ,34,36,36,37 How- The Greninger and Troiano method used to
ever, Steven and Haynes 32 determined the MB determine the martensite transformation
temperatures of a wide range of steels and temperatures shown on the diagrams, involved
found that none of these formulae was quenching small samples of each steel from
adequately reliable. In preference they offer the austenitizing temperature to a series of
the following formula for steels within the temperatures within and near the martensite
composition range: carbon 0.1 to 0.55%, silicon formation range. These samples were tempered
0.1 to 0.35%, manganese 0.2 to 1.7%, nickel immediately, for a time and at a temperature
trace to 5%, chromium trace to 3.5%, which would darken the martensite formed,
molybdenum trace to 1%. bu t would not allow isothermal transfor-
ma tion, and were then quenched to room
M B in deg. C = temperature. The proportion of tempered
661-474(%C)-33(%Mn)-17(%Ni)-17(%Cr)-21(%Mo) martensite in the microstructure of each
sample was measured, and from the results the
MB, M I 0 , M60 and MgO temperatures were
This formula illustrates the relative magni- estimated.
tude of the effects of the more common
alloying elements. Thus 1% carbon depresses The microstructures of several samples used to
the MB temperature about 14 times as much as determine the martensite formation range of a
would I % of manganese, and manganese has sample of 1.25% Ni-Cr-Mo steel (B.S. En 24)
twice the effect of nickel or chromium. are reproduced in Fig. 14. In these structures
Silicon, at least in amounts up to about 0.4%, the progress of the reaction with falling
appears to have a negligible effect. Cobalt has temperature is illustrated by the increasing
been reported to raise M, temperatures.Pr" proportion of the dark-etching tempered
martensite. For a few of the steels of lower
The usefulness of the above formula and of alloy content (B.S. En 12, 111 and 160) the
other formulae which have been proposed for progress of martensite formation at temper-
calculating MB temperatures from chemical atures below MBcould not be recorded because
composition, is limited by the fact that they it was found impossible experimentally to
presume complete and uniform solution of all separate the effects of bainite and martensite
carbon and alloying elements in the austenite. formation.
If a steel contains carbide which is undis-
solved at the austenitizing temperature, as is The hardness of a fully martensitic structure
frequently the case when appreciable amounts is governed by its carbon content and is
of strong carbide-forming elements are influenced to only a negligible extent by the
present, the observed MB temperature will be presence of alloying elements. The generally
higher than would be expected from the accepted relationship between the hardness
formulae. Micro- and macro-segregation of and carbon content of martensite produced by
quenching small samples'" is shown in Fig. 15.

However, in commercial practice involving
relatively large sections, the hardness values 70
indicated are frequently not attained'[? since 900
the rate of cooling through the martensite 800
transformation temperature range may be 700

sufficiently slow to permit the martensite
formed at temperatures above about 200C to 600
undergo tempering during cooling to this

temperature. This is usually referred to as so I,t- 500
"self-tempering." It will be appreciated that i i.
.:
u
failure to develop maximum hardness may be :l
d
attributed also to incomplete solution of ~ ~ 400 iilz
carbide or the presence of ferrite, pearlite, u
II
'I
0
'"
-c
:J:
!az
0
~
" ~
~ 30 200
"s
20
200
10
0'" 0"
PEI\ CENT CARBON
Fig. 15 The relationship between hardness and

carbon content of martensite
therefore appear that even when the carbon

content is not high the martensite reaction
does not always proceed to completion above
room temperature. This may be a normal
characteristic of the martensite reaction.
Alternatively, it may be a secondary effect
due to other reactions. For example, the
c 260T Y 1,000 d 200T >' 1,000
precipitation of ferrite prior to the martensite
reaction will increase the carbon content of
Fig. 14 Four stages in the transformation of the parent austenite and thereby depress both
austenite to martensite in a 1.5% Ni-Cr-Mo steel the M, and Mf temperatures. If the Mf temper-
(B.S. En 24 J, austenitized at 8350C, and ature is depressed below room temperature,
quenched to the temperatures indicated. Etchant: retention of austenite at room temperature is
2% nitric acid in alcohol. The martensite formed to be expected. It is very likely that the
at each quenching temperature has been precipitation of proeutectoid ferrite or the
darkened by tempering immediately at 550 0C formation of some upper-bainite structure,
for 20 s, before quenching to room temperature which would have a closely similar effect, is
responsible for at least some of the retained
austenite observed in quenched samples.
bainite, or retained austenite, in the as-
quenched microstructures. On the other hand,
the maximum hardness value of quenched Inhomogeneity of the steel when in the
high-carbon steels may exceed that of austenitic condition may also contribute to
martensite if relatively large amounts of hard austenite retention. Such inhomogeneity may
carbide particles are present in the martensite ha ve persisted from the original as-cast
matrix. structure or may even be developed by heat
treatment. For example, very short austen-
Small amounts of austenite are frequently itizing cycles, such as those associated with
retained in low- and medium-alloy structural welding, may be insufficient to allow com-
steels at room temperature and it would plete diffusion of carbon, and zones originally
of high carbon content, e.g., pearlite grains, lowers hardness. Further, there is some
may not be completely dispersed. As a result, evidence to suggest that this phase is train-
certain grains in the steel will have lower- sensitive and that it may decompose to
than-average martensite transformation martensite when plastic deformation occurs
ranges, and if the total magnitude of this and during mechanical testing. 46 ,46 Thus, the
other effects is sufficient, austenite may be presence of retained austenite in a steel
retained at room temperature. tempered at less than 250C may lead to
elastic limit and yield stress values which are
The martensite formation ranges of many low in relation to the tensile strength. Temper-
high-carbon steels, including certain carbur- ing a hardened steel at these low temperatures
ized steels, overlap room temperature. Reten- does effect an improvement in its mechanical
tion of austenite at room temperature must properties of course by relieving internal
therefore be expected in such steels. If the quenching stresses to a great extent. Temper-
steel is to be tempered to a relatively low ing at temperatures above 250C often results
tensile level, the retained austenite will in isothermal transformation of retained
transform during the tempering treatment, but austenite, although in some types of steel the
if the steel is to be used in a lightly tempered austenite may not transform at the tempering
condition as in, for example, a carburized temperature but may undergo "conditioning"
case, the tempering temperature may be too and then transform to bainite or martensite
low to effect removal of austenite. In such during cooling after tempering. 47 ,48 The
circumstances, sub-zero treatment is the most presence of martensite in the tempered steel
effective method, cooling being extended structure will have a deleterious effect on its
through the lower portion of the martensite impact properties and in such cases the
temperature range and the breakdown of application of a second tempering treatment is
austenite to martensite continuing with falling desirable.
temperature in the normal manner.
To some extent, retention of austenite is The influence of structure
favored and its removal by sub-zero treatment on mechanical properties
is complicated by a phenomenon usually
referred to as "stabilization" of austenite. 41 ,42 Hardened and tempered steels develop the best
It has already been pointed out that if cooling combination of tensile strength, ductility and
between the Me and Me temperatures is notched-bar impact properties when their
interrupted, transformation to martensite structures consist wholly of tempered marten-
ceases. This effect is accompanied by an site. The presence of ferrite, pearlite or
increase in the stability of the un transformed bainite usually lowers the values for proof-
austenite and when cooling is resumed stress, impact, fatigue-strength and, in certain
transformation does not start immediately as instances, elongation and reduction-of-area
might be expected, but only after a distinct associated with a given tensile strength. It is
degree of under-cooling, the extent of which therefore desirable to avoid transformation to
depends on the temperature and the duration structures other than martensite during the
of the interruption. In certain circumstances a hardening operation. Achievement of the opti-
proportion of the austenite may even become mum structure depends on several factors, the
wholly resistant to sub-zero treatments. more important of which are the
transformation characteristics of the steel, the
The phenomenon of austenite stabilization has size and the shape of the part to be treated,
been most frequently observed in high-carbon and the quenching conditions adopted.
steels, but evidence of its occurrence in steels
of medium-carbon content has also been The more rapidly the steel transforms, i.e., the
obtained. 32 ,43 In addition, it has been shown shorter the incubation periods indicated by
that raising the chromium content of a 1% the isothermal transformation diagram, the
carbon-chromium steel increases its sensitivity faster must it be cooled to prevent transform-
to austenite stabilization, thus rendering sub- ation to structures other than martensite. The
zero treatment less effective. On the other cooling rates which can be achieved in
hand, nickel and manganese in steels of the practice are limited by the size of the com-
same carbon content will reduce the ponent being treated and thus, although a
susceptibility to stabilization at room- given quench may fully harden a small bar of
temperatures, and thus promote the steel, it may not be rapid enough to ensure
effectiveness of ref'r igeration.v' full hardening in a larger bar of the same
material. The rate of cooling can be increased
The presence of appreciable amounts of by increasing the severity of the quench and.
retained austenite in a quenched structure in the absence of other considerations, the
most drastic quenching medium would always the case of carburized parts. Unfortunately,
be used, since this would ensure full the bainite incubation periods for most of the
hardening to the greatest depth. The steep low-alloy construction steels are too short in
temperature gradients associated with high the relevant temperature range to allow
rates of cooling, however, increase the dangers substantial equalization of temperature in any
of distortion and cracking and make it but the smallest sections. The transformation
advisable to use the slower but safer oil- characteristics of many of the higher-carbon
quenching or air-cooling whenever practicable. steels which might be expected to benefit
more from the treatment are, on the other
Examination of a selection of isothermal hand, eminently suitable for mar tempering.
transformation diagrams will show that with
some steels the pearlite reaction is more easily If the bainite incubation period is too short
avoided than the bainite reaction, whereas for mar tempering, two compromises are poss-
with other steels the reverse is true. By a ible: either to allow partial transformation to
suitable choice of composition it is usually bainite to occur at the mar tempering temper-
possible, however, to retard the pearlite ature and thereby derive the benefits of a
transformation sufficiently to avoid forma- mar tempering treatment with some sacrifice
tion of that structure when the steel is hard-
ened even in the largest sizes. Transformation of mechanical properties; or, alterna ti vel y, to
to bainite on the other hand, is less easily use an "interrupted quench." As previously
avoided and, unless highly alloyed steels are indicated, many isothermal transformation
used, the development of some of this struc- diagrams show a temperature range between
ture towards the center of medium-to-large the pearlite and the bainite reactions within
sections must be tolerated. Fortunately, the which austenite is relatively stable. By
presence of bainite, and particularly lower quenching to a temperature within this range,
bainite, affects mechanical properties to a holding long enough to allow equalization of
much smaller extent than does pearlite. temperature, and then oil- or air-cooling
through the martensite range, it is possible to
obtain some of the benefits of mar tempering
Special heat treatments for a steel which would be unsuitable for full
based on isothermal mar tempering.
transformation diagrams
It is frequently inconvenient to quench a
On the basis of isothermal transformation dia- component into a salt or molten bath at the
grams, a number of special heat treatments martempering temperature, and in these
have been evolved but these procedures, which circumstances, "time quenching" may be
are considered in this section, are not includ- adopted. For this treatment, the part is
ed in the provision made in current B.S. En quenched in oil, withdrawn when it reaches
specifications. the martempering temperature, and then
allowed to cool immediately in air. Time
Martempering consists of quenching from the quenching is less beneficial than marternper-
austenitizing temperature into a bath of ing but is much more readily applied under
molten metal, salt, or other suitable medium at production conditions and is of undoubted
a temperature just above the M, temperature value in reducing cracking and distortion.
of the steel, holding at that state for suf-
ficient time to allow equalization of temper- The oil-cooling curves of Fig. 16, 18 and 20
ature throughout the part and then cooling, should assist in determining the requisite
usually in air, to room temperature. By cool- quenching times for various sections. These
ing rapidly to just above the M, temperature, curves represent the cooling of infinitely long
transformation to pearlite is prevented, and cylindrical bars of a deep-hardening steel, and
during subsequent cooling to room temper- are unaffected by transformations for the
ature the martensite reaction occurs almost range of temperature shown. The quenching
simultaneously through the section, thereby conditions used in their determination are
minimizing internal stress, distortion and believed to be typical of those used in
quench cracking. practice for bars treated individually. The
cooling curves of bars quenched in bundles
If full hardening is to be developed, it is will, of course, be very different.
obviously essential that no transformation to
bainite should occur at the martempering A close approximation to the cooling curve
temperature and it therefore follows that the applicable to the centers of other simple
time required for thermal equalization should shapes such as rectangular bars, plates, cubes
not exceed the bainite incubation period at and spheres, when quenched in a given
this temperature. This applies particularly to medium is provided by the cooling curve for
--1--,
: .
-,-~.~",
, ! roo -1,00
i_~---i-:
.r
800 .~--
'00 - 95
I ! i
7 5 0 - ; - --
1-- -. ;-l70 750 - ---: -- --4----i----i - - 70
u 7 0 0 -~; -
!
- -i -- j- -r --1-f' 100 '----;--H-_.; I \~-+--+-j
- 85
- ... ~<
~
~ 650 -----,--- j
;
1
I'
~ --
1'80
!-- ~~O'1O
1,1
I .. J': l:.
~
~ I i I I
-J., --1~ ;...:,-
- 075 ....
~ '00
j J
\' -;0," 600 -
- '10]
1
i
- 0-65 -ss
:::l~-"._-~.-- -,; -
550
6 DIAHETER.lnchu
:
!
-160
I.. 1 ----'-'--''1 5 I--j---.......,.
Ii! I I
i -"'5
"SO ~---- --- - ~--W 450!-,~,--'-___,'--..J.....-'--'-___,'---'--'--'-'-.l..L1...l...1L--"
I 2- 10 20 40 r 1 10 10 40 I 10 10
SECONDS MINUTES HOUR SECONDS
TIME
u~ where ~I: ~~~~e~::;~::u~:t()~tb~~~ Inllint. Fig. 17 Air-cooling curves for the axial position
T.J"Tempernure or Ihe cooltnl medium
of l-in. to 6-in. diameter bars
Fig. 16 Oil-cooling curves for the axial position austempering temperature after transform-
of l-in. to 6-in. diameter bars ation is usually not important, and depending
on the properties required, the steel mayor
the center of a cylindrical bar possessin~ the may not be subsequently tempered.
same ratio of volume-to-surface area. 0 A
selection of equivalent sections of bars and In view of what has been said of the
plates obtained by this method is given in the disadvantages of bainitic structures in steels
table below. The values were derived for of low- and medium-carbon content, it may
infinitely long round and rectangular bars, seem strange deliberately to promote their
and the plate length and breadth were also development. In certain circumstances how-
considered to be infinite. ever, and notably when the carbon content is
high, these structures do possess certain
APPROXIMATE EQUNALENT SECllONS OF
advantages. For example, Davenport, Roff and
WNG BARS AND LARGE PLATES Bain,61 have shown that better ductility is
developed by austempering high-carbon steels
Rectangular Bar
Round Bar Plale Volume--Surfacc to hardness values of the order of 50
Diameter
Thickness Breadth
Thickness Area
Rockwell C (approx, 520 D.P.N.) than by fully
inch inch
hardening and tempering to the same hardness
Incb
\ '"'"
\ \ O'S 0'2S value. Again, Bennek and Bandel 62 have
2 r-s 3 \ O'S shown that the creep properties of certain
3 2 6 \S 0'7S bainite structures in the temperature range
4 2S 10 2 \'0 400 to 500C are superior to those of tempered
6 4 \2 3 \S martensite.
The tensile and impact properties of

Austempering treatments are intended to austempered steels of low- or medium-carbon
develop microstructures consisting wholly or content are, however, generally inferior to
substantially of bainite. Accordingly, the steel those of fully hardened and tempered steels,
is austenitized, cooled to the selected temper- and austempering is usually advantageous
ature at a rate sufficiently rapid to avoid except as a method of avoiding the dangers of
prior transformation to ferrite or pearlite, cracking and distortion associated with the
held at that temperature for the time required martensite reaction.
for complete transformation, and then cooled
to room temperature. The temperature chosen In isothermal annealing, the steel is austenit-
for austempering depends on the hardness ized and then allowed to transform as
required and the rate of transformation of the completely as possible in the pearlite range.
steel. In view of the known variations in This treatment is usually applied with the
transformation characteristics which can exist object of softening the steel sufficiently for
within billets and bars of any given machining and cold-forming operations. For
commercial steel, it is advisable to austemper isothermal annealing it is not necessary to
for approximately double the time indicated quench the steel to the selected transformation
by the appropriate isothermal transformation temperature, but very slow cooling to this
diagram. The rate of cooling from the temperature should be avoided because
The type of pearlite formed during isothermal

095
annealing is strongly influenced by the
austenitizing temperature adopted; the latter
0,9"
must be closely controlled if the most suitable
0'8S structure is to be developed. Low austenitizing
080
temperatures just above the As temperature or
slightly lower temperatures at which
--1'- 015 austenitization is incomplete, promote the
-- i - ,--"]""70 development of spheroidal carbide, whereas
I ; high austenitizing temperatures favor produc-
550 - 1'65 tion of lamellar carbide. The particular type
- :- OIAMETER.nchc~
,000!
I ~- i-
I
r--, j_1
I
L'
I
I
o.60
0'55
of carbide to be preferred depends on the
nature of the forming operation to which the
450
,
_!_~
,L------'--_'---=----,-. -'-'--'-~--'--'-;- 10 '20 40 I part is to be subjected. For example, a
SECONDS HOWl. spheroidal structure is usually preferred to
cold-heading operations and for turning, but a
U: T - T2. where T,. Tempctllure of bar at an1 lnuanl,
~tl T._lnltl1llempcrature 01 bar, lamellar structure is often chosen for milling,
T2.;Tempcratufll or the (~Ung nu::hum
drilling and broaching.
Fig. 18 Oil-cooling curves for the mid-radius
position of 2-in. to ti-in. diameter bars ~ ! i -J.- oo
i
=['I 1'1-I:::
BOT
BOOII----+---I--f--"'i
7Sy- .; iI 0-85::1
1 h~ll::1
750 - 090 ~ '1- ,
~6so-1
u
~
70011----+-----1
"~ &50
- 085
- Q-SO
J . . ~ . , -lO 70 .o
I
- 075 I ";0'65
I I~"'o
>:
~ 600 ---+----f---+--:.-------t---j----j--\----,\--\ \-\\~t--;-..;0.70 HO, D'AMETER.":,,,
H0r---+--+--+----t--t---r--r--~ - 0-65
'00, - i -f ~o."
... 50~~1---5--lo-io 40' 1 '--;-----;c,O.,.--,~~~-40-~
'o0r---+--+--+----t--t---r--r-----\--\ SECONDS MINUTES
TIME
HOUR
----!,.---+----,!.---+.--------1A-+----,:-----{---'----,;;-'---';:.-'--'--',l...---';
450':'-,
SECONDS
10104011
MINUTES
Fig. 20 Oil-cooling curves for the "near-surface"
nME position of 2-in. to 6-in. diameter bars
Fig. 19 Air-cooling curves for the mid-radius
position of l-in. to ti-in. diameter bars The austenitizing temperature also markedly
influences the time required to effect
transformation to pearlite; low austenitizing
additional proeutectoid ferrite may separate temperatures favor more rapid rates of
before the annealing temperature is reached, transformation. Consequently, it is usually
thus promoting the development of a banded possible to reduce annealing times by using
structure and thereby impairing machin- lower austenitizing temperatures than those
ability. This effect is most likely to occur in employed for hardening. Data illustrating the
steels of low-carbon content such as are used influence of austenitizing temperature on
for carburizing. As in austempering, it is pearlite-reaction times for the alloy-rich steels
advisable to provide for variation of are presented with the relevant isothermal
transformation characteristics within anyone transformation diagrams. The effects observed
batch of steel by allowing double or treble the are due partly to the smaller grain size
transformation time indicated as necessary by developed at the lower austenitizing temper-
the isothermal diagram. In cooling from the atures and partly to the presence of
austenitizing temperature to the temperature undissolved carbides, which reduce the alloy
selected for isothermal annealing, it is often content of the austenite and serve as nuclei
convenient to transfer samples from one for transformation.
furnace to another; the air-cooling curves in
Fig. 17, 19 and 21 provide an indication of
the temperature drop which will occur during In selecting the transformation temperature
the transfer and the length of time available for isothermal annealing, a compromise is
for the operation. often necessary. Temperatures just below the
Al temperature favor the development of is governed by the same considerations as for

globular carbide structures with low hardness isothermal annealing. Some indications of the
values, but in such conditions transformation required rate of cooling through the trans-
rates are slow and there is a tendency for formation range can be derived by super-
ferrite bands to form. At slightly lower imposing cooling curves on the isothermal
temperatures towards the pearlite nose of the diagram, but the information so obtained is
isothermal diagram, transformation rates are only approximate and, in practice, slower
higher and more lamellar structures are cooling rates than those indicated by the
developed. Consequently, the optimum anneal- diagram will generally be found necessary. A
ing temperature depends on the type of study of the isothermal transformation dia-
structure required and the time which can be gram and the hardness values of the structures
allowed for the treatment. Sometimes a useful formed at different temperatures will indi-
compromise is to allow most of the trans- cate, however, the temperature range over
formation to take place at a high temperature which controlled cooling is necessary and be-
where a soft structure is formed, and then to low which relatively rapid cooling is per-
cool to a lower temperature at which trans- missible.
formation is completed more rapidly.
Some steels transform too slowly in the
pearlite range for the application of either
'00
isothermal or continuous cooling annealing.
0'95 Such steels are usually annealed by a pro-
longed tempering treatment, often referred to
as subcritical annealing. This type of treat-
0'85 ~
~
ment serves to globularize the carbide struc-
0'(1 i ture and is adequate for many purposes, but
~ for a steel which is to undergo difficult
O.75~
machining operations it is sometimes advan-
--t.---\-\-\\ --11--~O'70 1 tageous to use a two-stage treatment. The first
stage involves austenitizing the steel, allowing
0'60
it to transform as far as possible in the
pearlite range either during slow cooling or
055 isothermally, and then cooling to room tem-
, 2
SECONDS
I
HOUR
perature. During cooling to room temperature
TIME that portion of the austenite which did not
whete T , Temperature 0' ba' at anr IlUUIlI
transform to pearlite transforms to the harder
T, 11,.IU1l temptruurt or bat.
TI.Temper~lure 0' Ihe coollnl medium
bainite and martensite structures, and this
part of the structure is softened during the
Fig. 21 Air-cooling curves for the "near-sur face" second stage of annealing which comprises a
position of l-in. to 6-in. diameter bars prolonged tempering treatment just below the
Al temperature.
The formation of globular carbide is often Continuous cooling

promoted by holding the steel for several transformation diagrams
hours at a temperature just below the Al
temperature prior to heating to the A number of attempts have been made to
austeni tizing temperature.63 This trea tmen t derive from isothermal transformation dia-
causes the carbide particles to agglomerate, grams information on the transformations
and in consequence they do not dissolve so likely to occur at known rates of continuous
readily at the austenitizing temperature and cooling. Notable amongst these are the
serve as nuclei for the precipitation of methods which have been suggested b&t
globular carbide during subsequent transform- Scheil,6oi Steinbert 66 and Manning and Lorig, 6
ation in the pearlite range. for calculating the temperatures at which
transformation begins during cooling. Other
Continuous cooling annealing is often less methods have been proposed by Grange and
time consuming than isothermal annealing for Kiefer 61 and by Pumphrey and Jones 68 for
large components or large batches of steel deriving the temperatures for various stages
which would require considerable time for the of transformation. Although some degree of
entire mass to cool to the optimum isothermal success has been claimed for these methods,
transformation temperature. For continuous their general applicability is limited.
cooling annealing, selection of the austenitiz-
ing temperature and the rate of cooling One of the difficulties in the calculation of
through the transformation temperature range temperatures for the start of transformation
arises from the apparent complexity of the oil-quenched cylindrical bars; a typical cor-
interrelationships between the nucleation relation is shown in Fig. 27.
processes at various temperatures. Several
investigators have endeavored to resolve this The method used in determining the contin-
problem,59,60,61 but a satisfactory solution has uous cooling transformation diagrams present-
yet to be found. Calculation of the progress of ed here provides transformation data for
transformation during continuous cooling, various positions in oil-quenched cylindrical
using isothermal transformation data, is also bars of infinite length, varying in diameter
difficult for various reasons. Firstly, it is from I in. to 6 in. This size range covers the
uncertain to what extent transformation pro- maximum ruling sections quoted in the British
ducts formed at one temperature nucleate Standards Institution's Schedule of Wrought
transformations at lower temperatures. Steels (B.S. 970, 1955). Since full details of the
Secondly, partial transformation in one tem- method used have been described elsewhere'f
perature range may modify the composition of only the broad outline of the procedure is
the untransformed austenite and thus alter its given here.
transformation behavior at lower temper-
atures. For example, separation of pro- In view of the obvious practical difficulties
eutectoid ferrite in the pearlite range will involved in recording transformations which
increase the carbon content of the untrans- occur in bars quenched directly in oil, the
formed austenite and this enriched austenite cooling rates characteristic of oil-quenched
will as a consequence transform more bars were obtained by air-cooling smaller bars
reluctantly in the bainite range and will have of appropriate sizes. Steven and Mayer 49 have
a lower M, temperature than austenite of the shown that the diameter of an oil quenched
original composition. Thirdly, the heat liber- bar and the equivalent size of bar which cools
ated during transformation retards cooling, in air at the same rate over the temperature
often with marked effects on the progress of range of 700 to 300C are connected by the
transformation. It is extremely difficult to following equation:
take the heat of transformation into account
when deriving continuous cooling transform- Log 0 A = 159 log Do + log b
ation data from isothermal diagrams and the where 0 A = Diameter of air-cooled bar
various methods of calculation which have Do = Diameter of oil-quenched bar
hitherto been proposed have ignored this b = 0052. 0045 and 0036 (where DA and Do are in inches)
factor. for cooling at the axis. mid-radius and a near-surface position.
respectively. of the oil-quenched bar. Where DA and Do
are in millimetres, corresponding values for b are 00077.
The limitations of isothermal diagrams for ap- 00067 and 00053.
plication to continuous cooling conditions
have stimulated efforts to develop diagrams The transformations occurring in the air-
which would portray the progress of trans- cooled bars were in general followed
formation under such conditions. The major dilatometrically; a view of the apparatus
difference between the methods used to deter- employed is shown in Fig. 22. For the smallest
mine the two types of diagram is that in bar size studied however (0.9-in. diameter bars
isothermal studies the progress of transform- quenched in oil) information on transform-
ation with time is measured for a series of ation characteristics was obtained by a
constant temperatures, whereas for continuous microscopical method. This method also
cooling condi tions the progress of transform- involved simulating oil-cooling by air-cooling,
ation with falling temperature is measured for but cooling was interrupted at various
a series of cooling cycles. temperatures by quenching in water, and the
progress of transformation with temperature
was derived from a microscopical study of the
Determination and presentation quenched samples. A typical series of
of continuous cooling microstructures showing the progress of
transformation diagrams transformation in a B.S. En 12 steel cooled at
the rate of a 0.9-in. diameter oil-quenched bar,
Various methods of determining and present- is reproduced in Fig. 23.
ing continuous cooling transformation data
have been described in the literature. Some of Continuous cooling transformation diagrams
these have employed purely arbitrary cooling for each of the steels dealt with in this article
rates, but others have used the range of are presented with the isothermal transform-
cooling rates along the length of a Jominy ation diagrams, but it will be convenient to
end-quench hardenability test-piece. The cool- discuss the general characteristics of
ing rates obtained by the end-quench test- continuous cooling diagrams as typified by
piece method can be correlated with those of the one for the B.S. En 111 steel (see Fig. 24).
Next Page
As in isothermal transformation diagrams, the oil-quenched bar of the B.S. En III steel (Fig.
ordinate scale of the diagram shown in Fig. 24 24) would transform is indicated by drawing
represents temperature, the abscissa scale an ordinate from the 3-in. position on the
represents oil-quenched bar diameter, and the upper scale representing bar diameter, and
diagram shows the temperatures at which reading the temperatures at which this
transforma tion starts and reaches various ordinate intersects the lines of the diagram
stages of completion (10, 50, 90 and 100%) which depict progress of transformation. Thus,
when lvin. to 6-in. diameter bars are oil-
quenched from the austenitizing temperature.
It will be noted that there are three scales
along the bottom of the diagram. The top
scale should be used to assess the progress of
transformation at the axes of oil-quenched
bars (rib = 0, where r = distance from axis of
bar, and b = radius of bar); the second and
third scales are for use in assessing the
progress of transformation at the mid-radius
(r Ib = 0.5) and "near-surface" (rib = 0.8) bar
positions.
The temperature range within which the a S40~C.
x 850 b 500'C. X850
material at the axis of, say, a 3-in. diameter
c 450'C. x 850 d 350'C. x 850
Fig, 23 Four stages in the transformation of

austenite to bainite in 1% nickel steel (B.S. En
12) when cooled at the rate of a 0.9-in. diameter
oil-quenched bar. Etchant: 2% nitric acid in
alcohol. Small test pieces were air-cooled to the
temperatures indicated to simulate this cooling
rate, and were then water-quenched
transformation would begin at 600C, 50% of

the austenite would be transformed when the
temperature at the axis reaches 505C, and
transformation would be complete at 400C.
An ordinate drawn from the 3-in. position on
the scale representing the "near-surface"
position shows that the temperatures for the
Fig, 22 General view of the dilatometric same stages of transformation of the material
apparatus used for the determination of near the surface of the bar would be 565, 495
continuous-cooling transformation diagrams. The and 360C respectively.
movable furnace employed for austenitizing the
steel samples is seen in the lower part of the The transformation lines of the continuous
apparatus; above this is the dilatometer and cooling transformation diagrams are not
camera used for recording the dilatation of the continued below the Me line to join up with
specimen. During cooling the specimen is the corresponding martensite transformation
enclosed in a small compartment, the front panel lines, since at temperatures below about 300C
of which has been removed for this illustration to the method of air-cooling small bars to
provide a view of the lower part of the simulate the cooling of oil-quenched bars does
dilatometer not provide a sufficiently close match of
Previous Page
cooling rates to justify the application of the In the size range in which ferrite/pearlite
method to these lower temperatures. structures are the first to separate during
cooling, the temperature for the start-of-
The structures which can be expected in the transformation usually decreases gradually
as-quenched bars are indicated beneath each with decreasing bar diameter, but when
diagram, e.g., in the diagram for the B.S. En bainite is the first constituent to form there is
111 steel it is shown that with increasing bar often a range of bar sizes in which the
diameter, the resulting structures consist of temperature for the start-of-transformation
martensite, martensite + bainite, ferrite + remains constant, or falls less rapidly. Thus,
pearlite + bainite, and ferrite + pearlite. No the minimum diameter for pearlite formation
attempt is made to indicate the proportions of is often indicated by an inflection in the
the various constituents when two or more are curve representing the start-of-transf'ormation;
present in the as-quenched bars, but a useful in the continuous cooling transformation
guide in this respect is provided by the curves diagram for the B.S. En 111 steel this is shown
of the diagram showing percen tages of at the 2.25-in. diameter position. For bars
transformation. In general, transformation at smaller than 2.25-in. diameter, the product of
temperatures above 550C may be accepted as transformation in this steel is therefore either
giving ferrite and pearlite structures, whereas wholly bainitic, or martensiric, or contains a
between this temperature and the M, proportion of each of these constituents. The
temperature bainite is formed. critical diameter below which it is possible to
obtain full hardening by oil-quenching is not
shown precisely in the continuous cooling
The as-quenched hardness values to be transformation diagram of the B.S. En 111
expected in the oil-quenched bars are also steel, since it is less than the smallest diameter
shown with each continuous cooling trans- which could be tested, but the trend of the
formation diagram. These values were start-of-transf'ormation line suggests that it is
obtained on the equivalent air-cooled test- a bou t 0.8-in.
pieces.
A 2-in. diameter oil-quenched bar of this steel
starts to transform at 500C, and at 485C 50%
General features of of the transformation to bainite is complete.
continuous cooling This high-temperature bainite is of lower
transformation diagrams carbon content than the austenite from which
it is formed, consequently the remaining aus-
The continuous cooling transformation dia- tenite becomes enriched in carbon and the M,
gram for the B.S. En 111 steel shown in Fig.
24 illustrates the various features of trans- '00 r----~----___,__------,------.------.-----,
e
formation which are encountered in diagrams
of this type. Transformation of the austenite
at the axes of oil-quenched bars more than .00
4.25-in. diameter results in the formation of
ferrite and pearlite. The transformation
occurs in a fairly narrow range of temper- t~ SOO
ature, for example, at the axis of a 5-in. ~
diameter bar transformation starts at 650C, j

and is completed when the temperature
I '''~''O'H'''O"
,
reaches 590C. At 4.25-in. diameter, the trans- .00 i
TO t1A~TlNSH[ I
formation lines representing the later stage of E::
... I
I
,
I
I
transformation fall sharply to lower temper- TIl.ANSf01KAnoN TO I

HUJTE .[AIlUn "
6.. INlTE 5iRUCrulES
atures, and for bars between 2.25-in. and 4.25- JOO 100% T~...nbll
in. diameter, the temperature range of trans-

formation is much wider. In this size-range,
transformation starts with a separation of ...... POVl1ON
j Dv.Hml\ Of OIl.QUENCHED BAA hfro
AJQS\:-.----.--------;,=:.:~...:...:c.;.::.:=---;------;---~,
ferrite and pearlite, followed by bainite at a ............ ~~- - ' - - - - - - ! - - - - - ! - - - - , - - - - - - - - - + - - i -
lower temperature. The two reactions may Nw..suPJ'ACE:.~_----+-_--!-_~~-+_-+----!--___!__
occur together over a range of temperature,
but as the temperature falls, the formation of AS-QUeKHEO HAADNES'S VAlUES D.I.N.
~ 1?0-~ ~.~Z!3~.~
pearlite gradually gives way to formation of l!'J 2!S \'
bainite. With decreasing bar diameter below

4.25-in., the amount of ferrite and pearlite Fig. 24 Continuous cooling transformation
formed decreases, until 2.25-in. diameter little diagram for B.S. En 111 steel austenitized at
or no pearlite appears in the microstructure. 845 0C
temperature of the steel is depressed. At small Each diagram is based on a study of samples
diameters, the bainite is formed at lower taken from a single cast of steel. Other casts
temperatures and its carbon content approach- of the same type of steel may, because of
es that of the initial austenite. With decreas- their different carbon and alloy content,
ing bar size, the Me temperature is therefore differ substantially in their transformation
gradually restored to the normal value for the characteristics, while still conforming to all
steel. This feature is not shown by every steel, requirements of the specification. Particularly
however, since the amount of low-carbon wide variations are to be expected from low-
bainite formed is often insufficient to in- alloy steels likely to contain variable amounts
crease significantly the carbon content of the of residual alloying elements.
remaining austenite.
It should also be remembered that the small
Many of the deeper-hardening steels, when samples used for determining transformation
oil-quenched as I-in. to 6-in. diameter bars, do diagrams may not be completely represent-
not transform to ferrite/pearlite structures, ative of the cast as a whole. Other parts of
and the continuous cooling diagrams of these the cast may yield significantly different
steels merely show a zone of bainite trans- results. Furthermore, there may be variations
formation. Typical examples are provided by across the section of individual bars or
the diagrams presented for the B.S. En 23, 24, forgings 67, some zones of which will usually
25, 26, 100 and 110 steels. transform more readily and others less readily
than the diagram would suggest. Such
differences are at a maximum in castings and
The transformation data given by the are believed to be progressively reduced by
continuous cooling diagrams for quenched forging and rolling. At best, the diagram can
bars provide a useful indication of the show no more than the average transformation
suitability of a steel for applications in which characteristics of the cast.
specific mechanical properties after tempering
are required. In the low Ni-Cr steel B.S. En The transformation diagrams of many steels
111 (Fig. 24), bars up to a diameter of about are not appreciably affected by quite wide
0.75-in. would be fully hardened by oil- variations of austenitizing time and temper-
quenching, and after lightly tempering a ature, but if the steel contains appreciable
satisfactory combination of tensile and impact amounts of strong carbide-forming elements
properties should be obtained at high tensile the effect may be significant. Raising the
strengths. Slightly larger bars containing a austenitizing temperature of such a steel
proportion of bainite could be tempered to causes progressive solution of alloy carbide
somewhat lower strengths and would have and alters the composition of the austenite,
impact-resistance adequate for most purposes. which in turn affects the transformation
However, as the bar size increases beyond the characteristics of the steel at subcritical temp-
critical diameter for full hardening by oil- eratures. Similarly, varying the austenitizing
quenching, the proportion of bainite in this time at a given temperature may modify the
steel increases rapidly, and even with transformation characteristics, although the
relatively small sections it is unlikely that magnitude of this effect is appreciably less.
sufficiently close control of heat treatment
could be maintained to secure consistent
properties at relatively high tensile strengths. Subject to these limitations, isothermal and
Tempering to intermediate strength levels is continuous cooling transformation diagrams
therefore advisable for all bar sizes up to can be of great assistance in controlling the
about I-lIs-in. diameter. Bars between I-lIs-in. heat treatment of alloy steels. The isothermal
and 4-in. diameter should be tempered to still transformation diagrams presented in this sec-
lower tensile levels to secure satisfactory tion portray the fundamental transformation
impact-resistance, and those of more than characteristics on which the behavior of the
about 4-in. diameter would be suitable only steels during heat treatment largely depends
for relatively low-strength applications. and they are of direct value in the application
of special heat treatments based on this type
of diagram. The continuous cooling transform-
ation diagrams are of particular value for
Limitations of directly assessing the transformation behavior
transformation diagrams of simple shapes quenched in oil; they obviate
the need for use of continuous cooling
Certain limitations inherent in both isotherm- transformation data of uncertain value de-
al and continuous cooling transformation dia- rived by calculation from isothermal
grams should be borne constantly in mind. diagrams.
Hardenability between 50 and 100% martensite and the

hardness values specified are usually those of
Hardenability refers to the ability of a steel predominantly martensitic structures. It will
to form martensite when cooled at a variety be appreciated that the smaller the proportion
of rates from an austenitizing temperature; it of martensi te or the lower the hardness
is related therefore to the maximum thickness required, and the more efficient the quench
of section which can be fully hardened specified, the greater will be the critical dia-
throughout. It is not concerned with the maxi- meter of a given steel. To facilitate compari-
mum hardness obtainable in the steel; as has sons, the effect of the quenching medium can
already been indicated (see Fig. IS), this be eliminated mathematically by converting
depends almost entirely on carbon content and the critical diameter to an "ideal critical dia-
is substantially independent of alloy content. meter."6B The latter is the critical diameter for
For example, a I% carbon steel rapidly cooled an infinitely fast quench, i.e., a theoretically
after austenitizing will develop a much higher ideal quench which reduces the surface of the
hardness than a 3% nickel steel containing sample instantaneously to the temperature of
only 0.3% carbon, but the nickel steel will the quenching medium. The "ideal critical
have the greater hardenability because it will diameter" will clearly be greater than the
harden fully through a larger section. critical diameter for a quench in, say, oil or
water.
The difference between hardness and hard-
enability may be illustrated by considering STEEL A STEEL B
the response to hardening of two steels A and '00
B, steel "A" having the lower carbon content ~
but the higher alloy content. Suppose that
u~
several different sized bars of each of these 7CO
l"dla.
steels are quenched under identical conditions,
transversely sectioned, and tested for hardness Z
~600 4~
from the surface to the axis. If the hardness ::l
of each bar is then plotted in the form of a Z
0
curve of hardness values vs. distance from the '"

;5500 2" db.
axis, two sets of "hardness-transverse" curves ~

are obtained, such as those shown in Fig. 25. ...
It will be noted that the 0.5-in. and I-in.
diameter bars of steel "A" have hardened )00
completely, whereas the 2-in. diameter bar has 2 I 0 I
DISTANCE FROM AXIS inch
I 0 I
DISTANCE FROM AXIS inch
only partially hardened, and the 3-in. dia-
meter bar has not hardened to any extent. On
the other hand, the 0.5-in. diameter bar of Fig. 25 Hardness traverse curves to illustrate
steel "B" has hardened fully, but the l-In, differences in hardenability. Steel A has the
diameter bar has only partially hardened, and greater hardenability, steel B higher maximum
neither the 2-in. nor the 3-in. diameter bars hardness. but less hardenability
have hardened appreciably. Thus, the rate at
which a l-In, diameter bar cools in the Instead of using the as-quenched hardness or
particular quenching medium adopted, has martensite content as a criterion, the harden-
been sufficient to harden fully steel "A", but ability of a steel can be assessed in terms of
not steel "B." The higher-alloy steel "A" despite mechanical properties. The critical diameter
its lower maximum hardness, is therefore said of a steel is then the largest diameter which
to have greater hardenability than steel "B," can be hardened and tempered to develop a
since under similar quenching conditions it selected combination of mechanical properties
will harden in greater diameters, although at some specified position in the cross-section
steel "B" is capable of developing the greater of the bar. The critical diameter is then
maximum hardness. usually referred to as a maximum "ruling
section." This method of hardenability assess-
Hardenability is expressed quantitatively in ment and control is that commonly employed
terms of "critical diameters" or "ruling sec- in Great Britain and it is used extensively in
tions." The critical diameter of a steel may be the British Standards Institution's Schedule of
defined as the maximum diameter in which, Wrought Steels (B.S. 970, 1955). The speci-
after quenching in a selected medium, it will fications included in this schedule stipulate
develop a specified hardness or a structure several maximum ruling sections for each type
containing a specified proportion of marten- of direct-hardening steel, and these are asso-
site either at the axis or at some other chosen ciated with certain minimum tensile and Izod
point. The proportion specified is usually impact requirements for test pieces machined
from the axial or mid-radial positions of ation of the effects of alloying elements on
round bars. Thus. each ruling section dictates isothermal transformation characteristics. In a
the minimum hardenability of the steel if the steel hardened to a 50% martensitic structure.
specified mechanical properties are to be the remainder of the as-quenched structure
obtained. will in some cases consist of pearlite. in others
it will consist of bainite. and in still other
cases both pearlite and bainite transform-
Influence of chemical ations may precede the formation of marten-
composition on hardenability site. As already mentioned. the alloying
elements vary in the extent to which they
All the common alloying elements including affect rates of transformation in the pearlite
manganese. copper. nickel. chromium and and bainite ranges. For example. molybdenum
molybdenum increase hardenability; cobalt has and chromium markedly retard the pearlite
the reverse effect. 16 Addition of carbon up to reaction. but have a much less potent effect
at least the eutectoid content. improves on the bainite reaction; thus an addition of
hardenability and the small percentages of molybdenum to a steel will have a marked
silicon and phosphorus usually present in steel effect on hardenability if this is limited by
also exert a positive effect. Sulfur. on the the formation of pearlite. but the same
other hand. by combining with manganese to addition to a steel. the hardenability of which
form sulfide. reduces the alloy content of the is limited by the formation of bainite. will
austenite and impairs hardenability. The have a much smaller effect. Failure must,
presence of about 0.003% boron markedly therefore, attend any method of calculation
enhances hardenability but further increase of which assumes. as does the Grossmann method,
boron has no addition effect and may impair that a given addition of an element will
forgeability. always have the same effect on hardenability.
As would be expected. austenitic grain size From considerations such as the above,
also exerts an influence on hardenability: Hollomon and Jaffe decided that the harden-
hardenability is increased by increase of grain ability of a steel should be assessed by two
size. factors--pearlitic hardenability and bainitic
hardenability--the former value representing
In 1942 Grossmann'f proposed a method of the largest diameter that will harden without
calculating hardenability from chemical com- the formation of pearlite and the latter the
position and grain size. This involved allotting largest diameter that will harden without the
to the steel a basic hardenability or critical formation of bainite. The effective harden-
diameter (De) dependent on its carbon content ability of a steel is then the smaller of these
and grain size. and then multiplying this two values. These investigators decided that
value in turn by a series of factors to allow the bulk of Grossmann's multiplying factors
for the effect of each of the alloying elements had been determined under such conditions
present. Thus Di, the critical diameter of an that they probably applied to pearlitic
ideal quench. was obtained from an equation hardenability. In deriving multiplying factors
of the following type: they assume that changes in the percentages
of carbon, manganese. nickel, copper and
silicon will produce the same changes in
Di = Dc X A(% Mn) X B(% Si) X C(% Ni). etc. bainitic as they do in pearlitic hardenability,
that changes in molybdenum and grain size
where A. B. C. etc. were multiplying factors ha ve negligible effects on bainitic harden-
which were claimed to be characteristic of the ability, and that chromium has only half the
effects of the elements on hardenability. effect on bainitic that it has on pearlitic
hardenability. These assumptions are, at the
most, no better than rough approximations.
The critical diameters obtained by Grossmann but the information required to assess more
were related to as-quenched structures con- accurately the effects of alloying elements on
taining 50% of martensite and no stipula tion bainitic hardenability is not yet available.
was made regarding the nature of other
products of transformation which might be
present. It soon became apparent that although This concept of pearlitic and bainitic harden-
the method was fairly successful when applied ability is an important contribution to the
to low-alloy steel. it was unreliable when understanding of the subject. but even this
applied to steels of higher alloy content. As modified approach will not provide a reliable
Hollomon and Jaffe 70 have pointed out. the calculation of hardenability from chemical
reason for this is apparent from a consider- composition.
Measurement of ',l..------------------,
hardenability
~:-~
CURVE X
The most reliable method of assessing the

hardenability of a steel is to quench bars of
various sizes and examine their microstruc- iSm
tures or determine their hardnesses and '"
mechanical properties directly. This, however, ~J.:J
~
~
CURVE Y
is a tedious and time-consuming method and
involves the use of large quantities of r
material, a feature which is often incon-
venient, particularly during the development
stages of a steel. Continuous cooling trans-
formation diagrams provide an assessment of
hardenability, but the end-quench test by Fig. 26 Examples of end-quench curves for
Jominy/! has been used most widely for this steels of high and medium hardenability
purpose.
the structures along the end-quenched test
specimen. Other criteria which have been used
The Jominy end-quench test involves austen- include the distance to some selected hardness
itizing a test bar 4-in. long by l-In, diameter, level, or to the inflection point of the curve.
and then quenching it under standard con- Each of these criteria has a field of
ditions by a water jet which impinges on one usefulness in correlating the influence of the
end only of the specimen. The sample conse- variables controlling hardenability.
quently cools very rapidly at the quenched
end and progressively less rapidly towards the
opposite end. The hardness of the end- Application of end-quench
quenched bar is determined at closely spaced hardenability curves
intervals along its length, at a standard depth
below the surface, and these values are plotted During the period shortly after the intro-
against the distance from the quenched end to duction of the Jominy end-quench test it was
give end-quench hardenability of Jominy widely claimed 72 ,73 that the curves so obtained
curves of the type shown in Fig. 26. could be used to forecast the hardness of dif-
ferent points across the section of quenched
A deep-hardening steel will give an almost bars. The method recommended involved a
horizontal end-quench curve, similar to curve knowledge of the cooling rates developed
"X," which indicates that the steel will along the length of the Jominy test specimen
develop substantially martensitic structures during end-quenching, and of the cooling
when cooled at any rate within the range rates of quenched bars, and it was assumed
covered by the end-quench test. A steel of that the quenched bar would develop the same
medium hardenability, however, will give a hardness as that developed at that point on
curve similar to curve "Y," which shows that the Jominy test specimen which cooled at the
within the range of cooling rates developed same rate. However, neither the cooling curve
over the first 0.2 in. of the test specimen the of the end-quenched specimen nor of the
steel will develop substantially martensitic quenched bar is linear, and consequently a
structures, but over the range of cooling rates variety of cooling-rate criteria are possible;
developed within 0.2 to 0.4 in. from the two that have been widely used are the rate
quenched end of the specimen it will harden of cooling at 704C (1300 0F) and the "half-
only partially. When cooled at slower rates temperature-time," i.e., the time taken to cool
such a steel will transform wholly to soft to the arithmetical mean of the austenitizing
transformation products. temperature and the temperature of the
quenching medium. Steven and Mayer 49 have
Clearly the position of the steep part of the demonstrated that the cooling rate over the
end-quench curve provides an index of temperature interval 700 to 500C is a more
hardenability, and simple comparisons on this satisfactory criterion.
basis are adequate for most purposes. For
more detailed comparisons, however, a number The work of the Hardenability Sub-Commit-
of particular points on the Jominy curve have tee 74 showed that the hardness of quenched
been used; these include the position at which bars could not be calculated with accuracy
the steel develops 50% martensite, or the from end-quench hardenability curves, and
distance over which the steel develops a fully demonstrated that the discrepancies between
martensitic structure. Both of these must be values calculated from these curves and those
determined by microscopical examination of actually developed are due mainly to trans-
, 0 s
"
--_._~~-
"'I
10 as 10 as
" The end-quench test can be used also to
- It indicate the hardness to be expected in
quenched and tempered bars. For this purpose,
Y .. =005 the specimen is end-quenched in the normal
>:
" manner and then uniformly tempered before
~
hardness testing. The. hardness of a quenched
0
J
and tempered steel bar should then be the
r
same as the hardness at the equivalent Jominy
~ ;
. ~ distance indicated by Fig. 27. The error in
r
0
5 forecasting the hardness of a quenched and

(; a
tempered bar decreases as the tempering
~
e
,
-I'i temperature is raised, and for tempering tem-
peratures above 500C, it is almost negligible.
-i'
,I O. ,., i
,., j
i
The end-quench hardenability curves present-
ed here were determined in accordance with
" 06 '0
" the procedure recommended in the Iron and
Steel Institute Special Report No. 36, 1946. 74
EQUIVAlENT JOHtNY D1STAHCE inch
Fig. 27 Equivalent Jominy distances for the axis The end-quenched specimens were subsequent-
(r /b = 0), mid-radius (r /b = 0.5), and "nearly tempered at several temperatures to provide
surface" positions (r /b = 0.8) of oil-quenched an indication of the hardness values to be
bars expected from each steel when quenched and
tempered.
verse and longitudinal variations of harden-
ability within steel billets of normal commer-
cial quali ty. 76 The standard I-in. diameter Limitations of end-quench
end-quench test piece is usually machined hardenability curves
from I-lis-in. diameter hot-rolled bar, and the
hardness measurements along the length of the An end-quench hardenability curve suffers
bar reflect the hardening response only of the from disadvantages similar to those outlined
material near the surface of the bar. End- for transformation diagrams, i.e., the test data
quench hardenability curves should therefore provided by a single test do not indicate the
be used only semi-quantitatively to forecast variations which may be encountered in
the behavior of quenched bars. For example, a different steels conforming to a given
Jominy curve can be used to decide whether a specification. Due to the effects of micro- and
bar of given size is likely to harden fully, to macro-segregation, appreciable differences in
harden partially, or to transform completely hardenability can also exist between different
to soft transformation products when quench- samples of the same cast of steel. As
ed in oil. For this purpose, the relationshipt? mentioned previously, the standard end-
between end-quench hardenability curves and quench test provides hardenability data for
oil-quenched bars shown in Fig. 27 should be the material at the surface of a I-in. diameter
satisfactory. Curve "Y" of Fig. 26 will serve to test piece, and when this test piece has been
illustrate the use of the relationship. The machined from I-lis-in. diameter rolled bar
equivalent Jominy distances for the axes of the information obtained can often be
oil-quenched 0.5-in., I-in., and 2-in. diameter misleading if steel with transverse harden-
bars are, respectively, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.62-in. ability variations is used. These limitations
These distances correspond to the top portion, can be particularly important if the steel is to
the mid-slope and the lower flat of the be used in a lightly tempered condition after
Jominy curve. Thus, the 0.5-in. diameter oil- quenching, because in sections of critical size
quenched bar may be expected to harden small variations in hardenability can cause
fully, but the l-In, diameter bar will only significan t differences in the degree of
partially harden, and the 2-in. diameter bar hardening. A single end-quench test will,
will fail completely to harden at the axis. however, indicate the bar size range which
may be critical in this respect, should trans-
verse hardenability variations be suspected.
The relationship shown in Fig. 27 is based on
equality of cooling rates over the range 700 to Providing its limitations are recognized, the
500C, between the cooling curves of an end- end-quench test provides a simple means of
quench test specimen, as reported by Russell assessing the hardenability of a steel and it is
and Williamson,76 and the cooling curves of particularly useful because it can be applied
oil-quenched bars as reported by Steven and for controlling the heat treatment of steels
Mayer. 49 under production conditions.
Effects of tempering condition internal stresses are high. On

tempering, carbides are precipi ta ted, and iron
Hardened steels invariably contain internal atoms of the lattice are rearranged, thus
stresses or "quenching stresses," which are providing considerable stress relief. The
greater the more drastic the quenching treat- nature of the carbide which separates during
ment and the more complex the shape of the the first stage of tempering has not been
hardened components. Sometimes these stresses definitely established, but there is sufficient
are relieved to some extent by induced plastic evidence to show that it has a composition
deformation, but this may be accompanied by between that of FesC and that of Fe2C.17,78
a certain amount of distortion. Hardened This carbide has been termed -iron carbide.
steels also lack toughness and ductility to an The separation of .f -iron carbide, at least in
extent which depends on the composition of high-carbon steels, begins at about 100oC 79
the steel and the degree of hardening and this carbide subsequently decomposes to
achieved. Tempering is effected, therefore, to cementite at higher temperatures. The first
relieve the quenching stresses and to provide stage of carbide separation from a martensitic
improved toughness and ductility insofar as steel is sometimes accompanied by a slight
this is compatible with tensile strength ade- increase of hardness, but this hardening,
quate for service requirements. which has been ascribed to the formation of
E -iron carbide.P'' is accompanied by softening
Amongst other things, the toughness and duc- due to the simultaneous removal of carbon
tility of a steel depend to a large extent on from the martensite matrix. Depending on the
the nature, size and distribution of the car- amount of carbide that precipitates, either
bides dispersed in the ferrite matrix, and the hardening or softening may therefore be
effects of tempering are due mainly to the observed. The marked softening that occurs at
changes which occur in these carbides on higher tempering temperatures is associated
heating. with the formation of cementite and complete
carbon depletion of the martensite.
The relief of internal stresses and the break-

down of the martensite atomic lattice on
tempering up to about 250C results in some
improvement in ductility and toughness, and
in an increased ratio of yield stress to
breaking strength in tension. The optimum
values of yield or proof stress are usually
obtained after tempering at 300 to 325C, but
as the tempering temperature is raised above
about 250C there is, for most steels, an
intermediate range of tempering temperature
which causes loss of toughness. The extent of
this temperature range, and the degree of
embrittlement occurring within it, varies with
the alloy content and is also affected by other
variables, such as the presence of small
amounts of those elements which are normally
regarded as impurities. An example of the
influence of alloy content on the extent of the
embrittlement range is provided by the res-
x 10,000
ponse to tempering of steels containing about
Fig. 28 Untempered martensite in a low Ni-Cr- 2% of silicon. Certain steels of this type can
Mo steel (B.S. En 110 J, austenitized at 860C be tempered at temperatures up to about
and water quenched. Electron micrograph. 300C without serious embrittlement''! or loss
Preshadowed evaporated aluminum replica of tensile strength, and this renders it possible
to obtain high ratios of yield stress to tensile
strength at high tensile levels.
Martensite decomposition It has been suggested by Lement, Averbach
and associated effects and Coherr'? that this embrittlement, which
generally reaches a maximum on tempering at
In a fully hardened martensitic steel, the temperatures of the order of 350C, is asso-
carbon is almost entirely in solid solution in a ciated with the resolution of E-iron carbide
body-centered tetragonal lattice and in this and the precipitation of cementite films along
martensite plate boundaries. At temperatures coalescence of carbides in a fully hardened

above the embrittlement range, however, the and tempered 1.5% nickel-chromium-molybde-
softening of the matrix due to carbon de- num steel are given in Fig. 28 and 30.
pletion causes an increase in ductility which
eventually overcomes the embrittling effect of
the cementite films. The nature of carbides
in tempered alloy steels
The cementite initially formed during the

tempering of steels containing high percent-
ages of carbide-forming elements tends to
change radually to more stable alloy car-
bides. 82 ,8 ,84,85 The rate at which these changes
occur is governed to some extent by the rate
of diffusion of carbon, but more particularly
by the rates of diffusion of the alloying
elements in the ferrite matrix. At low temper-
atures, the diffusion rates are too low to
enable the composition of the carbides to
change significantly within normal tempering
times and the change occurs only at the
highest tempering temperatures or on pro-
Fig. 29 Tempered martensite in a low Ni-Cr-Mo longed treatment at intermediate temperatures.
steel (B.S. En 110), water-quenched from 860C In low- and medium-alloy steels of the types
and tempered 1 h at 350C. Electron included here, however, formation of stable
micrograph. Preshadowed evaporated aluminum alloy carbides does not occur even after
replica prolonged tempering at high temperatures,
although the alloy content of the initial
(Editor's Note: A more up-to-date review of cementite increases as tempering progresses.
embrittlement associated with the tempering The formation of carbides of increased alloy
of steels can be found in Properties and content leads to a diminution in the alloy
Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance content of the ferrite and it would be
Alloys, Vol I, 10th ed., Metals Handbook, ASM expected that this would also reduce the
International, Materials Park OR, 1990, pp strength of the ferrite matrix.f" apart from
689-736) any effect which the coalescence of carbides
might have. In these steels the low rates of
diffusion of the alloying elements which have
a strong affinity for carbon tend, however, to
reduce coalescence of carbides, and in order
to temper to a given tensile strength it is
usually necessary to employ tempering
temperatures somewhat higher than would be
used for plain carbon steels. Consequently,
internal stresses can be removed more
effectivel y.
In steels which are incompletely hardened, the

extent to which carbides coalesce during
tempering is influenced by the size and
x 10.000 dispersion of the carbides initially present in
Fig. 30 Tempered martensite in a low Ni-Cr-Mo the un tempered material. If the carbides are
steel (B.S. En 110), water-quenched from 860C relatively coarse and well separated, as in
and tempered at 550C. Electron micrograph. coarse lamellar pearlite, little further change
Preshadowed evaporated aluminum replica is effected in the size and distribution of the
carbide unless high tempering temperatures or
long tempering times are applied. Within the
The further softening produced by tempering times normally used for tempering, coales-
temperatures higher than that at which cence of carbides generally occurs to a
cementite formation is complete is associated significant extent only if the tempering
with coalescence of carbides, resulting in a temperature is higher than that at which the
further increase in ductility and toughness. initial structure was formed during the
Structures illustrating the precipitation and hardening treatment.
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Next Page
67. E.H. Bucknall, "A Note on the Effect of 77. K.H. Jack, "Structural Transformations
the Location of the Test-Piece on the in the Tempering of High-Carbon
Jominy Hardenability of Billets," Steels," Jnl. Iron and Steel Inst., 1951,
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Iron and Steel Institute. Special Report
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"The Mechanism and Kinetics of the
68. M.A. Grossmann, M. Asimow, S.F. First Stage of Tempering," Trans. ASM,
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Quenching and Some Quantitative
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Alloy Steels, ASM, 1938, pp 124-190 "Structural Changes During the
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Calculated from Chemical
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70. J.H. Hollomon, L.D. Jaffe, "Harden- vol 46, pp 851-877
ability Concept," Trans. AIME, 1946, vol
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Silicon on the Tempering of Marten-
71. W.E. Jominy, A.L. Boegehold, "A site," Trans. ASM, 1953, vol 45, pp
HardenabiIity Test for Carburizing 498-525
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in Low-Chromium Steel," Trans. AIME,
72. W.E. Jominy, "Hardenability Tests," 1942, vol 150, pp 275-282
Symposium on Hardenability of Alloy
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in Low Chromium-Molybdenum Steels,"
73. M. Asimow, W.F. Craig, MA. Trans. AIME, 1943, vol 154, pp 361-372
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Bars," S.A.E. Journal, July 1941, vol 49, Carbon Content upon the Transform-
p 283 ations in 3% Chromium Steel," Trans.
ASM, 1946, vol 37, pp 402-444
74. Symposium on the Hardenability of Steel.
Iron and Steel Institute, Special Report 85. K. Kuo, "Carbides in Chromium,
No. 36, 1946 Molybdenum and Tungsten Steels," Jnl.
Iron and Steel Inst., 1953, vol 173, pp
75. H. Allsop, W. Steven, "A Study of the 363-375
Relationship between End-Quench
Hardenability Curves and the Hardness 86. W.P. Rees, RE. Hopkins, H.R. Tipler,
of Bars Quenched in Oil," Symposium "Tensile and Impact Properties of Iron-
on the Hardenability of Steel, Iron and Silicon, Iron-Nickel, Iron-Chromium
Steel Institute, Special Report No. 36, and Iron-Molybdenum Alloys of High
1946, pp 199-252 Purity," Jnl. Iron and Steel Inst., 1954,
vol 177, pp 93-110
76. T.F. Russell, J.C. Williamson, "Surface
Temperature Measurements During the
Cooling of a Jominy Test-Piece,"
Symposium on the Hardenability of Steel,
Iron and Steel Institute. Special Report
No. 36, 1946, pp 34-46
Previous Page
1% Ni Steel (B.S. En 12) 1 % Ni Steel (B.S. En 12)
Chemical Composition, % End-Quench Hardenability Curves

I I :z:
~ :I
c I 51 I is
Specfficatlom
I -1 - ,- ,
Mn 5 P No C, Mo
... ....
({.l t\
-T=
~T._ fU"C
Min.
Max.
I
030 010
045 : 035 150 OOS 1005 !
060
1-130' - -
Sleel Studied 0'341 020 11'06 i 0'04 '0'037, 075 0'08/0'02 l:l
~
J "'~_4
GRAIN SIZE:-AsQuenched Grain Size. 7 & 8 (A.S.T.M.) ~ ."
:
~ I
McQualdEhn Grain Size, 3 (..... S.T.M.)
Tu-f'Oto4U
)(1)+ n~
l:l I
~
.T~.t
Isothermal Transformation Diagram ""I

= '<oL
DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF BAR
________
~ l~ ~ H
~
M
_ _.J
H H
Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram

'" r ~,_,l."",,,. ;.,.:l
o
o
~r, ,I
0
0
~
J:)
sOO'
f~----;
I
J:) I
E-! E-! i '0%
~
rill
..
, ~
rill
400!
,
~ ~
I
I H,
E-t JOO E-!
I DIAMETER OF OIL-
. ",",,,,,,,,,,,,' QUENCHED BAR, inch
-----,;x;;, ~~ ;-,_ _---;,---_ _
HIO-MDlUS~- - - -~,,-----:---~--7-----;-
NE.U-5U"""'CE~_~:~_'_-;-~ __-7__-:-__ ~~_~_
1! ~ _~ I
AS QUENCHED HARDNESS VALUES D.P.N.
, 10 10 40 I
DURATION Of ISOTHERMAL TREATMENT
Hardness values in bold figures are shown of the fully

transformed steel; the values in italics represent structures
developed by holding at the selected temperatures for 24 hours
and then quenching to room temperature
3.5% Ni Steel (B.S. En 22) 3.5% Ni Steel (B.S. En 22)

i ""r----:----~~
....
Specification:
I ....~... d
Min. ~
h.IIL'_
511 Studied ~ :
~
METHOD OF MANUFACIURE:-Basic Electric Arc
GRAIN SIZE:-As-Quenched Grain Size,S (A.S.T.M.)
McQuaidEhn Grain Size. 5 & 6 (A.S.T.M.)
=..,'I
~
Q XOI
T""'f'UriIlS1S'C
T..,.....IIC4U"C
~".i
Isothermal Transformation Diagram =IGOL _
I I ":"~IT_"'""'86O"C
01 IH

0.,
'. --~---------'
1-& I~ 14 H 1-4 l-'
~~--JF~~
I' ,
k j i ; ! j
'-t--~----'---T' Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram
I I , ! i
700," ~ _ _. _ . ---~._ ,
'OO lJDDIII
A....Uti ... ,T~"' .... ll6O"C
",
00. o
o
c
o 100
~
i:)
a'"
~
I
-~
. . ,H.
100 1
JOO J
~ I
i+- H
DIAMETER OF OIL-

........,.,.;:;.:-H. _ QUENCHED BAR, inch~ ...J
_J_, ..
~" o
t'.JD..1.ADIUi~_____
I
_~
1

J

.. S
_
, o I 1 J .. $ ,
+---1- H Nu.&-.qj~ACE ~---~---i-----4---~-- ---c-----.J-
I E:a Of Al.ImHI1lUIC TEHPElATUU
"
. ,,
'.1J
,
Its
r.s
"
no no no
... 10 S 10101

3% Ni-Cr Steel (B.S. En 23) 3% Ni-Cr Steel (B.S. En 23)

..r----r-----,-,------r-,-----,--,..--,----,--,-----,.-r---n
Specification: c I SI ! Mn I S
I p
I Ni
I Cr I Mo Z
- -
Min.
Max.
0'25 , 0'10
035 I 035
045 I-
0'70,005
I-
O'OS
12-75
3'50
I0.5~ I -
1'00 0'65 ~ ...
Steel Studied 0'33 i 023 0.571-0071.00513.261.85 I 009 ~ ...
m
MIITHOD OF MANUfAcruRE:- Basic Electric Arc Opllonll
m .. r-.rH.cUO"C
GRAm SIZE:- As-Ouenched Grain Size. 9 (A.S.T.M.)
McQullid-Ehn Grain Size, 4 to 5 (A.S.T,M.) T triMIOO'c
)(II) T...... tri .. &!O'C
=
Isothermal Transformation Diagram
~:L..~~~...
"'-
,f-+---+-l-f-H-f-
to) 100
o
o
o
I-
I
II
+--".
_H. DIAMETER OF OIL-
~
QUENCHED BAR, inch
...,.,~. ---,_.:.....--,-----;;---;---.;------!
....,..",..~I--+--+---+_--7_-~l------1
NEAA-SUU...CE~I--:--_+--+_-_+--+_-_+--+_
... ~hIIOoII . _. 41
n-5or50 ......................... Ioooor SlS
boIo1T............. ....... 14
.... un-. DI'N 110
S .0 l' 40 I 2. 'I' 2' -4, I S 1.101
""'"" ""

1.5% Ni-Cr-Mo Steel (B.S. En 24) 1.5% Ni-Cr-Mo Steel (B.S. En 24)
Chemical Composition, %
Specification:
Min.
Max.
Steel Studied
METHOD Of MANUFAcruRE:- Basic Bectrlc Arc

GRAIN SrzE:- As-Quenched Grain Size, 7 &. 8 (A.S.T.M.)
McQuald.Ehn Grain Size, 4 10 S (A.S.T.M.)

700 r--------------
I .
o
o
~. soo ----------: """'.
~ !
~
.mO'N
E-t JOO
DIAMETER OF OIL-
". ~-". QUENCHED BAR. inch
"""~.---,-----
HH>-MDM!-:_ _--! :---- --:-_ _-"-_ _----; ~-
........,.."");-:__-+- ,L_ _~-___,;----___;L--_;--__;_-
I AS QUENCHED HARDNESS VALUES D.P.N.

""
no
J 10 20 co I 10201

2.5% Ni-Cr-Mo - Medium Carbon Steel 2.5% Ni-Cr-Mo - Medium Carbon Steel
(B.S. En 25) (B.S. En 25)

Speclflcatlon: SI_~_s_ _ _
_C_ _ _ p_!~i~:~ ~ 1W .,'
T-;...
....._ . . . . ~ . - - . ~J"(.
Min.
Max.
027
035
010
035
050 -, - 12.30 I 050 040
070 005 10.05 ,2'80 I 080 ' 070
t
~ .. '- ~_, 1
Steel Studied
MTHOD OF MANUFACTURE:- Basic Eloclnc Arc
032 t 0'27
GRAIN 8Iz:- As-Quenched Grain Si.z.e, 7 &. 8 (....S.T.M.)

056 0.01210'01812.3710.74-0:51
~
~
:=::- .. ~
T...,.,",oc6OJ'C"
I
McQuaid-Ehn Grain Size. 3 10 4 (A.S.T.M.) Z T..... tw4.. lSO'C

~ II'"
"".t- -+--f--
r .-tt-.-t-i"-il~;+J'u~
, +-
I I ::: Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram

k!.:..-.~::..:..:~.;----=-_ .....:....-.----.:..--l..----=. ...:...:-.. .-!....-:.-
I
-;--.
c
o
c
o
__--+-----1 flO",,,
OOOPN
1
ICO" T_ _......
Jot ~.
<t-H.
-
............ H.
-:--
:
!
....",,"""',
!::"
---:;:x;;~~~----;~~~-c--

DIAMETER OF OIL-
QUENCHED BAR, inch
...........:----~~:_~~T-~~7-~~-7--~~__;__~~__;__
NE.-$UU....CE ~:---~---'-~~--;-~~-!-~----!-~~--+-~~~~----e:-

.......... ,...... ... ", .. _ ... ao
n... ... ,..,. .... on.oosIoI ....... - . . '75 "1-15
&cIllT..-w__ .... 1. 1-1$
100
FwIHu....... Df'H
'"
10 40 I l' ~. I S 10 2t I
""
DURATION or ISOTHERMAL TREATMENT

2.5% Ni-Cr-Mo - High Carbon Steel 2.5% Ni-Cr-Mo - High Carbon Steel
(B.S. En 26) (B.S. En 26)

Spcciflcalion:
Min.
C ~
'0.36'0.10
SI , Mn I S
0'5~T=----=-2-lO' 0'50l0:40
044 0'35' 070 005 '0'05 12'80,0'80 i 070
P NI Cr j Mo
~ :r~:~. .- -- . -~.-.~::...-.~:'.-.",~i
~~! T_...,,_
Max.
II
Steel Studied 038 i '151 0.561'005 iO'01l12-42 : 0.741 0'46
METHOD OF MANUPACIURE:- Basic Electric Arc en c! T..,.,.dllsscrc
GRAIN 512.:- As-Quenched Grain Size, 8 (A.S.T.Id.)
McQuaid-Ehn Grain S[ze. 5 (....S.T.M.) ~ ".,I T "" . I
~ i
~1 0'10"0.1101141-1
~ __ n. I
H
, I A~'I' T....~. es-c
'-'-'-'-'-'r-'-'-'
"'r'-----r~---T~::
100 r -- -- - -- - - - - - ---- - -~-~-~-----~-- _ -~,
,.""";T...-. es-c I
10' I
I
I
'
~.,~ ... cP ... ! I
oo I I i -- =- I
=- J..
l:l _---:----,
i ~ ,I
se
a(~-J..," ~
~
Eo<
Eo< 'j-:::H'~~~..p...
. H. 0% 10% sox taX
. '\"1"I
ICQXT......._
I
"'I_H.
H.
- H. DIAMETER OF OIL-
""''''''::Li QUE':'"9.H~J?IJAR, inch
H ,.---,---
........... : _ _--l._ _~--......,.--_:_--_;_--_;.
NEAA-SUUACE.:"---C---~--_7_-_;--_:_----...;:__-_;_
~r.t04_ ..
n- .... SOptl_~_
_t toooor
.,
1-15
L-. _
'!"_"'-'-~~
............
bloIT.--._ -..
"'" n,
5 10 20 40 I 1 5 10 20 I

3.5% Ni-Cr-Mo Steel (B.S. En 28)
specmcauon: CiS. Mn'SIPIN'lc'IMoIV
Min.
Max.
0'2~To,,0
0'40
-' - I. - I I
)'00 015 I0'20j---=-
0')5.0'10,0'05 0'05 4'50 150 0'6S~--=-
Steel Studied 0')21 019 i 051 10'00910'013 I 3-02 11')1 I 0'481 018
METHOD OF MANUFACIURE:- Basic Electric Arc
GRATN SIZE:- As-Quenched Grain Size, 9 (A.S.T.M.)
McQuaidEhn Grain Size. 6 (A.S.T.ldol

k.~~1 -1 !~ ! I ~ J 1~~';-"";' ,~';"-
I-';'TTT T'l"i'l' . T--'T
. ! ! I
.
I , ' ;
" I I t
" . I
k, ;-~.-l-T-
I I
I "I
o
c
Emcr Of AuntNll1ZIN(O TUiPtUTUlE ....... .oio.li)o. T...,...e "C

ON RI!l'ONSE TO ANNEAl.WG AT lSO"C
........_ ,. . . . . . . . . _ _ 11
T_ .... 50 ~r lu' tnoUb-wooo....... ',11
W __T"""",__ ..... >14
..... ~ . DI'H HO
." 10101

End-Quench Hardenability Curves

,
M <lJ' .. ~, 50 100.
_ _IT............. llS"C
'"-' -----,-- ---I -
T.......4M.U"C

4.25% Ni-Cr Steel (B.S. En 30A) 4.25% Ni-Cr-Mo Steel (B.S. En 30B)
~~.~j_s ___P_t~:~!~
Specification: srectncauon:
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
026
034
0'10
0,)5
040' - , - 13'90
060 0'05 005 4')0
\'\0
\40
I
0'20
0'40
Steel Studied Steel Studied 0,)) 0'\1 051 0'0090'01314'16: \IQ.3J
MElHOD OF MANUFACTURE:- Basic Electric Arc METlfOD OF MANUFACTURE:- Basic Electric Arc
GRAIN 512:- As-Quenched Grain Size. 9 (A.S.T.M.) GRAIN 512E:- As-Quenched Grain Size, 9 (".S.T.M.)
McQuaidEhn Grain Size, -410 5 (A.S.T.",.) McQuaid-Ehn Grain Size, -4 (0 5 (A.S.T.Id.)
' 'I
.~""'H
I(
I
)00 HI- ... I (.::;;-1

". ~--I--..Ao" "" "" "" '"''
I
'" ~-_.-t-
'" . . ., '
T\Iootlot50",,""I"'"""""_'.
""ofTnaJIw_UOoO
_t
hooor
hooo.
"s.as
16.s0
..
41S
10-1'
"11$
'-15
Hor...... no
Fwl 0fH
'" '"
,
.. ,
-'
DURATION Of ISOTHERMAL
10 20 40 I
TREATMEN~
- 2 5 10 10 40 I

5 10 10 40 I 10201
Hardness values in bold figures are shown of the fully The values in italics represent structures developed by holding
transformed steel; the values in italics represent structures at the selected temperature for 24 hours and then quenching to
developed by holding at the selected temperatures for 24 hours room temperature
End-Quench Hardenability Curves

lWr----;-
~ ", ..0' 0: 50'! nl 101
~:-;;~h=~=""""================
_1 __ ~ _ ....~T.:-.:~~~
~ sao'
IOI)! ----:;-
T.....nd .. XO"C
! ~
I:l
~ i ~==~--------------- T.-,uHKffl'C
i
~ ..I
~ ' '~ -.,- -----,.--'.'-I~-

DIAMETER OF OIL-QUENCHED BAR, inch
.
DIAMETER OF OIL-QUENCHED BAR, inch
Low Alloy Steel (B.S. En 100) Low Alloy Steel (B.S. En 100)

Specification: C I ., Mn s P
,
, NI I C,
I Mn :zi " l h":__/;
JtO I" ~~~_~ )l
Min.
Ma><.
03S
04S
- 1'20~- -
OSO , IS0 OOS OOS ! ?:~ :g:~ !g:1~ ~ &CD T~n~lllCO'C
Steel Studied 040 024 138 0031 !0033

--
014 0'S3 I 016 1::1",
MF:JHOD OF MANUFACTURE:- ACid Open Hearth rn
GRAIN SIZE:- As-Quenched Grain Size, 8 (A.S.T.M.)
rn ..
~ i~""~~~WfC
~~===============:j
McQuald.Ehn Grain Size. -4(A.S.T.M.) To. t14 .. f/1fC
100 T......,,,,,,,, ---

k,.:....=-.~._ ..........._.
AJrn.-.T..,..... .... I6O"C
,
~:,~~~
.00
'-'-'-f-t DISTANCE FROM QUENCHED END OF BAR
I,
-, Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram
, ' .: r; "
_[~'T""~~_
I
1
o
o
~.
...
J:)
a
~ JOt _ _ H.
0% lOX SO% tOX 1110" T,.,..,.--.
_ _ H.
I _ _ H.
DIAMETER OF OIL-
loo - _ H.
_ --: I """"""'" , QUENCHED BAR. inch
"""6.----',-----:----;------:----;----!
"""""""L~_ _-'--_ _~--__';--__';,---__';--~:__
I NU.rr$UlFACEL~_ _..l-_--':_-~--_:_--:_-~--_';__
10' II AS QUENCHED HARDNESS VALUES D.P.N.

! "', S1S I 515, JIO I
"',
1 S I' 20 4t I S 10 10 10 20 I
SKOHOS twITB nAT

Low Ni-Cr-Mo Steel (B.S. En 110) Low Ni-Cr-Mo Steel (B.S. En 110)

Mn
z''''
<; .. ", "~i
-r->
.
I I
;~ ,.
~ ..
Specification: C 51 5 P NI C, Mn ... ~' ~ U ~
----------------
'OJI ..... _
"
...."' .......... T ~ ... we
Min. 0'35 010 040 - 1'20 0'90 0'10 T"'"'PUt<lnXJJ"C
:
Mex. 0'45 035 080 005 O-OS "60 1'40 020
Sleel Studied 044 023 058 Q'004!O'029 126
-0'11
- /:l ..
11'40
METHOD OF MANUFACTURE:- BaSIC Electric Arc UoI
UoI ..
I
, , I I .
..I
-T~"'H$5O"C L
GRAIN SIZE:- As-Ouenched Grain Size, 7 (0 8 (A.S.T.M.) " ;
~
T'"",wIlW-C:
McQuaidEhn Grain Size, 6 (....S.T.M.)
r, ,~II45O"C
/:l I i ! i I
-
~:
-
Isothermal Transformation Diagram ~_.
c 1---
,
L
., -

~--_._-------;--_._-~-- :i .') ~
l
''''_~Tlapenl''''16O''C
I
0
o
0
e
~
P
Eo<
~
IliI
~
IliI
Eo< .
, Mo'
ox
,". I
i -,
,
I -, DIAMETER OF OIL-
-~- -t-: !!!..!!!!!!!2!! , QUENCHED BAR, inch
". i ,...!;o-----i~-=-==:F==-;===:=L..:;=='---+---~
............~L_ _ -+__-{__
,
I -;~_---;~_---;~_~~_
L-~I ,,
Hf.U.-$lJA.FACEl-:--+----c~-_+--+--t--_7--~-
I '
s 10 10 4'0 I 10101

Low Ni-Cr-Steel (B.S. En 111) Low Ni-Cr-Steel (B.S. En 111)

Specification:
Min.
Max.
~~~'_s_l_p_I~+~~
030
040
010
0'35
0-60 -
090 005
-
005
1'00
1'50
0'45
015
-
-
.'
Steel Studied 0'35 ! 013 i 0'65 10'032 :oon 127 0'55;~
GRAIN SIZE:- As-Ouenched Grain Size. 7 (A.S.T.M.)
McQuaidEhn Grain Size, 2 10 3 (A.S.T.M.)

!'
I
lr ' :'1
Aorn~"IAf'Cnl.C lU"e

o
o
e,
DIAMETER OF OIL-
~ QUENCHED BAR, inch
"""\co---.-----",---.----,----t-----!
fOO.MDM\;-~---j----+-.--1---7-------'f-------j,------
--';----+--1------7--+-------\,---,--
NEAMUJJACE\;-,o

...
"
:ass

140

us I
1JO

): 10 20 iO I J S 10101

2% Ni-Mo Steel (B.S. En 160) 2% Ni-Mo Steel (B.S. En 160)

Specfflcatlon: C SI! Mn;
r--:----------------
5 ! P I NI Cr' Mo
i u
I ", n' ~:
Min.
Max.
035 Q'IO 030 - - 150
045 0-35 060 005 005 200 -
- 020
0')5
-- ~
Sleel Studied 041 0,)) 0'-48 0043 0016 175 0'17 022 I:l
rn
GRAIN SIZE:- As-Ouenched Grain Size, 6 to 7 (A.S.T.M.)
McQuaidEhn Grain Size. 2 and 3 (A.S.T.M.) rn
~ . -~------t -'
I:l
~
" -

r--,-,-----,--- - - ------,,----.----.---,
": I, 10
AnOU .......'T...... _ .... suc
t) 600
o
DIAMETER OF OIL-
""""""'" QUENCHED BAR, inch
""' o -~--~-_--!
I 2 )
tftD,MDlUSL--__ ---l. _ _ -------l. _ _ ---l , I I
o I , J 4 J ,
t1u.J..SU~ACEL____ l----------L.... _ _- ' - - - - - - - _ '_----'--~_____'__
o I ): ) 4 J 7
5 10 20 40 I 102'1
5 "

En 42 (1074/1075) ... En 44 (1095)

0.17% Cr - 0.02% Mo Grain size: 5-6 Austenitized at 800C 0.11% Cr - 0.01% Mo Grain size: 5 Austenitized at 780C
(1472 0F) for 30 min (1436 0F) for 30 min
... Closest US grade designations are given
900 -
-- = = -
--
- L.00
=
l600 ~
-
l500 =
-
~
I-- -
--
L500
1.400
100
Ac. f--
t CI ~
-
-::::;:::!'- E == = I.'00
~~
'--
~~ ~~ I.300
~
1.300 700
I--
- -r-
~200
E I---
I.200
~
t-- I---
1.100
600
~ i= ~ I.100
I-- I---
I---
I=: I---
l,OO~~ .0
I---
I--- -
-
f= I---
I.
900 ~
~
i\!500
~
t--
~
--
t--
t--
t-- E 9
800 ~ ..'" ~s
-
-
- E
I---
I--- I
700
~
~ ...
~400
p...
1--:'" ~
t--
t-- ~ 7
~~
I--- I-- -
I--- - - 00
-
~
'00
300
~ :::'::::'
- 5 00
500
~ c--
==
-
- r-
~ .00
.00 200 ~s =-= :::::: ~F :..=;
-c--:
~~
300
'00
100
=
-
--
I---
I---
I---
~ zc=!
~
~NSFORMATI~-
,...- I---
I---'"
%
300
00
" -
- ~ H
:r "~, 00
- f---i - I--- Q
o - oL........Jo 0
o 00
0
0
0 00 0
o
&
o
9 ss s o
~
LIVE GRAPH M
LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
FROM START OF QUENCH {SECONDS}
En 15 (1536) En 14B (1527)

0.15% Cr - 0.05% Mo Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 860C 0.12% Cr - 0.04% Mo Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 860C
(1580 0F) for 30 min (1580 0F) for 30 min
900 ,...- ~
t-- ~. I---
,...-
t-- i= i= I..00 1.600
t-- t-- I--
100
N:.3 ' - - t:;;:
~
f=f" ~I--
I---
~-
I---
L500
000
"500
~"-'
I--- c--
I-- --- ~- I--- - I..00 1,<400
-
~
"""'-'
N:. 1---",-
:=r-- 1==;; ~ 1,300
t::~
I.300
~""
700
~
~~ ~- ..-
-""'--
F-='
I--- L'00 1,200
~
- f--
600
=~ = I---
I---
I.100 600 1.100
1
-- - '--
-- _..
-
- --
----
~~ =
-- E
I.ooo~
.0
~500
I,OO~LL.
- -" .
~
I---
e--
-
-
--
-
I---
I---
-
9 00 ~
005~ ~
..
900 ~
800~
..
'"
~ rs: = -
f--
7 00
.
~
~ 400 s
700
"-
~
300
5
0= ~o 50~~00
TRANSFORMATION %
-
--
-
-
--
I--
.-
---
-c-- 00
300
RA SFO MA ION 'l'.
600
I--
t--
t--
-- -- --- 5 00 500
t-- - -
200
~ ~ ==
-
-
=
-
-
00
3 00
200 .00
300
'00 I---
I---
- -
-- ,00 100
z 0
I--- :i 0
:r
-
- :r "~, 00
I--
- - 0
o - 00000000
-Nl')VlOOOO so o o
o
00
00 0
0 o
- N I") VI
g
- til 1"1 VI
9
LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN coNSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS) LIVE GRAPH
TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
SOURCE: Atlas of Isothermal Transformation Diagrams of B.S. En Steels, 2nd edition, Special Report No. 56, The Iron and Steel
Institute, London, 1956
En 45 (9260) En 12 (1030 + 0.9% Ni)

0.10% Cr - 0.02% Mo Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 915C 0.10% Cr - 0.06% Mo Grain size: 7-8 Austenltised at 846C
(1678 0F) for 30 min (1553 0F) for 30 min
'0 0 ~ ~
'00Eml
1,600
~, ~
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
!=
I--
I--
soo
l 600
t=~ ~~ 1=1=
Ac
.00
1,500
.00 ~ l
l= l= l= I--
I-- I,400
Ac,
300
1.400
- ~ ~F
I--
~r. ~~
--
I--
700 1,300 700 Ac, I--
EFo ~1-
I.
~ F-
~200 E=: ~~ t=::=: ~." l .00
~~ I--
I-- I--
E
600 I-- 100
600 1.100
E I--
I--
I--
I-- "
.0
1,000
~
t= I--
I--
I--
- I--
I--
l OO~II.
~ ~ ~ 1=
50 0
111 .00 00 ~
g I--
~
~~
!< I-- I-- l- 800~
...~-400
'" .00 I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
- ~
- -
.
... M!!CAI& I--
~
-=
7 00
700
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I-- - TRA NSFO~TION - %~ - 6 00
600
300 300
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o SOO
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En 11 (5060) En 18 (5150)
0.66% Cr - 0.02% Mo Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 840C 0.98% Cr - 0.04% Mo Grain size: 6-6 Austenitized at 860C
(1644 0F) for 30 min (16800F) for 30 min
1O00
.oog 1O00
1,500 1,!I00
1.400 1.400
1.300 1,300
uoo ~200
600 1.100 600 1,100
.0 I,OO~II.
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900 ~ '00 II!
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800$
.
... 8005
~
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~ 700 ~ 700
600 600
300 Ms 300 Ms
SOO SOO
400 .00 400
.001 300 '00
'00 200 100
"
o 0 0
o
Qg~~88888S!8og 0
0 0
-NI"I1I'I9~~~ g. 0
LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONStANT TEMPERATURE BATH

~ LIVE GRAPH
Next Page
En 31 (52100) En 56 (420 Stainless Steel)

(16080F) for 30 min (17600F) for 30 min
.0 0 ~ ~ ~ '00' r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r
1= I--- I--- I---
l 600
Ac 3 l600
I--- I--- I---
l=- I--- I--- I--- Ac
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100 I---
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t= I--- 800:
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100 r-
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(16530F) for 30 min (16630F) for 30 min
.0 0
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FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS'
Previous Page
En 21 (2330) En 111 (3135)

(1644 0F) for 30 min (1663 0F) for 30 min
r= g g g
.0 0 c-- ~ ~ .00
I--
I-- I--
I--
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f-- I.600
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~
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TR NSF R AllON - ./.
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TRANSFORMATION - % I--- 00 I-- I-- r-- I--- .00
~
I--- I-- I-- t-- I---
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.00 I-- t-- I-- 400 400
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LIVE GRAPH TIMEF:oE~DS~~R~O~SFTA~JE~~Pf:tJg~gs,sATH
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LIVE GRAPH TIMEFROM
HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
En 47 (6150) En 19 (4140)
0.94% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.20% V Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 1.01% Cr - 0.23% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 860C
875C (1607 0F) for 30 min (1680 0F) for 30 min
.oo~ (600
'00il
l600
Ac3 l500 uoo

000
1.400 1.400
Ac,
1,300 1,300
700
~200 uoo
600 1,100 600 1.100
I,OO~IL I,OO~II.
1
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TRANSFORMATION - % .00 .00
TRANSFORMATION - ,..
1
.00 400 .00 400
300 300
100 '00 100 '00

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LIVE GRAPH TIME HEiLO IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS) LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
En 20 En 20
0.74% Cr - 0.55% Mo Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 875C 1.39% Cr - 0.74% Mo Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 870 0,C
(160~F) for 30 min (1598 0F) for 30 min
90 0
= =
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FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS) LIVE GRAPH FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
Click here to view
En 40B En 13 (8717)
3.34% Cr - 0.54% Mo Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 900C 0.20% Cr - 0.31% Mo Grain size: 6-8 Austenitized at 870C
(1652 0F) for 30 min (1598 0F) for 30 min
900'~
1,600
c
1.300
700
1,200
600 1.100 600
oU I,OO~IL.
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a Ms
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700
TRANSFORMATION %,IH---+-H+ 600 '00

300 300
500 500
.00 400 400
300 300
'DO 200 'DO 200

:>
0
3:
2
" 100
~ "_100
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0 q -NC'I~-Nft~g~~a~ 00
88 0
0
g ~ 66
~
FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS) -
LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH ""
FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS'
En 23 (3435 + Mo) En 25 (3430 + Mo)

0.63% Cr - 0.22% Mo Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 830C 0.64% Cr - 0.58% Mo Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 835C
(1526 0F) for 30 min (1535 0F) for 30 min
900 r--
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r--
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r= -- i=
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LIVE GRAPH
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TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPeRATURE BATH
N" wi
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~
LIVE GRAPH FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
En 30B (3335 + Mo) En 110 (4340)

(1508 0F) for 30 min (1553 0F) for 30 min
-
~
900 r-- ,.--- r-- 900 r--
I-- I-- i= - ,..- i= I--
l 600 - l 600
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700
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TIMEFR~E~D&~~RiONJ;A~JEJE~Pf::l~~5s)8ATH
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En 24 (4340) En 26 (4340)
0.95% Cr - 0.26% Mo Grain size: 6-8 Austenitized at 835C 0.72% Cr - 0.48% Mo Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 830C
.oog
(1535 0F) for 30 min
1.60Q
(1526F) for 30 min
l600
l500 1,500
000 AC,I--
1.400 1,400
Ac,
1.300 1,300
700 Ac,I--
1,200 uoo
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600 1.100 600 1.100
I,OO~u. I.OO~IL.
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800 ~
700
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.
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600 600
300~S _
500 500
200 .00 200 '00
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~
o
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100

FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS) LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONs.T,ANT TEMPERATURE BATH
En 100 (8640/8740) En 28
0.53% Cr - 0.22% Mo Grain size: 6 Austenitized at 845C 1.14% Cr - 0.65% Mo - 0.16% V Grain size: >8 Austenitized at
(1553 0F) for 30 min 830C (1526 0F) for 30 min
.oo~ --
-
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=
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1.600
'00
r=
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600
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Click here to view LIVE GRAPH FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
Click here to view
En 351 (3120) En 351 (3120)

(1698 0F) for 30 min (1626 0F) for 30 min
'0 0
11= ~[]C on ,.soo '0 0
[IJ]!=" I []!=" rntr= IT 1=
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100
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TR SFORMATIO I--- I--- TRANSFORMATION IIIJ11=
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I--- I--- f-- I--- I---
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LIVE GRAPH
Carburized En 351 (3120 at 0.9% C) Carburized En 351 (3120 at 0.9% C)

0.67% Cr - 0.03% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 870C 0.67% Cr - 0.03% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 830C
(1698 0F) for 30 min (1626 0F) for 30 min
'0 0 ~
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LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPE~TURE BATH

~ ~
Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS) Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
1 - 2% carbide present at austenitizing temperature 1 - 2% carbide present at austenitizing temperature
En 352 (3120) En 352 (3120)

0.80% Cr - 0.05% Mo Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 865 0C 0.80% Cr - 0.05% Mo Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 800 0C
(1589 0F) for 30 min (1472 0F) for 30 min
.00
-
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Carburized En 352 (3120 at 1% C) Carburized En 352 (3120 at 1% C)

0.84% Cr - 0.09% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 865 0C 0.84% Cr - 0.09% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 800 0C
(1589 0F) for 30 min (1472 0F) for 30 min
'00 .--
t--
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000
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I-- I-- f-
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it =
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700 70 0
-=- = ~~ r::::
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3 00
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8
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- N M III
LIVE GRAPH ..: rl ri iii Q ~~ LIVE GRAPH

TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH "' ... TIME HeLD IN CON!.TANT TEMPERATURE BATH "' ...
Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS' Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
Next Page
En 33 En 33
0.28% Cr - 0.09% Mo Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 865 0C 0.28% Cr - 0.09% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 7700
(1589 0F) for 30 min C (1418 0F) for 30 min
-
.00
r= -
~
,...-
I--
I--
r=
r- I.600 1.600
kl--
f= - I--- r-
.00.
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I-;-;: I.500
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l500
100 100
r-
r- =
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I.400 1.400
r-
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..... I=:=r-
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r- 800~ TRANSFORMATION 0' 0\ 800~
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c- I---
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2
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LIVE GRAPH TIMEFR~E~DS~~R~0tgFTA~JE~~Pr:tl~:~srATH
1% carbide present at austenitizing temperature
Carburized En 33 Carburized En 33
0.36% Cr - 0.08% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 865 0 0.36% Cr - 0.08% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 770 0C
C (1589 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
.0 0
i=
E r= L600 1.600
1= r-
t--=
f=
10 0 1==
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100
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LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE lATH LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN C:ON'TANT TEMPERATURE lATH
Click here to view FROM START of QUENCH (SECONDS)
Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECOND')
20% ferrite present at austenitizing temperature 5% carbide present at austenitizing temperature
Previous Page
En 36 (9310) En 36 (9310)
(1580 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
900 ~ ~ ~ '00 ~
i= 1=
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
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l 600 E
I--
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800 800
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I-- f-- I.'00 I- I..00
t:':t- l::;f=
~~
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8
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LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMP~RATURE BATH -
FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS}
Click here to view Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
10% ferrite present at austenitizing temperature
En 36 (9310) En 36 (9310)
1.11% Cr - 0.12% Mo Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 860C 1.11% Cr - 0.12% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 770C
(1680 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
90 0 -- r= i= 900 -- r= ~
'- =
-- r-- I--
t=
I.600 - - f-- f-- l 600
-- --
I-- I- I-- I--
- I-- l- I-- l 500 l- I-- l 500
80o ~3
=- ==
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t=~
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-
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700 :5 \=;;;; ~F ~r-: I-- F- I,300 700 ACI - :::=: :H:l!lt:: (;
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300 t-- I-- I-- I-- 300 I-- I--
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200 I-- 200
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t= ~
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LIVE GRAPH
FROM START OF QUENCH lSECONDS} Click here to view
Click here to view
2 - 5% ferrite present at austenitizing temperature
Carburized En 36 (9310 at 0.7% C) Carburized En 36 (9310 at 0.7% C)

(1580 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
. 0 0 - ,
000
1,600
~500
.001
000
l600
lSDO
1.400 1,400
700 Ac. 1.300 700 Ac,

1,300
1,200 ~200
600 1.100 600 1.100
.u
g
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900 ~
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111
50 0
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800:
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600
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700
600
300 300
500
200 Ms 400
.00
Ms 400
300 300
100
0
200
100jj
"~ 100
LIVE GRAPH
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TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH "'''
Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
Click here to view fROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
1 - 2% carbide present at austenitizing temperature

0.90% Cr - 0.07% Mo Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 860C 0.90% Cr - 0.07% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 770C
(1580 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
.001 t600
900 ~
i--
i-
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-
-
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=
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LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH " LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS) Click here to view
En 39A (9310) En 39A (9310)

1.33% Cr - 0.07% Mo Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 865C 1.33% Cr - 0.07% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 770C
(1589 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
900 ,.....-
e--
e--
e--
e--
E
e--
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~
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=
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l 600
l 500
900 ,.....-
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l 500
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800 800 e
700
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LIVE GRAPH -NWlftQ~g~~

LIVE GRAPH
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TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERA.TURE BAlli
Carburized En 39A (9310 at 0.5% C) Carburized En 39A (9310 at 0.5% C)

1.28% Cr - 0.07% Mo Grain size 7 Austenitized at 865C 1.28% Cr - 0.07% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 7700 e
(1589 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
900
r= = E E
900
1
IAOO ~600
I---
I---
I---
=
-
e--
e--
e--
e--
= t=
l 500 L500
~
800 I-- 100
I---
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I--- - I--- e--
700
Act I---
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~ F- I;::=F ;;iO
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~~
-
-
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=
-
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r= ~~ ;:;
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LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
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Click here to view Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS'
A trace of carbide present at austenitizing temperature
Carburized En 39A (9310 at 1% C) Carburized En 39A (9310 at 1% C)

1.22% Cr - 0.05% Mn Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 865C 1.22% Cr - 0.05% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 770C
(1689 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
900 ~
--- ;::::: 900
I--
I--
- ~
\ 600 l600
E
I--
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1
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E
800
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-- 1.4100
t=: I-- I--

~
~
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TIME HELD IN coNnANT TEMPERATURE BATH
Click here to view TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS) Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
En 34 En 34
(1589 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
~ r= r=
~
900
c E= f- \ 600
900
I--
1=
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\6 00
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Ac
FF ~ l===F t::1- ts 00
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800 I-- I-- I-- t--
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l= 1= t--
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--
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Click here to view TIMEF.rl~DS~~R~ONC:;A~JE~~Pf::J~~~srATH
Click here to view
25% ferrite present at austenitizing temperature
0.32% Cr - 0.29% Mo Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 866 0C 0.32% Cr - 0.29% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 770 0C
(1689 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
--
900 ,.--
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
--
I--
~
,.--
I--
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~
(000
'00
r=
t-r-
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c--
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r=
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l 600
100
I--
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t= t=
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I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
I--
l 500
I.400
BOO
I--
~
I--
r--
~
I--
r---
r---
r---
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e--
e--
e--
l 500
I.400
E ~ ~
I--
Ac, I-- I--
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Ac, 1 -
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E =
- 1:::-=1:-=
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r--
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300
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t:'!.1-
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r--
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300
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100 00 100 200
r- ~ f!_I 00
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o - I-- o - ..... '" 0 0 0 o 0

En 39B (9315) En 39B (9315)

1.16% Cr - 0.17% Mo Grain size: 7 Austenitized at 866 0C 1.16% Cr - 0.17% Mo Grain size: >8 Austenitized at 7700C
(1689 0F) for 30 min (1418 0F) for 30 min
900
l--
I-- E 1=
t--
r-
t--
t-- (000 r=
r-
1=
t-r-
1,600
l-- t-- t-- t-- r- r--
l-- t-- I-- I-- l 500 r- r-- L500
100
Ac 3 I-- I-- t-- t-- r- t-
~I=
I--
t=
I--
~ 1=
I--
I.400 Ff-=
r- f::=
t-r-
1.400
700
t--
I--
t--
E I--
I-- I.300 700
-
--
-
-
-
1.300
=
AC,c - I-- Ac,c-
I-- ~
6001
~ I,200 1,200
=-
I--
~
I--
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600
1= 1= i---l -- -- 1.100
I-- I-- ==
-
I--
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I.100
-- -
JJ
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I--
c--
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- - I. .u
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;::;;-
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S
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7
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300 300
E
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5 00
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I--
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f=
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r-r-
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500
400

I--
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200
I--
I--
-
-
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e--
-
-
- - 3 00 I-- - 300
- I-- r---
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t-r-
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'00 2 00 200
- I-- -- ~ ~I-
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El-
z
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LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPER,lTURE lATH
Carburlzed En 39B (9315 at 0.6% C) Carburized En 39B (9315 at 0.6% C)

1.16% Cr - 0.18% Mo Grain size: mixed 7 and finer Austenitized 1.16% Cr - 0.18% Mo Grain size: mixed finer than 8
at 865C (1589 0F) for 30 min Austenitlzed at 770C (1418 0F) for 30 min
.----
90 0
I--
.----
I--
I--
I--
.----
t--
t--
r=
I--
I--
I.600
900 r-
t--
-f--- =
I--
I---
I--
I--
I--
r=
I--
t--
1.600
l=-
000
t=
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I--
I--
~
I--
t--
t--
t--
t--
t--
E:
r-----
I.500
I.
000 ~
r-----
r-----
f---
r-
t=
I--
t=
t--
,.--
1-
E
I.S00
I.
I-- I-- t-- r-r-' I--- I-- I-- t--

700 I-- I-- t-- r----- I.300 700
~, I""-
I-- I--- I-- I-- '. 300
Ac
~ r=:::F ~F FF
~~ I.200
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1= t= ~~
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600 t--
t--
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t-- 1= 60 0
r= r= ~~ ~H
1.1 00
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1= t-- l=- ~t--
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1= I--
I--
I-- I--~
I.
0 t--
t--
t= t--
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E: 9 00 ~
0
t--
!= t= t= 9 00
_:
t-- t-- t--
t--
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r----- 8 00 ~
t--
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t--
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I-- I-- t-- I-- I--~:
--
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LIVE GRAPH -' "ri" Q LIVE GRAPH -' "ri" Q N rI.'

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Click here to view TIMEF:OE~OS~~R~~:A~JE~~Pf:tJ~~~srATH
TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE B,lTH
Less than 0.5% carbide present at austenitizing temperature Less than 0.5% carbide present at austenitizing temperature
Carburized En 39B (9315 at 0.9% C) Carburized En 39B (9315 at 0.9% C)

1.18% Cr - 0.16% Mo Grain size: 8 and finer Austenitized at 1.18% Cr - 0.16% Mo Grain size: finer than 8 Austenitized at
865C (1589 0F) for 30 min 770C (1418 0F) for 30 min
.----
900
r=
I--
900
1
1o00
t=
1o00
1=
t-- I-- I-- I.'00
r=
1,500
000
lilliE
r= I--
t--
100
=
f--- ~
I--
I-- -
I=-
t--
I. 1,-400
700 I-- - t-- - I.300

700 1,300
Ac, -
E -= = ~ = ACI
600 I--
I-- -
-
-
=
--
l 200
I.100 600
1,200
1.100
,u
II! 500
I--
I--
I---
I--
I--
--
-
-
--
= t=
-
.----
I--

.
l 000..
00 ~
.u
~500
l,OO~lI.
900 II!
~
..'".
I-- I--
i!
.
'"
I--
I--
-
-
~
1--1-
r::: 800 ~
~
eoo~
..
a. 400
~ 1= I-- ~
~AOO
~
I--
I--
I--
==
-
-
-
--
E~
700
600
~ 700
600
~
300 300
I--
I--

t--
TRANsFORMATION '/0 0
t-
t--
t--
r--
I--
I--
10
500 500
I-- t-- I-- 400

200 200
I-- t-- I--
t--
M.
t=
I--
,.-- t=
i=-
300
Ms
300
'00 I-- I-- 200 100 200
S-
I-- I--- I--
I-- ~ I-- 2 ~_I 00
>-
I-- - _100
o - "PI WI
~ 0
!!~g~~H~n! 088
0
80
~ s
0
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH ~~

Click here to view Click here to view TIMEF:OE~DS~~R~~~SFTA~JEJ~~Pf:tJX~s,eATH
1 - 2% carbide present at austenitizlng temperature 2 - 3% carbide present at austenitizing temperature
En 355 En 355
(1698 0F) for 80 min (1472 0F) for 80 min
'00
= -- ~
I-- r= '00
r=:: := = I.600
- l 600 I-- ,--
=
=
I-- I--
N: 3 I--r+- t= ~
I-- N:3 I--
==
I--
--
~ ~
I-- I SOO l 500
, - -

I-- BOO
BOO
- - I-- -
- -- I-- I. 400 - =' I.400
~ ~~
I-- I-- I-- I--
Ac
lAc
~~ :::::~ ~r~
___I-" ~ I. 300 1=:=. ~F. :.::;;; I.300
.. t:2""
700 700
e--
~
I--
~
~~ t=~ ~
- I---
~~
l 200 I 200
I--
I-- ~ ~r- ~ ~;;;;
600
~ ~ _l- I.100 600
~ f= i"--r-. I.'00
~-
,u
~soo
f-
I--
I--
I--
-
I--
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~
=
=1-
=
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~-
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,
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ll!500
-
;2--
I--
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~
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~
~
l OO~I&.
9 00 ~
~ ~~ f--' ~~ F= r=~ :>
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!(
~I ~F ~ ~
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= ~0400
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=
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I-
TRANSFORMATION OJ.._
-
- TRANSFORMATION % I-- I---
I-
I--- I--
t=
-
=
- 6 00
300 -- = t= ~
6 00
E t=
300
- -
-
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s00 I-- I-- 5 00
- I-- t-.
I-- - - I-- f-
200 I---
I---
I--
I-- ==
-
-
400 200
t= I--
I--
4 00
I---
I---
I--
I--
-
-
-
==
-
-
3 00
==
-
- ==
-
- =
-
-
- 3 00
~
I--
- - -- - -
100
t= - 2 00 100
-
~
'" ,. 2 00
,
I-- ~
a- -
- Ii I]_.
Q 00
z
- f-1 - == - 0,00
o - :---'
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-NM",g~~~~
f-1
88
00
0
o
- 000020
-N~VlQ~~~
,....-J
LIVE GRAPH ~~ LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH

Click here to view fROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS' Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
Carburized En 355 Carburlzed En 355

(1698 0F) for 80 min (1472 0F) for 80 min
11 =
900
'=
- I 600
90
r=:
=
1600
- ~
- I-- 500 I-- - tseo
800
~
I--
I---
BOO I--
I-- r=

I--- I.400 I-- '-- 1.400
-==
-
I--
~ I--
Ae, I - -
E ~
- 300 Ae,-
::::: 1.300
~ tlil:'
700
I-- 700n I--
~ ~[;; S ::: I.200 I-- 1--", 1.200
~
I--
- --' I--
~
~ ;;:::
~
BOO I-- I.100
I-- f-:"= 1.100
I--
I---
I--
I--
S --
:;;;:
::s>-
I.OO~u.
,u
600R
==
--
I--
I--
I--- I--
"'" I--
~ r == .. =-
, 00 ~
~
~500
=
- t=r= 900 ~
~~~I~~~
:>
I--
I--
I--
I-- =
- I- B 00 ~ 8005
I-- I-- -
== ~
-=~
~
I---
~ 1--.
I--
I-- -~
=
,-
~
7 00 ~
i- ==
-
- --
700 ~
I-
~~
300 c-!!l ~SFO RM~ 0/. os:;; 6 00
= 600
I--
I--
I---
I--
I--
I--
, - .....
I--
-
S 00 S 300
==
-
-
500
200
I---
~
I--
t=
-
=
s::;~
-
4 00
=
MS -
=
I
Ms
200
-
- --
r== ~~ ~;;; ~ 300
I-- I-- -
100
-
I--
I--
I--
I---
z
:i
I--
I--
-
~
----'1 - E - t
2 00
00
100
-
==
-- " -==
-
o
gs
~
0 8
LIVE GRAPH gg &
00
~
80_,
LIVE GRAPH
2% carbide present at austenitizing temperature 8% carbide present at austenitizing temperature
En 353 En 353
1.11% Cr - 0.11% Mo Grain size: finer than 8 Austenitized at 1.11% Cr - 0.11% Mo Grain size: finer than 8 Austenitized at
870C (1598 0F) for 30 min 800-0 (1472 0F) for 30 min
--
'00
r= ~
I-- r= - I,600 = 1,600
~
I--
~ - =
800
'JIiC I--
--
- ==
~
--
-
L500
=
::;;",
1,500
I--
==
0:::: I..00 1.400
~ ~"" ~b
Ac, I-- I--
700
~ ... """,,'" ~i= I.300
700~ 1,300
~~ ~ -=~ L200
:::;
- 1,200
-~ I--
~~ - -
~
~
~
,og ~1'-
600 I,100 600EEm 1.100
'--
I-- ::::", -::
- -
-
I--
:::s I. I,OO~....
~ ='"
,0
- - , =~
~5oo~3i
~500
..!<... ~
~'"
~ .. ="" ::;;;:'"
= !< 1=
=1- 'DO Jli1
:>
~
~
0=-
Ms CALC) I-- - - 8 aao
~
~.400 10'0 ;:= ...00
~
-- I--
'--
'0 WqO
RA \fORMATION 0/0 _
'--
I--
- ==
-
7
~ -
--
700
.
~
- '-- - -
=
6 00 600
--
300 '--
-
300
=
200
==
-
-
--
f=
I--
I--
=
-
-
-
--
5 00
00 200
=
-
-
-
500
.00
--==
-- I-- - -
I-- - 3 00
- 300
- -
~
I--
'00
z
==
'--
~
0 =- ~
2 00 '00
==
-~
200
~ 100
o -
- -:l
gg~~g88gg8ogg
-NC'I~g~~~~
,------'1
:----'
-x -, 00
o 00000000
-tlIl')W'tOooa
- (If I') '"
- Q
8o
LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEt.4peRA,TURe BATH
LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONST....NT TEMPERATURE BATH
~

'00
1.600 ,oog 1.600
1,500 1,500
800 800
1.400
1,300
1,200
1,100
I'OO~IL
'00 ~
..
:>
800 ~
700
....
~
600
500
.00
300
200
~
_100
o
Qll~~8g88ogooo g8 0
0
-NI')V1g~~! qQ ~
~
00
LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH "' ...
Click here to view Click here to view FROM START OF QUENCH (SECONDS)
En 354 (4320) En 354 (4320)

900
k,
~
I--
I--
~~
1-
I--
r-r-r-
"""=
--
r-r-r-
~
=
~
i==
1.600
900
Ac
-
l-
=: ==
===
= =
I-
~
-
,~oo
~
l .00 I-
-- -- == l 500
~~
t:=:
~ ..
000 I-- 000
I--
-- ==
I-- I-- ~
I.400 I-- I,400
-
~;
I-- I-- I--
k, 1\<0,
~ = ~F ~
700
I--
I--
==
-~
z:
;:::!
I--
~
~
~
I,300
l 200
700
=
--
~P ,.....'"
-
~'"'
~ . I.300
~
I,200
I--
I-- - 'I-- E:::: -
I--
I--
-- 1--""
~ E;;::
~ ~
.00 I.100 600
:S::r. I.100
~
- I--
I:s I-- I-- ~""
,u ~i- I-- L
,u
~~ ~ ~ ~~ L
OO~lI.
-".. I==F r=""
.. $00 -10-
r=:F il1
500 E:::;::::: ='
r='"..
~
'-- I-- 9 00
..
9 00 ~
g
M. l 2'"'
-;z ~
I-- I-- 0 00
:>
~ M. I--
E
I--
:::;;;;i=
=F
~
r='" 0
~
..
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~O 1-- 90 - I--
00
I- -
I- -
0
1
50;
SFOR~ "'liON %
cjO I--
'c-
I-- 7 00
.
~ - '- 0 ,1)
lRANSFORMA ION 'I I--
I--
I--
I-- 700 ~
-
-
-
-
I--
r=:
I-- I-- I-- I--
~
I-- 00 I-- I--
r=:
6 00
- --
~
300 I-- I-- 300 I--
I-- I- I--
- I-- I-- I--
=
'00 I-- I- 5 00
- I-- I-- I-- I-- I-
- -
~
I-- I-- ~
- - 400
r=
200 200 I-- I-- 400
r=:
l-
-- -
-
I-- I-- I-- I--
,
~
I-- I-- I--
-
-
-
-
I-- I-
300
I--
c--
-- ~
00
100
=
I--
.. I-
I--
I-- , 2 00 100 --
= I- ., -- 2 00
z
~
0
--
z
H >-
-
== :1
-
I--
I--
x
g I 00
:;
- e-~
f--i - - g ~, 00
o - ~ 00000000
-f!4p)."oooa
o
o
00
00
0
g 0
0
0
o
o - Q~~~~2~gg88g
L-.J
g8 0 80
s~ ~ ~ .~..
o
- ". I') V1
s wi ~
~ LIVE GRAPH ~
..: N l'i.n Q
LIVE GRAPH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH TIME HELD IN CONSTANT TEMPERATURE BATH
N M

(1698 0F) for 30 min (1608 0F) for 30 min
9 0 0 . ~600
'00
C ~
=
=
-
~
I-
-
-
-
L600
=
L500 l 500
000 000
~ I-- --
1.400 - I--
I-- - -- ,.400
= I-- - --
700 lei 1,300 700
~-
I--
~~
-
~ir'
~ ~
-
.:' 300
~
0- I-- ( 200
~200 -
I--
600 600
I-- h" ,
-
-- I.100
~ ... ~ ...
~
c--
_
I.
I,OO~I.L. ,lJ I--
-- r:s.. ;;;""
900 ~
~500
..
~
t= -
- ~-"
'-
-"".... 9 00
oooS
700
~
~
G.400
~
E
!m1\fJ ~
::::::;7
~
~~
;;;;;= ..
=--
~~
0 00
7 00
- I--

600 6 00
~ i~
300 300
IS;....
500
t::: 5 00
- -!!oo.
200 400
300
200 s ~
I--
I--
=
-
-
f=
I--
I--
s::::.
-
-
4 00
3 00
-
~ ~ q~ =
100 200 '00 2 00
z )0
:1
_100 - - - g ~, 00
o ;::::t:!1tj[tiJt1 o -
f--i
~
00
00
0
0 g g8 g g~g~ggg88g88g
LIVE GRAPH
ss s ~ ~g ~
o
LIVE GRAPH
-NM~g~~~~
Click here to view T1"'EF.:6~Ds~~ri-~$;A~tiE~~Pf:tJ~~~s,oATK

German Steels
1-T and CCl Diagrams
German Steels - Example Diagram
Au...
Holding time, 16 min, brought up to temperature in 3 min
n;li.;n~"""UM I
Austenitisierungstemperatur 880 DC t
nattedouer 10min, aufgeheizt in 3 min
-----~--
7. 9 70
~ ACJ
'\ 700 ~100 AC,b
1\ \
\
\ \ \ 1\ \ 1\
\
\ \ \ \
\ 1\
1\ \ \
\ \
.JOOI---+--+--HI-k--+---\-t~ml\-\--T+::-'\t-t-l-f--',----I--'r+--+~--t---T-t-H--1---t---f---tt-t-i
\ \
.U18
\ \ \ \ 1\ 1\
1\ 1\ \ \ \
1001---+-_+__+_++-_+_----'l,r-+-'1-;--;;;-...-iIb~_;-Tt-+_-+----\--+---I\-+-+--t'<-+-'/_t_+_+_+__;_;_IH
1\
~~ I~
1 10
sekunden, ~
10 100 1000
---Zeit -~- ~ Afinufen
f
Time
Seconda "<. Minutes
A+K Bereich des Austenite und Karbids Area for austenite and carbides
F Bereich del' Ferritbildung Area for ferrite formation
P Bereich dol' Porlitbildung Area for pearlite formation
o Hartowerto in HV Hardness in HV
Zw Bereich del' Zwischenstufon-Gefligo- Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation)
bildung
l\f Bereich dol' l\Iartensitbildung Area for martensite formation
RA Restaustenit Residual austenite
1; 2 . Gefugeanteilo in Prozent (refers to numbers on curves)
proportion of structure formed, in percent
Ck 45 0.44% C - 0.66% Mn (SAE 1042)

0.029% S - 0.15% Cr - 0.02% V Austenitized at 10500C
(1922 0 F )
1000
Ausfenitisierungstemperatur 10500C
LIVE GRAPH (Halfedauer,; min) au{geheizt in 1 min
Click here to view 900
800 AC3
ACT
700
<.:>
A
't~
::::::: ;:..- @
<:>
.!:;
"-
jsoo
600
7:1 P
85."
85
'-1,
~
ACI = 735C
AC3 = 785C
~ '1.00 \ Zw t.. :@ "'":>.'

M s = 350C
~
~ ' .... i' ~
'"\:
A Bereich des Austenits

300
F Bereich derFerritbildung
-- 50% P Bereich derPerlitbildunll
BOO
- 90% Zw Bereich derZwischenstu{en-Iiefilgebllduno
M Bereich derMortensitbildung
100
o Hiirtewerte inHRc bzw. inHV
15;85....Gefiigeonteile in 0/0
IT o I I I I I I I I I
1 10
Sekunden I I I I
10 100 1000 10000
Minute'll I I I
1 10 100
---Z ei t-----+ Stunden
Ck 45 0.44% C - 0.66% Mn (SAE 1042)

0.029% S - 0.15% Cr - 0.02% V Austenitized at 880C (1616 0F)
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur BOO C
LIVE GRAPH (Halfedauer 3 min) aufgeheiztin Z min
Click here to view .900
800
70C
.......
~
- ....... 5,
ACJ
ACT
'D.
~ /p -- 81
'< -, V <, 85 <; 30
J/O\
~ ~10. S~? 1\\
5~
<.:> 75 70
<:> 600
I~
.S: \ \
s, A ACI =
735C
~500 AC3 = 785C
e,
'" Y\ 7W1\ \ \ 1\ M s = 350C
'"
f:: qOO
~B\ EO
A Bereich des Austenits
5.~\
Bereich derFerritbildung
~
JOf}
Ms
7 1\ \
F
P
lw
Bereich derperlitbildU~
Bereichderlwischenstu '/I'
EOO
M 1\
1\ \ '\[\1\
,\
1\ \@ Iiefilgebildun;
AI Bereich derMortensit-
bildung
~ \ \ \ o Hiirfewerte inHllcbzw.HV
100
CCT
~~JJ~ '--'
~ f!J @ 7.Z.... GefiJgeonfeile in Ofo
' I I'll I I I I
o
0,1 1 10
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000
Minute'll
1 10
- - - Z e it -----+ Standen
SOURCE: Atlas sur Warmebehandlung der Stahle, vol 1, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1954
C 70 W 1 0.76% C - 0.29% Mn (SAE 1078)

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 0.008% S - 0.11% Cr - 0.17% Cu - 0.019% Mo - 0.07% Ni -
0.02% V Austenitized at 810C (1490F)
1000
Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur 870 of}
Ifalfedauer 10min, aufgeheizf in 1min
900
800
F ACJ
~ 600
700
A+N ~ ....
",
.p
J
~
97~
- g; -118)
I/"
AC7b ~
.!:: ( p
", ....,.....
-l~~
-1f!!J
~-::::. ~:-- t-
r--
t::::- I-..
-~
r-- r- ~
Zw
~ -(Gi8
300
Ms r- r-, @
zoo
- -- so At
700
o ~ ---
IT 90
1000 r--,--.--..,..,,,.--,---,--r-"T"T--r--,r-r-r-,--r----:-:--:-----------,-""T""'I
Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur 870 of}
Halfedauer 10 min, aut'geheizt in 3 min
BOO~~
'1\1\1\-, tk~
8 10
700
r; ~9G~$
700
93
~
.. 6001--t--\-\+-I-k~I--4I~d-++-I---f---\l-+I-*-+-I-+-I-++-+\l_H_-+-_\+____l_+_J
1\
.!::
~ A+K \ >J \ 1\ \
-t 5001--+---f-+4+-----\1-4-l---H---'l-----I--+----IrlI--+-.I,--1-I-+-l----I\--l---+4I-1---1----4'I-+-l+-/
~ 1\ ~-t ~8 \ 1\ \ \ 1798 \
~ 1/001--+--I-+-1fr1\--f--l.-+-4-++-+---J....lHI-I-+I++-lI--H-l---f---4-++.J-\I--+---+--\l-J.!!"}
\
\
~
,\ \1\ \\
\ ;\
1\
1\ \
Ms
1\
M \
1\ 1\
\
II~
\ ).
CCT I@ @ 1(i>1. t.eq
1 10
Sekunden
1 1tl 100 1000
---Zeit--+- Afinuten
A+K Area for austenite and carbides F Area for ferrite formation
K Area for carbide formation F+K Area of nonlamellar eutectoids
P Area for pearlite formation Z Cementite
o Hardness in HV 10Z 10% Cementite
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation) 1j2 (refers to numbers on curves)
M Area for martensite formation proportion of structure formed, in percent
RA Residual austenite
AC1 = 720C
Acg HOoC=
M s after austenitizing 10 min 810C: 245C
M s after austenitizing 10 min 860C: 210C
SOURCE: Atlas zur Warmebehandlung der Stahle, vol 1, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1954
C 100 W 1 1.03% C - 0.22% Mn (AISI W1 Tool

Steel)
LIVE GRAPH Composition: 1.03% C - 0.22% Mn - 0.17% Si - 0.014% P -
Click here to view 0.012% S - 0.07% Cr - 0.14% Cu - 0.01% Mo - 0.10% Ni - trace
V Austenitized at 780C (1436 0F) IT; Austenitized at 790C
(1464F) CCT
1000
Austenifisierungstemperatur '190 DC
Halfedauer10min, aurgeheiztin 1min
900
800
AC1e
YOO k- I-- ~ AC1b ' -
A+H
Vi-'
~- !..... f- .~ 358)
~
.~
~
600
,,
\
(
1,.....
~0
ii 500 ...... .... .... .~
--
~
--
:"'_~
~ i'-
~ (100
I.;;: ""'1-- -- ~ .If! ~
JOO
I- ZW r- w.61J8
<,
, r-....f<.
ZOO - Ms " I"-
100 - -- 50 At
IT
@. - - 70
a
Austenitisierungstemperatur 790 DC
Halfedauer 10min, auftJeheizt in 3 min
Ac,e
~ ",<0 'ACib
\
-e,
~500
\ ~
... \ 1\
~ (Iool-+~'l:-I-++\--I---f-lH+--+-\---++-t-t\--t--t\+-t+-j\--+-HI\I--lI---t'H-i1\ 11J,~
~
1\
\
CCT I~
1 10
Sekundon
1 10 100 1000
-Zeit-+ Minuten
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation) 1i 2 (refers to numbers on curves)
AClb 717C =
ACle = 736C
Ms after austenitizing 10 min at 790C: 176C
Ms after austenitizing 10 min at 860C : 160C
0.48% C - 1.98% Mn
Click here to view
0.011% S Auatenitised at 860C (1662 0 F )
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur 850 0C
(Haltedauer 7 min) aufgeheizt in B min
900
800
I--l--l-I-+l--+-+-I-++---+-+-+-++---+-++-++---+-+-+-l-l.::.!AICJ4---+-++-I
AC1
'100
A F.
~ 600
.!.>
...
{;500
t..
it'" quo
~
1\
Zw
300 Ms I"'r-...
M
zoo
100
3;9B Gefugeontei/e in Ofo
IT 0 11'11 I I II
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur 850 C
(Holtedouer 7 min) oufgehelzt In B min
900
800 "ACJ
...... <; r- AC1
'100
<,
1\ ~~ I\.~
r-, '-
~ 600
.!.> A \ ,~ ~ c:,zs p ~ ~ ~:r
~500
~
it liDO \1 '\ '\ ~\ ~~ 1\ A Bereich desAusfenifs
~~ 1\ ~6 ~ ~ 1\
F Bereich derFerrifbi/dung
~
JOO Ms \ P Bereich derper/ifbi/dU%

Zw BereichderZwischensfa ~n
ZOO
M
\
1\ t\ ~i\' \
\
Be{u/lebi/dung
At BereichderMarfensif
bi/dung
100
\ \ 1\\
L\-l.
\ 1\
\
\ o HiirtewerfeinHllcbzw.HY
CCT o ~ 57XIIZ)(39 30YZ9 @ ~ II... 6e{ugeanfei/e in Ofo

11'11 I I II
1 10 W' WJ W~
Sekunden I I I
1 10 100 1000 10000
Alinutell II:-- ......,,!:--
I --:~
I
1 10 100
-Zelf~
Stunden
ACI = 720C
=
AC3 766C
Ms =
290C
SOURCE: Atlas sur Warmebehandlung der Stahle, vol I, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1964
122 Atlas of TIme-Temperature Diagrams
0.98% C - 1.84% Mn
LIVE GRAPH Composition: 0.98% C - 1.84% Mn - 0.08% Si - 0.023% P _
Click here to view 0.011% S Austenitized at 900C (16260F)
1000
Ausfenitisierungstemperafur DOD DC
(Haltedauer B min) aUfgeheizf inB min
'0
BOO
V
V
K
- Acm
AC1
'100
c.:. / ~ i--f- ~38 eC{!J

.. BOO p98
.5:;
A
x
\'r---
-ZW
~'1f)
i""-
1'00.
II' \'1~
~ 1(39
A Bereich desAustenits
... '5
r-......
r- r- r-- ~ t- 51) P Bereich del' perlitbildU%,
300 -.... Zw 8ereichderZwischenstu n-
I"'"-- r-, r;;-...refligebildung
At Bereich del'Atof'tensit
llJ0 bildun/l
AlB K Def'eifihdel'KOf'bidbildung
(ZementitJ
100 o Hlirtewel'teinHllcbzw.HY
7/99 GefiJgeanteile in Ofo
At
IT 0 I I-II I I II
Austenitisierungstemperatur DOD DC
(Haltedauer 10min) aufUeheiztin 3 min
Acm
A0 1
A \,\
1\
\
1\
\~ \'3 ~ \
I iBJ~ ~IiaIqglqg ae
10 ~r ~J ~~ 10'
Seliunden ( I. 1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Minuten '!:- ~.-----_:;--_
I I
1 10 100
---zeit~
Stunden
ACI = 710C
ACcm = 760C
Ma = 120C
0.73% C - 1.62% Si (71 Si 7)

Click here to view 0.012 S - 0.10% Cr - 0.19% Cu - 0.12% Ni - 0,01% V
Austenitized at 845 0C (1555 0 F)
Ausfenitisierun!Jsfemperafur 8'15 DC
Halfedauer 70min, auf!Jeheizf in 3min
900I-+---iH+t-+---+-+++-+--++++-I--,,,rr----,---=--rn.-....-rlH-1
700
.!::
Zw
M
- - - >D
100t--+-+-+-i-t----l--+-+++-+----lH-+-I--+-t-H+----l--+--+-H--t-H-+--H
IT
Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur 8'15 0C
Halfedauer 70 min, auf!Jeheizf in 3 min
a A,,;
1\ 9f~I"'"
1\ \ \1\
\ 1\ I(~
\ 1\ 1\
\
1\ \\ 1\
\
M
CCT
1 10
Seliunden
1 10 100 1000
---z eif----+ AI/nuten
=
AC1 750 0C
AC3 = 775 0C
M s after austenitizing at 845 0C : 215 0C
0.30% C - 3.03% Ni (SAE 2330)

LIVE GRAPH 0.007% S - 0.032% Al - 0.07% Cr - 3.03% Ni - <0.01% Ti
Click here to view
Austenitized at 860C (1662 0 F)
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur 850 0 C
(Haltedauer 70min) au,!Jeheizt in 3 min
900
A
800 AC3
~ ODD
.!;:
700
I
./
... -., -- - -
-
~'lS'"
__80
p' /A" :n
F
_z
18
"
.- .-
AC1
90,
-. -- -- OOk
~
Ms
\
<,
'-
Zw
~C -
J:m- r-
300 >-- Z5
"
@
~ 8050
M
zoo
100
IT o~
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur 850 0 c
(Haltedauer70min) au/Ueheizf in3 min
.900
A
BOO
AC3
'fOO
<, "<,
-,
""-
---
-. ~ <;
r-;
---- r-, ----
"" F
i--..... I- ........
-, 9~
AC1 -
o '...70 75""-77 \8
"'-85 Sf]
\ I
~
...,s
I\l \;ZO p~ zril
\ '\(
Z5 19
\
'{5 \1. \ 8Z.
~V3 5
\
'( Zw
'St v1
\ 1\ f\ \ \ \ \ \
k
670
\ \ \
300
Ms
\. 1\ l \,- \ \
ZOO
M "1\ 1\ 1\
...
~ \ 1\ 1\ \7i
100
\ \\ 1\
\\ 1\ 1\ \ \
CCT o
~
P ~ W9l
F ~ @ ~ ~\ ~)
0,7 1 10
Sekundl1n
1 10 100 1000
---Zeit--+ Minuten
ACI = 690C
AC3 = 760C
Ms = 340C
34 Cr 4 (SAE 5135)
<0.01% V Austenitized at 860C (1662 0 F)
1000r----r-r-rT-r---,---.--.,...,..,---,--,-.,...,..-.----,-------------"T""'T-,
(tfaltedauer 5 min) aufgeheizf inl min
AcJ
Ac1
F (1/ p yC:~ ~
""""
Zw
Ausfenitisierungsfemperafur 850DC
(Haltedauer 8 min)aufgeheizt inJ min
DOD
ACJ
800
'100
. . . ."s - 50
50
Ac1
t.':l
., GOO
.!::
A \
\ ).
e, 180
ii
e,
500
\
'"
"'-
F;, 1100
~ MS
M
JOO
ZOO
100
CCT 0
1 10
Sekunden
1 10
Minuten 1:-'
100
, 1000
-----J.::-----..,J,.=--- , 10000
1 10 100
---Zeif~
Stunden
ACI = 746C
AC3 = 796C
Ms = 360C
41 Cr 4 (SAE 5140)
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur8'1OC
(Haltedauer 5 min) aufgeheizt in1 min
900
AC3
800
Ac1
.........
700
95( ~ ~
10' (;
~ 600
.!::
ts,
A
;-
~
-,
- /I
7rr- r-c
3
~ qOO
500
'-" Zw --- .~
~
Ms \.
" M \ A Bereich des Ausfenits
300 - -50% F Bereich derferrifbildung
- -90% P Bereich derPerlifbildung
zoo Zw Bereich derZwischensfufen-fie{li!Jebildung
M Bereich der Marfensifbildung
100
o ttiirfewerfe inRRc bzw. inHY
70..95 GefuiJeanfeilein 0J0
IT I III 1 1 1 II
a
Austenifisierungstemperatur OWDC
(Haltedauer 8 min) auflJeheizt in 3 min
- un
I-- ~o
AcJ
AC1
\
18
\
1\
CCT
10
Sekunden I I I
1 10 100 1000 10000
Minuten ,::-1 -=::-
1 -:,...-_
1
1 10 100
- - - Z e it----+-
Stunden
AC1 = 746C
=
AC3 790C
M s = 366C
100 Cr 6
LIVE GRAPH 0.006% S - 1.63% Cr - 0.20% Cu - <0.01% Mo - 0.31% Ni -
Click here to view <0.01% V Austenitized at 860C (1680 0 F)
1000
Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur Boooe
Halfedauer 15min, aufgeheizf in 3min
900
IAc1e
800
AC1b
700 V"
p ~ .~ ~
~ GOO
IA+H
I I(
1. I~
-
t--
.!> r- @
-- '"
'" ""r-. Zw
, r-..r-,
~
300
~ c;:;,
Ms --, N r-..
ZOO
-- -j M
100
IT ~iJ --90
I
o
1000
Ausfenitisierungsfemperafur BBooe
Halfedauer 15min, aUfgeheizt in 3min
sav
80vt--..
<,
f::::: t--...: 1---..-- r-,
c-, ""'I'\.
--.. r-, -- r-.. r-,
AC1e
f\ -, I'\. 1\.1\ 1"- "- I4c1b
T\
v
A+H
1\
I\~ V p ~o?\
'00
\ \
v
1\ 1\\ '\ ~I\
~~\ 1\ \ 1\
1\ Zwl\ I\~ .\ \ \ \
\ ~ ~ ~\ 1\ \
300
ZO0
M~
"
1\
I~ 1\\ 1\ 1\
100
I\M \ 1\ ~j
HA~~\H.4~ f\ \1:
R~
~ I@ (so9J 310)\
CCT o Ie: I:' ~-@@~ ~

1 10 J 10'
10' 10
Seliunden I I
1 10 100 1000 10000
-Zeit--+- Minuten
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation) 1j 2 (refers to numbers on curves)
AC1b = 760C
AC1e = 796C
M s after austenitizing at 860C: 246 C
Ms after austenitizing at 1060 0C : 136C
X 40 Cr 13 (AISI 420 Stainless Steel)

Click here to view 0.010% S - 13.12% Cr - 0.09% Cu - <0.01% Mo - 0.31% Ni -
0.02% V Austenitized at 980C (1796 0 F)
1000.----r-,..-.,...,,..-.----.--rTT--.---,,..,-rr--r--------------,"T1
__ L"~..J,.+-I"--"- -- -- Austenitisierungstemperatur 980C
/~ /taftedauer75min, aufgeheiztin3min
AC1e
A+H
~ 6001--+--1-+-l-l--p...,,...+_+++--+--jH_+H~-~F"t-+--...::II-_+_t_++-_+__f__+-H
!::
s,
...... 1'. ...
-
ti 5001-_+-+-I-++--+--1-H--1--f::="l-+-++---f-+--H-/--j--t--HI+----It--t--1-H
~ I;.:;".
~ lIOO 1--+--1--H-/--I--+_+++--+--jH_+t--+-_+_+-+-1--~,,"""-+-l-+-1--+-+-+-H
" IIiiM
300- Ms e-:
M
zoo -- -- so
100 -- - - 9O.CH!-+-+--+-+-H--!--Hf-++--+-+--H_t_-t--+-++t-+----i_f-H
IT
1000
~
- <,
r--:::
I'--- k~ I'r:::::..
~/-....... <,
- ..4usma~ungstemperatur 980 DC
<, /tofte uer: 15min, aufgeheizf in 3 min
900
A+H -, / -, H -, <, <, <, <, Ac1e
800
\ N 1\ '\ '\ 1\ AC1h
\ \\, 1\ \
\
1\ ~ ~~1
...- I:::=- ~
o!!._
p --
700 gO
1\ f'\ 1\
\ ~
!-
~
~ F+H
\
\ 1\ \ \
1\
\\ \ \ \
1\ 1\ \ 1\ 1\ \
\ \ ~_ .... 'X ~\ \\ \
300 f--- Ms
-'- v
zoo
1\ \ \ \ 1\ \
hi \
1\ 1\ 1\ \ 1\
CCT
100
o1
Seliunden
10
I
~ ~ ~
I
e \.l. i-,
-1 ~ ~ ~
1 10 100 1000 10000
---z e /t----+ M/nuten
AClb = 790C
ACle = 850C
Ms after austenitizing at 980C : 280C
Ms after austenitizing at 1060 0C : 146C
X 210 Cr (AISI D3 Tool Steel)

0.04% V Austenitized at 9700 (1778 0 F)
1000
900
_f-- f-' -- -- -I- - Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur 970 DC
Halfedauer 15min, aufgeheizf in 3min
A+II ~.
800
,/' I 14c1e
/ II
~
~ 3? IAc7b
700
II \ Hl rBl ~
P
I' ~
~ 600
.5;
s,
-
"'- ~
t-
~
t-- t-- t- --
- -
I-- ~-I-
{500
~ 1100
l.;;:
300
( -
<, ......
Zw
.-'
.- . .- .-
.wI, -- "-fI@' .... ....
90
I-'
. .
zoo Mol'
_. 1 - - 'M- 1--- .... - --- -- I- -
_.. _.- _. 1-1--- ~
~.
100 -- --JZ
IT o .~ --9tJ,
A+III\1; \ 1\
700
'.\ 11
\
/ 1\
H 1\1\ 1\
~ 600'1--+-I--+--l-II*--I--\+~++--Ir~f;;;;-l~j\--+'\-+-Hrt-----l'------t\+t+-+---t-t-ti
i
50 \
1\ 1\ 1\
ii'" 500'1--+--\-+--l-II+\-I--+\f--f\+---t-'ol\-Ip.J-j\f-\+-\-+-H+----l-+-t-t-tI-t---t-t-ti
\
~
1\ 1\ \ 1\
~ 1I001--+-+-l-++-4-+-f4B:-+--I\--H:-I-\-,Il\-++-t-H--t-+t\i+-Hr--r-TiH
1\ 1\
~
1\ \ \ \
\
\
zoo Mol' \ \1\
-_.- - .- ._-~ -
CCT
10 101/
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
-Zeit~ Minuten
p Area for pearlite formation Z Cementite
AClb = 768C
ACle = 979C
M s after austenitizing at 970C : 1840
M s after austenitizing at 10600 : 700
20 Mo 5
Click here to view 0.030% S - 0.061% AI - 0.12% Cr - 0.08% Cu - 0.60% Mo -
0.06% Ni - 0.03% V Austenitised at 1060 0C (1922 0 F )
AustemYisiel'un!lslempel'aluf' 1050 ac
Halledauer 1.min
800 """" ........... <,
700 '" " -, 3,~--1-+---+~~1-I-l

'\ 1\ 1\
\vK
/1\
<,
1\ 1\
Zw 1\ \ 1\ '\
38 l8
~
1\1\
1\
\
\ \\
\ ).
ceT
~oo 710 7GSf,SO
~
10
Zeil in s
AClb = 760 0 e
ACle = 760 0 e
AC3 = 860 0 e
M s = 426 0 e
Next Page
37 MnSi 5
LIVE GRAPH Composition: 0.38% C - 1.14% Mn - 1.06% Si - 0.036% p -
Click here to view 0.019% S - 0.23% Cr - 0.02% V Austenitized at 860C (1680 0 F)
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur860 DC
(Haltedauer 5 min) aufgeheizt inCmin
900
AcJ
800
~ Ac7
700
~ 600
A
/' ~
I//u ,- P-8U 3~.-
F

-
73
- - --
) " """-)-- ~- a ~ fi3
I Zw (
,#s ~ \9Ju
300
1'-
5ffJ- FA Bereich des Austenits
Bereich derFerritbi/dung
M P Bereich der Perlitbi/dung
zoo Zw Bereich derZwischenstiJ{en-fleftigebl'ldun//
AI Bereich der Afartensitbi/dung
100
o Hiirtewerfe infiRc bzw. in HY
5;co... Geriigeant~i/e in0/0
IT I I I I I I I I I
o
Austenitisierungstemperatur 8GO DC
(Haltedauer 7 min) oufgeheizt in 3 min
AC3
- AC7
1\
\
\
\ \ \
\ \
CCT
10
Seliunden
1 10 10U 1000 10000
Minuten
1 10 100
- - - Z e it------+-
Stunden
AC1 736C =
AC3 = 796C
Ms =
330C
Previous Page
16 MnCr 5 (SAE 5115)

0.008% S - 0.016% AI - 0.99% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.12% Ni -
0.01% V Austenitized at 870C (1698F)
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur 870.C
(Haltedauer 70min) aufgeheizt in 3 min
LIVE GRAPH 900
Click here to view
800
'100
<,
- r-, '""""
r-, t':
I'\."
~~
--
r--:
",,-
--..
<,
AC3
AC1
1\ ~
~ \ 1,/ ) ~GO [\8$ 6.f\78
~ 600 Il Ctl
\. ~\ p ~ Zt1
.!!;
1\ 1\ 1\ V \
1\
1\ \ ~ 1\~f\1\ ~ 1\
1\
Als ( \L~
Zw
1\80 1\ 1\ 1\\
...
\
\r- G~k\ \
\ ~ \
\ I\~ ~ ~~ ~ l\
300
AI \
zoo 1\
\~ ~L .\
1\
1QO
1\ \ 1\ 1\ \ \
CCT o
~ ~ ~
\.. 1\ -w!:
~~
..... '-. .......
0,1 10 10' 103 10' 10'
Zeit in s
AClb = 760C
AC3 = 846C
M s = 400C
50 CrY 4 (SAE 6145)

Click here to view 0.015% S - 1.20% Cr - 0.14% Cu - 0.04% Ni - 0.11% V
Austenitized at 880C (1616 0 F )
Aasfenitisierungstemperafllr660DC
(nalfedaaer 5 min) aUfgeheizt in6' min
Ac3
Ac1
Aastenitisierungstemperatar 880 DC
{Halfedaaer 5 min}aa(geheizt in J min
AcJ
-.. if5 r- 85 Ac1
t:-.:::' -...... 75
~~~~ 15rt(85 1"\

I\. 1\ l'\ ~\ 1\ 1\ 1\
I \1 \ 1\1\ ~ l~
1\
\
\ \
1\
I>. \.L\.... \ 1;5....fiefiigeanfeile in0/0
CCT
I~ (f7Xm '~ I I II L 111
10 10' 10.1 10""
Seltunden I I ,
1
Alinaten
10
=-'
7
100
-=
10
I
1000
I
100
10000
~.---_
Standen
---z e if--+-
ACI =
735C
AC3 = 780C
Ms = 300C
50 CrY 4 (SAE 6150)

Austenitized at 880C (1616 0F)
1000
Austenitisierungstemperotur880DC
(Halfedauer "min) aufgeheizt inif min
900
800
If. ACJ
700 Ac1
~
I"""
I- haD
~ I' 3~
A
~ 600 <,
.E;
1/
I'-
Zw
--- ~
~
1'-.
'0 ""'@:3
I'\. 1&11 (3~
soo Ms
r-
I' I~ I'- -(ji; A Bereich des Austenits
, F Bereich der ferrithi/dung
50%
P Bereich der Per/ithi/dunU
coo 1= 90 0/0
M Zw Bereich derZwischenstufen-lieftlgehJ'ldung
M Bereichder Mortensithi/dung
100
o
Hiirtewerfe inHRc hzw. inHV
70 GefiJgeonteilein0/0
IT o I I I I I I I II
(Halfedauer s min) au{geheizt in 3 min
IACJ
1".1
99 c1
1\
A
r\ 1\
\
1\
\
1;7.... liefiJ'geontei/ein010
I III I I II
10
Seltunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
Minuten I
7':------:::;~-----:::;=--
I I
10 100
---zeit~
Stunden
ACI = 725C
=
AC3 760C
Me = 270C
0.15% C - 0.67% Mn - 1.20% Cr - 0.31% V

(SAE 6115)
LIVE GRAPH Composition: 0.15% C - 0.67% Mn - 0.48% Si - 0.044%P -
Austenitized at 920C (1688F)
1000
A
Austenitisie"rungsfemperafur 9110 0 C
(llaltedauer 5 min) aufgeheizf in1 min
900
ACa
800
700
1.........-
- BOl lfJ~o(
.
I Ac,
~ '-
F 19.
~ 600 f> - -
t-..: @ tSI
.!>
I
1--
,10-
~
I"'""
500
~~ 1100
>.::::
Ms
,If
\ .f0\
"
ZW -:!
K
300
BOO
100
IT o
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur 9110 0 c
(llaltedauer 8 min) aufgeheizt in5 m.in
900
800
-- r------
-, r- f? ---,,:::r--.
<,
'" ~t--... t--:::::: K
-,
- r-,
ACa
AC1
.:;;,.,-
I', '\ 711 '"
700
1'\
\ '" \ l><
1\
F
r-,
'"
1\')\69 ~ " 5..:!.
\
P
L7.f lv5
Y5
"\ 7.f
iZ'
c."
., 600 1\ 5
Z.f
1\ -, -.~~ \ n
~
.!>
i e,
500
i"""
Zw ........
l\ 1\ 1\
~"oo
Afs 1\ 1\'/0
~75 1\ 1\ ~ r-,~ 1\
...... I'-.
\ ~ \ 1\
~
300
A1
1\ .\ \
BOO
1\ \ \'~ ~ 1\
~ ~' \ \
100
\ \ 1\ \ \ 1\\ \ h. \
\.. \ \.'l~ ~
CCT 0
'/~ ~ (ia~
~ ..... ....., '- .~?J
0.1 1 10
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000
-Zeit~ Minuten
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation) 1i2 (refers to numbers on curves)
ACI = 766C
=
AC3 870C
Ms =
436C
15 CrNi 6
0.009% S - 0.010% AI - 1.60% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 1.55% Ni -
<0.01% V Austenitized at 870C (1698 0F)
Austenifisierunllstemperotur 8700 C
LIVE GRAPH (Holtedouer 10min) ou(geheiztin .1 min
Click here to view
AC3
700 75 75
~600
1\ A+K\
\
1
'P \
'M
\
15
\ \
.~
~SOO \ 1\ 1\
~...
~IJOO v \ 1\
~
M
\ i\
\ \ 1\ \
300
300
\ \ \\\ \\ \\
100 1\ \ \ \\ \ \ \
CCT 0
0,1 10 10 2 10' 10' 10' 10
Zeit in s
AClb = 736C
AC3 =
820C
Ms =
440C
18 CrNi 8
0.014% S - 0.03% AI - 1.96% Cr - 0.03% Mo - 2.02% Ni - 0.01%
V Austenitized at 870C (1698F)
1000
Austenitisierunllstemperotur 870 0 c
LIVE GRAPH (Haltedouer 10 min) ou(geheiztin.J min
/JOO
700 r-, P. 65 ~5_

'V"'" f - 0- 1\ I "I/Si
J\. F \i;\f5 30 35 35
~600
.~
1\1\ ~1\3 1\1\ \ 51\ \ !\
~500
'"
~
~IJOO
Ms Zw
70
1\\.
1 \
\I\r"'-\,\ \ \
~
.JOO
MI\
\
1\
100
100
\ \ \
CCT 0
0.1 10 10 2 10' 10' 105 10
Zeit in s
AClb = 736C AC3 =

790C
ACle = 760C Ms = 460C
14 NiCr 14
0.012% S - 0.012% Al - 0.78% Cr - 0.16% Cu - 0.04% Mo -
3.69% Ni Austenitized at 870C (1598F)
AusfomYisierungsfemperaluf' 870 DC
Holledouer 1. min
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
A \\
\
\~ 3 -, ,\1'\
\ \~ r\ -,\ ~~~7
\
zoo
flefii! e 17d: d1\ 1\

CCT
@~
10 10'1 105
leif in s
AClb = 675C
ACle = 71SoC
AC3 = 820C
M s = 420C
25 CrMo 4 (SAE 4118)

0.011% S - 0.97% Cr - 0.16% Cu - 0.23% Mo - 0.33% Ni -
7000
Austenitisierungstemperotur 675 oc
(Doltedouer 5 min) oufgeheizt in1 min
LIVE GRAPH 900
Click here to view ADa
800
'100
A
V
-- ~
F (~
fiJ,
~
~
Ao7
'\ "'- -
~ 600
~
V iDr;
-
.~
./ GOZwG ~
Zw ~ '@)
iHs ,/'
---
.- --50%
-90%
I '1:,'3
300 iH A Bereich des Austenits

F Bereich der ferritbildun/l
P Bereich der Perlitbildun/l
zoo Zw Bereich derZwischenstufen-Ilefti!lebildun/l
AI Bereichder Mortensitbildun/l
100 o Hiirtewerte inHllc tuw: inDY
30; 60 Ce{iigeonteilein10
IT o I I I I I 1 I I I , ..
0.1 1 70
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
Minuten I!- ~':------::~
I I
1 10 100
---Z e it-----+- Stunden
1000
Austenitisierun/lstemperotur 875C
(Doltedouer 10min) outDeheizt inZ min
LIVE GRAPH 900
Click here to view Aca
BOO
-....::: ~r:: r-.... ~ -...
0 "'-
v
.'- <, <,
G!..
AC1
-~o
<,
'- Go-~ 0
1\ -,r\ r\ 1)\ ~
'100 C. ,110
-\ ~
F 5<
~t
~
3 ~o \
A I'X ~
~ 1\ ~ \"
P
.......
~~
\
1\
1\
~
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\ \
300
Als
M
-
\ [\\
" \35
\
\
~GO
\"~ -[l60 \~ \
\\ \ \~ \
\ \
\
Bereich des Austenits
A
f Bereichderferritbildun/l
P Bereich der perlitbilda:,.
Zw BereichderZwischensf n-
@ 6eftigebildung
zoo \ \ 1\ AI Bereich derMortensit-
bildun/l
\ \
1\
\\\ ~ \ o
Hiirlewerte inDllcblH!HY
100
@~~ ~~
\ \
CCT o
1 10
em'~ mJ
~
m~
1;Z....Ceftigeonleilein Ofo
I "II I I I I
Sekunden I I I
7 10 100 1000 10000
Mlnuten !;-I ~-----*.::--_
I I
7 10 100
---Zelt~
Stunden
AC1 = 730C
AC3 = 825C
Ms = 400C
SOURCE: Atlas sur Warmebehandlung der Stahle. vol 1, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf. Germany, 1954
34 erMo 4 (SAE 4130)

LIVE GRAPH 0.012% S - 1.01% Cr - 0.19% Cu - 0.24% Mo - 0.11% Ni -
Click here to view
<0.01% V Austenitlsed at 850C (1662F)
1000
Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur 8S0 0C
(ttalfedauer 5 min) aufgeheizf in 1 min
900
AcJ
800
I-- Ac 1
IC~~ s
700
(!!!J
A r
~ GOO / I- lrez)
'351-
.!;: ~ I-
s, / I\....
~ 500
~Ms
.\ Zw
V ~V ~
~ qOO
0..:::
~
\ re
300 700/0~ r\ A Bereich des Ausfenifs
r Bereich derferrifhi/dung
f-::o:..l P Bereich derPerlifhildung
90%
ZOO Zw Bereich derZwischensfu{en-lieftigehi/dunl1
M Bereich derMarfensifhildunl1
100
o Hiirtewerte in HRc tuw: inHY
35; 50 Ce{iigeanfei/e in 0/0
1000
Ausfenitisierunl1sfemperafur 850 0&
(Halfedauer 10min) aUfiJeheizf in fl min
900
AC3
800
<, --=:::::: F::: <; -..... f:::::::,..
I--..
- '--
Ac 1
-- ..-
5
-
sa
-. = ~=
'100
<, <, <,
"
:/:A,o
~ GOO -. A 1\ '\ ?< -,
1\ K [\,~ V
~ 50
\
.!;:
~
1\ VI-- -,- '5\ 8
r"\.
10
1\
s
\'~'"
P. ~\
\
\
180
t5 500
~
~/IOO ur I}"z
\ Zw
-,
r\ ",\
~70
\
r\ ~
1\
A Bereich desAustenits
I'- t-- ~~
~
~ f Bereich derferri/hi/dung
1\\\ 80
P
lw
Bereich derper/itbildU~
BereichderZwischenstu n-
\ 1\\ \ ~l\
JOO
COO
M
1\ 1\
fiefiigehildung
M BereichderMartensit-
hildung
\ 1\ f\\ 1\ f~\ o Hiirfewerte inHRcbzw.HY
CCT
100
~ ~
\ 1\31)1
(3/1
\
ZH) (c51CG) CO
' 05...Ceftigeanteilein 010
I I VI I I I I I
10
Seliunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
Minuten ~I------::I::-----~:--_
I I
7 70 100
-Zeit~
Stunden
Aq = 730C
AC3 = 796C
Ms = 386C
42 erMo 4 (SAE 4135/4140)

Click here to view <0.01% V Austenitized at 860C (1680 0 F) IT; Austenitized at
860C (1662 0 F ) CCT
1000
Austenitisierungstemperatur 880C
(tfalfedauer 5 min) aufgeheizt in1 min
900
800 AcJ
700
A ,/ F
..... - ( p 81Z:Qv~- ~
Ac1
~ 600 / 'fill
V
"- I\. ~
~
.!::
-........:
s, I
1
500
\
~ qOO
Zw
./ 15:"" KG) rw
~~
'CI
"
300
SOO/o 1\ ,'C:/ ? A
F
Bereich der Ferritbi/dung
~/o P Bereich der Pertitbi/dung
At Zw Bereich derZwischenstu(en-fieftigebi/dung
coo
AI Bereich der Alartensitbi/dung
100
o /liirtewerte in/IRe bzw. in/IV
50. 80 Ge(iigeantei/ein 0/0
IT I I I I I I I I I
o
Austenitisierungstemperatur 850DC
(Halfedauer 10min) aufgeheizt inZ min
Aca
Act
<, 60
'\
\ 1~09
~
\
\
CCT
10 1011 10J 10"" 105 '108
Seliunden I I I I f
1 10 100 1000 10000
Minuten I I I
1 10 700
-Zeif~
Stunden
AC1 = 730C
AC3 = 780C
M s = 360C
50 CrMo 4 (SAE 4150)

<0.01% V Austenitized at 850C (1662F)
1000
Ausfenitisierungsfemperafur850 DC
(ffalfedauer 5 min) aufgeheizf in 1 min
900
800
AcJ
IAC7
700
i"""
A F (
<, ~
o~( ~
~l-
~ 600
!::
J:! 500
K
~ 1/00
I~ Zw
I"""' r:::j:::: -~
- ....
"I' ~
i),
<,
r-
"
300 A1s
~ [( ~ A Bereich des Austenits
f Bereich derFerritbi/dung
1- 50% P Bereich derPerlitbildung
coo f= t-90%
M
Zw Bereich derZwischenstufen-lieftigebi/dung
AI Bereich derAfarfensitbi/dung
100 o I/iirtewerte in !fRc bzw. inltV
00;9B Gefiigeantei/e in Ofo
1000
Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur 850C
(ffalfedauer 10min) au(geheiztin Z min
900
800 -:AC3
r- e- If AC7
'100
<, <,
~~ 1'\'" " tr. 80
r-,
1"\ f}<1~ "P/~o 1\
~ 1\
\ 1'\
A
1\ 1\1\1\ 1\ I~z~
~
I'
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1\ 1\ Bereich desAusfenifs
300 Afs
1\ c\\ 1\i\W\ \ ~ 1\ 1\
A
F
P
Zw
Bereich derferrifbi/dung
BereiChderper/itbi/d.
BereichderZwischensf
coo
M -, I\( ~~ 6[. I@ 70
6e{iJgebi/dung
AI Bereich derAfartensif-
bi/dung
100
\
1\ ~ \ 1\-; o Itorfewerfe inffHcbzw.HV
\. l\' \.
CCT o1
10
:@ ~ (t9X!'! 5Bl'1"
1;B.... Ge{iJgeanfei/e in 0/0
1 J JI I 111
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
Minuten I I
7~------:;::;---------:;~-
I
10 100
---Zeit--+- Sfunden
ACI = 725C
AC3 760C =
Ms = 290C
20 MoCr 4
LIVE GRAPH 0.011% S - 0.049% Al - <0.0005% B - 0.56% Cr - 0.18% Cu -
Click here to view 0.44% Mo - 0.020% N - 0.15% Ni Austenitized at 890C
(1634 0F)
1000'r----r-.--rT~-,.-~T"T_.___,.-_._"_.___,-__._..."rr-r__,____._rT---------,
Austem1islerungslemperafuf' 890 DC
Haftedauer 15 mIn
1\
1\
1\ 1\
\ \
lie{iigeblld:
1\\
195 ~
CCT
10 106'
Zeit In s
AClb= 740C AC3 = 865C
ACle = 760C M s = 425C
25 MoCr 4
LIVE GRAPH 0.022% S - 0.034% Al - 0.002% B - 0.50% Cr - 0.45% Mo -
Click here to view 0.005% N - 0.11% Ni Austenitized at 890C (1634 0F)
1000'r----r-~rT~-,.-,-T""T_.___,.-_._..."-.-__,r-__._...,,rr-r__,____._rT---------,
Austenlflslerungsfemperafuf' 890DC
Halfedauef' 15 mIn
9aol--+-+-H+---+-+-+-I-f--f-+--H+--1i-+--HH--I--++-t+-,----r-rrr-,----,----rn
700 "
1\ A
\
1\ \ \
\
\
M
i\
6efijgeblld:
\ \
CCT
10
Zeit In s
AClb = 740C AC3 = 830C

ACle = 760C M s = 410C
StE 70 (Cr-Mo-Zr)
LIVE GRAPH 0.011% S - 0.031% Al - 0.019% As - 0.89% Cr - 0.07% Cu -
Click here to view 0.40% Mo - 0.06% Ni - 0.008% N2 - 0.005% 02 - 0.008% Sn -
0.01% V - 0.09% Zr Austenitized at 950C (1742 0F)
1000'r----..------.,r--.--"-...----.-.---rT-.--.---.-rr-.----..--...,,rr----.-...--..-r,-------------,
Ausfenl1isierungsfemperafur 950C
Ha/tedauer .10 min
'\
\
\
1\
\
~~l~~ 1\
CCT h'1~:~~ I~
10
ACI 766C =
AC3 = 900C
M s = 426C
StE 47 (Ni-V)
LIVE GRAPH 0.023% S - 0.043% Al - 0.019% N - 0.07% Ni - 0.13% V
Click here to view Austenitized at 900C (1652 0F)
1000'.-"T"--,--r-n---,----,-r.,,--,--r-,-rr-.---,-,-rr----.-...---r-r.-------------,
Ausfenifisierungstemperatur 9000C
Ha/tedauer Smln
AC3
CCT
10 S
Zeitin s
Act = 730C
=
AC3 860C
M s = 410C
StE 47 (Ni- Ti)

Click here to view 0.017% S - 0.055% AI - 0.74% Ni - 0.18% Ti Austenitized at
930C (1706 0 F)
1000,.....--,-----,---.--,-,--.----.----r.".-,-----r--.--r-r--,----.--.-..-----,--.--r-tr. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
AuslemYisierunflslemperolur !lJO C
Holledouer Smm
Ac,
\90
10
~ 6001---+-1f--1-\-HI-:>"/-~-+-'H-'d-----I\
.!:::
1\
~ 50ol--+-1H-+-IIt--+-+-I---\l-+t-\--t-\--+---ftB+f--\-t---t\H--1f-T--+--H-+---\-t--t-\-+++--+-f-t-t-I
\
\
lii
9-
\
~ '10r-IIHT1I\-r---tH''t=l~:j,!::J::t\?"--\;r-t'~H\,r---'t-Ti-r--i:--ri'rt-r-t-Itt1
1\ 1\ 1\
1\ \
f\ \
CCT @~
10
leit in s
ACI = 715C
=
AC3 880C
M3 = 420C
Atlas of TIme-Temperature Diagrams 745
105 WCr 6
Click here to view 0.018% S - 1.06% Cr - 0.26% Cu - 0,03% Mo - 0.13% Ni -
1.16% W Austenitized at 816C (1499 0 F)
1000r--r-.._......,..,...--,.______r"~T"T"-..____r~...,...,.____"""T'"------------__r""
Austenitisierungsfemperatur 8750C
lfaltedauer15min, aufgeheiztinsmln
BOO 1--+-f-H+----II--+-+-t+-f--+-++-I--+--hl-+f---+--+--HHAc7e +--+-t-+-l
~
-
.~.@
6001--+-f-+:,j."f----I---hJ-H'...Lf--+-++-I--+--HI-+f---+-+--HI+--f--+-+-t-l
.~
""'-~ ~
~~ 5001-1-ttff,-..,=~*t:t::;;+==t;t:+I=:t-HIII-It1I-III11
I
~ Zw ~?
~ lIOO
l;;:
~ I'-.. q~-H--t--+-t-+-l--+--Hr+t--+-;-t-f-;
..... N~
-- --T
zoo 1--+--H+----II--+-+-t+-+--+--++-II--+--t-I-++--+--+--Ht+-t--+-++-t
M
100 I
IT l~ --90
0'-"-..<L..---..:..:....J"-I...l..---L.._J-J"-I...L...----L._.L...-1....L..L...----L._-'--1....L-'-----'-_-'-.J...J.-'----'-_-'--J......L..J
1000r--.--,...-....,---,.---.-....rr-,...---,-,...,....,.---.--:---:-.-:-----------:---."T"1
Austenitisierungstemperatur 875C
Ifaltedauer 15min, autDeheizt in 3 min
-- <,
AC1e f-
Ac10 f-
100" 700
\ 1\
\
\
1\
\ \
\ \
1\ '\
1\ 1\
\ \
\\
\
CCT
10
sekunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
-Zeit-+- Minuten
AClb = 730C
ACle = 770C
Ms after austenitizing at 816C: 246C
M s after austenitizing at 890C: 166C
SOURCE: Atlas zur Warmebehandlung der Stahle, vol I, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1964
0.20% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.97% Cu - 0.55% Ni

Click here to view 0.024% S - 0.06% Cr - 0.91% Cu - 0.65% Ni Austenitized at
870C (1598 0 F)
1000
Ausfenitisierungsfemperafur 870 c
(Halfedauer 5" min) aufgeheizf in 7 min
900
AC3
800
A
AC7
-
'100
(V F
- 'l'p/~ 88)
~ 900 P- 30
1\ HZ)
.5;
~
fi500
(,
~
~1I00
I;:::
IMs\
-[\
ZW
I~ r~v It:
.....r/.8
A
f
Bereich derferritbildung
P Bereichder perlitbildUif,.
JOO lw BereichderZwischenstu en
AI 6efiiqebildung
At BereIch derMortensit-
zoo bildung
o Hiirlewerte inHRcblW.HI?~
100
30;706efiigeonleile inOfo .
IT o I ,'" I " I
1000
AustenitisierungstiJmperafur 8'10 c
(Holtedouer 8 min) aufgeheizf in 3 min
900
AC3
800
Ac1
'100
'\'15
~ GOO
.s '{5
~500
..~1I00
e, 1\
~ 1\
.100
ZOO
~\
100
CCT 0
1 10
Sekunden
1 10
Minuten =-'
7
100
-=,10
1000
~=__
I
100
10000
---zeit ___ stunaen
ACI = 705C
=
AC3 806C
M s = 396C
SOURCE: Atlas zur Warmebehandlung der Stahle, vol I, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1964
28 NiCrMo 7 4
0.025% S - 1.44% Cr - 0.20% Cu - 0.37% Mo - 2.06% Ni -
<0.01% V Austenitized at 850C (1562 0 F )
1000
Austenifisierungstemperatur850DC
LIVE GRAPH (Ualfedauer 5 min) aU(geheiztinII min
900
Click here to view
800 Ac3 f- .
-
Ac1. l -
?OO
~ 600
A e F 30(
.......
"-
P ?DC
-
-----
/'
Ms Zw
,...... 'f.
300 1== 50% A Bereich des Aus/ent s
.......... 90% F Bereich der Ferri/bi/dung
M P Bereich der Per/i/bi/dung
zoo Zw Bereich derZwischens/uren-fiefligebi/dung
Jf Bereich der Martensi/bi/dung
100
39,70 Getugean/ei/ein 0/0
IT o I I I I , I I I'
1 10 1011
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
Minuten !-' ~----~:--_
I I
1 10 100
-Zeit--+- Stunden
1000
Austenitisierungstemperotur 850 DC
LIVE GRAPH (Holtedouer 70 min) oufgeheizfin z min
Click here to view 1/00
800 AC3
700
<, ....... -..... ..... <, <, I"--.. - ~C7 I-
"" -, -. "'\
vo_ I::
~ 600
-, I\C 1\
1\7
F
1'\ 75 ,
"30
1\ 'ln~50
Il~
\
.!:;
1?500
A
'\ 1\ \ \ \
1\
~ ~ -\
1\ \
~ \ \ \
--\
~"OO A Bereich des Austenits
~ Ats
-,
1(7
~ f\"" '>0
1\ l~ \ 1\,\ F Bereichder Ferri/bi/dung
P Bereichder per/itbi/dU~
lw BereichderZwischens/u n-
JOO
\
I\[\~~
*- - r
fieri/QelJi/dung
zoo
M
:\ I
'9 -
At BerelchderMorlensi/=
lJi/dung
CCT
100
o
1 10
t\
~ @
1\
"~1\\@ ~~
10"
@ ~
!\"
0 nlir/ewer/einHRcbzw.HI'
1;1.. fierugeontei/e in %
III1 I III
Sekunden I I
100000
1
Minu/en
10 100
10
I
1000
,. 10000
1000
1 100
--Zeit .. Stunden
=
AC1 740C
AC3 = 775C
M s = 350C
SOURCE: Atlas sur Warmebehandlung der Stahle, voll, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1954
X 45 NiCrMo 4
Click here to view 0.04% V Austenitized at 860C (1680 0 F)
1000
Austenifisierungsfemperatur 86'0 DC
Haltedauer 15min, aufgeheizt in 3 min
900
800
AC7e
- -- , . ~
700
AI-H - P
AC7b

.-
i"'- r-
- --
-- .- -- -- -
'el
,.-
-,
- Zw
1--
~
..;.- -
~' ---- _.
300 I - - Mol'
r- I
7~ \
zoo ... - --50
M
100
- --90
IT @)
o
1000 r-....,..--,-TO......- -,r-....,..--.-rr-,---,.--,--nr-....-r-:-:-:-:-----------:--....,..-T1
Ausfenitisierungstemperatur 880C
Haltedauer 15 min, aufgeheizt in 3 min
1'-
\ \\
1\
M 1\
CCT
70 10'1
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
---Zelt-+- Minuten
M Area-for martensite formation proportion of structure formed, in percent
AClb = 680C
ACle = 750C
Ms =
270C
20 NiMoCr 6
0.020% S - 0.015% Al - <0.0006% B - 0.47% Cr - 0.48% Mo -
1.68% Ni Austenitized at 870C (1598F)
1000,----,--,....,rr._____r--r-,.,-.------.-....-T""T....---,-,--..",-----,,---.,--rr-----------,
Ausfenifisierungsfemperu!uf' 810 0 C
Haltedouer 15 min
900 ~-1--_I_H_+-_+-+-+-++-_1_--1--H-I-___l-+-HH-___1I-----!-+I-+-.--___r--.rr-._____r___r_rl
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
<, <, AC,l1

""" r-,
[\~ '\ "f\ 6"1 ~~5
.~
s,
1\\1\ , 1\ \", 1\ .\. 1\
'l SOOI-----!--Hf\t-+--+--\-+l-t\t+-~-+-'H+----'lr-+--t\-i+-___1P\--t-..::pH-+-I_ rt_tl+-+__+_+ti
~
~ 1'00
Ms 1\
1\
\1 \ ,~f\ r\ lw \
At 'f\ 1\\_~~-;--p,J_f----t-++---+-+il--t-----\:
\, I~
I\~
13 \
~';""._\1!-
1\ \1\ \ \ 1\ \
\ 1\ I\~ 1\
\
CCT ~~ ~
10
Zeit in s
AClb = 740C
ACle =
760C
AC3 = 820C
M s = 416C
Next Page
61 CrSiV 5
0.11% V Austenitized at 870C (1598 0 F)
1000
Ausfenitisierungsfemperafur 870DC
Halfedauer1Smin, aufgeheizf inamin
900
ACre
800
Actb
700
F.. 1,..01--
-p -- I--

A'K ~~ I::.. 9S~.~ ~
~ 600 'iO?
.5;
(
......
Zw
I--
e- '30..
~.-
- -- I-- .~
~
~'lO.
P-
~
70
"-
if.@
P
!
..... r--, .~
300 - Ms
\
"' SO @~'
ZOO - 50.
M
100 - - .v
IT @
o
1000 r--r-r-rrr--r--,-TO-,---r-..-"..---r-:--:-""7:":"-:---:---:----:---rn
Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur 870 DC
Halfedauer 15min, aufDehe;zf in 3 min
BOO "
-- -
\
1\
A+K
\
e,
\
~ 5liOI--+---I--H+--TI--+-\t--kt--lrl'\-'r-I-TIf-+H-+---I--H\-t--I--+f-++t--t--lH-+t
'"
"'- 1\
l::. IJOO 1--+--t--H-+--tT--+-+-fl--T---t\:--\\-I\-if-\f-+--\+--t--H+-I---+-+-++-t-+---IH-+-t
~
\ \ \
1\ \ \
\
M \
CCT
10
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
---z elf--+- Atlnu/en
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation) 1 i 2 (refers to numbers on curves)
AClb = 745C
ACle = 800C
M s = 270C
Previous Page
X 38 CrMoV 5 1 (AISI H 11 Tool Steel)

Click here to view
0.48% V Austenitized at 1030 0C (1886 0 F)
1000
ACTe Ausfenitisierungsfemperofur 7030 c
0
(Holfedouer 75 min) aufgeheizf inZmin -

900
ACTb
-
800
A+N IN
rlP' - ...-
GQ( ~~
...-
.~
-
'100
f'+N
~
.!::
600
\
"
i' r-
r-- ~- --
~
:w~
"
300 - Als
/ ' Zw
351
71 ~
--
coo - -- so
'-- -- 90 At
100
IT @
o
AusfefllYisiel'Ungsfemperoful' 7030 0 C
(HoHedouel' 7Smin) oufllehe/zt in 3min
r'\ ~~,,~ ~~- ACTe
A+K 1\ ~ r'" \ \ 1\ \ AC,b

800 \ \ \ /' \ \ \ \ jOO~'~
V ~ ~1 ,.....,..---t-+-H
'100
1\ \
,\ \);' N
\
\\ ~ o+\t-+-I~+--I---H-I
.... ~ 1\ ,~\
(\ \
j(f, P I
&>
\ \1\ \ e.l\ +H\ \
.!:: GOO 1--t---+-+-+-+-1..--1f----\l---l\-+++--l\--+I--+-+-I----f\----'\I-+-++--li,..:.:-:-\t--t--H-+-+----I--+-+-I
~ '\ \\ 1\ \1\ \ 1\ 1\ \
~ 5001--+--1-H-t----\lI--+-\t-t\l-----"\I---\-I-\-t-+-I--+-I--fl.--H-f+-If-I---t\-+1H-+-+-I--1-1-H
~
1\ \ 1\ \\
I!!! '/00 1--t---+-+-+-+----1f-\--t-+'H-+-+----IHH-I--t--+-+++-+-+-~F+--HII+--H----II+----I--+-+-I
\ \ \~ \
300 I - - Ms \ \ \' j..J rz~
_11'1 so
\ \1\ \ \ \
r-_
\
\' \ 1\\
700 1--t---+-+-++----li---+---t-;"*:-::;--+---'d---'l--+-I-\--+--l+-+-++--,;-;\~;;\\-~t+-l--1+--+--++-f
\ \ ~ 1\
RA >7 hl'>:.S h A IJ:
RA 01.70 1~~ 6-
CCT ll@ ~r~I~~I~~~~-eI~~ ~
70 70if
Sekunden
7 70 700 7000 70000
-Zeit---+- Uinufen
AClb 840C=
ACle = 920C
Ms =
275C
4S CrMoV 6 7
Composition: 0.43% C - 0.76% Mn - 0.27 % Si - 0.011% P -
LIVE GRAPH 0.011% S - 1.31% Cr - 0.72% Mo - 0.11% Ni - 0.23% V
Click here to view Austenitised at 970 0C (1778 0F)
7000
(Halfedauer75 min) aufgeheizt in3 min
900
I/-
800
?OO
~
.~
s,
GOO
-
~ 500
~
s, .-_.>-
~ qOO
.~
I.;:: I
Ats
300
~ ~50"-'
BOO == ~9O
100
IT 0
~
100v
Austenitisierungstemperatur 1J?0oC
v
~ r--- r-, <, <, """"=::: ~ r-, rHalfedauer 15min) aufgeheizt in 3 min
-, -, <, i"--~ "'r--... -, -, <, AC1e
'\
81l<
'0\ A+I<\ \ \ -, \ \... ~),;: AC70
1\ \ ./ \ ~
sa'0 \ \
~+/( e-
\\
'75
'0
\ 1\ \ 1\ \\ \ X
8
( 1\1~( \
\ \ \1\ \ 1\\ \ \ \
\
'0
'01\ \ \ '\
'v ~ ~ 1\ 1\ -- \
\ \ \ \\ Zw \
Jfj'0
Ms
\ 301\ RG
1---
~- 1\
1--- \ \1 ':vz\ 1\ 15
sa0
\ \ A1
1\'1\1\ ')...,
\\ 1\
1~
\
- ~~
11 1\
100
CCT 0
1
~
10
~ IA~ h
~ ~ ~"'~
"'-" I"'" -.;J
I~~ ~o
I~ R,,~' I@
Sekunden
7 10 100 1000 10000'
---Zeit-+- Minuten
AClb =
746C
ACle = 830 0C
Ms = 326 0C
SOURCE: Atlas sur Warmebehandlung der Stahle. vol 1, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf. Germany, 1964
StE 47 (Cu-Ni-V)
LIVE GRAPH 0.016% S - 0.024% AI - 0.67% Cu - 0.62% Ni - 0.15% V
Click here to view Austenitized at 900C (1652 0F)
1000r---r-,-,rrr-rr-r-rrr-rr-r-ror-rr-r-rrr-rr-r-ror------------,
Auslem?isierungslemperalur 9110 C
Hal/edauer 7min
900I--+--Hf-+t--+-t-t-+t--+-+-f-t+--+-+-t-++--+-+-f-t+----,--T-TO,----r-,-,-rl
CCT
!~I@~I~
0'=---'-_.L-L...L:7--L._.L-L...L::':--L._-'--.L......L~-L.--'--L...L~-L.--'--.L......L=*r----'---'--_'__':;:!;;:----'---'-~
0,1 10 103 10~ 106'
lei? in s
ACI = 720C
AC3 = 860C
Ms = 476C
StE 47 (Cu-Ni- Ti)
LIVE GRAPH 0.016% S - 0.021% AI - 0.67% Cu - 0.62% Ni - 0.18% Ti
Click here to view Austenitized at 900C (1652 0 F)
1000
Auslem?i'sierungslemperalur 900C
Hal/edauer7 min
900
800
700
~ 600
1\
1 \8l
'\
89
1\90~9010
.s:; y,,. 1\
~ 500
\ ~~ 1\ 1\
~
~
~ '100
300
200
100
\ \ 1\ \ 1\ \ 1\ \ 1\ \ \
CCT
10 105
lei? in s
ACI = 726C
AC3 = 876C
M s = 475C
56 NiCrMoV 7
Click here to view 0.010% S - 1.09% Cr - 0.43% Mo - 1.72% Ni - 0.14% V
Austenitized at 860 0C (1662 0 F)
1000r--r-,..-T"""T"'T"""--,---.--.,..,-,---,.....- , - , . - - - - r - - - - - - - - - - - -.......,-,
Ausfenitisierungsfemperafur 850 0 c
(llalfedauer15min) aufgeheizf in 3 min
.!::
1/
~
~
-
~ 600 1--+-+-H+---t--+--+-t+-+---t-++-t~""""=:-k::-t-+~ou)f_:_;;=d_"T'1H_-t__t___T_ti
Zw
,. i-.
300f--- Ms
1'\
, \.
i/O
ZOO'r--'r-SO-' _ r-.'I-.' _..~

M
-f--90
1001--+-+-H+---+--l--+-I+--+-----+-+++--l--H-++-----+-+-+-f-+--t---+-+-H
IT
1000r--r-,..-T"""T"'T"""---,.----r--.TT-"'T"""--,r"'"'"'T--..---r---..,....,....----------::--....."
Ausfenitisierungsfemperafur USDo C
(llalfedauer 75min) aufgeheizt in Smin
900
800
-.... "'"
" -, ACT
'100
\ A.,.H -
~ 600
.!::
... \ \\ \ \ \ 1\ 1\ \ \ \
..
{i500
\ \
'"~"" 1/00 1\
\
\
\
I;::
300 - Afs \ ,\ \ \ Zw \
\
\
zoo -. .- 1-- -
\
100
CCT
10 10/
Sekunden ~I-----=;:--------:'::::-------:::':::::-----~o:
I I I I
1 10 100 1000 10000
-Zeit-----+- MinI/ten
AC1b = 710 0C
AC1e = 790 0C
Ms =
276 0C
X 30 WCrV 5 3
0.006% S - 2.36% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.06% Ni - 0.63% V - 4.10%
W Austenitized at 10900C (1994 0 F)
AusfemWsiel'ungslempel'olul' 1090 0 C
LIVE GRAPH (Holtedouel' 1Smin) ouliJeheizl in 3 mIn
Click here to view
ACle
/(
\ I-- AClb
V reB,
,1', - I~ ~
(+1(
~\.
1--""" I ~'(6il7,
~ I-
/100- ._.- c.' .~',_.

v.
1/01
~I=So. ,. .1-1 @
JOI--f-90
M
COOI--t--+-+-+-t--t--+-+-H--+--+--+-++-+---lY-+-+---+--+-H+--I--1-+-H
1001---+-+-+-I-I----I--+-+-++-+---+-++I--+--H-++--+-+-+-I+----1---1--+-t--l
AClb = 820 0C
IT ~
O~:...L...---L.-L.J...L.--JL---L-.L.l..L--L---IL.L-U._L----L...Ll....L.L.L_.L.l--l.JL-...L-L---LLI
ACle = 925 0C
lCOr--r-r-lrrr---.-.---rr.----.-.---T""T-r--...------------"'T'"""r--.
Auslenllisiel'ungslempel'Olul' 7090 C Ms =
400C
(Holtedouel' 7Smin) ouliJeheizl in .J mIn
r-fo.::
i'-... ~
~ 0.~ ~ I"
'f\!\ 1\ I( . \\ 1\ \
~
800
1\
\
\ \ 1\ \
\
\ ~ \\ /
7001--+\-+--H-ft---\-1I-\-+\-t-+t--\cf-'---IH-+Hr-+--\-+-H-+----II--:".j..""1I"HI--I----I-t-H
.... F+/( \ ..
.!;;
.~ BOO
\ \ \\ \ 1\
\
\
1/
\
1---+-\l-+-1-+---\-t\--t---PIt-t--J\----\H-++--++\-\f--H-\I--I--+-+-IH++----IH--t-1
50
1::i
~
1\ \ \ 1\ 1\ 1\
~ soo'I--+-t-\lr+t---tr---\-Hilcj;:~;;\+++=+9=l\:;;;j::t:fl=-t--+-j-I\t---tlI--j-ffi
\
~
1\
\
Ate
1\ I/~ !\: \ , 1\ \
Zw \
,
1\
\
CCT ~
10
Sekunden I I I
10 100 1000 10000
Minu~ , I , Stunden
A +K Area for austenite and carbides 10 100
K Area for carbide formation --- Z ei I ~ Area for ferrite formation
P Area for pearlite formation F +K Area of nonlamellar eutectoids
o Hardness in HV Z Cementite
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation) 10Z 10% Cementite
M Area for martensite formation 1;2 (refers to numbers on curves)
RA Residual austenite proportion of structure formed, in percent
X 30 WCrV 9 3
Click here to view 0.004% S - 2.67% Cr - 0.03% Mo - 0.04% Ni - 0.35% V - 8.88%
W Austenitized at 1120 0C (2048 0 F )
tsarJ
Auslenillslef'ungslempef'oluf' 7720 0 C
(Holledouef' 75min) outgenelzlin 'I min
710 o -
700.'0
ACTe
90,'0
80.'0
s- \ f{
- I- ACTb
--
/'
~~
Flo/{
1\ <,
~ 700 0
.", 1\
1\
1\
r-
- ~
~
. .- _
1\ I/li;l,
A1s /- . ~ . .- .- I-@ .~ ~ ..LLlJ

0
'100 Zw
.~
'I{ ~O/ o@
F= =1iJ 0-.
300 ~ =90
AI
flOO
700
IT o
[5ry AC1b = 820C
7flOOr---'-~T"l..,----,r---'-'-TT--.-----r---.-.-r---.--------------."
AC1e = 925C
Auslenillsief'ungslempef'Oluf' 7720 0 C =
Me 420C
(Hulledouef' 75min) outgene/dln 'I min
.- .-
","'\ ACTe
\ _J-'U..!~+ftt1':4C:'J
\
\ \ "K 1\ \ f{
\ ACTb
1\ \ 1\ \ \\ \ \\ 97
\
\ \ \\ \ ~rf
\
\ -- --
\ \ \ 1\\
\
\ 1\ 1\ \
\ \
\
,
\ I \
I\~\ Zw e
.. r-'t'-
1\ 71 Jl:---
\ \
\ \M \ 1\ ~- -- -- '-
l\n~
\ \
\ \ NA >1 ~70 \ \HA >TO NA <7
CCT
10
~ ~ 7~ ~~e~
Sekunden
TO 700 TOOO TOOOO
A +KArea for austenite and carbides Irtinulen I I
K Area for carbide formation TO 700
---Ze/I--...
P Area for pearlite formation
o Hardness in HV F +K Area of nonlamellar eutectoids
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation) Z Cementite
M Area for martensite formation 10Z 10% Cementite
RA Residual austenite 1i2 (refers to numbers on curves)
F Area for ferrite formation proportion of structure formed, in percent
X 210 CrW 12
0.008% S - 11.75% Cr - 0.12% Cu - 0.12% Mo - 0.08% Ni -
0.08% V - 0.84% W Austenitized at 970C (1778 0 F)
1000
Austeniti~run9stemperatur 970 0 e
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 900 R f'::
r-.. r-::: r.::::::: I'- r-, t>-
t-.I:;:
r-, 7fii71eiJriuer 1.[min, aufgeheizt in J min
<;
\ f'.
r-, I~ ,""f)-
r-, 1\ 1\
, ~ AC16
800
A+H
I'
k
}to
\ \ 1\ "
\ " ~ I?,!!f!.
- - ,100
"" , "'fl2. ~tl AC1b
'100
~ 600
/ H
1\ 1\ 1\ IXI\P ~ 1\ I.,
1\
1\
.5;
... t\ 1\ 1\1\ \ Iv ~~ 1\ \, 1\ 1\
-tfu 500
\
~
~ 1100
\ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\,."\' 1\ \
\\ l(\Z~1 ,\ \ \\
I::::
300
1\
zoo Mol'
\ \ 1\ \ i\. ~ ....
3-\ \ \
.. - . ..- 1-"
100
f-
M
~.
r-... K" \~ 1\\

f-.
~ @ ~RA~
rOlill
CCT o
~ 9'f, 67~ ~ (~~ ~@
1 10
Sekunden
1 10 100 10110 10000
---Zeit---+- Minuten
o Hardness in H'v lOZ 10% Cementite
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite tormation) 1i 2 (refers to numbers on curves)
AClb = 770C
ACle = 810C
M s = 180C
60 WCrV 7
LIVE GRAPH 0.012% S - 1.27% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.12% Ni - 0.18% V - 2.10%
Click here to view
W Austenitized at 880C (1616 0 F )
1000
Ausfenifisierungsfemperafur 880 0 C
(lfalfedauer 75 min) aufgeheizf in3 min
900
~le
800 AC11J -
~~
66~
\F'" S5~5C ....
700
A+K Pi'" ..... G~
........ ~3
V " -.. .......
~
I-... ......... '-"
I .-..
I-..
- @
.-'
.v'''' ZW -' ~: ~
73
c;.:i
\ I(50
'-'
300
Afs I' .~~ ......
I - - 1-50 1-. ..- ..-r>.
t""- j-.. '!:J
zoo F= 1-90
M
100
IT 1(G7q
o
Ausfenitisierungsfemperafur 880 0 C
(Halfedauer 75min) aufgeheizf in 5 min
r-. - ACle
I"- <, AC71J1-
\
t..
1\ 1\
li 5001--l--~II-I-l-.J...--:I,....j...-+-\l--f>,l----\-tI..---\-M-+-4't''-\+-I-\-I-+-\'-+-+-IH-+\--+--t-t+i
n
~
~ "ool---I---I--\lf-+-I---l\-+-l-l-l--\-~\--\Hf--tlt--+--\\-HI-++-*-HI-\t-t-1r+-t-H-1
~
\\ 1\
\ \
\
CCT
10 10'
Sekunden
1 10 100 1000 10000
-Zeit--+- Minuten
K Area for carbide formation F+K Area of nonlamellar euteetoids
AClb =
776C
ACle = 830C
Ms = 310C
45 CrVMoW 58
LIVE GRAPH 0.003% S - 1.45% Cr - 0.47% Mo - 0.13% Ni - 0.70% V - 0.55%
Click here to view W Austenitized at 1050 0C (1922 0 F)
1000
(naltedauerlSmin) aufgeheizt in3 min
900
A~/( ACTe
-
800
,.1-- - --I-- - . Ac,/J
.....-. -.. ...... -...

700 ,F+H 351.....,S ":J.
- --....----
6J P 'C.I P
""'"
i_
-I--
....- - _. _.- . ._0 1-. . ':>. (73~
..
;1
/
Irfs ,..- 1j9,~
{
O~
Zf<I 85( ~
I'-'"
i'
JOO 1= =50
I - - -90
M
coo
100 -
IT o~
"~~
I"\- A~/(\
1\\ vs
\\ 1\ \1\
\ 1\ \
\ \ M
1\ \ \
\ \
CCT ~
10 10il 10
Sekunden
10 TOO 1000 10000
---Zeit ~ Minuten
Zw Area for intermediate structure (bainite formation) 1;2 (refers to numbers on curves)
ACIb = 790C
ACle =
900C
Ms =
360C
B 18 (AISI T1 High Speed Steel)

Composition: 0.81% C - 0.33% Mn - 0.15% S1 - 0.024% P -
0.003% S - 3.77% Cr - 0.44% Mo - 0.12% Ni - 1.07% V -
18.25% W Austenitized at 12300C (2246 0 F )
7000
AC~
1/ Austenifisierungstemperotur 7C30oC
Tuuchzeit 730s(Vorwormun!l: 20min BSOOe)
LIVE GRAPH 900
Click here to view
800
\
\ H
(; I---'( ;:: ~
-- -.
ri:: ~
..:':== ~ - At;/)
,
- --
700 ...... .....-::: ~ :::,. 398
~~
~ 600
~ ..
'"" ..... ......
-'=-
5 - 50' '0
.!::
s,
A40H ~ . 1--
AClb = 810C
~ 500 ACle = 860C
~ Ms = 160C
~ 1/00 Ijit r-
" ~ ";;
300
Zw
... -
,- - - -- ---
~L--
zoo.. Ms
<,
1"-.. ... ..'. "', .83 --
<:"
r-- "5
- II - -
"90
-50
fJ'/9
~-
M
100
-- 50
IT o~ 85
7 W WZ
Sekunden ~I
1
----:!:;--
10
I ---:::=-
100
I --:~;-----~;;;;
I
1000
I
70000
- - - Z eit--+- Minuten
D
0.005% S - 3.99% Cr - 0.80% Mo - 0.11% Ni - 2.52% V -
11.91% W Austenitized at 12100C (2210 0 F )
1000
Austenifisierungstemperotur 7810 0C
LIVE GRAPH
900
Touchzeit 180S(Vof'wii"mun!l: 80min BSODe) AC1e .1
Click here to view
1 1.4~/)
-
-- -- ~ 'f'l'l I~
800
f( l - f-
--
I( p c ( c'" .:nll
700 ...
r- ~
...:::.: -- ... -
I-~
" " ~
~
51G)
r'-,
~
.!::
600
.. of
r-
so-$,
- -
....... AClb = 825C
~ 500 "'- ACle = 890C
~ A40f(
~ Ms = 205C
~ 1100 ~
1(,911
G r-
0..;:
., -' ~
,- --- =r-t=
- - - --
300
\ Zw',
r-......
1"'. ...
~~; --~~ -- -- --
Ms "', .. 8911
zoo
Nt "" s :w~
100 --- --
50
IT o~ -- 1,90
1 10 1flZ 10" TOG
Sekunden ~'--------:!:;--------:::=-------:;;:n;,-----~:;;;;
I I I I
1 10 100 1000 10000
-Zeit--+- Minuten
A +K Area for austenite and carbides F Area for ferrite formation
D Mo 5
0.010% S - 4.16% Cr - 4.79% Mo - 0.18% Ni - 2.01% V - 6.34%
W Austenitized at 1190 0C (2174 0 F )
1000 r--y-.,.-"..,.----,r---r-rrr-.,.-----r-.....,r--,---------------r-r1
Austenitisierungstemperotur 11900C I
LIVE GRAPH Tauchzeit 120s(Vorwlirmung:20min B50 0C) )
Click here to view c'e
W.
700
AC1b = 820C
1--
=
AC1e 876C
a: Ms = 196C
~
_. 1-. .- ._.-
~-- - 1-.
zoo Ms
M
100 - -- 50
IT ~-- ,90
O'-=:..I....----':.:....L....L.J_..J---L--I.....L..J.._..l---I......L.LL----JL-....L....L.J....L..--L_..L-Ll.L-....L_LJ....L..J
1 W WZ 10"
Sekunden !-' ~=-------::-!-=-----::!::-::--
I I I ---::=!:=-
I
1 10 100 1000 10000
---Zeit----+ Minuten
E 18 Co 5 (AISI T4 High Speed Steel)

0.006% S - 4.62% Co - 4.34% Cr - 0.78% Mo - 0.30% Ni -
1.62% V - 17.89% W Austenitized at 12600C (2282 0 F)
1000..--.,...-,........,r-T'"-r---r-,.-.,r-T'"-r---r--r-r-T'"-r--.-------------rn
Austenifisierungstemperotur 13S0 oC
Tauchzeit 1208 (Varwli"mung: cOmin MOOC)
T
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
II
800
/{
700
' ........"-
~ 600
.5:;
s,
~ 500
~ IA+/{
,...
-. -I-
AC1b = 820C
AC1e = 866C
Ms = 180C
s,
~ qOO 1--+-t-l-++-t--++-I+--l--~+lf-+-_++I-+-1-+_t+_\_~"8z}
'i
" _1--1- 1-. !--
300
ZOO Ms
M
100 50
0~
IT - - 85
1 10 10Z
Sekunden I
1 10 100 1000 10000
-Zeit~ Minuten
A +K Area for austenite and carbides F Area for ferrite formation
French Steels
I-T and CCT Diagrams
XC 32 Steel XC 38 Steel
0.011% P - 0.31% Ni - 0.12% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.14% Cu Grain 0.020% P - 0.02% Ni - 0.21% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.22% Cu -
size: 10 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min 0.060% Al Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for
900
Ih
900
Ac, ~ ~ t--, t----

f-- - - - - f- -I-- '-- -
-
800 Ac,
- I - f- - - -f--
~~
f-
r-, ~
~
800
Ac, ,\ ~ ~ ~ F \"
- - f-- - f-- Ac, I - f- - - -- I--
-; -z-
V
-
700
;:;.. ~ -
~-
\
r\ ~
/~ 700
/' A e-
_/
~ 'A ~F +C
A
5 60 :,...-
/ ,;-
92 HR8
:1
600
~
c 500
~
I/(
\ \
\ 600
// {
',j A,
93
92
e
~ \1\ 1\ 1\
\ \ I I
I
I
I
98
97
~ 400 I
~ \
I~ I-
M,
cejcule
300
1\\ \\ \ \ 300
A+M "' - f- I - f- I-- .- - f--
46,6 HRC
200
\\ \ 1\ 1\ \\ 1\ 200
100
\\
\ 11 \
\ 100
HV 242 234 212 197 lS3 177

56
1 2 5 '0 20 50 100 200 600 10' 10 10

,
I 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10' 104 105
I I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
CCT
Temps en secondes
1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
IT lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
XC 42 Steel
0.015% P - 0.12% Ni - 0.05% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.13% Cu Grain 0.038% P - 0.09% Ni - 0.16% Cr - 0.02% Mo Grain size: 10
size: 9-10 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min Austenitized at 850C (1562 0 F) for 30 min
900 - 900
-- ~ '~ -I'-, <,

Ac,
800 800
- -
~ t\ -, -'t'"
r->< I-
",...-
Ac, -,
-
Ac, I- f-- P" - -- - - I-- '\ -
700
./
;;;;....
-""-
- Ac,
700
I--
A AF
V , /I....- V A
,~ 'A ~F\ \...... f.} ~ ~A tF C
- - --...-
",...-
93 HR! ~
600
/ / ./
./
97 600
~
~
~ 600
l
/
/~, O\tF
/
Ig.'
1/ 99
22 HRI Ii 600
I
~ <0'
I \ '\ \ 1\
\
\\ 1\ \\ \ \
I
~
~
I ~
~
"ll
E 400
l ~ 400
~
M,
300
- 1'. l-r- - - - - 1 - - l- I-- f -
~
Ms
300
- -
A +
- - .\ .\ \ ,\ \
\\ \\ \
A M to-
1\
\\ \ l\
200 200
\
100 LIVE GRAPH 100
Click here to view \ 1\
HRCI 2825 220 215200195 IHV
60
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10' 10' lOS 1 2 5 10 20 60 tOO 200 600 10' 104 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aders de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974
XC 55 Steel
0.020% P - 0.24% Ni - 0.09% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.52% Cu - 0.020% P - 0.06% Ni - <0.04% Cr - <0.06% Mo Grain size: 9
<0.03% V Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 826C (1520 0F) for 16 Austenitized at 830C (1626F) for 30 min
min
900 900
!s
a:
.-:::::
800
1 800
~
<, <: <, r-,
~ - - -I--
--
- -- - --
~
A,s
- - - f-- - ! - - -
~ ~ ~ ~~ .> - - -
A,s - - 0
/f-- "- f--
k, 1- - - - - -I-
L..:: - - k,
700 ;;<
-:::- ---
700
~
, / p..+ ~ A( '\ A F C
~~
A
/ ~, ,/
s-
/'
/
,/
/"" 99 HRD
22 HAC 600
~~ ~\ \
~~
600
\
//Ad:', \\
/
,
25
~ if .C ~ \
~500 , 30 e 500
\ \
i i
,
I
l 31
f
i~400 \ \\
\\ " ,
i400
1\\ \ \
33
~ "- -, ~
M,
\
M,
300
---' f-- I---
<,
41
calcul6
300
- 1\
\
200
+~
200
1\ 1\ 1\ 1\
100 100
\
\
\\ \ \
63
HRC 30 27 22 239 216 203 199 I HV
10" lOS 1261020 50 100 200 500 10 ' 104 1()f
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10)
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I Temps en seoondes I I I I I I I r
Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT 1mn 2mn Il5mn
M s = 240C LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH XC 70 Steel
Click here to view
0.012% P - 0.43% Ni - 0.06% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.66% Cu - 0.031% P Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 850C (1662 0F) for
<0.03% V Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 800C (1420 0F) for 16 30 min
min LIVE GRAPH
900
1g
800
a:
~ 800
~ ~ -...... r-.... <,
1\ ,\ "\ -,
6
-
k,
~ - - I- i-- -1- - ~ 1.= - '\ - -
-
k, ~ ~ - 1= k, I -I--- I-- - I -I -
700
--1--:-
-' l.------- ---
700
1\ 1\ I~ V ~ ~
A
~ .,., \ 1\ k
/:. ~
20HRC
V
600 21 600
~
/
I
~"
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V 30
~
\ ~ ~~ J00\ 1\ I
~500 33 ~ 500
1\ I!A\ .C ~51\
e
aE
!
I
\
36
.ll
f
il ~ !\
\
i 400
,
r 400
1'. , , 15\ \
<,
...... ~
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~
300
<,
, ,
......
, ,
"
......
...... ......
I< ,
...... 300
\
\ \ \
\ \~. \ \ \
\
M, - - - - L, i- - I"- ' -
"
.:>...
--.- :-"., - - - I--
58 M,
200
At'.M
200
100
A+M
100
\ \ !\\' \ !\
\ \ \
66
:IHRC 6' 63,5503835 32 29
1 '2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 101 10' 105 1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 103 10" 105
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
55 S 7 Steel
0.012% P - 0.19% Ni - 0.05% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.20% Cu - trace 0.012% P - 0.19% Ni - 0.05% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.20% Cu - trace
V - 0.05% Ti Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 925C (1700 0F) for V Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 925C (1700 0F)
15 min
900
-,
~ 1\b ~ f\~ - ~
900
-
-1- - - 1- - - f- I-- l- I-- - I- JE Ac,
BOO 1\
I- -I-- ~ I - t- I--
-- - - I-
V l- I- - f- - I- f- I-- 6 Ac, I -
~~ I\A " \ \ I- It;;F I-
f-" ~
j........"
-r
A / ~ +F ~ v
~
~ 700
f\ 1\ -- -1
l- u-
700
V /,
V
-t- IF+(
V/
.:
/
V-
V 20 HRC
600
1\\ ~ 'f( f\1 ~
p liO\ A+ F+ C
\ :d .\ ~
600 29.6
i I
~ i .~t>., " 1\
\
, 30
~
s 600
1\ 1\
~V- \ \\
29
~600

ae
./1
~ +1+
.... ..:.
,
t'-..
I) r 32 , ~
"ll \ 1\ 1\
i.... E 400
\1\ \ \ \ \
400 38.6
....
". (
I I
i 46.6
300
- 60.6 300
-l\.1\; ~ \ r\ 1\
M, 1- , -l- I- I-- - -'--- ,,," I-- 1- - f- M, I"o+M
- - -- 1\
\ -,
A M M"
200 200
,00 100
1\\ \ >; 1\
\
63 IHRC 62 59 44 32 29 25 21
0
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10] 10' lOS 104 IDS
1 2 6 10 20 60 '00 200 600 10)
Temps en secondes I J I I I I J J I I I I I I I I
IT Imn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT Temps en secondes
lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
lmn 2mn 16mn
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 35 M 5 Steel
0.010% AI Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 1 0.010% AI Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 1
h h
LIVE GRAPH 900
900 Click here to view
Ac,\,-= :::::::: r-... I::::::::: r-...- <, --... r-,
:'\ -,
BOO
BOO
-, -, 1\ <,
Ac,
Ac, I -l - t-- - I - L..- - I- I-- l - I-- I - Ac, ~ 1\-
1\ 1\ 1\ \ 1\II: l-
- --
I--
700
- -
700
-- -6
~ 5\
V A\
\ \ I) 1.--1
A 1/IA+ V j....-o ~ ~ I.- jooo" At ~ l -I-
V ~
90HR8
600 ,
V 94 600
1\ 6 ~ If.~ ~
I-
~ "
V ~* F+C
I~ 1\ ~ r\ .\
"a
98
~
~
600
1\ ~ 600
~ V
a
.ll ~I{ I
I
I Ir 27 HRC ae
I....
J~ I~; l\
~
1\ 1\\ 1\
\ \
400
~ 28
400
I/A 1\( \
li ~"\ !\
I
....
M,
j
1-
" ~ .- f- M,
300
"M
21
-
~o
U\
~ 1\'
300
AM
, ,
M"
200
1\ 1\ 1\
200
\
100
100
1\
\1\ 1\ l\ \
fHRC 5139 2411224 208204191 1781HVI

62 T TT I
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10' 104 lOS
1 2 6 '0 20 50 100 200 500 10 3 10' lOS
I I 1 I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I J I I I I
Temps en secondes lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
IT 1 mn 2 rnn 15 rnn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformesion des Aciers de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974
45 M 5 Steel
0.015% P - 0.02% Ni - 0.15% Cr - 0.19% Cu Grain size: 11-12 0.016% P - 0.02% Ni - 0.15% Cr - 0.19% Cu Grain size: 11-12
Austenitized at 875C (1610 0F) for 30 min Austenitized at 876C (1610 0F) for 30 min
900 900
~ r--.
8
a: I=:: f::::: ~
<,
~
~ 1'\
f':::
fY r-,
- c~ -,
BOO BOO
~ r\ ~
Ac, l - I- I-- ' - f-- f-- I - I--- f- I - .-l- f-- 1 - Ac, 1-
'\1'\\ I\: I- e- ~ I- - f--
-- .-- -- ~ ~ J I- L--
Ac, I-- I - t- t- f-- - f-- - Ac, 1-
'\ I - t- I-- I -
7DO 7DO
'" ,,"
l\\ '" rr I.
1\ IV ~ ~ '21- ..... 1 r~
I- ~
-- -I-..... ~~
- ~5
L-
V f
A A '\
I- ~ 55
~
600 " 21 HRC 600
~ /)
V
At' +C
....
I
I
I
1<'" t- r0-
t--
24
24
~
1\ \
l\.l UI I
I
I~
5
1\\ i\
'- - f--
~600 600
\~ 1\+ ~l\ 1\ ~
~
~
E
~ If A '-F. C I<"
~ I-' 29
E
j i22T 'I--
Rv
I 34 ~ 400
"--"-
\\ \ \~
400
\ ~\
, -, \
~
r-, r--.... ~
300
"-,
'" r-,
41
50 300
1\ \
\
'\
~ ~ ~ ~ ~\ 1\'
Ms Ms A M
A M
M" - - --
2DO 2DO
1DO lDO
1\\T1 \ 1\ \ '\ ~ l\ \ 1\
HRC 57 ~9 ~8 35 28 27 26 22 211
52
T
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10' 10" 105 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 IOJ ,()4 IDS
Temps en seoondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 16mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h

25 M 6 Steel
0.018% Co Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 875C (1610 0F) 0.018% Co Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 875C (1610 0F)
for 30 min for 30 min
900
900
i8 ~
~ ~ t-, ~ <:b,.. r::::::t.::::: r-.
Ac,
800
f-- I- I- - l - i - +- l - I -l- I -
a:
~
05
Ac,
BOO
t--..
i\ ~
-,
\ 1\\ -,
'\ '" .-
t\ I - ~ I- ~ I--' '\ \-
L-- ~ l - I - l - I-- l -I - l.- - --
I - 0-1-- Ac,
Ac,
I-- I--
v --
1\.- ~ ~
7DO
--
1\ ~
7DO
A
~ I\~ kF\ ~
I--"
l.;':: I-:::' V ~ ..=
V I- ~
~+ F A \ I--
600
V .. ~ 1:0--' 1/
88.
18 600
1\
F?s
Y' t2 ~
fA (I +C t-
V
~K 1\\ 1\
1'-l"-
~
It
I,,' v I- k " I r-, t-. 18
~
V 1\ 10 1
~ \~ KF\1\ ;\ \" J'\

600 ~ 600
E If ~+ F+, t I? E I
i I~' 1/ ~
24
~
I
/
29 E 400
1\
I-- u...
4DO
I-- l - I-- - I-- l - ~ I I
1\\
I- Ms I - Ms I
~(~ ~ ~ f0o- l\--. 1\ \\

,-\ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\ \
1\
300 It " v4 1l1la - -
r--
10\+ ~ ~
2DO 2DO
\
!DO 1\
\
1\\ 1\ 1\ \1\ . lli tiY
lDO
\ \ ,\
49 rHR< ~6 36 31 25 22 18 11219 213 20~HVI
I I I I I I
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 103 10' lOS 10' lOS
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 103
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
IT 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT Temps en secondes
lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aciers de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974
10 N 14 Steel
0.010% P - 3.47% Ni - 0.10% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.16% Cu - 0.010% P - 3.47% Ni - 0.10% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.16% Cu Grain
0.007% Al Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 size: 10 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 80 min
min 900
r---:;: r-.
~ I\. ~
900
<, r-,
Ac, r-, -f- f- -I--
I-'
Ac,
- 1- - f-- - - f- - -f- f- - - - 800
\
\~ \
900
700 \ 1\...-
11
r ::::::: - r- 1 -
.~ - - -
,
.1
- ~
700
- - .- l- V- - - - - .- Ac, I--
~ P\
Ac, 1- -r-- f- A \
A V f- -- J: -t.F
1./ ..-
/
600
\
~-\C
600
~/
,A, t
/
F ~
~ \, 1\
~ tC ~600
I-"
~600
:\
:T"" ~ s~ ~
I--
I e
A I~ C.... ~ .....
100
~ rt \7
~ " M,
~ Ms
- ...... f-" f-- f- ~
f- f- - . - .- 93HRB
~ \
l{!. E 400
r-\,
400 98,8
N
\
~ M50 A M
A M
1\ 1\
\\ 1\ 1\'
300 300
200 200 1\ \
\ \
100 100
1\ \ 1\ 1\
\ \
HRCI 33 28 23 245 219 HV 182
38 HRC
I 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 IOJ 10' 101 I 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 la' 104 10'
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h CCT lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Z 10 N 5 Steel
0.026% P - 5.00% Ni - 0.23% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.14% Cu Grain 0.026% P - 6.00% Ni - 0.23% Cr - 0.04% Mo - 0.14% Cu Grain
size: 10 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min size: 9 Austenitized at 850C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900 900
~
~
900
-s I::::--... r-::::: t--: ............... ......... ~
~ 800
- f - - I-- - .'\ P\ ~ ~ - - .-
~
Ac, f - - f- - - 6 1--'\ f-\ ~ ~ ,~
r\ \ r\ \ ~
i-- i-- f- f- Ac, i--
700 700 ~ ~' 1\ !\ 1\ 1\

~~ ~
\ \ \ \
\
J \ , -\ \
Ac, - !--- - f-::..i-" - - - - Ac, i-- I - f-
T 1- -'1
- - - -
\
600 600
- ~
\\ -\ F\ \ \
,/ AtF
- - -
~
~600
A/
(/ , ..-
-
- -
~
s 600
A
\ At
~
}
~
l~
A F 'c
1- ~ - - _..... f- - - - 24 HRC
~
iE M,
.- - -- II ~ 1\ \ \
p~ \ IV 1
1\
{!. A M 400
-~ ~+ Ft(
{!.
M"
~+M _\ \1 '\ Th\ --\ b--\ \ \\io
~ \1 \ I \lll
1
300
300
\ \ \ \
200
LIVE GRAPH
\ 1\ \ 1\ \\ 1\\ ~V 213 201
100
100
\' \ \1\\ \1\ \ \
\\ \
40
HRcI39 37 33 27 26 1231 225 214 HV
o
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 10' 10' 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 104 lOS
IT lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4 h 8h 24h
I I I I I I I I
CCT Temps en secondes
AC1 = 630C AC3 = 775C Ms = 410C LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view
Z 10 N 9 Steel
0.012% AI Grain size: 11-12 Austenitized at 790C (1464 0F) for 0.012% AI Grain size: 11-12 Austenitized at 790C (1464 0 F) for
30 min 30 min
900 900
800
Ac,
700 - ._f- >-- 1->- - - - -f- - -- - -
800
Ac,
700
--
b ---- ~
v-r-
-~
\.-
r--..
~
<,
~ -
<,
<,
~
~ l - i--
\ 1\
1\1\ \
\ \
600
600
\ \ ~
~ r\ -~ - -~ ,...
\
~ Ac.
~600
- I-i-
A
l - I -i-- l- I- - f-- -
~
Ac,
600
I- - .~ -- - ~ - -
e
:---- ~
V \
~
t400
0"-
\t ..-
AtF
- f- - I~ -+- f--r= -
t
~
1j
E 400 1\ \'
A F\ c
lK'1\\\ <,
- ,\' ~
C
M,
300
I--
AtM
- - - 0"-
Ms
\ \ \\ <,
, 10 16 6~
rt\ l
300
-- - - --- -- ~
\" 1\ \
M..
AtM
200
200
1\ 1\
\ \
\ \
100
1\
100
1\
42 HRC
HRCI41.5 42 42 4O 40 38
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) 104 lOS
0
I
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 50 100 200 600 103 10' 10'
1 2 5 10 20
IT lmn 2m" 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
I I I I I I I I
lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
1mn 2mn 15mn
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 32 C 4 Steel
size: 10-11 Austenitized at 850C (1662 0F) for 30 min size: 10-11 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0 F) for 30 min
900
Ac, - f- f-- - - f - - - - c-
-
800
- -
-- -- - --
f-- I - I--
Ac, I - -f--
",..,
::;:::.- -::: --- 86HRB
700 ..-
AV A~ -t; ~ (
.......
f
-
92
-- -- - -
I 99
600 ,
l .........
" ::::::
/' -, 23 HRC
~ / /'>- r- ~
600
....... ~ 1-t-t----JV?-t-I--'/---:;\I"'Pt-----l'r-+t+--t\-t--t--+-t---t---l
-
500
~?
/
e
~
i l I
I
f
i--
'-'- - ;:
0"-
400
Ms i vI-"" 33
43
300
A+M
LIVE GRAPH AM
Click here to view
200
100
55
IHRC 50 4538 3111224193182171176 HVI
1251020 50 100 200 600 10J 104 105 1261020 60 100 200 500 10J 104 105
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
At/as of Time-Temperature Diagrams /77
38 C 4 Steel
size: 9-10 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min size: 9 Austenitized at 880C (1616 0F) for 30 min
900 900
Ac,
1g
<r Ac,
~
'\:,.
~ -,
~ 0- I":
~
---- ~
I----- <, --- 1"--...::".
800
Ac, ~ -r: f-- - I - f-- -
j
0
800
- ~ ~ I\- \ -. '\ \ \ -I--
---
7"" r-t- Ac,
V l - I-- '\ l\' 1-\
\ l('" ":\ 1\ - '\
700 83 HRB 700
- 55
V
I( ....... ~ io-"'" \
A
II I
\
.>
92
\ '\ 0 f t .---\ -\ ~ '\ '\
./ V \ F C
--'" -- '- --- ---

21 HRC
600
....... 600 ----
~
"
1\ ~ \ \\
'-1 I--I - N
b~)
A +10 ~)C 27
~
g600
i i
f'
~
,
.:
, ,
). ...
37
~
e
a
.Ii
f" 400
500
\ I "'
~ A\~' \1 r\ \\ 1\
I I\~
F
,
1\
400
, ~
, \\ \~ \ ;5~ ,~
~
M,
300
\ -
,,
- I-- ,- - k" 42
60
~
M,
300
1\
\ \ 1\ \1 I <Ill 5 ~ 1~5
200
A M
200
\ ~+
\ \'\~ \
100 100
1\
\
\\ \\\
,\ 1\
1\ \
59
HRC 155 53 52,5 41.5 34 27 24216 195 HV
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 104 lOS I 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10] 10" 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I r I I I I
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH 42 C 4 Steel
Click here to view
size: 9 Austenitized at 850C (1562~) for 80 min size: 9 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min
900
- ,- f--
-
-
800 c---
Ac,
- I-- - :::..l - -::::"f-
Ac,
700
--
A
-f-
V I-
I---'
-I( > .> ~

~- 92 HRB -
/' /' 22,5 HRC
A F+ C
--
600 30 600
' ...... I"-
~
Ii~ ~ A+~
~....
' ......
...,
r-.......
r- I-- r- 32
1\
g500
V :..... - i- \
~
( - .-A I- --
--
~ { F (
~ 400
~ \ I
\
\
M,
\ - \ ,.- 43
300 I - I-- I-- - 51

A M
200
M..
100 LIVE GRAPH 100

Click here to view 1\ \
HRcl 59 595653 50 ~2 3836 27 20181
62
I
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 104 10 5 1251020 50 100 200 500 103 104 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en seoondes I I I I I I r I
IT t mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h q h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aeiers de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974
Next Page
100 C 6 Steel
0.010% V - 0.02% Ti Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 850C 0.010% V - 0.02% Ti Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 850C
(1562F) for 30 min (1562 0F) for 30 min
900
900
600 ~~ r-, <r-, I": r--- <,

-
600
"""
- 1\ ~ '\ I'\. f\ "\ f\. i
\
A., 1-
Af-
.c f---
f- r-'
~ V
f- f- - f- - - A., - .-
-- V ,.... \\ 1\ 1\ 1\ \.
700 21 HRC ~
700
V/ V A+i\ .~ \~
~
V
~ \\ ~ \
29
/ ,,
i\ "
600 37
600
,\
I
t c
, r-,r-
F +C\ I---
,,
I
42
34.5 \ 0I">
~5 c \\
1\ \\ \
/11 \ \\
\
-,
.
,,
,
-, . \
38
42.5 \ l\J ~ I~ 1\ \ ill ~

~
~.\
\ \
300
.......
<,
47
53
300 \\\ l\ \!\ 1\ \
r- "
" r-.., \\ 1\\ ~\
l\ 1\\ \
Ms ~ f--
.,
-- ~ f-- r- 60
Ms
\
16
200 \ 10\ \l.'o. \
200
-- A
100
A c. M M..
100
- -
c ~
~ 5\ \ \l\l\ \
M..
66 IHRC 66.5 65 63 44 36 312928 22112381H IVI
1251020 50 100 200 500 10] 10' IDs

1261020 60 100 200 600 10) ,(r4 101
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I I I I I
IT Imn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT Temps en secondes I I I
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Z 40 C 14 Steel
Austenitized at 10000C (1832 0F) for 10 min Austenitized at 1000 0C (1832 0F) for 10 min
900
]g 900
\ \\ \ \ 1\\ \\
1\
A., l - i - r-r- - 1- -f- =:
0:
'S
e
A.,
1\ \
I-- - -
800 ,..-
- ~ ,..-
\\ \ \
BOO
~ I- , / s \
700
A.c I
I~ <,
V
c+ F+
I
,
,
I
'\,
/ !-- a9HRB
91 700
A+
:\ \\ / ~\r ~~
~
/
/
\1\ \ 1\ \ t c. ti
C \ \
... <, r-, 96
I'....
- ...... 20HRC I
600
r--- r-
I-- l"- --
" 600
~, ~ ~5
\ \
I--
?
c 500
1\ 1\\ 1\ \
\ 1\ \\ \.b
~
e
a
-2.E 400
1\ 1\
\ \ ~\
\ y \~
~
300 I
\ cl.F.
M, - I - f- I-- I-- - .- f- t--- -I- - .- 300 I
I
Ms
\ 1\ r 't_ to,
A+c eM I
M..
200 -
~-
100
200
M..
lOll
- Ac+ M--
\- 1\ 1\ -\ \1\ I\~
\
56
HRCI 57 56 54 53 34 311 'f2-ii1- I--
lw
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10J 104 101
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT lh 2h 4h 8h 24h 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 104 105
Imn 2mn 15mn
CCT Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I
lmn 2mn 16mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aden de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974
Previous Page
Atlas of TIme-Temperature DIagrams 173
60 SC 7 Steel
0.032% P - 0.07% Ni - 0.74% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.03% Cu Grain 0.016% P - 0.07% Ni - 0.61% Cr - 0.10% Cu Grain size: 10
size: 9 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900 900
Ac, t--- t- - t--- ~l- I-- I -I--

800
, - I- f..- , - f- I ->--f- r--I--
-
Ac. f..-
700
....E:- 1--1-
VA ~
A
V- 36 HAC
600
~+ 39
I...... ,
~ l"- t:: t::--
~
~ 500
l- I::>- t::::-- t::- r-. 42
39
i> A F -, i""'-
e "'b:, r-, r-,
j~
~ 35 e
I- _1----'" " ~
} 400
1 400 1-+_+____J..._-I-+---P-.l+I\--III-\-\~I+_+_+-I--+_+____J..._~
I"- \ A F+ I"-
-, , 43
300 '1-0... r-, , 49

M, I-- t- - I-- - f..- f..- I-- I -
65
200
I>. 1M
100
63
HRCr 64.5 64 ... 63,}O 7 31
3"
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 10' 10'
I II T I
IT Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I 1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10' 10'
Imn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
CCT Temps en seoondes 1 I 1 I 1 I I I
lmn 2mn 16mn 1h 2h 4h Sh 24 h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
40 CV 5 Steel
0.013% P - 0.03% Ni - 1.29% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.06% Cu - 0.013% P - 0.03% Ni - 1.29% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.05% Cu -
0.120% V Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 925C (1700 0F) for 0.120% V Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 925C (1700 0F) for
30 min 30 min
900
900
~
~~
18
Ac, 1- +- I-- l-r- - ' - I- ,-
a:
Ac,
'" ~ 1\
1.\ 1'\ 1\
- I- ~ - I-- I-- l - I--
~ soo
800
Ac, I- f- -
A
I- I-- I--
V I-:-
I-" - """
I-- l- I::::-" l - l - i-- l - I -
- l- f- - I-- 5 Ac, 1\\
'i
~\
\
K1\ ~ f\
I- I- -~ IL--- I-
~
- .-
96.5 HRS 700

700
~ 1\ I\~ ~ ~A+ F+ ~
I/ V , I--"
W ~
A
/I(l~ ,, 24 HRC
\.
<, - , I"'---
26
.......
" I~
600 600
~\ \1\ \ 1\ 1\
<,
~.
5
t---
t> " A +F + ( r-, r--
32
~ 29 ~ I - .L
l-1-
(~ .,
/.
~ 600
V I..-
;Ic- +
31
39,6
e
ae
'll 1\ 1\ KA F+ ~\ 1\ \\
M,
300
I-- I - - D I - -..l. I--
, f) ,-
45,6
E 400
I"-
M,
\\ ~ \l\:~
\ -
300
\~- 1\- ~ ~ ~\
A M VI+M 3
M.. - - -- --
200
200
1\
\
1\\ \ ~'1\
\
100
100
\ \ \
56.6 HRC 5959 57 56 5247 31 24
1261020 60 100 200 600 10) 104 10 J
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 10l 104 lOS
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
CCT Temps en secondes I 1 1 I 1 I 1 1
lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Sh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aciers de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974 Click here to view
174 ArIas of TIme-Temperature DIagrams
50 CV 4 Steel
Composition: 0.53% e-
0.81% Mn - 0.27% 5i - 0.016% 5 - Composition: 0.53% C - 0.81% Mn - 0.27% Si - 0.016% 5 -
0.100% V Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 0.100% V Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 850C (1562OF) for 30
min min
900 900
At
BOO
700
~
,-
A
I- -
V ~
:..-
~
f-
> -
-- l- - --
90HRB
At,
700
-,
~ ~ r--": r-, ~ r-,
""" 0-1'\
f\ A\I\
." \, '\ "-,
\ IV- ~! ~
.-, r--.
<, ['\,
~ ~ -s
"", .
- ~
~, K
~
, \ !;Ill tAo ~ A+ F+ C
1\\ 1\
.-z;
~
20 HRC
~+ \ 1\
-- -- - \
30 1\ ~2 I(
600
\ \l\1\ ~ ,1\ \\
600
.... i'-
" ........
",, r--. -.. 'l3 \
I~ \ r-- ~ t---,
~ \
~ 600
, -- -
( I
I
\
-
A F C .- -..... r-
~ ;- 30
34
~
~
.
~400
1\1\ I~
\ \' \A +
1is fiii
~ ""-'-
\ /'
\ 1'\ .\ ~I\ l\ I\~

\ ,".
\
( 43
(5i '0
"
\
300
M , -I - - l- f- I'-- ..... f- - - f- e--- i - 50 300
A+M
M,
M"
A M
-- 1\ _\ ~ \ ~ \\
\\
200 200
\
100
M..
100
r--
1\\ 1\\ \\
\ \
\1\ 1\ \\
61,6
IHRC 60 58 57 50 3633 2211220215 2191HVI
0
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 IOJ 10' 10' 1 2 6 to 20 60 100 200 600 10' 10' lOS
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h CCT Imn 2mn f b mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 90 MV 8 Steel
Composition: 0.81% C - 2.10% Mn - 0.29% 51 - 0.003% 5 - Composition: 0.81% C - 2.10% Mn - 0.29% 5i - 0.003% 5 -
0.17% V - 0.05% W Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 800C 0.17% V - 0.05% W Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 800C
(1472 0F) for 30 min (1472 0F) for 30 min
900 900
!8
, --
a:
~
BOO
.s
800
...""" --... <,
At,
700
- :- r--- - - -
..... --- - ~
,-
- - - - - 98 HRB
At,
700
~ '~ ~-, ~ ~
\ "\
~ ,'\,
\
-, - I---
~ ~
~~
,/
/ ,, - i/
22 HRC
A l)(; ~ F;~ .- ~ ~ \-
;
26,5
:,
500
A F, C 600
1"- \~ \1\
~
A
\
,. 31.6 \
<,
\1\ \
'- -"
~
~500
...... -..
" 34 ~ ~
e , !- r-, c
~
500 5!
roo- i - ~
I\' N~ F,~ 1\\ \\
e
i~ 400
I
I
::-. 37
41
a
~
I
I
...... <, , ...... ~ 400

,".
300
<,
........
,
,,
,
" ,,
,".
\ ,\ ,~ \ l\ \ \ >1-
20\
"'- I--
1\ \ 1\ \ 1\\ \\ \\
300
r...... r--. t-....., "
200
M, I - - - -- - - - - - 200
D'\ i\\~\ ~
Ms \ \
A M '1
'00 v..+ M
M..
100 -- -- --- \.-
\
64
HRCI 65 64 64 63 45393230 222QH\.i21S1
1251020 50 1(1() 200 500 10' 10' lOS 0 I I I J I
Temps en .secondes I I I I J I I I 1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) lot 10'
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
I I I I I I I I
t mn 2mn 16mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
50URCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aders de Fabrication Francaise, IR5ID, Paris, France, 1974
15 MDV 4~05 Steel

0.066% V Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 0.066% V Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 900 0C (1662 0F) for 30
min min
900
] 900
- I- _.-
Ac, I--1- -I-- I -i - -I- 1--1- t-'- 1- Ac,
r-. ~ r:: r-, f""~ -, ~
f\ ~ f\ r'\
I'-
800
s
a:
~ 800
-, f\ r'\
\ 1\ 1\ ~ ":.- \
~ ~ \ n
.5 ,.- I-'<'
I - !\ \-
f-
Ac,
700
- -l- I-
r- ~ l - I -17 ~- ~
- I -i - - i- Ac,
700
-\ 1-
9~,-
1\~,~_ J Il.' 7~~
I I-"
(
tF
A F \ /" 8 ~\
- - ::-r-,
-
A FtC A \\
800 J .- f-
, A~
( 95 HRS 800
.,.. .15 7t eu +..\: . \
ll15
~~ r-, :--
;~ ," A
\I "\
-- ~ :\ 5 -
)
- - -- - " l"- I"--
~
~ 500 -AF I..---'
-
~
c 600
F t C b
V- ~y
~ ~\ 1\ 1\ \1\ 1\ 1\ \
~
"ll
M,
I-- :- '.1 - . -r-
~C
f-::: ':::: - I- - - - 21 HAC i M, ~
1\
~
'00 24 l 400
A
i-- J
(
A M ~
\ r- ~
~ I' 1
M" l"'- t-
1\
\l\ 1\ \ \1\
300 300
200 200 1\ 1\
100 100
1\ 1\ \ 1\ \ \ \
1\
43
HRC 362921 244 236 230 217HV 186 173141
...l
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10 3 10" 10~ 1251020 EO 100 200 600 103 104 lOS
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT ...lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 16 Me 5 Steel
900 r-T"""T"""""T'"-r-r--,r-r-r-.......,...,-,--,I"1,.,.-,
Ac,
'-' -- I-- I-- I - f-- l-I- -I- Ac,
r- j-- . - 1--I -
--
: ' \ ~"' _. -j-
800 BOO 10- ~ <,
~
~ "~'\ "L\ " .....
Ac,
700
- -
::::-'
:::::::: - I-- I - . -
-
- 1-. Ac,
1-1\,\- K-r\ j.1\_ _\ t - r--- -
.- -
,/ -- 700
A\ F \ \ ,
A I A+F
"'" ~
~ 87 HAS
AI~ V \ j., ~ ~
~
~500
600
// /'
......
,,
---
.-
'.A F+'C"
-~
r--
- r- I"-
91
96.3
~
500
(
I
\
, ~ , ~ L\r-, \ ~+ IF:C1\
~
5 rvo~ ~
\
\
'- - - 500
/ \ f\ \t ,+F :y C\ ~ \
~
~
~
f 400
If I
A+F + l; ~ - 31 HAC
32
~
iE
~
~ 400/
300
A+M I!!. Ms
300
5\hM;;....\ \ ~ ';
~+M
200
200 'l\ 1\ 1\ 1\5'~ ~ 1\\
100
100
1\\ 1\ \ \
\ ~\
\
" HRC 43 39 35 30 27 211 205177 171 HV
1 2 5
Temps en secondes
10 20 50
I
100 200
I
500 10:)
I I I
'0'
I , '0'
I 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 103 10' 10'
IT lmn 2mn 15mn 1h 2h 4 h 8" 24" I I
Temps en secondes I I I I I I
CCT 1mn 2mn 15mn 1 h 2" 4" 8" 24 "
ACI = 740C AC3 = 835C Ms = 400C
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
90 M 5 Steel
900 900
I
~
rr:
BOO
'll
e BOO
~ ~ t-, I'--:: ~
---
~ <,
~ f- ~
6
- -,..- - -
y K r\ ,\ \ \ "f\ -
--
- f- f-- Ac,
-- \
700
//
V
,
-- -:
.>
/ -- I-- ~ l -I-"
V
27HRC
34.5
700
A\ \
\
\
1\ 1\ (\ >/ \""~ ~ ~ ~ ~
\
100
'00
+ '!J,j
0
f-
\ \ \ ~ \~\\ \ \ \ ~ \
600 I 600
A c 39
~ 1\ " , :P., r-, 36 ~

~600
" "7'' ,,~(
I
t
~ 500
~
e 38 ~,~
~
j
~
~ 400
<,
I
,
-,
-, -,
42 .Ii
E 400 \ 1\ \ 1\ \
\ ,~ ~ \ \ ~
<, 47 ~ \ \ ~ !ill
<, "
300
I'--.. , 51
<
, ~ <,
<, 300
r-, "
1\ \ ~ 1\ \ 1\ \1\
56
r-, r-, 61
200 \
Ms - I -i - - f - 1 - -f-- - - f- f->-. 200
100
A+ +~
Ms
M"
100
-
A+ M \
-- - .\--
\ 1\
~\ _2~ -.......J
\\
\
l\ \ \\ \ 1\
63.6
IHRCI66 65 65 575640 34 36 31 25 251
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10 J 10' 105
I I I -I I
IT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I r 1251020 60 100 200 500 10' H)"' 105
Imn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h I I I 1 I I I 1
1h 2h 4h 8h 24h
lmn 2mn 16mn

50 NC 2 Steel
900
<,
BOO
':
'< l"-'
<,
I\. <, t-, c-r-
- - f - - r-- 1- -- - -
- I- ,...-- f-- -- r-:: --
Ac,
- - ~- f - 1- - f- - "' .::::., .- r--
I~
f- f-
-'- 1\
--
~~
I'
Ac, 1\ \
-
~ >< 1\ Y~ ~ - ~ \ \
700
-- ~
A~ V- V, / " -;;.- z-- A\
A /
I
~
500
~ ~( ~
I ArF.+C \
<,
- I-- ~ \~7 ~ \\ \ \
~600
~
il
e
l 400
r I
I
A +\F +C
-
, -'
/'
V V ~
, ~\ I\' '1\ \
\ ,'~ ~ 1\ C
k5
\
1\ \
,, \
~
300
\ , \ I\. \
\ ~\ '\ \
A+ M )
\- \ N \
M, A+V1
200
- - - - -
1\
100
\\ \ \1\\ \\ \ 1\
HRC 60 59 55 36 34302221 20 IIHv\ 210

62,6 1
I 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 11)4 10 1
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 tOJ 10' 105
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I r
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

Click here to view
Click here to view
35 NC 6 Steel
0.010% V Grain size: 11-12 Auatenitised at 900C (1662 0F) for 0.010% V Grain size: 11-12 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for
30 min 30 min
900 900
I8 ~ """ ~ = r--..
a: ~~ ~~ ~ ~
R
~I\.
BOO
l BOO
'\ - l- f-- f--
~
I - ~- t-- I- '
1\\ \
Ac,
-- - l - t--
V ~
I--- :::: I- - I--1- -
0 Ac,
Ac,
\ \'
1\ \ 1\"Dr-
~
l.- I-- l\
1\ 1\
Ac,
700
;...
700
1\ I-'r
"\'
I
V
A F
1/
v
,
I
I--
.> V ~~
93HR8
\
1\
A
\ 1\1\ L ~ ~ kf. k" ~~ I
~ 10
600
A
-, r-,
99 600
\ ~ ~ It ~ l\ 10'
'l\
-,
r- l - f-. I--- f-.
~
g600
1.1- -:
v
,..
.- ~ ~ .>
\
A F C
22 HRC
~
s 500
1\
l-
71
I'~ A~~+ c\ \' ~
~' "
V
f
~
~400 1<\' F
,
C V
<,
v I--
~
28
35.6
f
il
e
~ 400
1\ 1\\ 1\
~~
1/
~~ ~
,,
~ ~
l\ 1\ \\) 5'6
Ms
300
- "' r-,l- I - ~ II - I- I- f-- 1- -I-
41
60
Ms
300
- -
A M -~ -\
1 5 2 '1\
l\ \ 1\ V
Moo -
200
t+M t-..... 1\ \
- -- -
-\ 1\1\ 1\'1\ \1\ -\
200
M..
'00
100
\
\ \ 1\ \ \ \
69 HRCl55 5' 5139 30 27 26 I ~92191 ~V
I 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 10' 10'

Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1261020 50 100 200 500 103 104 lOS
IT 1 ron z mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
,10 NC 6 Steel
<0.03% V Grain size: 9 Austenitlsed at 926C (1700 0F) for 30 <0.03% V Grain size: 9 Austenlrised at 926C (17000F) for 30
min min
900
Ae, -- - +- I - -l- I-------- - I- ~ - -l-
BOO
V
-- V ;-I- - - -
Ac, I-- 1- I-
- /
700
I--- 1-- ....
AI~ tl
V I
U A tF +( V
I
I
600 82 HRS
/ ,..-'f , I'-- t"-
.I v'" L.-- V l- ,
I l- t-- t- B6
o
~
~600 91 s
.IV ,,
600 1---1-+-+--M--\.,j....,:\,.Jj.,c....JlH+'I---"flod-l-'i---I-I--\J--+-----+----1
l-- ~l-
I
~ I /A+ I- v 99
g-
Ms
400
-L ~ V 23.6 HRC
~
A M
300
200
100
39
HRCl25 25~23206'B1181156 145 145 136 HV
50 100 200 600 10' 10 4 10$
I
1 2 5 10 20
Temps en secondes I I I I I I 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 103 104 lOS
IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h
CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I

16 NC 6 Steel
Composition: 0.16% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.30% Si - <0.010% S - Composition: 0.16% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.30% Si - <0.010% S -
size: 8-11 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 min size: 8-11 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900
Ac,
-- , - i- i- - ;- - - 1- -- I- f- I--f-
aoo
V l.-
Ac, I - - I- V ~, - ,-I -1- - I- I- - -
700
Yi~
l- l- f-
I(
/'
,, V 82 HRD
A t F ro. F c(
600 85
1/' I ..... f..-I r--t-- t--

V~
; ~I ':::.
/ .....
u
I- <,
~500
I
~
~
400
it:<1
.,
I
:'1
I lA' + H/"
V
....- -- I- .-'-' 22 HRC
25
l
Ms
I-
I
300
:A M
I
I
I
!
N lN~ 50 0'1\ \ 1\ 1\
I
200
I
I
I
!
1\ 1\ 1\1,' \\ \
i \ \1\
100
i I
!
\\ \
\
' I\ 1\
l\
\
1\
\
1\
\
I I 42
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 10' lOS

IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10' 104 lOS
1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h

20 NC 6 Steel
<0.030% V Grain size 10-11 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) <0.03% V Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for
for 30 min 30 min
soo 900
~
~
Ac,
aoo
1- -l- I - l - I-- l- I- l- I- t- t-
~
Poe,
,
aoo ...... --- L, l- t--- -I-- - I--
<,
- 1- - ....-=: ..- I-- 1 - - - 1- -r-
.5
Ac, - 1'\ '\" ,,\ '\ .'\ ~ t\ 1 - ,-
--
Ac,
// \ \ \ L)( rr \ -\, --
700
10-
700
- ~1
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .i. ..-- -
/ V- V A\ 10
600
Ad
,)
A tF
,,- V
j "1 I
"
r-,
82 HRD
B9 600
Ix I,\:F
" 1
0 '"~
~ ~ W~5\ \1\
-)
!;' V/ /"
V-V
,
/
-,
i', - t t
- -
I"--
t- i-
97,6
!;'
~ \\
Vr
~600
.v.,;.V
<, ~ 600
f
~
~
400
/..
!I At t
,,
- r: r-
I-- 26 HRC
30 l
~
~
I
,~ 1\l1I~ :\ l\\ \'
~ ~\ \ \
400
- - - I
~[\N
~
~
I
f=. Ms ----'- - 1-' '-----
I
I- e-- c- I- ~ Ms
A M M.. -- - " iOy

300 300
AM
\1\ 1\ ' ~~ \
I
200 LIVE GRAPH 200
1\ L\ \ \ '\
Click here to view
\
,
100 100
i
, 44
IHRC 41 3131 27 21112161921751801661HV
; I ~ I I ~ I I
1251020 60 100 200 500 101 1ft lOS 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' 101
Temps en secondes I I I 1 I I I I Temps en seoondes I I I I I I I I
CCT lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
14 NC 11 Steel
900 900
Ac, Ac,
I"" r-, ~
- --
BOO'
.. -
BOO
~ -, t-,
~1\ f\ Ii Ll.-
"::: 1'\
~
Ac,
700
t-- f-
A
- '-f- -
- - - - -- ;;;-
-
r- I-
f- -
700 ~
-- -
~
~ )( ~
1\ ~ 1\ )(
/ Ac, A f..-' A F - -~
/ I
- L .-
-
A+ F \ / I--"
BOO 85 HRB 600
---' ~ "- r--
?
V
/'
~ I-
-- ,,- ~ A+F +c 89
~ :~ ./ --_20,
,\ ~
60 A
- r-, :-.... 'j-tl""
~
.600
- ?
600
\~ ~ ~ j+ i\C \N
{ r-- IA
,-
/
~
~
'/"...- I
A+ F+ C '- ~
~ 50'
l
~
400
Ms
300
t-- ' -f--
A+M
- - I-- - f--
32,5 HRC
i
i!
400
M,
300
,..... .-
A+M ""
- -
~~ ~.... fii
H" ;;-.
-
200 200 ~ \ ~ :\ \\ \
100 100
\ I II
\\\
II
42 HRC/ 37 32,5 27 222221 228 2011931 HV
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10 1 10' 10' 104' lOS

1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 IOi
Temps en secondes I I I I J I I I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h OCT Temps en secondes
lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
lmn 2mn 15mn
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 35 NC 15 Steel
0.002% Ti Grain size: 9-11 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 0.016% V Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30
30 min min
900 900
-
]
~ r-, "I::--.
'S
800
<, r--:: ~ ~ I-...
." \-
BOO
5 I'" .'\: '\ Y- ~ r-, '''''-
Ac, - -- - -,.-- - - - - f- - I-- ,-- 0
Ac,
1'\ '\ \\
700
Ac,
700
I- - -\S ;\ I-- \ ~ - -;-
I- -
::::
I~ \ I~
I--
Ac, f-'" A+F .\ \ \ ~
600
,V ~ -- --
'-- At F+l -
-
96,3 HRB BOO
AI\ \\ A AF
:::::- ro'\
C
-- \ \ \\'1\ \\ "~ ~
\ ~
?
600
A
'" r- r- ?
600
1\\
!\\ \1\ 1\\I\' ,\ \\ ~~
e ~
iJ
~ iE II
g.
\\ \ \ 1/ 1\ --
400 400
{'!. A F+ i! ,/
\
300
I I'
, -- ---- --
300
M,
1\ 1-'tF +
-
M,
M"
200
f- f-
-
-
AtM
f- I - f-- -
M"
200
-A M-- ~ -\ \- It 1\ -\ IN s'\' - '
<,
~\
\ \
100
- - LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Moo
100
-- \ 1\\ \ 1\ 1\
7
~
~ R( 59 585757 57575756 5249 4131
68 HRC
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 IOJ 104 105 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 103 104 10$
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I J Temps en seccndes J I I I I I J I
IT --' lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
ACI 685C= AC3 760C = LIVE GRAPH

M50 = 205C M90 = 150C Click here to view
30 NC 11 Steel
0.017% P - 2.95% Ni - 0.69% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.31% Cu- 0.017% P - 2.95% Ni - 0.69% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.31% Cu -
<0.030% V - 0.06% W Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 850C <0.030% V - 0.06% W Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 850C
(1562F) for 30 min (1562 0F) for 30 min
900 900
800 800
:::::: is::, <, <, ---=::; <, :::::: r-, --..
x-, -, -, \. <, ~ - - I--
-
~ ~-
Ac, I-- c-- - - - - - - f-- I-- - I- Ae,
\\
Ac, f- I-- - - - - - I-- I-- - - Ac,
- \ \ 1\ \ ~ ,...- - I -I -
-
700 700
\ ~\
l.- f-' A \ \ \ l---
".- I.- - -- i\ .F. .c\ 0
~ ~ +F
~~
/' l-
F ( ,-' r \ 0 40
..-,-I-
500 93 HRB 500
-
Ifo
~
"-
'- t-- \ \ \"\ 1 .1 '15 1\
-- -- .- ~~v+ F+
b:,
~ I ./
".-
r ~ 1\ 1\ 2
5\ ")' -\-.
,, - - - ..-
.500 500
~-\
f
I
~
400 f
/' \
\
A+F C ".-
~ 1=
32 HRC i
f
E 400
\ 1\\
\\
I\A I~ I\+c \' \ 1\
\li~ ~ ~ -J \
" \
t'!-
/ 39
t'!-
\ \ \
-
I
Ms
Ms
- 1-1 - r- - I-- - --I. - - r-r- - ~
300 45 300
-~
:M. __
:\ -- -
\ f\ 1\
M.. '"--\
A+ ~
T-J
\
r- II
200 200
MN t-' -
100 100
\\ 1\ 1\\1\ 1\
\
55 HRC\50 5050 '7 '0 33 31 26 25 23IIHVJ 75
1251020 50 100 200 500 10) 1()4 10' 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10J 104 lOS
Temps en seccndes I 1 I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 50 CD 4 Steel
<0.05% V Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for <0.05% V Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for
30 min 30 min
900 900
I8
Ac, 1- - c- - ~ "- ~ ~
a:
Ac, ~ c::::: -I'---.. --..
!
- --- -
BOO 800
-, <, '\ -,
Ac,
700
- ,-- - - -
",
-
,/ ,
f--
!-
~
I- ~
-
1-1-
(/'
1---
- ~
a
91 HR8 700
\. '\'\
\ \ \
\
\
K
\.
~ \ ..-~ -J? '" - ~
\( \ \ ~ ~ ~ ;F \
V ~
,,
-
20 HRC
I A d V>,+ +( r-, \
A C
500
'-- --- ~
26 500
~ l'i ~
A
~~
~, ,
\
\
\ \
~
--
',"'>-
--- ~
"r\\
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~ I
~
:'
, -I-
l- I--
- I--
-
j
~
f
500
\ \ I \ I~J-It ;~ \i\'
\
~ 1w I--
A+ + 38
} 400 ~ 400
\ \~ \
1\ ~ \ 'A, ~ r\1 ~ ~\
t'!- / t'!-
300
I-
1\ \
I
I-- I-
46
51 300
v\ \'r\ \ ~\-\ i'\

Ms
~\
Ms 2
M.. A+
.- M-
A M -- -
200 200
\
- - --- - - -
~\ 1\
M..
100 100
\ 1\
\ \ \ \ \ \ 1\\ 1\
63
IHRC 62 61 60 5' '5 37353626 20 I
1251020 50 100 200 500 10l 1()4 lOS 1 2 6 10 20 50 tOO200 500 10l 10C' 105
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I ccT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h Imn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h

18 CD 4 Steel
0.020% P - 0.21% Ni - 1.06% Cr - 0.24% Mo - 0.18% Cu - 0.014% P - 0.14% Ni - 0.84% Cr - 0.20% Mo Grain size: 7-8
0.006% V - 0.032% Ti Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 925 0C Austenitized at 900 0C (1652 0F) for 30 min
(1700 0F) for 30 min
900 900 -....;;
l - I-- ~
Ac,
- -- e- - - Ac,
~ [\ ~ ~ I"- '~
1- I - I--
I'--- 1'-
800 r-,
I--"" 800
-- '\ [\\ \ I~ l -
- I- .- ~ l- f- - ,- I-- l - I-- - I-- 1\ .- -
Ac,
1/
~~
l- f-- 1-
-
Ac,
/'
~
72 HRD \\ 1\1\ I); \
700
l.-- 700
( J. +IF (~ (:
..::::..- -~ , ( --;
78
\ 1\1 1\ w. ~yz - \ A)' F + C
-- A N0-
A 85 ~
5
~ t;;"
600
1/
/
-- -- ' F0- r-
I-
600
lo"\"
f\ \ ~\ -t <, \
~
~600
~
~
1
~
400
I
~
./
V
IJ A},f +~ / '
1""':,- -
/
--
f-
I-'" "
I-
- I--
.- I-
~'
--
23HRC
26
~
~
e
~
i
~
600
M,
400
\,( A+ F+ C
'\\k\.l1\ 1\ 1\ 1ltrs
1\\
I-
r-,
1,~~
\1\\~
M s J. + M 70 \
300
A+~
300 \ \
1\\ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\ \ 1\
'
200 200
100 100
1\'\ \ \ \ 1\
\
42 HRC 2825 1237210196173 137 132 IHV
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) io- 10$

1261020 60 100 200 500 103 10' 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT Temps en secondes
Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
1mn 2mn 16mn
LIVE GRAPH
Composition: 0.25% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.090% S _ Composition: 0.25% C - 0.68% Mn - 0.21% Si - 0.090% S -
size: 11 Austenitized at 900 0C (1652 0F) for 30 min size: 7-9 Austenitized at 900 0C (1652 0F) for 30 min
900 900
18 ~
~ ~ r-: I" f': r--
r-, r-, ~
Ac, l - I-- ~ ~
'"
Ac,
~I- t- , - I--
800 ~
.s
800
"" \ ,J. \1\ 1\ 1\ 1\
--
-- -
Ac, - Ac, - -f-
700
!/
/
~ '-
84,5 HRS 700
\ \ \ .).; .-\ r\
5
_ 65 -
V V ,/
\ A F
1\ Y1\ I~ ~ ~ OJ
( A' F+ ( ~
I --- -- - ~
-
85
A A+ F C
- .-
600 600
-b
9S
I) ,- \;~ ~ ~\ \ 1\
-,
,~-
,, I - r-
~
\ ~
~ ,;' "
Itr-
~600 ~ 600
1\, '\+ AI~' N \

~ .-' (1\ I
~
~
--
/\~ F C I
V ~ 27,5 HRC ~
~"
1
A
I 400
lL l
3.
~
400
X I
\ \ II It\
.... M, I- - W f- f- I- - ~ I- . - .-1- I-- I- M,
1 1:01,.
300
A M M..
300 - A M- - no i'< o If f~ I'M!
200
1\ \ 1\ 1\1~ t'\ 1\
200
\ \
100
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
'00
1\\ \1\ 1\ l\
IIHRC 51 ~3 ~1 33 28 231122~ 9517~IHVI
49,5
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10 4 11)5 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' IDs
Temps en seccnces I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h 1mn 2mn 15m" lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
35 CD 4 Steel
0.019% P - <0.17% Ni - 1.00% Cr - 0.18% Mo - 0.10% Cu 0.019% P - 0.16% Ni - 0.96% Cr - 0.28% Mo Grain size: 9
Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min Austenitized at 860C (1662F) for 30 min
900 900
1g
[:::,.. ~ ~ r-:: t-- r-,
a: --I:::::::,
/I.e,\. A"
l
BOO
,1- --- - - :- f-~ -

0
BOO
Ac,
1\
'" \ I".. r-, <,
r\
~ ~ - I--
-\ \ \. --
700 / 87,5 HR8 700
1\ AI\ .....K
A (A ~
K ~
, F+ V
/' \ it
\ K1\ f]; F+
V
~
F \
92 45
(>.. '- ~ \ V ~~ \
~ ....- -- -
600 25 HRC 600
~
i""'- "-
\ I\~
","" .
, .......... 26.5
\ 1\ "'\2
600 , "
~,
,..... 1 - ~
s 600
10 "\
rt>
-
f' , --'
/ A+ +C
,
/
I.-
z:
33
~
! 1\\ I 1\ ,<l ~(F 1\ c 1\\ I'
\\
--j .1-xi ~ 1\ .\~hI \

I
I ) .... V
i"-
400
M,
-
,
M I-- "-- - -- - I-- -- 46
-- ---
---' )
r
300 49
M"
300 -- ~
200
A+M
200
\ \ ~ I"- \
A M
\ "
100 100
\ \\
\
\\ ~ \
69
HRCI 54 5Z5 52 40 35 30 22 226 167 HV
1
1 2 s 10 20 50 100 200 500 101 to" 10 1261020 60 100 200 600 10) m' IDs
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I r I I I
IT 'l mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h tmn 2mn 16mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
900 900
~
s
a:
I ~
<,
:--::: I:'.::::: <, <,
BOO
--- -,
-(
BOO
<, <, ,'\. <, <,
~ \\ ~ 1\\ \ \ ~\ ~~
0
Ac, '--- 1- - - - - -
~ ......
- f- ~ l - I--- f- Ac, f- f-- - f---
700
.....- 25HRC 700
A+ I~ '\
V'I 1;\
/
600
A+c
{ ,, /
34
38 600
~ ~
~+
1\
F+
KXl
'- " r-, 1\1.: 80 \
~\ 1\ I~
\,
c +'- F+ r-,
~ If- .... r-,
44
~ .\ \1\
--- ...-
/
~ 600 34.6 600
,V
~
V
~\\
V
\1\ (~ ~\,\
/
e
~
~ 400
/
I
\
/ I- ;Y" 38.6
42 i
~
E 400
\
+c +
1\\
\\ ~ 2~\ 1\
\
r-, ,, -,
\\
i"- i"-
r-, <,
48
'g; 100
,,
300
-, 51.5 300
\
200
- I -I -I - i -
A+ c + M
I\. - 68 M,
200
A+c M
\1\
\ <,
~ \\ 1\' ,\
-\N
100
M..
100
- - -- - -
1\\ --
\
\\ 1\\1\ \\
67 HRCI 6767 63 4542393431 27261
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10 J 10' IDs 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10 l 104 lOS
Temps en secondes I I I I I 1 I I CCT Temps en secondes I I r I I I I I
IT Imn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

30 CD 12 Steel
0.010% P - 0.17% Ni - 2.99% Cr - 0.43% Mo - 0.13% Cu 0.010% P - 0.17% Ni - 2.99% Cr - 0.43% Mo - 0.13% Cu Grain
size: 8-10 Austenitized at 960C (1742 0F) for 30 min
900
]
Ac, f- I-- I-- I-- I - t-- e- - _. a:
8
800
~
..... -:::: --:: ..... - t::
o
Ac/
A
::::
~ z:
700 97 HRB
(~ :}' q.,( r-, .......

r- 20 HRC
600
~
........
r--
r-
--
?
~500
~
--
~
f" 400
~ V I
~
-
J I A F + C
M, I-- I-- I - I--- -I--
300 4B
M..
- --
A+M
-- -
100
56 IHRCI 56 555454 54 545247 4343371223 HVI
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10 1 104 lOS 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 &00 101 104 10$
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I r CCT I I I I I I J I
Temps en secondes
ACI == 800C AC3 == 835C LIVE GRAPH

M50 == 270C M90 == 190C Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Z 15 CD 5-05 Steel
Composition: 0.11% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.24% Si - 0.016% S - Composition: 0.11% C - 0.47% Mn - 0.~4% Si - 0.016% S -
size: 9 Austenitized at 900C (1652F) for 30 min size: 9 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900 900
] r-
rS b, f::: r-, r- ~ r-
-l -I - a:8 -
13 ~ \ P- P- ' , ~ r--r:::: ~ r-
~
Ac, Ac,
I--- t- I - -I - -I-- 1- fo- f- f- I-- -I--
Ac. I-- I-- I-- I -t- I - I-- I--I-- I - t-- - 1- Ac, 1'\" 1--1-
- -- - Io
I--
~F~ -
800 SOO
A c 10- .... \ 1\ '\
700
",
A c+ F (
+( 73 HRB
1\ A+ 1\ 1\ I~ n: + - - -
i~
55 6
5-
1\<5 1\
-, , <, 76 700
" 1
1
\
~
+c
r-, <, r-,
\\ 1\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ C
---- ---
84
........... ........ -.....: -,
r-,
600
........ 600 \
"
[\ \ \ 1\\ \ \\ 1\
::i:;;
? ?
~500
~600
e
1 ~ ~A~ -\ ~
V I-"
- - - .1. .1 -...... \
~
~ r ~- - --- 11.+ c+F +C
- e
~
~ ~-
~
400
~ I 400
- .......V~) , ,
- - -
Ms
- - - - - - ~ ,
\
~
f- I-- - I - - I-- f-
+c +F r\
300
A+c+M
M,
300
<,
\\1\
1\ \
1\
\ ~- \
M" A +c \ II \
200
200
MI\
1.\.... 1\\ \
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view I .......
I-
\ \ \l\ 1\ \ \
100
100
1\ Il-lVl147125
43 HRC
HRCI45 45 43 44 423938 22 231tlVl
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 101 10' 10$ o I I I I I
Temps en secondes I I I J I I I I 1261020 50 100 200 600 10' 10' lOS
I I I I I I I I
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aders de Fabrication Francalse, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974
45 SC 6 Steel
0.012% P - 0.03% Ni - 1.06% Cr - <0.10% Mo - <0.06% Cu - 0.012% P - 0.03% Ni - 1.06% Cr - <0.10% Mo - <0.06% Cu -
30 min 30 min
900
Ac, - -- - 1- - 1- '- f- - - 1- - l
900
Ac, I--
1'\
~ ~t\ \ -\ 1\'1\
~
a:
- i1 --
-- - I-
800 - r---
--
,;- ,- BOO ,- r---
Ae,
~ .5 1\I-
I~I\ \\ \ 1\ A-I: F1\ .\., !:-- ~
Ac,
:,....- ~
I-
.- ~
f-
.- f- -
\l\ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~i\0
700 20.6 HRC 700
I(~ F( ( I---.
( 23
\ A
,
'-,
600 -', 31,6
<, 600
"r---- ....... 1\1~
~
~ .......A'i- +t----. <,
.....-
~
~600
A ~ I"-
... - ...,
"
........ ~ \ 1\ 1\\
, -- --
s
\\
600
/
1\ ~ \
E
~
tE 400
A t F c. l- 400
"ll ,/J f\F ~
.
39,6
{! I
V E
\
\\ !\ y'1\
{!
V
"
300
V , ,/
44,6
,\
49 300
\\-1\ 40, ~ \ 1\\

Ms I
M, 1\
P+IV
M.. --A -FM --
200 200
100
Mt .
100
-
\ ~ ,\ 1\' \\ \
1\
63 IMR c 59 5857 5655A933 23 22 193 IHVI

1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 101 io- lOS
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) 10' 10'
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
z mn
CCT Imn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h

45 SCD 6 Steel
<0.06% V - trace Ti Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 900C size: 9 Austenitized at 880C (1616 0F) for 30 min
(1662 0F) for 30 min
900
Ac,
- - -1- - - - - 1- - - - - I-
e: - - -
--
800
- - - - - - -
lie,
700
- I-
/
,,; .7 I-
.....- :,....- ~ --
--
!- - f-
97 HRB
I'
(A I
--
I 20 HRC
.c <.. . . .
\
F\. + 600
600
A , 30
~
;...::::: >. ..... , \
I
ro- I- 32
? ........ ~ 600
,, -. l- E
( I
.....- p- 32
~
A .F c\ /' ~ 400 1-1--'1-+-'\-H::w:'r-FH-+-\\-if-----1HH+-++--t---i
, 38
,,
{!
)
.L I ( 46
Ms
300 - f- - - ..L 1 - - - - - - - - - I-- 62
~ M
200
LIVE GRAPH M... _1-_

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100
60
IHRCI 59 5857 5655 A9 33 23 22 193 IHVI
I I
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' IDs 50 100 200 600 103 104 105
1261020
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT Temps en secondes
t mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
45 MS 6 Steel
0.017% P - 0.03% Ni - 0.03% Cr - <0.01% Mo - 0.09% Cu- 0,017% P - 0.03% Ni - 0,03% Cr - <0.01% Mo - 0.09% Cu -
0.040% V Grain size: 8-10 Austenitized at 926C (1700 0F) for 0,040% V Grain size: 8-10 Austenitized at 926C (1700 0F) for
30 min 30 min
900
A., - ~~ - l- f- 1- - t-- I-- - t - - I- - - - a:

i
BOO
~
- I-- I-- I-- - 1- - I-- f- . - - - - o
~
V
100
V
,- ~ ~
V ~ I-"
v: 26HRC
600
l{ F t-: 28
V 1-( r-,
-r-,
\
k
r-, r-. r- 30
tf r:c
-: \\
~ A
~500 ~
~ [\( I':" l"-

\, I- /' 33,5
~ r-,
..
40
~ 400 ,
~ '\ A+F+< I
I
D 41
) J 51
300
M,
200
k+
100 100 \
I-H""'R:L:C+6==2-;!6~0-!:!59;;-;!5*3-;:-5""~0!:;-3~~"*,5":3:;::0~28;;;;2~5,5~2:;::'51
55
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10' 101 1 2 I) 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 10' 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

15 MDV 4-05 Steel
Composition: 0.14% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.011% S - Composition: 0,14% C - 1.20% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.017% S -
0.016% P - 0.15% Ni - 0,10% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0,15% Cu - 0,016% P - 0.16% Ni - 0.10% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0,15% Cu -
0.065% V Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 900C (1652 0F) for 30 0,066% V Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 900C (1652 0F) for 30
min min
900
.- 900
Ac, l -I - -- l - I -1--I-- 1-1- I-- I-- I-- I-
I A., '"'<:
r-. r-
.-l - t- - .-
800
a:
l 800 ~ ~ f\ 1'\ 1"- r-

r-.
F\ r- R f""
- -;;I- - \ 1\- ~ ~ ~- -- -\ - \ 1\1\

.0
-
~
~
Ac, i- -- -I-- 1- - -f- A.,
100 " 100
A
(
.-
A F
I
\
,,
"..- I-"
A~ FtC A 1\\ \ 11 ~ '\is~ I
7b't +F 0 ~\ 9~
,-
600
~ ".
J 1- - - <;
, ( 95H 500 ~
-' ~\
J5
r- I-
rv foi! .t..!:: i
0'
~~
) _\ 5 -
-- I
~
J
-
t- .......
~
~ 500 - -- -- -- -- - ""'-1" ........ ~
s 500 " A F t t--..
~- 1- -
\'1\ \ \ 1\ \\, \
,-
A F
~ -::::: ..... ..... Lv
e
~E
't 400
M,
- :- -I- .-f-- - f- - 1-
21 H
24
il
E
~
M,
400
A M I
\
-
~J
~
~ A~M ~
\
300
Moo
300 \ ,\ \
r-
200 200 \\ \ \ \1\ \ 1\ \ \

1\
100
LIVE GRAPH
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100
1\ 1\ 1\
43 HRC 362921 2~~ 236230 217 HV 186 173141
0 0 I
I 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10 3 10' 10' 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10' 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
IT l rnn 2mn 15mn 1h 2h 4 h Oh 24 h CCT lmn 2mn 16mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24 h
ACI = 140C AC3 = 885C Ms = 440 LIVE GRAPH

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186 Atlas of nme-Temperature Diagrams
20 CDV 5-08 Steel

0.020% P - 0.11% Ni - 1.04% Cr - 1.06% Mo - 0.16% Cu - 0.017% P - 1.40% Cr - 0.96% Mo - 0.270% V Grain size: 6-7
0.260% V - 0.028% Al Grain size: 9-11 Austenitized at 960C Austenitized at 976C (1700 0 F) for 30 min
(1742F) for 2 h
Ac,
900
-
900
\ ~~ \ \ \ ~
i\ \ \ \
Ac,
BOO
f-- - - - '-- f-
BOO
.- -
\ ----
.~ - - f- Ac,
Ac,
........
-- -- ......-- - -- --
\ \ ~ \\ A\
\ \V At\ F
\
A
/'
.--- ( 1\ "
700
" ..........
-- ....
\
, ,A, F C" r--
"
-- -- r--
91 HRB 700
1\ 1\ \\ \\ fl
~o
/ '\.
60
"
.... ~:; F-'l
~o
C
90
\ \ l1-\ - J\ \
600 ;;;;;0 '- 600
I- ~
"
\ \
,.
\\
"
~
~
~600
'/ --- -- - ~
F
- -- - --- /
J~ /
/- A ~ 600
I--.." \
\~ V
V
\ 1\ A\ c \ '" \
E
E
E A F +C E I~
-
30HRe 'l;.
\F
} 400/
.~I- r-- 400
~ .~ ~ \ I
\\ \\
... M,
1\-R
33.5 M,
A M M" A _M -.......,I
300 37 ~ I
300
~'90
10
\ \\ \ \ 1\
40 \ \
200
\ \ \ \ \\
1
200
100
100
\ \\
41
HRC~1.5 ~1 ~O 36,5 33 3\5 30,529 20 225 1651HV I
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10 3 10' 10' Auslenite residuelle% 61 61 10
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 103 10' 101
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn t h 2h 4h Bh 24h
CCT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 10 CD 9-10 Steel
0.097% Al - 0.01% Ti Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 976C 0.097% Al - 0.01% Ti Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 926C
(17000F) for 30 min (1700 0F) for 30 min
Ac,
900
900 I
18 11'\ '\ ""L"". .'\ -,
~ \ \\1\\"\\
Ac,
800
- .- . - ~ .- - - .--=
- ~ .-
0:
~ 800
"""
\ (\r\ \~!-\\ - :.; -
-- -~
Ac,
. --fA
Ac,
/' 05 0
A +F
/
V
+ C
/'
~ f-- A \
i\ .\ -::::. 'tr!
'l2-
20
FI\
700 96HAB 700
60
................ ,~ <, ~~
600
A
....... ....... r- r- I--- -
I--- l - e- ::-:::- -::-:, f=-". F=-I
I--
--
600
\ \ \ \10\ 1
\ 2 \1\55 \ \ 0\
-- .'11' ~
- l - I"=.
\ 1 .\ \
~
- -
e.- ,.... +F
-- -- - -- - ~
s 600
\ /1 \\ 1\
--
~
~~ '\<:\~1\ '~ \' I ~ :---\

600
E
{ -::: ~
f
~
/ Ms
f- '---' -.......
/ AC
I
~
...
0100
M, - --
A+
- - - - - f-. ~ - f- i - -
31.5 nne
I-
400
Mso A+M
\
1\\ ~ \\ 1\ I 1\\
6
) t-
300
\\ \ \ \8 ,{5 , 5\
300 \1~
40
200 \
\ 1\\ 1\ \ \l\ 1\ Il\ lil

200
LIVE GRAPH
100
HRCI~2 37 35 33 272111215 20518214~H

I
1251020 50 100 200 500 10' 10 4 lOS 1 2 6 to 20 60 too200 600 103 104 lOS
Ternps en seoondes I I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I

IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
28 CDV 5-08 Steel

0.380% V Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 1060 0C (1922 0F) for 0.380% V Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 1060 0C (1922 0F) for
30 min 30 min
900 900
!s \ 1\
rr
'Il
Ac,
,\ 1\ \
-
~\ I--
P\ \
1\ K\ ~ \
-
800
- - - ,.. i--"
~ 1< 800
1\ --\-1-
~
,- f- I - -
I~
f-
\ H k 1-' -
-
Ac, 0 Ac, - - -----l l-
A ---...... = ~ I--
700
V
F
~~
!o"'"
21 HRC \ \
Jr-
\A+ IF' ,
I --
55-
-
~ r-,
~ I'tJ. 700
....
\ \A
IY \1\ \\ \ \
I.......
....
~ ~ :::-.. F+ C
---
32
r--. I'-. 1\\ lW 11'0
600
r- ~ 600
~
600
-- - - - - - .
~
c 500
\ 1\\ II \ 1\ \
\\ ~ fYk1I\~ ~+\ dI\C >-"
f II-
~ /' ~- f
i
i=
400
Ms f-- f-
A+F C
f-- - f-- I-- - - t
E 400
A M ~
-\ ::;~ \ \
~
~
M,
-- - - - ~ r....
300
300
A+M II ~ rm In- 90 S
1\ ~~ \\""
\ 6 2
200
200
1\\ 1\
100
52
100
\\ \:\ \ \\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ 1\
HRC 52 51 51 44 G1 GO 36 36 35 201
1251020 50 100 200 500 10) 104 10 1
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1()4 101
IT Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10]
lmn 2mn 15mn
CCT lmn 2mn 16mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h

Z 38 CDV 5 Steel Click here to view
Click here to view
0.011% P - 4.90% Cr - 1.07% Mo - 0.09% Cu - 0.360% V Grain 0.011% P - 4.90% Cr - 1.07% Mo - 0.09% Cu - 0.360% V Grain
size: 6-7 Austenitized at 1000 0C (1832 0F) for 30 min size: 6-7 Austenitized at 1000 0C (1832 0F) for 30 min
900
! 900
~ \- 1\ l\Li r-
\ \
~
Ac, Ac;I
- - - .- f-- - - - .- , - - - 1- - I- ~ Ac , -I- 0- ~
Ac,
~ \\
500
....-
~\ 'l\ \ \ \ ~+'f~~~n
BOO
- 1;- ;.:::.:: F
I~ +F' +c
6
19HRC
~
.... -,
700
r-, 22 700
~85 7\
\1 I~ \ \ 1\ \ l/
i'. r--. ::-::-- r- 29
A <,
600 600
~
~500 ~600
1\\ \l\ A\ \
\ \
f
~ 1\\ \ 1\ A
i 400
1\11 I
V r--
\ \ 1~',
~
300
M, - f-- -
A+M
f- -
fA
- - - I...J.. 1- , - .L ,- - -
F +1 C
- -- --
300
Ms
l\ \1\
I
,
F C
'/
15
- JJ~ - - _\j - - / ~ 1
A ftM i'i 85
\ \
200 ~o
200
100
LIVE GRAPH
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.
1\ \ \ ~\1\
100
\ \
61,5 IHRCI 61.560 60 60 59.5 57 53G6 26 2201!-WI
1251020 50 100 200 600 10 J 104 1()-1 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 101 104 10 5
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I CCT Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I
IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
30 NCD 2 Steel
size: 11 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for SO min size: 11 Austenitized at 850C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900
900
!8
._- I - f - - I-- r::,; :---- I'-.. r:-:::.
- f- -- - - l - I-- a: Ac,
" I-
"" l\
Ac, I- I- I--
l BOO
- '\1\ -, 1"'-
BOO
<,
1-'-
0
~ '\ \ I,
-
Ac, I- -
V
l- I - I-- Ac,
\ \1\ /\ \ \ rs=. s:- 1:3; f- I-
700
A
~ +F V 10-
- -~
- - - -
700
AI\ Y \ -
- />... \A -1-\
78
I-
I-
~
~-
I
86 HRf
I ( ~ k"
\22 l\A~
- "\
I
-
95 600
600 -, ,\ .........
.... -\
, \:Kp\~ '!~~ ~\ \ \\
/ A FI+ C
'\ \
- ,I
",""
~ .-' ~
s 500 I \ F
s
-r - -- -
600
~A +F:- 10-
~
il
iE 400
C
,
/
I
, ,~-
- - ,- -
30.6 H
~
~
1i
E 400
J \1\ 1\ 1\ \ \
J
~ r ~ ~~ r\ \1\ 1\
~ Ms ~ I - I-- I-- I-- f - I-- I- iL I - I-- - I-- ~ Ms f-t- .1- - 4~
A+M
300
A+M 300
200 200
,\ 1\ \ \ \ \
100 100
1\ \1\ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\
52,6 I HRC I 4537322926 22 191 HVI207180178 165
0
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 tal 10" 10$
1261020 50 100 200 600 10 3 10' 10$
Temps en seoondes I I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
CCT lmn 2mn 15mn 1h 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
20 NCD 2 Steel
size: 9-10 Austenitized at 875C (16100F) for SO min size: 9-10 Austenltlsed at 876C (16100F) for 30 min
BOO 900
~8 ............. F::::---
- l- I"" r-,
- f- r-
~ K~ r- r-- I- -
I-- I - I- a: Ac, 1-
Ac, I- I--I-
i -,
BOO BOO
"\~
.5
\ 1\1\ 1\ ~
-- - - - - - - I- -
- -- 1\- f\ ~ k1 -
Ac, f- f- 1- Ac. I- -
.-'" 1\ .1 -Ilr
~ -=
700 700
/
I~ V V\ 1>("\K' ~V
-:::-: A\
r'.: .f. F -~(, ........
+F
-'-
A I A+F
90,6 HRB
A- m ~
.0 5
600
, I"'"--- .....
91 600
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)
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:---.. I"-
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......
r ~- ~ +F
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Ii 600 ) Ii 600
e
E ,
/ (>.+ +~
LV
...... 25 HRC ~
~ Ms
,
'r
\
!O'\ 45 \85
'l\ ~~
l4~ E 400
~ 11
92
~ ~ Js\ ~ I-'
300
A+M
300
A + M <,
r- \\
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200 200
I-
1\ 1\ IY\ \ 1\ 1\
100
LIVE GRAPH
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100
1\\ \\ 1\
\
1\ 1\,
48,6
HRC/ 47 4234 28 26 21 I 22519918718 HV
4
'251020 60 100 200 500 '0 1 10 10' 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 101 10' 10 5
Temps en serondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 16mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
40 NCD 3 Steel
size: 8 Austenitized at 850 0C (1562 0F) for 80 min size: 8 Austenitized at 850 0C (1562 0F) for 80 min
900
i
~
900
'"
Ii ~ I'-...: ~ t----- R ~ r-: ----t--.. ~ r-,
f'V ~ ~ r- ~
BOO
6 1'\,~
~ t, b "\
~1\
f-- I-- f- I- I-- l - I--- -f--- r-r-' I - I - - f-- Ac,
Ac, I-
1\ t- I - f--
700
.) ...... V-I- ,- V- i-
...- 700
p,-
~
~ ~J +'~ br~
92 HR8
'\ '\
600
A
"A+I ,I'..
, r-, 22.5 HRC l\ 1\ 1\ p( K\ /
1\
307
l)
\ \ LX J ~
600
I~ \ ~ ~ -\-
I p.+ +() I'-- 22.6
i - I-- l-
i - I--l
, .- - -- .'
~ )
,,
If
L-
"
~~
..- 0 600
I\AIX r~ 1\ 1\c \ \ \ \
~
A I I + C
V-
30
~
il l\
M,
300
'-- f-- I~ ~ f- 1 - ~ -
I
~ I-- ~ I -I - - -
37.6 .l1
~ 400
{'.
M,
300
,
1\
'\ \ .1/ I(si\ ro~ sT
lr11 S- ~ If 1\
I
I
S5
l-
20
\ \
\
200
M"
200
f- -- --- A+ I~ \
t\, \
~I~ \ \ \ \\
100
\ 1\ \ \1\ 1\
100
67.6 lIT 1\ 11\ \ r Ir
10' 10'
HRC 55 55 55 49 37 36 23 29 29 28 24 22
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10J
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h I 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 104 105
IT t mn 2mn 15mn
lmn 2mn 16mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
CCT
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
35 NCD 5 Steel
900 900
l
.!i ~ ~1---...- ~ = ~ I::--. I----
BOO !i 800
~
I - f- t-- I - f- 1 - -I- - l- f- I-- I - I-- l - 6 " - I- - .-
~
t\
Ac, Ac,
Ac, I - f- t-- I - I- I-
~
I--- - l- I -I - Ac,
1\\ \ 1\'\
k- ~ 1\
I\' I-
700 \ 1\
I(
l-- 700
V IA
~I 1\1-'11\
~
\ \ \ 1/ "\ +1
A
1/ A F -
I
"
, .'
[C
92 HR8
98 1\ 1\ iY
!i.Q.- 55
+F +\
I:tlo
c
5
600 ',IA+t tl. r- l""- too- 600
~
lt~
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-
I)
, .'
<,
....'
_
~
\ \1\ 1\ ~
~
7 10
rtr-. 1\\ 1\
~ 600
II ,, - " t-- - .- - .:..: ~ 600
1\ IY 1\ [\ ~, r~+ I~ -~ ~
~ l-
~
~ 1,.00- il
,/
I{'. 400
1\+ +C 34 HRC iE
\
li '\1 \ \\ \ \ \l\ ~ 1\
400
42 {'.
M, I -I - .- l - I - - I~ l - I--- I - I- f--- I -
300
A+M
M,
300
-A+M- \ \9'l I:l-.
I
1\
200
M"
M..
200
- .\ 1\ 1\ ~~ ~r- ~ IL 1\'
100
100
1\ \ 1\ 1\
\ \
1\1\ 1'\ 1\
\ \ \ 1\ \ \
67 HRCl54 5452 42 32292826 11m 36229205
o I
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 104 lOS
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 101 10' lOS
IT 1 mn 2 mn 15 mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT Temps en seoondes I I I I I I I I
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
50 NCD 6 Steel
900 900
i8
800
a:
1l
BOO
r-, r-, ~ r--::: ;--.; :":: t-, r::::: f'::: r:::::::: f--;
~
\ \ "b" <, I\. <, '\
Ao, f-- f-- f-- . - 1 - I -
Ao, f-- . -f-- f--
700
I-- ,-
- I--
I--
I- "-
- f - I - f-
,.....
I--
-
- -
-
-
f-
f-- I-- <3 Ao,
Ao,
700
1-
\
" "\
"t\ 1\ 1\ I.-
~
:--- ~
H
~ -
.-
I~
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~ ItF, +c~~
A
t.. ~ /<" r-, ct--

~
95 HRB
1\ 1\ 1\\ 1\ /
/
\ 100
\ \ '\ \\ 1\ \: 1\~
600 22 HAC 600
"- DIA+ ~ ') ~. :--

"
I---' ~ - 0\
-- t' 1--l-- I - -
~ ~ ,\
~
s
e
600
v I
I
/
\ A F + c
l-
~ 600
~
.Ii \ 1\ 1\ 1\ ~ 'Fl\~ [\1\
1.-1 ;"l \
+,
E 400 E 400
\ \ \ ! 1\1-16 \\9ii\9i1\ ~\
{!. {!.
300
1\ \
\
\
\ /
.....
4B 300 1\ -~
~\
r-, _l..
.- 1-- f- - - \
l- I- .- .- M, \
'--
!\\
M,
A M M"
200
--
A+M
-- .~ - -1~ i\~~ r-,
1\ \ \
200
100 100
\\ \\ ,\ 1\ \ ~\ \ \ \
HRCI 63 62 62 6054 49 41 3534 29 26 11
62
I
1261020 50 100 200 600 101 10' lOS 1251020 60 100 200 600 10) 10"" 10'
Temps en secondes 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I OCT Temps en secondes I 1 I I 1 1 I I
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h

28 NCD 6 Steel
0.010% Ti Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 0.010% Ti Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30
min min
900 900
r:::: t---- K t..::::: r-; t--... r-: -.....

'"'I\."' I':i -~ f'\1-'
r-,
800 1- - f- l - I - I - I - - f-- 800
f--
~
Ao;;f--
t\ 1\ 1\ <, \ ~
Ac,,--'
1'\
Ao. 1- ' - l - t - I-- I - I - I -I- I-- I - f-
"- Ao . I-- L- t-
700
A I--- I-
..-r- 700
A\ 1\ 1\ \ \ \ I---'
600
F V
~l-... ~ 1" --C I'..
r- l- t-:
f::: l -
88 HRB
B9
600
l\ ~ I~ l~ ~ A
I-
I-
~500 ~ 600
~~ ~\ ~ '\1\ 1\ 1\ I~
)IIC'
t
~
E 400
I/
v
--A+F+r
- ----- -- -
e
~
E 400 1\ 1\ 1\\
\ '\ ~ I - t"i j
I-
1\ \ 1\ \ \ 1\ ~ :.y
/
.... V
M,
300
f-- f - 1 - - Ii 1-- .L f- I--
/
I-- I-
46 HRC
{!.
300
Ms
-~ IS: F
~ 1-- ....
~.
I~ "
A+ M
1\ \\
M.. "A+M \
200 200
--- 1\ 1\ 1\
\ \
\\ \
M.. 711...
100
100
1\
\
l\ \
70
1\
1\
6
55 HRCI54 52 5352 52 5252 42 3836'Z1
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 101 10' 10s

1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 103 10" 105
Temps en secondes 1 1 I I 1 1 I 1
IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
CCT lmn 2mn 16mn l h 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aders de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974 Click here to view
20 NCD 7 Steel
0.010% AI Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 0.010% AI Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for
30 min 30 min
900 900
-...... -.....
r-, ~
~ ~ ~ ~ 1'\-
I'"
Ae,
800
I- - - I-- - I-- - I-- - - I- f-- Ae,
800
f"'\ ~ 1- - r-I- r-- I-- -
~ \ \~ \\
/' ~ 1\ ~ 1\
n
700 n0-
-
A_, ~ r- -
'A Fr- r-- l -I-- 1- 700
r-- l - r-- - I--
A
V l-
--
A_,
A V \ \ r [A -F+ ~~~ ---- '"~
600
/~
I- 1/ ~ V I--
re- t-- t -
rssuv 600
V 1\ ~ 6
x r-, , r-
~ ~ 1\ I\.
"~
c [
~ It.
A+ F+
~ I F
r-
g600
g 600
~
I
1\\1'1'
e I--" e I
j I
A+ F C
I( 22 HRC
t ~2
I
1\ 1\ \
~ 400 25
I-' f- f-- -f- f-- f-- I-- - f- E 400 r--
l\J ~ r....\<~~
~
r~
Ms
~ M,
A M A M
300 300 \
'l\ 1\ 1\\ 1\ ~\
\
200 200
'00 '00
1\\, \ \ \\ 1\ 1\\
43,5 LHRC 3935 22 1915 206189 170 I HV
1261020 50 100 200 500 10] 104 10'1 104 10'1
1251020 60 100 200 500 10 3
Temps en secondes I I I I I I J
Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 20 NCD 10 Steel
Composition: 0.17% C - 1.23% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.018% S - Composition: 0.17% C - 1.23% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0.013% S .:
0.016% P - 2.46% Ni - 0.94% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.012% N2 - 0.015% P - 2.46% Ni - 0.94% Cr - 0.40% Mo - 0.011% N2 -
0.042% AI Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 0.042% AI Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30
min min
900 900
]
8
c- ~ <-r-;
-c,
Ac. e-- '- I -I-- - ~ - l- e-- - - e-- - 0:
I" :::-- IS: ~ f--I-
800
1o 800
,I -,1\ ~ "\
Ac
1\ [\
700 700
~ 1\ \ ~ 1\ \
/ / \
\ 1\ \ \
Ac, ". Ac,
A+ F
~ t -
-- -
A ,I- +C
600
....... \
~+ F+C 600
r- ~ r-, \
~
g600
I.--
,....
i,......J
~ 1\ \ \ \ \~
~
e A F
t
E 400
Ms/
I
,- -+ +C
e
~
I 400
\\ V"
",-
~
\\ - -1\- -. r-;
-- -- -A- -M- -\ ~- ~\ - -~ ~' , A~
~ ~ M$
I
M..
F +\
300 300 I'
-,
- ~\ ~~ ,
?!
~
200
M,
200
.- - - \, l/
~
'00 '00
\1\ \ \
-, 1\\
44,6 HRC
I HRC I 44 44 43,S 41,S 39 35 34,S 34
o I I I I
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10J 104 lOS 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 104 lOS
Temps en secondes J I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT 1 mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aders de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974 Click here to view
60 NCD 11 Steel
900 900
]
BOO
Ac, f- - - r-- r--1- - 1-
A F
8
a:
1
0
800
Ac,
~ s e---:
I"-.. ~ - r-, I'--...
-, [\.
..:::::- I--..
~ ~ I~
<,
<, <,
"'r-,-...
\
- 1--
- f- I-- 1- - - I- ~ ~ -\\ ~\ .... 1'\ 1'\ -
- - \ '1\\ ,.-
- I-
-
Ac, f- - I - --' Ac, Ir-
100 100
[\ \\ \ 1\ \ :.t ~~
- \ \ \
A
I
~ ,
,
io"'" ~-
\\ \ :::
600
\ 1\+ 1"- C l"'-
r-, ........
I 23 HRC
600
\ 1\ \ 1\ \ .\ 1\ \ \ ~ ~\
\ A F- I'C
-
~
~600
r--.. ~
600
,.:- ~
\
\~ i'-
-:
\ \ \\1\'\ \ \\ \
e e
~
1 400
, - --- t
~
400
\ . / ~,
\ I\.
~
~
,!!
300
,
I
\
/
A F~ C
\ \ \ l\ 1\ I A P
\ ,, 35
300
(
\ 1\ / ~
M, .- -- I -1 - - 49.6 \
~~ i/
f- f- M,
A M <,
200 \ \ 1\ \ \ \ \
M.. -- 200
M.. - -~-+ M- -- L~ --'
\, 1\, , 1\
.~ -\ -y 6 6~
-,
100
\ ~
61,6 HRC 62 62 62 61 62 62 61 60 5351 363 329
o
60 100 200 &00 103 104 105 0
1 2 6 10 20
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 104 105
IT 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
CCT lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h ah 24h

32 CND 11 Steel
900 900
r--..
Ac, I- .- f- - -- Ac,
~ ~ ~ I" ~ ~ ~ -: ~ i'<- <, R
~ ~ i>. 1--'-I-
BOO BOO
- .~ -\
~
- 1- - f - .- - \ 1-\
\\
\ \ 1\ '\ 1\ ~ [~f-
Ac, I- 1- !--
Ac, I-
I--
_I-"
700
....-
(i\.F c( -< l"-
100
\ \I~ ~+C
600
A <, "
94 HRB
600
A \
\\ 1\ \ \\ 1\ 1\ n.,.... 6\;6
l-
I'--. I"-
~
~600
\\ \ \ ,\ 1\ 1\\ \ \ \
e
a
\ \1\ 1\ \
\ \ Ilr-" 1\"I
......1-"
- -- -- ----- -
.li
r 400
1\ - I-"
It-P
M, I- ._-- - - - L
A C , -
~ - - -
~
M, \\ \ !\ 1\ ~X I-F\C
\ \ \ V I
1\
Ir1\\ \ I\;1\- V ~ ~~~

300 300
-'A +M -~\ -\
42,6 HRC
M.. -1-- M..
M.. 1-- - A+
200 200
\
100 100
1\ \\
IHRC 53 535352 53 5350
"' l\ 1\
~9 ~~ ~3
\1\
~H 033
66
I I I I I
1251020 50 100 200 600 101 10 4 105 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 104 lOS
IT 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

SOURCE: Courbes de Tranaformation des Aciers de Fabrication Francaise, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974
16 NCD 13 Steel
900 900
<, <, <, <, I'-... -0::::: '0.

~
BOO
- r- 1 - - - 1- - - - - - BOO
_I-
Ac, 1 - --~ I-- -
r- f- - - 1- - - 1-- -=:.
Ac,
'\ '\ -, -, .\ -\ '\ ,\ 1\
--I-
- K\
Ac, -l- I-- -f- Ac, - -T-- r- 1-
700 700
~
-: -- \ \ 1\ \ 1\ A 1\A_ ~
A+ F+C
A V )
V AF " (.j A
600
I ,- - -
-- 85 HAS 600
\ \ \. o
-
15 404
,-~
~ ,.- ~ 1\ I.---' '11\ \ \ r\--l
.500 .....
s
1\ ,. J\ -\11 ~ -\ -\
A F .600
F
- -- - - - - - - - --- - t- -
I .-
f f
~ ,
~
-
1 400 y A F C 1 400
"\ ~ f\-.-
I- M,
- - - L- - l- I- I - - I-- -- - I- M, ~, ~ \
J_M A:-M 1\ '\ 9d~
300 300
200 200
\ \ \1\ ~\ \ \~ 6a"
0
\
100 100
\
1\ \
\ \ \ \
\ \ 1\ 1\
44 HRC
HRCI44 39 37 33.5 30,5 30 25 21
1251020 50 100 200 500 10] 10' lOS 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 101 104 10 1
IT 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
35 NCD 16 Steel
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.39% Mn - 0.80% Si - 0.006% S - Composition: 0.34% C - 0.36% Mn - 0.26% Si - 0,006% S -
0.010% P - 3.10% Ni - 1.66% Cr - 0.28% Mo - 0.12% Cu Grain 0.008% P - 3.66% Ni - 1.64% Cr - 0.31% Mo - 0.008% N2 Grain
size: 10-12 Austenitized at 860C (1662~) for 80 min size: 9-10 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900 900
j
800
- -- .... - - - f- f-- - I- - - -
8
a:
11 800
<,
~ ,-- , -
--'\ r-, <,
-, ~
I'-...
~ '"
<, <.
'\
\ r\\
'--
Ac, 5 Ac, I-- -
f'&l 700
\ 1\ \ \
:::.
~~
,.JI-- ~ r- -
\ -\
Ac, - - - - -
~ /<, A.+ -c -- \ 1\ \\ \
~
.
0
600
600
......
-- --
.
~
0
600
500 1\ A\
\
\ \ \ \
e
il
.li
~ 400
/' -,- A_+! !~ - - --
f
il
.li
~ 400
\ 1\ \
\!\ V P\ ,
\ -,-
\
,/
I
{!. {!.
,
,
I
I
300 \
300
A_
- -- r- - -- - .!- - - M, <, i
-- -M - \ - -
: -I--
- - A+ - 1\ - _.\-J K7 't"'=
-
M,
AiM M..
M..
200 - 200
0
Moo
100
- - LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
100
\ 1\ \ \ \
56HRC
IIHRcl 55,5 54 53 51 4242
"apres trempe et maintien 20 mn dans N] IIquide
0
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10] 10' 10' 1261020 60 100 200 600 10] 10 4 101
IT Imn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Sh 24 h 1mn 2mn 16mn Ih 2h 4h Sh 24h
ACI = 100C AC3 = 186C Ms = 216C LIVE GRAPH

M60 = 216C M90 = 166C Click here to view
SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aden de Fabrication Francaise, lRSlD, Paris, France, 1914
30 CND 8 Steel
0.012% P - 1.75% Ni - 1.85% Cr - 0.49% Mo Grain size: 12 0.018% P - 2.10% Ni - 2.30% Cr - 0.64% Mo - 0.19% Cu Grain
Austenitized at 875 0C (1610 0F) for 30 min size: 9-10 Austenitized at 875 0C (1610 0F) for 30 min
900
~g 900
r-, r-, f":::

~ r-, I--::::: r-, r-,
~ ~
a:
Ac, 1'0. b.-
800
I - i -l- f-- 1- -f-- I - f-- ~ 800
Ac, 0 \
1\ 1\ \ 1\ '\
Ac, - I - I- f-- I - I- f-- I - .-
Ac, ~ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\
700
l.- I--
- 700
'\
1\ 1\ \ \
600
A
Ie A. +c( (
,...
90HRB
600
\
1\ 1\ 1\
~
~ 600
~
~ 600
1\ A\ \ ~ \\1\ \
\
1\ 1\ 1\
~ ~
~ v -- - - - -- ~ 1\ 1\ l---~
l
- -
~ 400
,,
400
Ii.~V\, ~
t"- II
/
/J F.C
l- 41 HRC
t"- '\ \
300
/ I
1/ V ~
1\
-I~ - -I~ ~ B
46
M, 1- ._f-- I - - - - ' .- I- - f--
M.. - --
A+ M k:.. \
/J +M
200
1\ \ to-
1\ - ~ \~\
200 \
100
Moo
100
f- - ~ - I--- 1\ f--
\ \
HRC 54,5 54 53 52,S 514847 44 415

64 TT
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 103 10' 10$
I 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 101 104 lOS
CO"- Temps en secondes I I I I I 1 I I
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I 1 lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
IT 1mn 2mn tb mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 30 NCD 12 Steel
900 900
!g
800
Ac,
Ac,
- -1-- - - - 1-
.- l - I - l-
- -
a:
~
6
800
Ac,
~
r-...
\
""
~
...... -:::: ........
1\\
<, - ......
~
--- I'\.--...........
........
1'0..
1\ 1\ 1--1-
--
l- I-- l- Ac, IT ~ IT
700
v l -I -
700
~
\ \ I-
eA F AI\ '\ f\ ~ C
1\ I...- l\-~
~
600
A - IG l:::: -
t-- I -
+F,~
r::=:
~
600
\
1\
1\ 1\ 1\
\\ '\ "\ \
1\
\ F\ \
~600
I.--""' 600
~~
~
~
t
E '00
If I-
, -- -- - --- - ~
ae
1i
400
1\ 1\ ~
l-
CC J\ -- -
.1 .C
"\ 1/~ "\ \ \If
t"- E
t"- F C\
-1\6~
l...-
M,
300
I - 1- - l- I- .- f- I - I- I-- I - I - - --- 46 HRC
M, 1 6 2
I
1 1\ 1\
M..
Moo
200
- - A+M
- -
300
M"
200
1--
A tvj-
-~ -\ - -
1\
~.
~
I-
~~o\
r-.6
\ \
100 1\ 1\ 1\ f\ 1\ 1\
\
100
\ \
66 ~ RC 52 50 50 5050 41 35 3531
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 103 104 lOS 0
1()'1 -lOs
Temps en secondes I I 1 1 I I I I 1261020 50 100 200 600 10)
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I
CCT 1mn 2mn 16mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
40 NeD 18 Steel
900 900
---=:
l- I- ~ r-, -----.. r- <, r-----..
800
Ac, - - - l- I--- - -
800
Ao
'~ -- " 1\
\
"-
1\ 1\
1\ \ 1\
<, <, <,
1"'1\
.-1-1--
700 700
\ \ \ \ -r- \
l -I -1-- I-- f- - I-- A F- ~ ~
~ ''-F if.r.
Ao , -
1\ \\ -
~ ~
-
IX-~
~
~600
600
A
1'-
- r-
~
~600
600
AI\ 1\
1\ 1\ 1\ 1\
\
1\ ~~ "
e
~
~
Loo 1\ 1\ 1\ \ 1\
\ 1\,1\ \
E 400
~
{!. j-- {!.
V A F "':..~ - \ V
1/ / -- 1\ +F C
300 300
- ~L 1\ \ / \
I
I-- i - .- .-1- I-- I - l - -+-- I - .- - M ,
M,
-.....
1 \
M..
200 -- 200
A+ M 1\ 1\ 1\ \ \ \ 10 t">.
A+ M r \
\ 1\ \
M, 0
M..
100 - - M..
100 1\ 1\ 1\
58
IHRC 59 59 59 57 56 55 55 46 39
I I I I I
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 lO} 10' 10' 1261020 60 100 200 500 10) 10' lOS
Temps en secoodes 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 Temps en secondes I I I I 1 I 1 1
IT j mn 2m" 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h

20 ND 16 Steel
900
9OO""',--,---,--r-r---r--,--,-,--.,.....,....-r....,......,..-..r-,.,
800
- 1- -l- I-- - I-- - -I-- 1 - - l- i-- I- 800
r:::--- t' r-, I'-..I""- L~ r-, r- I::"-... r-, ~I"'--
1\ ~ ~ t"'\ 1\
Ao,
1-" ~ I-- I - I -
"~
Ao, f--
\ 1\ 1\
700
- - - -r- 700 \ \ 1\
t\ \
Ac, f-- I-- I-- - f-- I-- I-- Ao, f-- ~ ~ ~ r-- 'r -
600
A A+
\-. 600
A\
\
1\ \ \ (\A F C
~
\ \ \\ \\ \\ 1\
6\
\ ~ - -1\ -
~600 600
~
~ /' A+F ......,
\ 1\ 1\
~
IE 400
t- -- --- - - -- ~
~ 1\ 1\ ,/
{!.
L - ~ F+- -C I--- ~
400
\ \ \ \ ~
/A + F
M,
300
f--
A+ M
I--- - I- - - Ms
M"
300
IA_ IM_ 1
I\C
J ~\' 1', \
\ sllU
200
200
\\
1\ 1\ 1\\ \ \
6
90
\
~ :---
100
100
\ \ \\ 1\ \ \ 1\
\ 1\
49 HRq49 48 49 47 47 42 35 33 32 30
o I I 1 I
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 101 104 101 1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 104 lOS
Temps en secondes I 1 I 1 I I I I I 1
IT lmn 2m" 15m" 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h
CCT Temps en secoedes I 1 1 1 I
t mn z rrm 15m" 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h

40 CAD 6-12 Steel

1.100% Al Austenitized at 900C (1652 0F) 1.100% Al Austenitized at 900C (1652 0F)
900
Ac, I-- 1- - f- - I- f- l - I- - l- f- - - ~M
tx:
'Il
900
Ae,
I'- r-,
r-, ~ r\ 1\~ ~ r\ I\. 1\
-
r.=- .... h r-,-I-- f- l - I-
800 e 800
1\ ~ 1\ 1\ 1\ I') ~ ~ ~ ~ \
Ac, ~t-- 1- f- I- Ac, /
~ ...
..- I....- 6 0
V ~ 1,:-= 5
700 1/ F V ~
,
r-"""" 20HRC 700
~ 1\60
1\ 1\ 1\ ~ ~
r\\ I~
f(
I~ r-,t~ I'- I'-
A +F C\ 0
600
A 1'-
r--" t-. " t-
22
31 600
~
r- t:-
~... .- 1- - -- r-::-
r--. r--..
I--
\\ \1\
~
~500
.~
.~
r-, ~
~ 500
1\\ 1\ 1\\
~. ~
e
a
,l;
~ 400
~ I--"'
I
/ -- - ---
A F C
- -+\, e
a
l,"." 400 1\ \ \ 1\ K \ II ) ~
:ll7 HV
\ \ IJI
,".
M,
,I\
I
I-- L- Ms
300 2 J~~ ~
Ir
300
~t ~y II--
\~ ~ ~
A+ M
M..
-- -- -
MM ~1\ ~I\
l\ \1\ 1\
200 200
<,
\ \ \ 1\\
100
1\
100
I h-IRC160 59 60 58 53 '3 '436 21 I

59 'r
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 taJ 104 101 1261020 50 100 200 600 10) 10' lOS
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h Imn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
18 CDSV 5 Steel
0.010% P - 0.25% Ni - 1.22% Or - 1.05% Mo - 0.19% Cu - 0.010% P - 0.25% Ni - 1.22% Cr - 1.05% Mo - 0.19% Cu -
0.460% V - 0.080% Ti Austenitized at 1050 0C (1922 0F) for 80 0.460% V - 0.030% Ti Austenitized at 1050 0C (1922 0F) for 30
min min
900
900
r,]
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1\ ~k ~
\ 1-1-
,
I
vI- 08
t< Ac,
~-
800
\\ 1 :\
.t \ ,~\
~
J...-' I-- \ \V ~) -50%

A F '-I- C V- 87 HRB
700
"A
,
I 26HRC 700
A \
1\ I I\A +Ftt C
r-, r---.. "-, r-, \ \ I I
1\\ 1\ 1\' i\ ~ 1\ r\
, 30 30
joo-..
r-, t-
-.... r--. 1"-....-
r--.. 0\ 5
\\
600 600
I
~
t- l- IA F - - - -, ~ 1\ '\ 1\\ 1\
~
~ 500
If ~
I--"'
~/
-- F + C
,
~
c
~
e
500
\ I K~ 1\ F~
-
-'1\1"'--'"- ~ .JiY
l" 400
I I..- .... 37
a
}" 400
I\C
I-- 1-' f - . ~I- I- - l - I- l- f-
~ ~ ~\ I~\
I- Ms
,".
A+ M Ms
'io ~
300
M..
300
- A -M -+\ I" 1~5
20
\
5
11\ !\ \ 1\ '"
'
200 .~
200
'\
100
100
I
1\
\
1\\ \ \1\ 1\, \
48
~ RC '8 'H6 '1 '0 38 38 31 29 201
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 101 104 lOS 0
'r 11 I I
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1251020 60 100 200 600 101 10" 101
LIVE GRAPH
100 WC 40 Steel
0.280% V - 3.66% W Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 850C 0.280% V - 3.66% W Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 850C
(1562 0F) for 30 min (1562 0F) for 30 min
900 900
~ ~ L---- r-, ~ ...... '" <,
.--
800
- - - I-- I - ,=.e-- 1 - \ \. 1'\.' I'\. 1"\ 1"\ ~ ~ --

1\ ~
Ac, I-- - f - I-- i- f- I - i- f-
'-
700
V V
f-
- ~ \' \. I---'" ~ ~
~ ""
I~ ? ~\
/
A c
V +~ 1\ \ \
R\ ~
/
/ (
1/ , I'-.... 1\
600
1\ x I-li
~
~600 ,
J
/ Atct
'"
- --'
/'"
It C
.-- V
D \l\ \~ ~ .~) \ 100
1\ '~ ~1 ~
~\
I
e I
.. , I 1\
E
l 400 "- 1\ 1\
f'-- r-, ,1""- \ \\ \ \
~
300
, , r-,
, -,
l\~ \
r-, I"
t-, I-- 1\ 1\ '
,
l\ 1\ 1\ 1\\ 1\
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I HRC I 686766 41 3938 37 28 21
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10 4 IO} ., 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10 J 10 4 10'

Temps en secondes I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I 1 I I I I I I
IT Imn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 15mn f h 2h 4h 8h 24h

15 NCDV 11 Steel
0.010% P - 2.59% Ni - 0.67% Cr - 0.49% Mo - 0.20% Cu - 0.010% P - 2.59% Ni - 0.67% Or - 0.49% Mo - 0.20% Cu -
30 min 30 min
900
Ac,
. -l- I--1 - - l - t - - I -I- i--I - I-- ..-
I a;
900
1'\ f\ ~r\l\1\l\1\l\ 1\1"'- 1"\1\

800
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800
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I- -- I- ~
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r
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700
700
A V- A F C
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1\1\ 1\ 1\ 1\ kj hi ~
10
..-~ -: ..... ..... 1-

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t
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100 100
1\
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IIHRC '2 41 33 27 24 24 25 23 22 21
43
I I I I
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 101 10' lOS 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10 J 10 4 10'
Temps en secondes 1 I 1 1 I 1 I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I 1 1 I I
IT t mn 2mn 15mn i n. 2h 4h 8h 24h 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
55 NCDV 7-05 Steel

0.100% V Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 0.100% V Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30
min min
900 900
~
8
0:
~ 10: "":
<,
r-, R R r-.
800 ~ 800
f\ ~ '\ '\ '\1\1\ '\ 1\\

6 1"'-
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-
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95
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300
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200 A M \\ \ ~ fll
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100
- - 200
M"
100
- - - - --
- -\ '\ -\
\ ~ \ \ I- ".
\ \ \
63 HRC 63 62 5351 /JJ1J24
I 2 5 10 20 104 lOS 0
60 100 200 500 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) 10~ lOS
IT lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
LIVE GRAPH
Z 38 CDWV 5 Steel Click here to view
0.018% P - 0.17% Ni - 4.70% Cr - 1.40% Mo - 0.11% Cu - 0.018% P - 0.17% Ni - 4.70% Cr - 1.40% Mo - 0.11% Cu-
0.600% V - 1.80% W Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 10000C 0.500% V - 1.80% W Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 10000C
(1832 0F) for 30 min (1832 0F) for 30 min
800
~ 800
.- -- - f- \ \ \~ f\ 1\ 1\
1\ 1\ -' ~
Ac, - I- -f- f - - :- i -I - f-- f - 8
0: Ac, f- - '\ .-- -
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- - 6 800
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21 HRC
600
app ritio ca
sac ndal es
ur s
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- - - -- 600
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s 600
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400 400
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\ \ \ \\
M..
- -
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100 100
68 HRC 56 56 55 55 53 52 31 28
I I
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10' 104 10' 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' 10'
IT 1mn 2mn 16mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h Imn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
ACI = 846C AC3 = 925C LIVE GRAPH

M50 =
260C MgO = 150C Click here to view
Next Page
XC 48 Steel E 36 Steel
0.031% P Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 875C (1610 0F) for 30 0.022% P - 0.007% N - 0.064% Al Austenitized at 900C
min (1662 0F) for 30 min
900
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IIHRCI60,5 575302923 22 230 HV HV 221 203 179 164 150 147
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' 10' 1251020 50 100 200 600 10] 10' lOS
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I OCT Temps en seoondes I I I I I I I I
CCT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

35 M 6 Steel 19 M Nb 6 Steel
0.026% P - 0.17% Ni - 0.08% Cr - 0.02% Mo Grain size: 10-11 0.029% P - 0.043% Nb - 0.007% N - 0.046% Al Austenitized at
Austenitized at 850C (1662 0F) for 30 min 900C (1652 0F) for 30 min
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I
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10l 10' lOS 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 103 10' lOS
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I Temps en seccnces I I I I I I I I
CCT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h CCT 1mn 2mn 15mn 1h 2h 4h Bh 24h

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17 MV Az 6 Steel 22 N 8 Steel
0.017% P - 0.110% V - 0.026% N - 0.082% AI Austenitized at 0.021% P - 2.06% Ni - 0.16% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.18% Cu Grain
900C (1652 0F) for 30 min size: 9-10 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900
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00 \
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500
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300
II \ 1\ \ \ 200
\
l\ \ 1\ \
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1\ \\ \ \
1\
\ HRC 32 241219206176 Hvl 162 149
HV 268
251
206 189 181 158
o
I TIT I 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10' 10' 10'
1 2 I) 10 20 50 100 200 600 10' 10' lOs Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
I I I I I Imn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
CCT Temps en secondes I I I CCT
t mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
20 NeD 8 Steel 20 ND 8 Steel

0.019% P - 2.00% Ni - 0.39% Cr - 0.09% Mo - 0.06% Cu Grain 0.016% P - 2.10% Ni - 0.06% Cr - 0.32% Mo - 0.10% Cu
size: 10-11 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 min Austenitized at 876C (1610 0F) for 30 min
900
--- <, ~ ~ 0,
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300
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200
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100
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I HRC 32 31 181206195182178 165 15ifHvl HRCI 3635 27 24 211236221205,1~1831!l1 HV

o T T
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 10l 1~ 10)
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10' 10' lOS I I I I I
CCT Temps en seccndes I I I
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
CCT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h

10 CAD 8 Steel 30 CAD 6-12 Steel

0.020% P - 2.18% Cr - 0.31% Mo - 0.486% Al Grain size: 9-10 0.012% P - 0.13% Ni - 1.66% Cr - 0.22% Mo - 1.060% Al Grain
Austenitized at 976 0C (1790 0F) for 30 min size: 8-9 Austenitized at 900 0C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900 900
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HRC 49 48,5 43 37 35 28 240 197 f87

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HRC 40 3835 32 30 20 2Ql, 187 1l,() 134 HV
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) 104 10 s
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10' 104 lOS CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1mn 2mn 16mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h
1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h Sh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
14 NCD 4 Steel 18 NCD 6 Steel

0.027% P - 1.13% Ni - 0.88% Cr - 0.40% Mo Grain size: 8-9 0.010% P - 1.63% Ni - 1.06% Cr - 0.16% Mo - 0.13% Cu
Austenitized at 900 0C (1662 0F) for 30 min Austenitized at 860 0C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900 900
r-,
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800
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I HRC 4038 29 27 25231 210 203 17BI HVI HRCI 43 40 33.5 32 26 24,5 1233 215193 ~
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 103 104 lOS

1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' 10'
CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h lmn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

80 ncv 42-16 Steel 40 NDeV 18-11 Steel

0.021% P - 4.28% Cr - 3.98% Mo - 1.080% V Grain size: 4 0.017% P - 4.80% Ni - 0.54% Cr - 1.13% Mo - 0.520% V
Austenitized at 11400C (20840F) for 30 min Austenitized at 875C (16100F) for 30 min
900
\
BOO
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700
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2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 101 104 105
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 103 104 10'
CCT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
CCT 1 mn 2 mn 15 mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

Z 40 wev 5 Steel Z30 wev 9 Steel

0.018% P - 0.08% Ni - 3.23% Cr - 0.44% Mo - 0.580% V - 0.008% P - 0.10% Ni - 2.45% Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.360% V -
4.15% W Grain size: 5 Austenitized at 10500C (1922 0F) for 30 8.70% W Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 1150 0C (2102 0F) for 30
min min
900 900
1+ l\ ~& -
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HRC 60 60 57 57 55.5 51 46.54241 HRCI 52 52 51.549,545,5 4442,51222 78 Hvi

.261020 50 100 200 500 10) 10' 10' 1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 500 10~ 11)4 10s
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h
CCT Imn 2mn 15mn 'h 2h 4h Bh 24h

Z 20 CDNb V 11 Steel Z 65 WDCV 06-05 Steel

Composition: 0.17% C - 0.39% Mn - 0.43% Si - 0.016% S - Composition: 0.66% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.23% Si - 0.17% Ni -
0.017% P - 0.60% Ni - 11.30% Cr - 0.76% Mo - 0.370% V- 4.00% Cr - 6.00% Mo - 1.800% V - 7.00% W - 0.40% Co
0.410% Nb - 0.070% N2 Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at Austenitized at 1140 0C (2084 0F) for 30 min
1160 0C (2102 0F)
900
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300
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---- . "- 200
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l\
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100
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782 724 642 351
HRC 53 52 50 50 49474538 HVI 734 707 536 222
, 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) 104 lOS 1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) 10' lOS
CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I CCT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I

1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h ..lwn 2mn 15mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h

Z 60 WCV 18 Steel xc 38 Steel

4.66% Cr - 1.00% Mo - 1.360% V - 17.80% W - 0.72% Co 0.020% P - 0.20% Ni - 0.21% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.22% Cu -
Austenitized at 12000C (2192 0F) for 30 min 0.060% Al Grain size: <1 Austenitized at 1300 0C (2372 0F) for
900
30 min
Ac,
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A\ \1\ \\
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600
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1\ ! \
~ I A '+ F +C 1/
\ \1\ \1\\ ,~
~ 600
98
"H-- ~-
1\ 1\
e ~ ,
, 24 HAC
i J
I
, 1\
Il- ~ ~ l~\
I V ~ 400 33
I- M s I- Ii I- I-- I---
\
l-- - l- I--- ~l- I-- 42
1\ " +M
300
-
\ '\ \ h~ t\--... ~II
1..0\0"" 300 47
Ms
200
~
\ 1\ 1\ ~ ~ ,
200
1\ 1\
100 100
\! \\
HV 836 R?, 835 7RR 775 71?7 5~~1'43
66
o
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 104 lOS 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10 10~

ceT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h

XC 38 Steel Yi 90 Steel
0.017% P - 0.06% Ni - 0.04% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.013% N2 Grain 0.012% P - 0.20% Ni - 0.12% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.62% Cu -
size: 10-11 Austenitized at 826C (1620 0F) for 8 min 0.03% V Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 800C (1472 0F) for 15
min
900
!8 900
a:
1<
'"'"
800 e
t; 800
- - f-- c- f- .-
'"'"
700
I - i-
A
- "L
~
I-
=-
f- 1 - -
'"". - - .-
A
--I>: ~ ;....- i - f-
-- - -l- i- l- f- I-
~ V " -- V V
,/ A+ ~ 700 92 HRS
~ 90 HRB
. / / '/
~
/
/' 91 /' /" 25 HRC
600 /"
,v' ~:f. .{c (;'+ C
/ 91 600
/ /
r
/'
30
~
600
I 96,5
~
/ ,//
V 34
e 500 38
98
af
i 400
21 HRC
e
a
e
l
! (," ( 40
~
Ms 1- -- 1.. - - - I- - -
~
400
-, , -, 4.
" "-
A+ M f"-. ' -r, ::--.
300
300
-, ,
41
-:-- 53,5
r--.. <, r- ....... ~ --,

<,
r-, 59
200 "
200
Ms
A+M
.00
100
57
66
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10" 10$
Temps en secondes 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10l 1()4 tO J
IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
IT Imn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Yi 120 Steel Yi 120 Steel

0.016% P - 0.09% Ni - 0.04% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.08% Cu 0.016% P - 0.09% Ni - 0.04% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.08% Cu Grain
Austenitized at 826C (1620 0F) for 30 min size: >1 Austenitized at 1200 0C (2192 0F) for 30 min
900 900
]
8
a:
800
~
c
800
/
Ac,
700
600
- ---
A C
I /A +c
/ ~
--:- ~ y-I---'
;) l,(c
t:::- -
---
-- -
_t-"
.-
23HRC
30
32
'700
"".
600
- 0-
V>.
I--
I/' , /
~ / ;;
V
-
7' A+
/
/
- --~
/"
~-
- ~
-
'--
37 HRC
41
~
~500
// 40
~
s 500
I ~+F, f+C
,
\
43
45
\
e
~
l
t, \ "
-, -, I
43
e
t \ r-,
.r-, r-,
" ,
46,5
47
~
400
-, <, , --;
r--.. <,
I
I
E '00
~ r-, ,~
........
"
"
I'..r-, " <,
r-,
49
300
" --, 300 " , 65
I"--- r-... <, I"'--.. " I"-. r-,
K'I'
.......... ..........
"
........
........ ;- r--.. r-, " -, <,
61
200 200
,
Msesliml! -- - - --- - - - -- - -- - I-- - - l- I--- - - I- - l - I-- -~
Ms/
esllm!
100 Il +" M
100
66 69.5
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10] 104 10' 1261020 60 100 200 600 103 la' 10J
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15 mil lh 2h 4h 8h 24h IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h

41 S 7 Steel Z 120 M 12 Steel

0.048% P - 0.18% Ni - 0.06% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.22% Cu - trace 0.031% P - 0.28% Ni - 0.01% Mo - 0.23% Cu Grain size: 6-6
V - 0.03% Ti Grain size: 12-8 Austenitized at 976C (1790 0F) Austenitized at 1060 0C (1922F) for 30 min
for 16 min 900
900
Ac, f-- - I- I- - - - I- - - 1- - l- ]
8
a:
800
Ac, 1- - - - l7 -
V
f--
"'" -- i1
~
BOO
I ..... .....1....-
700
A
)/ './ V
V I..-
l.- I-
~
93 HRD
700 ,
I
1...-
1/'"
I.---
{
A
1/
/ Y: / V
~;' V 22 HRC \ i/ If c .-c
\(
600
/
.c
I~
(F +A
600 23 C +A
\ II G+ A+
II " ~
26.6 I'....
~
s 600
\ 1\\ ..... 1\ 24
a"
600
I.
\ ~, <,
r-,
r- l - t- I--
~
ae
"ll
400
~/ V
Ii 1:: F.
, .... " r-,
l"- r-,
26.5
37.5
iE
....
400
\
<,
r--- 1"--.
r--
~ I \ 1---. t-.
/ I
V-- 45,6 f_
Ms
300
.:..- - -
AeM
~ - ~ - l- I- f- I---
50
300
'A_austenite
CG""~~~~~lt~~;e
'- 1-
200
200 -
cA--1~~k~r::/::
+C) phase g(,
100
100
64
I 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' 10"
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10' 104 10" Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
Temps en seecndes I I I I I I I I IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

10 N 8 Steel Z 12 C 13 Steel
0.007% P - 2.06% Ni - 0.08% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.13% Cu Grain 0.012% P - 0.13% Ni - 12.00% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.07% Cu -
size: 10-11 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 min 0.020% V - 0.06% W Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 1000 0C
900
(1832F) for 30 min
Ac, . -I--- f- - .- - - f-- l.- f- 1

800
f-
I- - - - - -- - - - l- i-----.,
a:
--- - -
Ac,
i1
Ac,
800
po> -
-- - ~
V V
It!
76HRB
700
A/ , A (''(
700 80
I +F \
~/
I
~
l- i'- I"--.
600
V~
I .~
V I"- ::F c r-,
84
U A+1i
V I 600
" "
89
~ ",. I
I
i'-- "
e 600
I
~
i'- t...... "
/1/ r... 600
~ / .F.C J _ I-- 1- f-I- - - f ' r-,
"ll
Ms
400
l- f- f-
"
~
~ I....
A M 400
300
Ms f-- I - I - - l - I - i - - ! - l - I- I- - 1 -. . - . - 1-
M,. +M
300
200
- -
200
100
100
34 HAC
44 HAC
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10' 104 10"
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I 1251020 50 100 200 500 10) 10' 10'
Temps- en secondes I I I I J I I
IT Imn 2mn 15mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24h
ACI = 820C AC3 = 900C

LIVE GRAPH M60 = 300C M90 = 260C
18 C 3 Steel Z 30 C 13 Steel
0.010% P - 0.27% Ni - 0.79% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.02% Cu Grain 0.023% P - 0.18% Ni - 12.32% Cr - <0.10% Mo - 0.12% Cu -
size: 6 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min <0.05% V Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 1000 0C (1832 0F) for
900
30 min
~g 900
A<, I -
BOO
- - f- - I-- - l -I--
... e- a:
~ I -i - 1 - - t- e--I - t- e-- ::: --= =-~

I
a:
Ac,
- - ~
Ac,
V
/'
- I- - f-- I - I-- I - i -
--- - ll.-- II---
I - I-
0 BOO
A C /
V --
/
f-' f-
-
o
700
V ~P
85 HRB
c+ F: r;(
88HRB
I A+F .- ~
lr-A +F (
"....
86.6
700
-, <,
91
C
,.... ro- r-. <,
I'--
98
600
,/
. ""..... '~ l"- i"""-
r-. r--...
91
93,6
600
r-,
i.......
r- I--
' - I"---
-- --- 20 HRC
~ 10- /
/
t-..... 96.6 -
~
600
{-/ I
I
I
/ -r-
l.- l -
!.-- po
J
20 HRC
~
s 600
e
~
~ 400 l - I- I - -
I
-t-- -r---
.- l-
I-- - 26 ~
~ M,
33
~ 400
~
A+M
300
300
M, - f- l- I- .- - r- l- e- I-
200 A+ C+
~IJO 1M
M.. - -
100
100
46
66
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10] IO~ 10J
Temps en seccndes I I I I I I I I 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 IO} 10' 105
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h Temps en secoodes I 1 I I I I I I
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view ACt = 830C
M90 = 155C
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
70 C 1 Steel 95 C 3 Steel
0.011% P 0.06% Ni - 0.28% Cr - 0.049% Cu Grain size: 9-10 0.010% P - 0.10% Ni - 0.78% Cr - 0.05% Mo - 0.12% Cu
900 900
I
a:
BOO
Ac, f-- 1- - - - 1- - - - - I- - t--
I
0
BOO
Ac, I- - - - -
- - - - .=.A.t+~ - Ac, I - I-- e-- - e-- - t- e-- -
-zz: ~
- 1- - '-- -
700
A
.....-:: ....-:: -- ;;;...- 93HRB 700
V
,..... --V -- I--
1'//'-- ; /'
/-
1BHRe
V I
I
/ V 28 HRC
32
600 26 600
~/
/
/ 27 A C ( , ~ 39
~ ~ , \
I"--
~ 600 32 s 600 36
i" II
t FI c
I
e +FI+c
\ e c
: V 38
j t
I 34
~ 400
\ -, 34.6 E 400
\
I\. 42
-,
~
\ '\ -, ~ <, -, <,
\
, -, I'-.. 34 i'- 48
"
\
-,
r"\..
300
M,
200
I-- - ~
A M
-'
,
- c-- - - - ~- f-- - .-
300
M,
200
t-- -- f- t-- t-- t--
r- ~ "" ~
r-
-. -'- i - f-- - l-
62
58
61
100 100
66
.
64.6
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10' 10' IDs 1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) 10' 10
IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h IT lmn z mn 16mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h

SOURCE: Courbes de Transformation des Aciers de Fabrication F'rancaiae, IRSID, Paris, France, 1974
100 C 3 Steel 30 MS 6 Steel

0.010% P - 0.06% Ni - 0.77% Cr - <0.01% Mo - 0.04% Cu 0.008% P - 0.12% Ni - 0.10% Cu Grain sise: 9 Austenitized at
Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 80 min 926C (1700 0F) for 30 min
900 900
] A" i - . -f- I-- 1- -l- I - - I-- I-- I - - -I-
~
a:
800
I 800
0
,- j,...." l-- -1- -
A"
700
I-- I-- I-- - ~
V
t::; I.-:- :: Fe- I~
- I.- -- - I- I-l-
24.5 HRC
A"
700
- --
V
l-
t-boo L,...- I--i-- i--
- - - f-
A c V ,/V V I,....--
V
1/ ~ 1/
28,6 A'/ ," 96,6 HRS
/ , / ,
A F
600
II
34 600
I
. f\ ,
f cN- i I
i
98,6
~
~500
I
\
37
36
~ .- A
: i r--.. i I I,
99,6
20.5 HRC
~
A c F~ C'\ ~
e
500
t' V , ,.!....
-l-L
, :/ ! i
I
tV I I r-, I
1"\ 36
I
1"- r-,
I
, ~ A t~
28
! 400
\
, -,
r-,
39 "It
400
tC
"- -'- J~-

E
! 36
-H--
\
~ ,!
,,
, -, r-,
46,5 Ms - ri-AM - f- "--
\
42,6
300 "'r-.. -,
, r-,
61 300
i , :I
' ,
I'- r-, , 67 i I
t'-
I
M,
200
I-- I- ~
62 200
: I I
A c M iI
100 100
I i i
I
!
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10 3 104 10'

66
II I 64,5
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10' 104 lOS

Temps en secondes 1 I I I 1 I I 1 Temps en secondes 1 I I I I 1 I I
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
30 SC 6 Steel 12 NC 15 Steel
0.001% P - 0.12% Ni - 0.99% Cr - 0.10% Cu Grain size: 9-10 0.008% P - 3.42% Ni - 0.86% Cr - 0.08% Mo - 0.16% Cu Grain
Austenitized at 926C (1700 0F) for 80 min size: 9-13 Austenitized at 8600 (1662F) for 30 min
900 900
Ao, -I-- - t-- I-- - I- -- ~ - - 1- - - ]g
a:
A" - - - l- - - - ~ -
---
'fl
800
Ao, - I-- - .- - t5
e 800
A l.--
700
V L---- l -
~
I-- l- I- --
VV
V 1/
( It>.+ .(V --, -- ( r-, -,

96,5 HRS A
V ~
-- - -- --
~
~
s
600
h ~ ~V
t- --- -- ~ r----
.,' r-
l>-
- .'
-
-- -" - + +
r--... r-,
22 HRC
27
~
600
II V
~
1-- ,-
A
~-
F
. ....:
I ....
~ A+ +C I - t--
r---:: t--...
t-.
87 HRS
e
600
,
,
,,
I'.
........ V I--'"
27
~
~e
500
V/
- .- -
--- t"--
V 1/ -
~
l 400 t(
,
!
V
D 34,5
"It
400
--
~ ~ -==---
-- .-
~ $ M, l - i - ~- l - I - f -
M, I - i - . - -1- ,- I - i - - - I.L
I
- I- .- - 43.5
35 HRC
A M
300 300
A r
200 200
100 100
51
IA3
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' lOS 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 IOl 10' lOS
Temps en secondes I I 1 I 1 I I 1 Temps en secondes I I 1 1 I I I 1
IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

40 NC 18 Steel 20 ND 8 Steel
0.02% Al Grain size: 11-12 Austenitized at 860C (1562 0F) for size: 10 Austenitized at 876C (1610 0F) for 30 min
30 min
900 900
A., .- - - - f - -- -
800 800 - [- f- f- -
A., ........ ~
1- -- - - - - - - - - A
/
Ac, ./
700
Ac,
I-- [ - - -
-- A
700
/
V
~-
.- '7" ,....
-- - --
~
- - -- '--
f-- ;- ~
-=
~
600
A
<, A Z C
.........
......... ,,:' - ~
600
?, V
A
,;" ~
'A+
~ ::-:: ~A +F +C
~
- -V
~ 600 c 500
/' / .....
l
e
ae
t'!-
400
V
j
....
~
~ 400
Ms -
If - f - f-'
I
I
- f- r-
l-
--' -
~
f- - f-- f-- - f-- I--

99 HR9
23 HRC
I A+F C A+M
:lOO
I
-- - -- --
:lOO
I
Ms - f- f-
I<\+M
- f-- 1- - f-' - - L 1- - f- r-
200
M..
_. - 200
M..
100
--- tOO
69.6 HAC
'251020 60 '00 200 500 10) 10' 101 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10J 104 105
IT 1 mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

12 ND 16 Steel 30 C 5 Steel
0.010% P - 4.06% Ni - 0.07% Or - 0.88% Mo - 0.16% Cu Grain 0.012% P - 0.09% Ni - 1.28% Cr - 0.09% Cu - 0.060% V Grain
900
!g 900
a:
Ae,
- - - -- Ae, -- - C- .- - - - ,..... f- f- - f- -
800
~
-
900
-- I-- :;::..-I- ~ f- - - -
--
0 Ac, f- f- f- -
..,
-
,;" ~ l-
V,
700
Ac, - f- -- ....... r-- -f-- - -- 700
/'
V ,, -" ( . / 88HR9
A ,.,..... I---" A/ \ 96
A+ F ,r <,
--
./ A FI\ A'f.E+
- - - -,
'-
600
I .,,- -- - '-- -f- - - '

600
~ . , -- .'-,
r-- I-
99.6
-
".
r- 26 HRC
~
s --_.- - - --- - - - ~
" V -- --
--
600 600 26
~ --::: -/ ,, r--
- --
7'
e , )-
)
~
A+ +c ae
,,
30
11 l +Fi +C
I I-
"f /J /
400 I-- I - t-'" ~
- r- - - - - r- - 22 .s HRC
t'!-
400
i I
.... M,
~+ M,
l---l - - f-- - f-- f- oW.s
300 :lOO
A M
200 200
100 100
36
1 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10 3 104 10 1

1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10) 10' 10
IT Imn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
30 ev 5 Steel 140 e 10 Steel

0.125% V Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 875C (1610 0F) for 30 0.015% V Grain size: 8-4 Austenitized at 1090 0C (1994 0F) for 1
min h
900 900
!8 !8
Aos - ' - -- - - -1- - - 1- - 1- - - - a: a:
800
- - - ,- V ....-:. - - _.- !o 800
- !o
Ao, -
,... l-
I- f-
i-
- Ao, 1- - e- t- - l- t- e- - I-- I - I- - 1-
700
/' / V--( 99 HRB 700
\
tC
...... I - -- ~ I-
,V tF \ [)
\ V V'
j', VtCtFtC
I
.>
,
r-,
26.6 HRC 1/ 41 HRC
I~ 1'-
- ,... --
600 29 600 43
A ..... " t- I-- I--
r--.... '">:::: t::- r-
~
600
1\ / ' 1/
~ .... .......... .....
-~ ... ~~) ~ F C
30
27
~
600 ~ l -r- I-- ;--
'-
61
.~
0
V ~~
f
a I V P-
30,6
e
aE
1'\+ ,~ +C Cr- r--
I>-
'-,
'-
/'
- F--+C -
I-
. t~ + \ V
~400 34,6 ~ 400
~
M, I- lL - : I 39
t'! i
r M:C+
\,
300 300 "- , It- l - 66
A M
i"'-. r-, 1::'" - r--. ,
I"""- t-
200 200 .....
100 100
M,
A I-c+',----1- --
62,6 I- , - t- t- t- t- t--- t- t- t-- f-- 23
1251020 60 100 200 600 10) 104 lOS 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 1()1 lOS
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

100 we 10 Steel 30 SeD 6 Steel

0.018% P - 0.21% Ni - 0.74% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.12% Cu - 0.055% P - <0.05% Ni - 0.92% Cr - 0.22% Mo - 0.08% Cu
1.20% W Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 80 Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 925C (1700 0F) for 80 min
min 900
900 Aos I - t- I-- t- - t - t- - t - t- , -I - t- - I---
l8 l-I-
a: BOO
800 ~ Ao, I--
jooo""
I - t- t - - l - t - - -
s V -
Ae, I- - - f- f-- - I - I- f- - f-- - 1- - - V ~ -
-
- 700 94 HRB
~
I
V
-V-V K
~
700
A 25HRC
F ./ (, (
/' ~ /
C A/ r-, r-.....
---
23,6 HRC
30 ....- ,
/
600
1/ i'-- r----. ,- r- 26
'--
600 36
/
l/
-
i"- r-, Po 'f-f tC
29
,
Ft
"
41 ~
~
I
1\
- - --
~ --
c c 600
-
'- -
0
~ ~~
600
I
41,6
e
,/ '-
e a
--
\
E
\
,, D 41,6 . I
i \ ~ 400 3B
,
......... i--"'"- -
400 43,5
<, t'!
~
,,~ -
M,
<, 1- - 1 - - 1- - r-- - - 44
<, 46
300
........ '::"r..... 64
300
A+ M
49,6
" <,
<,
<,
,
200
I'-- r-... l:' <, 66
200
M, - I-- 1-
A C M
- - - ' - - 1- ~ :.....
100 100
66 62,6
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 10 J

10' 10' 1 2 6 10 20 60 1()() 200 500 103 10' 10'
IT Imn 2mn 16mn 1h 2h 4h Bh 24 h IT Imn 2mn 15mn 1h 2h 4h 6h 24 h
ACI = 750C M s = 180C

LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
45 SCD 6 Steel Z 40 CSD 10 Steel

Composition: 0.50% C - 1.05% Mn - 1.48% Si - 0.0,(4% S - Composition: 0.30% C - 0.48% Mn - 2.20% Si - 0.012% S -
0.048% P - <0,05% Ni - 1.20% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 0.04% Cu <0.005% P - 0.12% Ni - 10.50% Cr - 1.00% Mo - 0.07% Cu -
Grain size: 8-9 Austenitized at 875C (1610 0F) for 30 min 0.012% V Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 1000 0C (1832 0F) for
30 min
-,.s- --
900
~
-:: !8
Ac, I--1-
-
- - -
-
--
-
-
-
-I-- - r-r- I--
-
,--
-
,-
............ i-o-' I " /
>
a:
p ~
800 I-- r-' I--
800
~F
Ac, I
V~
o
- - , I,
700
A
,
~
26HRC
AC ( A+ +F C " -,
"-, "- ......... 98 HR8
~ It-I'-....
700 21 HRC
(
F+
::-... I'.. <, "
<,
'*,
" I'--.r-....
31
r--. r-..
"
~ ~ r- 2'
~
~ 500
600 r-, <,,
~-
r- t-- I'"'"-- r-
,-
,-
I'"'"--
-, I"-
-,
-
35
~
.500
500
r--
- '- '-- ' -
, 26
VV
~
~
a
- -- - - -- - ~
!
~
400
I I
,
~
~
400
I A F+ ~
300
,
I
. V 44,5
49 300
M, - - - I- - - l- f----- - I-- 1 -
A M I-- - I-- I-- 1- - .- l- I- f-- - f- I--- - f-
M"
200
-- -- A C M
M.. I-- -
.-
Moo l -
'00 100
61.5 56
1251020 50 100 200 500 10' 10 4

10~ 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 IOl 10' 10~

IT 1 rnn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h
LIVE GRAPH ACl = 900C

Click here to view M90 =
160C
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
18 NCD-4 Steel 120 NCD 5-02 Steel
Composition: 0.17% C - 0,63% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.011% S - Composition: 1.18% C - 0.63% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.011% S -
0.022% P - 1.13% Ni - 0.49% Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.10% Cu Grain 0.022% P - 1.13% Ni - 0.49% Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.10% Cu
size: 10 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min
900 900
Ac, - 1- - - - I-
1a:
I
a:
800
~
o
800
- - l- I-- I--
-- ~
./ - - 1- I- - 1- - I - - I-- I--
Ac, Ac,
-
;'
700
/ A+ F /-
700
- ,. .-
--...-
" (~ ....... 10- ~
~
1/ V A
-'
,- C 30HRC
c: ~
,.....
V / 1/
500
/' ,/
." -, A FoC ;-....,
l-
86 HRS 600
V f
/
35
i.,... . ,/ r-, , A+c+f +C

I
I
38,5
......
- ---
~ I ~
500 , ........ 500 39
~
e !/ ,f
I
10- ~
~
\
\
..... ,
41
~
f' ...... ~
~ 97.5 HRB
ir '\ \
\
~
1~oo
M,
~ +1\
- - e:
V
- - I---
21.5 HRC
~
400
"- <,
" ,
-- "
......... I'-..... " ,
:~
<,
r-,
43
48,5
300 300 53
......... '" , <,
........
r-....... r-, -, r-, <, 58
200 200 " 62

.......... "
M, - - -- f-- I - .- - i- - 1- --I- ~
'00 '00
A ~+I'
M"
42,5 -I--
Moo 64
0
1251020 50 100 200 500 10 1 ur lOS
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10' 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h Temps en secondes I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh2h4h8h 24 h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
30 NCD 8 Steel
1.80% Cr - 0.68% Mo Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 875C
(160~F) for 30 min
9000 c
LIVE GRAPH so 0
A.<:;j r- 1- -t- - - -- r-- f--
Click here to view ACll-- e- - t- - - - - - -
-
I- -I- I-
A F
700
~
I~ .Ftt C( S9Rb
600
" '~I'-
"
500
1/
.u
a:
~I 400 I;"
--- -
If , ~
,, .-
M I
I
A F C 1"- F+C
30 0 HRc
A ..M
20 0
100
c:
.~ 'f .~
~
c "" "" ~""
c
I~ '" ,I J .,,1 55,5
c c C c
III
c III :;! C
'"
C
III
C
C
e-
C
C
c
C
III
c
s
c
g
c
c
C
C
c
C
c sc sc
IT '" CO< III :;! C
III l'!
Temps en secondes '"
SOURCE: G. Delbart, A. Constant, Courbes de Transformation des aciers de fabrication francaise, vol II, IRSID, Saint-Germain-
En-Laye, 1956
30 NC 12 Steel 35 NC 11 Steel
size: 8 Austenitized at 825C (1520F) for 30 min size: 10-13 Austenitized at 860C (1562 0F) for 30 min
900
~~
900
0:
BOO
~ BOO
Ac, I- - r- - - - - - 0
Ac, .- - r- - I- i-- - - r-- r-- . - r- -
~Ob Ac, - .- r- r- - - - I- - r--- -
600
/
,/
V Io0o-
V I-- r- --
L.--
- -
99 HRS
700
A
V"
F
,.....
Ie r--. - ,r:::-
V ~I ,- - .c -' I::":'" f-
I.-
~
90 HRB
tF. C I'-- r-
~
21 HAC
A
At N P: '- -, r- r- 23 HRC
600
~ t:"
A-I" ..... l-
~ I- r--. r-, r- ~ I;" f-"
-, ,
s 600 -"
e I - f"""- t:::::. ) ~ 600
~i"'"' 1"_, -'
e
II -- - ---
~
~
,".
400
1--"10-
I
, --At - +C
~-
1-- i~ 400 I " IA p' lo
r~ 1'""':
1\
\ to- ,". I
\ \
V 38
,
I
Ms ,J I
300 46
300
-I-- 47
Ms
AtM ~+M
200
200
100
'00
0
~ ,6 68
1251020 50 100 200 500 10) 104 lOS 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 to} 104 10$
Temps en secondes I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 Temps en secondes 1 1 1 1 1 I I
IT 'l mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Dh 24h IT 1 ron 2mn 15mn Ih 2h q h 8h 24h

10 NC 12 Steel 14 NC 12 Steel
size: 9 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min size: 8-9 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min
900 900
I
0:
800
Ac,
'- - - : - - -- --
800
At,
Ac,
700
i-
1- - -
6,
I- I-- I-- 1- ;,......
V
b--'_ --- f-- 1- - f--- .-
-- - k-- t:::
;'
A
/ ,
/
/""
f-- V A +F
V
-
t
A+ ('
-- - --- - -,
600 82 HR8 600 85 HAS
/ <,
r- / -~ l>-
~
c500
//'
- - --- -- - -- ~ t ." .-'""
-- ~ 500
.' -- -- - -- -
l
-
e e
-- -
/ ,
~ /' :-- A F C ~ /
f400
~ Ms -
/
, - - I I-- - F - - - f0- e-
27 HRC "ll
E 400
i
I
I"..- 7i:+ F+C
I--
{!. - I--
'\+~ M, 1--'
f.+M
300
300
200
200
100
100
38
43 Ac
1251020 50 100 200 500 10 1 10 10'
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 101 10' 10'
IT 1 mn 2mn 15mn lh2h4h8h 24 h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
32 NCD 15 Steel
0.010% P - 3.33% Ni - 1.20% Cr - 0.60% Mo - 0.16% Cu -
<0.03% V - 0.08% W Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 860C
(1562 0F) for 30 min
900
800
At, - - - - 1- - I- ,- - I - .- - - f0- r-
Ac,
700
- I-A: ~
~
A+F
600
A
~
~ 600
~ V 100-
~" 400
V t +F +C
-- - -
-
{!.
/ /
,...-
M, I /
/' "..-
;-
300
A M
200
100
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
65
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 t0 1 10. lOS

Temps en secondes I I I I I i I I
30 NCD 12 Steel
0.86% Cr - 0.40% Mo Grain size: 12-13 Austenitized at 860C
(1662 0F) for 30 min
I"" '" I"" ""
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 8001--1--1--f---l-lf--+-+--+-+-++-f--+-+--+--j
~Ijl
AC3 _ - - - f - f-- - - r--- .-
Ac, ,-- --I-f-- - f-
700
e'A"F GJ(
~ I"-
A -- I--
"
['..~
t-'"
v , +r
f /
/ - -
.1 .C
-- - --- -
Ms 1--1- - f-- f--t\ - . - r- i - t- [ , '

l-
4SRc
.....
300 I---+-+--t---ll--I-'---+---+-----I-+---+--+-+--F-+-t---j
M50 - - A+M
M90 - -
2001---+-+--t---lI--+---+---+-t-+---+--+-+-+-+-----I---j
100 I---+-+--t---ll--+---+---+-t-+---+--+-+-+-+-----I---j
.~ ~ I ~
I .1.
on
o
IT TempI en secondel
SOURCE: G. Delbart, A. Constant, Courbes de Transformation des aciers de fabrication francaise, vol II, IRSID, Saint-Germain-
En-Laye, 1966
35 NCD 16 Steel 16 NC 18 Steel
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.39% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.006% S - Composition: 0.16% C - 0.48% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.010% Si -
size: 10-12 Austenitized at 860C (1662~) for 30 min size: 10-11 Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min
900 900
~
8
a:
BOO
f-- - 1--l - I- i - - l--- l - I - 1-- I-- I-- .- !c BOO
Ae,
f&l
6:== ~ /
:::
A.,
700
Ac,
f--
I--
-
-
l-
-
I - 1-
- t- -
-
-
- -
.7
-
C I-
-
..... ~
-
-
f-
-
-
-
~ 1/~+ +C / A F~ C
~
s
600
500
I ' r-
- --
- ~
c
~
600
500
A
/
,/
-- -
;'
1-
A+F
- - r- -
~
e
af
400
./
e
~
~ 400
I f-
/
-- -
- - -- ,
~
I A_+f =S: /
~
I
/' M,
-- ---, - t-
A
I~ -+C I -
I
300 300
M, f- - l.- I--I-- --I- .!- - I-- f- I - I-- A+ M
A.M
Moo
200 - - 200
Moo - -
100 100
56HRC 44 HRC
1251020 60 100 200 500 10' 10' 10! 50 100 200 500 10] 104 10'
1 2 6 10 20
IT Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h IT 1 mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
=
ACI 700C AC3 785C =
M60 = 216C M90 = 166C
100 ev 6 Steel Z 100 eDV 5 Steel

0.005% P - 0.68% Ni - 1.62% Or - <0.01% Mo - 0.05% Cu - 0.016% P - 5.20% Or - 1.07% Mo - 0.09% Cu - 0.420% V Grain
0.174% V Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) for 30 size: 6-7 Austenitized at 976C (1790 0F) for 30 min
min
900
900
800
-- .- - :::;:..; .....
----- ;;.. :;:
I.- ;;:: ~ ~
o
--
- - - 1-
: .-
AD, 92 HRB
700
;,-
-'
",
,/ / ---
-- - 28,5 HRC 700
l A. c- F. ........ ........
26 HRC
( K .......
-
34
37 ........
---
\, 43 600 ............ --
600
-, <,
~)' .:'- -;
47
~
A c
........
~ A C <, 44.6 ii 600
ii 600 )
e
il
.li It ..c F C'- -- ~
..........
,/ 38
I
~ 400
~ 400 43
I"~ \ f"- I..-
f"-
300
\ \
{
-, \ r-,
~
4
52,5 300
~
<,
C I'_!" 1:
" "
- - -
............. I'-.... --, , ,
M, f-- - -- - - t--- ....... "
~ ~ ~ ~ 1-- -
68
M,
200
, h --
68,5
200
A. c+ ~
A c ..1Ii
100
100
65
D2,5
10 20 60 100 200 600 10 l 10' 10'

104 lOS 1 2 6
1 2 6 10 20 50 100 200 600 to 3
Temps en seoondes I I I I I I I I
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 2h 4 h Bh 24h
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h IT 1mn 2mn 16mn 1h
LIVE GRAPH ACI = 800C AC3 = 845C M s = 206C

Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
45 we 20-04 Steel 45 we 20-04 Steel
Composition: 0.48% C - 0.27% Mn - 0.67% Si - 0.006% S - Composition: 0.46% 0 - 0.34% Mn - 0.20% Si - 0.007% S -
0.010% P - 0.14% Ni - 1.20% Cr - 0.02% Mo - 0.21% Cu - 0.019% P - 0.44% Ni - 1.26% Or - <0.10% Mo - 0.14% Cu -
0.013% V - 2.34% W Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 960 0.360% V - 2.20% W Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 960C
(1742 0F) for 30 min (1742 0F) for 30 min
900
n
og
a:
900
I
a:
800
AD,
- - --
A
r~
- = e ::;;..;. -
6:::= --
, 1/
- -=- -
92 HRB
800
Ac, - - - - - - -
V
- -
I...- !--
I,...- , - '~ ~ ~
-- ~
o
700 , r-, 700
I~ <, V
25HRC 22HRC
"
r-.. r- r--
~ :c (
C i
'- c+
A C r-.... -- r-
30
( ........
31
600 ..... r..... 600 33
~C~ '- '-

I"-'; .;;;.;-
r- r-- A C
~ ;-~I--;:
~
ii 600
r- ~
ii 600
e V
- - -- --- -- -
~
~ / --
i 400
"""- -- - - - -
~ 400
/'-A c+ F"+C
f"-
300
II , ,,
-
, >
l-
J. +c
I-
F+f-
.-.....
60
f"-
M,
300
\
I
I
V 46,5
52,5
M, A c+ M
A. .1\1
200 200
100
100
63
60.5
0
o 50 100 200 500 10]
1 2 5 10 20 10 4 10$
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 &00 tal 10' 10' I I I
Temps en secondes I I I I
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I IT 1mn 2m" 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
40 WCDS 35-12 Steel Z 80 WCV 18-04-01 Steel

0.032% P - 0.12% Ni - 2.85% Cr - 0.16% Mo - 0.14% Cu - 0.018% P - 0.08% Ni - 4.26% Cr - 0.09% Mo - 1.080% V -
0.260% V - 3.39% W Grain size: 9-11 Austenitized at 1000 0C 17.60% W - 0.06% Co Austenitized at 1276 0C (2330 0F) for 3
(1832 0F) for 30 min min
900 'll= 900
f~
,""
cg
1s
0: 0:
- Ac, I - f--
Ac, 1 - - I--
.....
- f - I - - 1-
- ~
" r-
800 800
~ ~ :.,.-:
~ ~ l- V I- c
(~tc +Ft ~( i'..

98 HRS 29HRC
V 1/ ~ ,,+
~ A+c 39
700
r-, 21 HRC 700
r-
A C
r--.. r-,"- -, "- <, "
" ,
600
~ e-,
" .........
'- 1"'--0
23
600
1"'--0 r---
1"'--0-
r-::: ~
~ ~
~ 600 """" s
f
600
f
i!
~ / -- -- - -- - - -- -
i~
/
A+/:+ +(
I
j'?
400
/
....
400
Ms
I- i-- - '-
I
- I-- I - t-- -
300
,..- ---- --
c+ F+ ,~
1"- A
300 49
M.. - -- A+ +M
Ms
200
I- t-- .- r--- . - ~ r------ - I- 12,. i -
200 A ctM
M.. M.. - -
'00
100
65
61,6
I 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 &00 10] 1~ 101
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 10 3 Hf lOs Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I IT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h Bh 24h
IT t mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h

35 NC 15 Steel
0.018% P - 3.40% Ni - 1.60% Cr - 0.15% Mo - 0.13% Cu -
0.016% V Grain size: 6-7 Austenitized at 926C (1700 0F) for 30
min
900
800
Ac, - I- -- - - t-- r-r-' - - - - - - - -
LIVE GRAPH Ac, .- I- - - 1-
A F
---
~
:::-
,
, -- ,-
I.--
--
99 HRS
<:
600
Ft 00
I"-
A '--
~ r--
~ 600
f
]
~ 400
j'? V
A F
-- -- - -- --
300
II C
/
/
--
/'
~ 61
46 HRC
Ms i - l-r-
200
A+M
100
53
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 10' 10$

35 NCDV 10 Steel
1.80% Cr - 0.53% Mo - 0.15% V - 0.20% Cu Grain size: 10-11
Austenitized at 900C (1652 0F) for 30 min
9011"C I""
""
LIVE GRAPH Ac31--

800
- l- I-- I-- - -l- I -1- ~ I--
Click here to view

Ac11-- l - I-- I-- - >- 1 - , - - l- I- - 1-
700
A
l,...- ---
( r-,A ~F'- c 9lRb
600 ~
I-
0
V -- -- --
),/ /
A+ ~:!"C -
,-'
I- 44Rc
300
M5 - - 1 - -l - f-- If-- I' F c- ~.
I
A M
20 0
100
.~
.~
~
c c
'f
Ii! "" "" ""
0
'I .~
.
.I 55
0 0 0
0 0
0
It>
l2 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 8 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
e- N It> N It> 0
e--
0
N
0
It>
:: 0
N
0
It> :: 0
N
0
It>
0
::
IT Temps en u!(onde.
SOURCE: G. Delbart, A. Constant, Courbes de Transformation des aciers de fabrication francaise, vol I, IRSID, Saint-Germain-
En-Laye, 1953
Z 200 C 12 Steel Click here to view Z 160 CDV 12 Steel Click here to view
0.025% P - 0.35% Ni - 11.70% Cr - 0.61% Mo - 0.090% V - 0.020% P - 0.26% Ni - 12.46% Cr - 0.54% Mo - 0.10% CII -
0.63% W Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 950C (1742 0F) for 30 0.65% V - 0.28% W Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 10000C
min (1832 0F) for 30 min
900 900
! !8
l- ~
a:
Ac, I - .- f-- I-- - l- I-- I - .- l - I- 1-1- Ac, I - I--l - I- l- I- I - I - 1-1-- I--I - I - --
800
I..- ~ ~
I---l-- .'
V- , ...... V- I- l - 6
BOO
1-I-
~
I-
-- I""" 6
A c
v: +c 'F Cl
20 HAC
V r:/V
~ 22 HAC
r-, 1'- -.
700 32 32
r-,
700
\ +c +t= :r--., t-,
<, 1'-r-... 32
J'... \0.... 35
600
~ v-,
..... 1"- -,
t- r- '-
t-
, 33 600
"
-- ---
r- t- t-
l"--
l - t-
- 35
~ ~
~ 500 ~500
e e A c
~ ~
~ 400 } 400
~ ~
L.-- l--
300
1/ A c F C
-- - 300
l -I -
1\ I
I A+~ +F S
Ms
>- .- --
r-,
00
A+c+M
200 200
Ms I- .- I - >--- 1- >--- I - I- f"'"
A c M
Moo --
'00
63 66
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) ,0' 10' , 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 'D' 10'
Temps en seccodes I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT 1 rnn 2mn 15mn , h 2h 4 h 8h 24 h IT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4 h 8h 24 h
AC1 = 815C M s = 255C AC1 = 815C M s = 185C M50 = 140C M90= 95C
Z 85 DeWV 08-04-02-02 Steel Z 130 wev 12-04-04 Steel

0.024% P - 4.03% Cr - 8.00% Mo - 1.380% V - 1.43% W - 0.023% P - 0.16% Ni - 4.18% Cr - 0.87% Mo - 4.360% V -
0.19% Co Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 1200 0C (2192 0F) for 10 11.00% W Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 1260 0C (2282 0F) for 8
min min
900 900
~
A., 1- ~ i-- - f- t-- e-- I-- i-- f - - I- - l- t - l- f- l - I - l- I - l- f-- f- ~
a:
'- ,.,. ,- 800 Ir - - - ~
V ""'"
800 21.6 HRC
At~ l- 6
/ " 23
(A e +~ F+ ~( 27 HRC
A c I\. ,
- --
(A+ c F+ C 700 30
, 32.6
700
-, ........ , r-, ' .......
r--.,
~
600
r--... r-
- ~
600
r-, '-
I'
-
I'-
35
~600
~ 600
~ LIVE GRAPH
~E ~ Click here to view
~ 400
f
{!.
400 ~
fo-" 300
V ~
, - -- -
r -c tc .p.~
~
300 C
+c +,
I~ r-, , IF r-, '-.
'-
I'- ~ - 200
.......
200
Ms
l -I-- -- - - - -- - - - - - - -
-- Ms l -I - -
- .-
At c M
- r- l- f- - - - .- ~ 1'- .-
100
A c+M
63,6
64.6
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10 J 104 lOS
10 4 10J
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 lOJ IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Z 80 WeDX 12-04-02-02 Steel Z 85 wev 18-04-02 Steel
0.032% P - 0.20% Ni - 4.10% Cr - 1.60% Mo - 2.060% V - 0.036% P - 0.08% Ni - 4.00% Cr - 0.20% Mo - 2.110% V -
12.10% W Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 1275 0C (2330 0F) for 18.16% W - 0.17% Co Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 1276 0C
10 min (2330 0F) for 10 min
900 900
~ U
I,
8 A., t-- ~I- l - . -e-- I - t-- I - I-- "8
A., I-- I- I-- - f- a:
~ 1-0- ,.,. - r;.;. ~ a:
800
fo-" ,- - f 800
, 27 HRC
yV ," 6
+CI
I\tc I AtctF tC ( At~ ~,~ r-, 30
700
--- JOHRC 700
....... 33
'i'.
r-, t-
r-, <, -. -.
r---. ..... -
--
600
r- 600
~
~
~600 600
~
e f
~
l 400 t
-
{!. E 400
{!.
, -
300
' ........ r---.
At ~t Fee 300
.".-
- -- --
200
r--.. ........ --- Ms <,
Atc tF c:.J
- -.
....... 200
At ct M
Ms I-- 1- l- f-
II.:; t M
- - l- f- 1- - - I- r- Moo
-
100
Moo - 100
61
64
1 2 6 10 20 50 tOO200 500 10) 104 10J 0
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 101 10" lOS
IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h
I I I
Temps en secondes I I I I I
LIVE GRAPH IT 1 mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Dh 24h
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Z 30 WCKV 09-03 Steel Z 80 WKCV 18-05-04-01 Steel

Composition: 0.28% C - 0.64% Mn - 0.96% Si - 0.003% S - Composition: 0.80% C - 0.53% Mn - 0.28% Si - 3.80% Cr -
0.026% P - 0.64% Ni - 2.80% Cr - 0.13% Mo - 0.240% V - 1.050% V - 17.40% W - 4.62% Co Austenitized at 1280 0C
8.77% W - 2.06% Co Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 1175 0C (2336 0F) for 10 min
(2160 0 F ) for 30 min 900
900
Ac, l- I -
Ac, l- i- 1- -- I- I - f- BOO ~
800 V ,- . -- V 6
I/A+~ .c I- ~
31 HAC
At c ;-
~ 22 HRC
A+c I'-...A c + F' +( (
'-~ 700
r--... r-..... --
3B
I"--
- r---
'-,
"-
700
I'-
I'- r--
"
- ~ l- 31
r--r-,
600
r-- t-. 600
~
~ 500
~
~ 600 e
f ~
'li
~ ~
- -- - -- - ~
400
r
I-
400
M,
L...... A F. ~ 1=
,I.--
A c M 300 -..; .L :-- F .,.- - -- --
r-, \ ,
300
r--- r-, 1-....."
200
100
200
M,
100
M"
-
A+c
---
- -
M
'- - l- i - - l- i -
"
- I- -
- -
r-
- -- - 64,5
53 1
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10' 10
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 lOl 10' IO~ IT 1mn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I
IT 1 mn 2 mn 15 mn 1h 2h 4h 8h 24 h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Z 80 WKCV 18-10-04-02 Steel Z 80 WKCV 18-10-04-02 Steel
Composition: 0.80% C - 0.29% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.026% S - Composition: 0.89% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.18% Si - 3.90% Cr -
0.018% P - 4.40% Cr - 0.37% Mo - 1.600% V - 19.20% W - 1.030% V - 19.10% W - 9.66% Co Austenitized at 1280 0C
9.30% Co Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 1276 0C (2330 0F) for (2336 0 F ) for 10 min
10 min 900
900 H
!g M,
f- - - i- - - l- i - - 1- , -I -
og
0:
- ,
Ac,
- 1- - '-f- f-- - -~ - l- f- - - ,..- - a: 800
V
p
-- -- V
-c( ~
-
BOO
Atc Atc c1 V f-' /
? o
33 HRC
A+c t+ + ~. C ( r-, 31 HRC
~ tel It!'"
I' c ""
- --
700
r-, t--- r- '"
700
1' ....
- ....
r-, - --
"
~
t- t-
"-
I'- r--- 600

600
- ..... r-
~
'/
laooo iii co bur s
~
~ 600
~ 600
secc dai es e
f a~
~ 1 400
~ 400 ~
~
300 -- 300
....1--
I~ r-,
+c +F+ ,.- "
VAt ct F+r( ,
r--.-..(
,, r-....
200 , 200 '"
~
M, f-- - 1-- l- f- - l -I - - f- ~ f>- 1- - 1-
At tM M, i - l - I- -- -- I- I-- l- I- I-- 1-
100 100
M" - - A c+ M
65 M.. - - B3
0
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10) 10' 10' 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 600 10) 104 lOS
Temps en secondes I I I I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT l rnn 2mn ts mn 1h 2h 4 h Bh 24 h IT 1mn 2mn 16mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h
ACI = 830C M s = 160C M50= 80C LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Z 150 WKVC 12-05-05-04 Steel Z 165 WKVC 12-10-05-04 Steel

0.031% P - 3.72% Cr - 0.47% Mo - 0.09% Cu - 4.100% V - 0.021% P - 4.60% Cr - 0.66% Mo - 6.060% V - 11.64% W -
13.70% W - 6.00% Co Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 1260 0C 11.36% Co Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 1240 0C (2264 0 F)
(2282 0F) for 8 min for 10 min
-
900 900
Ac,
BOO
- -- - - -
A+
~ - - - -
.-- , - -- =
~g
a:
"ll
e
il
Ac,
BOO
'"- - -- - -
~
-
-'
I
-
, ...
-
31 HRC
"- "~ A+c F\ C ( 33HRC '2

A+c c' , F+C
700 , -, 39 700 - - '--- ---r- 41
--
<, ........ .......
, -...
~
s
~
600
600
<,
--- ,
-
~
s
~
600
600
~ ~
"ll
'00 l 400
~
--
~
300
(
r-,
A C +,1'-1 e--- -- --
300
\
/' - c F \.(:
,- -
t-... -; -- --
I-...... ......
~ ...... -
200 200
<;
r--. M, l - f- - - - - - - - - -- - -~
'"
M,
100
- I-
A"" c- 1M" - - - - -- - - f-
100
A c+M
Moo --
65 62
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 10' 10' 1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 600 103 104 10'
Temps en secondes I I I 1 I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I 1
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h Bh 24h IT Imn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view Z 80 WDCV 6 Steel
55 NCDV 7 Steel
0.014% P - 1.66% Ni - 1.00% Cr - 0.36% Mo - 0.11% Cu - 0.026% P - 4.64% Cr - 6.76% Mo - 2.060% V - 6.60% W -
0.220% V - 0.08% W Grain size: 12 Austenitized at 860C 0.86% Co Grain size: 9-10 Austenitized at 1226 0C (2240 0 F ) for
(1662 0F) for 30 min 10 min
900 900
~g
- - -- - -- - -- _. I
- - - -
--
a: Ac, a:
Ac,
BOO - - -- - - - ~
- - - - ! BOO ~
c /" , --;;- ;;;0 il
-
22.5 HRC
(~+ + +C I
( ----
Ac,
700 - -I- I-- - ~ 1- - ~ 1- ~
- - 700 27
- - -"--
-,
A+c ,- - - - -, .... , 29
~ c:,...-1- , t-,
- -"""
F
600
<;
I- - r-
--
i""'--.
20.5 HRC 600
A+c
f-
t--
-
~
500 J ~ 600
~
,/ ~
-- - -- "ll
'00
'00
\
,
~
300
\.
I\.
,
I
I
\
+c F C
L1 - -
v - 48 300
/"
(~ +c +F
- -
M,
'"- I-- - I- ' - '"-
~ r-- .;
C
A c M
200
M, F""
A c M
Moo - -
100 100
61,6 64
1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 600 10' 104 10 J 1251020 60 100 200 500 103 104 la'
Temps en secondes I I 1 I I I I Temps en secondes I I I I I I I I
IT lmn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h IT 1mn 2mn 15mn lh 2h 4h 8h 24h
ACI = 716C
M60 = 200C LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH
Z 85 WDKCV 06-05-05-04-02 Steel Z 130 WDCV 06-05-04-04 Steel

0.026% P - 4.36% Cr - 4.96% Mo - 1.830% V - 6.48% W - 0.026% P - 4.42% Cr - 4.10% Mo - 4.000% V - 5.54% W -
4.86% Co Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 1230 0C (2246 0F) for 0.37% Co Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 1230 0C (2246 0F)
10 min
-
900
900
P,~ H
~
Ac,
BOO
f-- - - - 1- - -
V
- , - --:.=
08
a:
28 HRC
Ao,
800
- 1- - -l- f - - - -- f- - :- ~- . - .-
~
, - i;
II"
og
a:
25.5 HRC
Atc
( A+ c+ F~ CI\... I
31 I 29.5
- - --
Ac ( A+ c+ FI\ CI\...
700
j'............. --- 34.6 700
r--.. <,
32
r-.. ""'- r--. -...

?
600
?
600
-
~600 s 600
e e
~
l400 i 400
~
-- -
,"!.
>--
300 - - -- 300 -
A+ c+
\. ......... F+C \ A c 1(+
--
200
M,
100
f- -- - -- - -- - -- -
A+c +M
r-
--
--
-- -
-
200
M,
100
f-- r-
A c M
- --- - - - - -- - -- .::::::
I'-... r- ~
63,6
64.6
1261020 60 100 200 500 tOJ 104 10' 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 10 1 10. la'
IT lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h IT Imn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 8h 24h

Z 110 DKCWV 09-08-04-02-01 Steel

0.023% P - 3.91% Cr - 9.50% Mo - 1.210% V - 1.47% W -
8.35% Co Grain size: 7-7 Austenitized at 1200 0C (2192 0F) for
10 min
900
~=
,~
Ao,
I- - - - - f- I - - f-- - - - I- - o~
~
- --
l..- 34HRC
BOO
/'
(
-
;-
I 38
A-rc ( A+ c +f C
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
700
''- ....... -- - - I-
-
43
?
.600
e
600
-...
I-
- I-
~
i
--
400
,"!.
r' -
--
300
~ +c +' F C"'-
,
I'-- r-.. -- -
200
M,
100
I i ;C :M - - - - - - - --- - -
-
-
65,6
1 2 5 10 20 60 100 200 500 10) 10' 10'

IT lmn 2mn 15mn Ih 2h 4h 6h 24h
Benelux Steels
CCl Diagrams
Benelux Steels Example Diagram

The CCT diagrams developed by Center the cooling rate. Because of this manner of
National de Recherches Metallurgiques in graphical presentation, the transformation is
Liege, Belgium, have been constructed in a given along vertical lines, rather than the
slightly different manner than those shown usual superimposed cooling curves. Also,
previously. The x-axis is not a simple plot of because of this construction, it is possible to
time and, therefore, cooling curves are not plot room temperature hardness (Vickers
superimposed over the diagrams. Instead, the Hardness, 30 kg load) as a function of the
x-axis plots the time required to cool from 800 "half-cooling" time with a single curve,
to 500C (1472 to 932F), which is related to
Time while austenite
Time to timperature
~ustenitizing temperature Units f or HV test
l'4~ur'~ d~ chauff. / . 30 min.
800 Durf~ d'austfnit. 15 min.
T~mp~r.tur~ d'austfnit. 890'C
- .. .. !
Grain .ustfnit.~ 10 I - _ ... .- _. ... -I- . . . -- . .. - - ..
Ac 3: 842'C (786'C Austenite grain size
700 Ac 1: 708'C
G
--
..
F +c e--
~ .. ..-----.. -
- . ... --
.- -~ . -- .
-- .- - -
l '=
'-_ - .. --
.
...
N
. III E
p
600
.,.- ~ ....
'/"" i-o"'"
(if'"
...0- f-
Ferrite + cementite
... L
e--
- (or, more generally, carbide)' ----

.. .- "- --
-...E
Cl
~5oo
V -f..-- - ... Cl

1
:J
V' B.... _._
Bainite.
... -- ._. --- - e--. . _-- ._." -- ,-. '--- - '- . -. li:
~
400
y
~ II ''-- . _. -- t
15
III
~ _... :;
-- - - _.- 1- .. . -- .- - .. _.. --.- -' 600 '..
,; -;
300 A 1-.. -- 5
I
,/ l o
._~- . . -. -- Vickers hardness 400
M II( Martensite
200
- -ll-
~ to- -- '""""-
- ..- I--
.
-~-I - . - -e- .- ... --
0J-j--
100 .- -~-
-I-x
- f- ~. _.-
-I- . ..
- .. --
-- ~
.. .~.
-- --
-- -tit
--.
200
4 1 10'
/
Vickers hardness (30 kg load)
Cooling time between 800 and 500C - minutes

224 Atlas of nme-Temperature Diagrams
032 (SAE 1035)

0.012% P Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 890C (1634 0F) for 16
min
... Ou,hdltchauU 30mln.

! II
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Durie d'.ulllnil.
Temperalu,e d'.ulllnit.
Or.ln ausllnil.
Ac3: 81,2'C (ns'c)
.
15mln
,.
sse-c
- 1 I
- .--- - --- - - ---

Ac I: 70a'c
'00 r-c -
.

.,
'00
~ :;.. -- --
- -
- - -
s - - -- .- -
- - -- .
- -
-- , ls00.,

AC3 = 842 C
,00 1
300 f--
V : - - -- . -
M
200
100
~
0
.
- - .
f.-
t-
--
, .
.
--I-
. -, .... -t
"
ourh du '."oldl ....mtill .nlr. 100.' 1500'C - min.
..... ,loJ
034 (SAE 1045)

0.016% P - 0.06% Ni - 0.06% Cr - 0.14% Cu Grain size: 6-6
... Our'. d. chaufL 15mln.
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view '00
Our" d'.u.llnl,-
Temptl.lur. d'aual4nlt, 825'C
Grain .",1141'11.
Ac3: 79,'e
Ac 1: 725'C
(757'C)
.-.
15m!n . -- f--
00
/ ......
F.C r-
I-- -
_. --
. 11~ --- f.- - - --
- -
,
.
I
It- - f.- - - -
300 -- -- I-- - --
M
f.- - - - ,00
I'.
'00 --
'" ,
00
I
'00 - --- -
,.-, I
. , ... 0 , .,
Durh du r.rroldilumenl ,nl,. 800 'I 500'C - min.
Id , , , .
038
0.013% P Austenitized at 960C (1742 0F)
... Our', d. chalill.

Ou"le d'.ull'nll.
7mln.
Omln ! Ii: ! I::-
,
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
rernpJralure d'.luslloil. 85O'C
Gr.ln .u.llnU.
Ac3: 71,,'C
Ac I: 7''''C
- - - -I r : I:;
t -
'00
r- --
_. Foe
.00 f.- - - -
.
II ==
-
~
r . .
s
- -
- -- -- --- ---- -
- -- -- - -
300
'00 -
-
-
-
M
---
-
--
---

--
- -
--
~
-
..
- - -
.. -
'00 r- ---,. - .
.
-- -- -
, 10 . "
Dur" du r.'roldll..mtnl tnlr. 800.1 500'C - min.
I 10 I
,
10
SOURCE: M. Economopoulos, N. Lambert, L. Habraken, Diagrammes de Transformation des Aden Fabriques dans Ie Benelux,
Centre National de Recherches Metallurgiques, Brussels, Belgium, 1967
041 (SAE 1330)

0.015% P - 0.08% Ni - 0.02% Cr - 0.01% Mo - 0.14% Cu Grain
size: 10 Austenitized at 850C (1544 0F) for 15 min
... Durie de chaull.

DwHd'au.llnit.
T.mp4,atul. d'aUllklll.
Grain lu.llon.
Smln.
ISmln .
~OC
'0 --- -
--
- -
Ac3: 827'C C781'C)
LIVE GRAPH 700 At. I: 706'C --
Click here to view I-
I-- -- E
F
00
-
?
--
. F+e
C;;
I- -
..
I- - - -
- t-- -- --- i
.+-.:
0
~- 0
"
600 _.
. , 1
M
300 , --- - - I- --
'00
..... -- ...
-
- - - -
00
r~1-- - - H.
. 200
. ..
-I- ---- - -- - -
. , .,
'00
10 0 , HT , ,, , Id 10
DutIl' du U"rokliluml'ni ..nlr .. aoo.l 5OO'C - min.
045
- 0.02% P Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for
15 min
... Our'"
ourl. d. chaufL
r.mp4r.lur.
d',u."nll.
Or,ln lu.llolI:
35mln.
15mln.
d'IUllkllt. 850'C
7-8
- - -- - --
LIVE GRAPH 700

Ac3: 199'C pU'e)
Ac 1: 7OS"C
Click here to view F
V
600I--
.- r-c
l-
l:t
I!
B
I- - - -- -
300I-- -
I- - ..... .j... - ,00
.
~
M -
'00 I--
"- ,--- . - -_It!
I- -,- -- .- - 200
'00 1-
'0
-e
d 10 . "
- - -
10
-
Ouree. du ,.r,oldlnem.nl enl,. 800.1 500'C - min.
551
- 0.02% P - 0.18% Ni - 12.30% Cr Grain size: 9-10 Austenitleed
at 980C (1796 0F) for 30 min
~1I
Our'. de chlull 35mln
00 Dutle d',u$llnll. 30mln - -
Te~,.ture d',ulllol1. 980'C
Oraln lIllnn. 9-10
LIVE GRAPH 00
Ac3: 86S'C (831C)
At. I: BOO'C
.-:~ F+e
Click here to view -
e--
001- - - --
--I- - -
001-- -- -- -- - - - - -
p f
I- -- -
300
--- "' -- 1/- ,00
- - -- - - -
LI
'00I - -
<,
I-
-
- --.-
-
M
-
. k
j..I
-~
200
. .,.
'00 I--
10-1 , . , ,, Dur~e
, .,. 10'
du ,.Iroldisumenl enne 800 Itl 500'C - min
, .,, '0'
SOURCE: M. Economopoulos, N. Lambert, L. Habraken, Diagrammes de Transformation des Aders Fabriques dans Ie Benelux,
287 (AISI D3 Tool Steel)

Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 970C (1778 0F) for 30 min
G
Durl. d. chaull 35m1n.
OwHd'auslfnll. 30m'n. --
D-:: .
remp4,atur. d'a"'ltlnl1. 970'C
O,aln &"111n11. 10 -II
LIVE GRAPH Ae3: 860'C (1'2'C)
I.eI: ses-e
~~
,00 - -
Click here to view
!
F
. E
....
&00 E
jo
1-- -
,oo~
. --~.. ._-- -- -- -
i
300
I-- --
II
I S
~-
-_.-
s
,1
00
- I-- -- - 00
'00 -- :
0
M
f- - - -- - -
0
0
-- -- - 100
'00 f-- - - - --
!
10-0 . " 10'
Durb du ufroldiuernenl ..nl,. 800.1 500'e - min.
loJ 10J
505
0.012% P - 9.12% Ni Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 800C
(1472 0F) for 30 min
~
DUlle d. cheull.
DUfIe d'.ulilnil. 30mln.
Temperalur. d'aUlllnll, 800C
35m'n.
- I
Or.ln ..... Ilnl!. 10-11 --- --
- --
LIVE GRAPH '00
AcJ: "J'e (57.t,'e)
Ael: S12'e - --
f
- -
Click here to view - -- --

&00- ----- --- -
- - - -- - - - - _. -_.-
- I--
: --
: B
I-- - s00 .
j
I-
300
1
I--
- M I"- 00
'00 f--
-I .. -~ .
f--
k-
'00 . -
10
l' I
_.
, .10 101 to)
Durie du relroldiu.menl tnlre 800.1 500'e - min.
507
0.01% P - 9.12% Ni Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 820C
(1508 0F) for 30 min
Our'" d. chautl. 35 min.
00 Durie d'lusllnil. 30mln. .- -- - -- - -
Temp.,.I,,',. d'aulllnl1. 820'C
-
Oraln aU114nll. 10 -II

Ae3: 651"e (G30'C)
LIVE GRAPH 00 .I.e I: 602'e

E
00 E
jo
- . f-
f- -
B I-
f- -!
--
600
j
300
k. 1
-, 1- - 00
1~'
200 .- -
~
I-- -
-
f.-
ITI ---
.-
-
-
- - - -
_. - -- - .-
- 200
.. ,
'00 ~-
10
, 10 10
, 101
Duree du refroldlsnm"nl enlr" aoo 1'1 500'C _ min.
SOURCE: M. Economopoulos, N. Lambert, L. Habraken, Diagrammes de Transformation des Aciers Fabriques dans Ie Benelux,
506
0.09% P - 9.12% Ni - 4.07% Co Grain size: 9 Austenitized at
840C (1544 0F) for 30 min
Durl. de chaull.
Outl. d'.ulllnll.
35 min.
JOm.ln. - - --- --
,
, I
~ -~
T.~'.lur. d'lutllnll. 8,o'e

Oraln IUlllnll. .~
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LIVE GRAPH 700 I.e I: 582'C
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.00
l a
:
~ --
. -
'00
M ."- - -
-- - 00
700 -
-----
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... ~ ~ --_.
- 700
100 -- - -
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,
10 .110'
IIC)!
Durie du r.,roldlssemenl '1'1'. 800.1 5OO'C - min.
508
0.09% P - 9.06% Ni - 4.07% Co Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized
at 790C (1464 0F) for 30 min
... Durie d. chlulL

Outle d'lusl#nll.
Tempt:'llu,.
35mln.
15mln .
d'.u.llnlt. 190'C
Oraln IUII'olI. 1011 - -
A(3: 722'e ('lOJ'C)
I.e I: 607'C - -- -
LIVE GRAPH 700
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.
i
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. - ~-
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- ~-
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.
100 -~
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10J
Durie du r.lroldlss.mMI entre 750 d soooC - mIn.
004
Composition: 0,22% C - 1.26% Mn - 0,26% Si - 0.04% S
- 0.03% P - 0.33% Cr Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 900C
(1662 0F) for 30 min .
... Ow" Our" de chaull.

d'auilinil.
35 min.
JOm,",
Temp4,alur. d'auslfnll. OOO'C
_.
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;
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LIVE GRAPH 700 Acl: 7I3'C .- ;
600 ,,,e __ "l

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-
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700 ~ I-~~- --
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100 ~ .
10
~,
,10 ~,
, ., 10 ,10
,
Durl. du r.frokll....m.nl "nt,. 800.1 500C - min.
091 (SAE 34/35)

Composition: 0.286% C - 0.62% Mn - 0.30% Si-2.66% Ni -
0.71% Cr Grain size: 10 Austenitized at 820C (1608 0F) for 30
min
DurN d. eh.urt. 35mln.
[kwh d'a"Jlfnll. 30mln.
ramplratur. d'.lIIl."II, 112O"C I-- -
Oraln .u.tlnll. 10
LIVE GRAPH 700
Ac3: 773'e
Ac I: 693'C
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s
j
.
-
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100 .- - _.- - ---
, " 10 10
,
10
Duree- du '''',okll...m,nl enlr. 100.1 5OO'C - min.
144
0.016% P-4.15% Ni - 0.86% Cr Grain size: 10 Austenitized at
860C (1662F) for 16 min
DUll. d.chauH. 40 min.
Ow" d'aullfnli.
T.mpI,atuI. d"Ulllnlt. IIso'e
15mln. - - --
Drain l"lllnll. I.
Ac): 7117'C (76'"C)
700 Ac I: 674'C
LIVE GRAPH
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000
. ," F+C
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S
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II
i
-. ! i >
300
lot
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. - r- .
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,I 00
,
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- 200
. .
100
10 .,, .,,
Ou,h du r.f,olc:ll...mtnl enlr. aoo ,I
.,,
5OO'C _ min.
10
092
Composition: 0.34% C - 0.49% Mn - 0.30% Si-4.30% Ni
- 1.16% Cr Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 900C (1662 0F) 1 h +
860C (1662 0F) for 30 min
Durie da chauU. 7mln.
Dur'"
='L~
d',u.lfnli. I-- - -
r.mpI,aluI. d',ualfnU.
Oraln IUIIInIl. 0
Ae3: 770'C
LIVE GRAPH 700 AcI: eu'e
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600
I.-
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11
II
I.-
i
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- , f- 6
-
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100
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-
00
, ,10' 10' 1,loJ ,10

Ourh du r.froldlsumenl .nlr. 1100 ..1 500'C - min.
455
0.024% P - 2.95% Ni - 11.98% Cr - 0.06% Mo - 0.04% AI -
0.10% Co - 0.10% Cu Grain size: 5-6 Austenitized at 935C
(1715 0F) for 30 min
LIVE GRAPH 700

DUlled,chluU.
0..." d'aull'nll.
Tempi,atul.
Ae3: 807'C
Ac I: 689'C
...
1,0min.
30mln.
d'.u.lfnll. 935'C
Oraln 1,,111011. --
100'1. mltlenslle
PIS d'."sl'nll. 1'51 duell.
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.00
l'
; ... o ACI = 689C
8CJ)~
j.oo
-
/
/ .....j AC3 = 807C
300
1
_. , Hv
00
700 -,
- 100
M A
-
.
100 -- .--1
KI 10 ,10
.w
Dul'e du r",oldl'lImMl .nlr. 1100.1 5OO'C - min.
085 (SAE 4125)

0.018% P - 0.115% Ni - 1.065% Cr - 0.255% Mo Austenitized at
875C (1605 0F) for 30 min
... Out" Our" d. chlul!-

d'.ulllnil.
7mln.
30mln . --
,
.
-
T.mplralur. d:'u.tlnil. 1175'C
O,.ln luatlnn.
LIVE GRAPH Ac 3: 867'e (7SlI'C)
- -
Acl: U7'C
+-- - -
F
pC
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-
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00
t': 100
. .. ,
100
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.,
.10
, , , ...
Our" du r.'roldl...mf'nl ..nl,. 100.1 SOOC - min.
081 (SAE 1435)

0.017% P - 0.006% Ni - 0.97% Cr - 0.23% Mo - 0.10% Cu
...
. - 1ft
Our', d. chi"". 7m1n.
OwN d'.uallntt. 3Omln. - -- -
T.mpt,.t",. d'luat'nll. 1I50'C
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LIVE GRAPH 700

"'c3: WO'C (77I'C)
Ac I: 730'C I.
F F+C, ..
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.00 I
I
l'
; ...
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~ S I
j.oo -;
300

M
00
-
700
100
. . fiV -.
--
200
10 ., , ,10 .,
Durie du ,.froldl,..",""
, "
..,1,. 100.1 500'C - min.
,,. , ,101
082 (SAE 4140)

0.036% P - 0.166% Ni - 1.006% Cr - 0.18% Mo Austenitized at
860C (1662 0F) for 30 min
Dur'.ded\.~rnln.
Ow,.. d'aulllnlt. 3Omln.
remp4ratur. d'aUllfnll. 8SO'C
- - --- I
Drain au,ulnll. - - -- -- -
LIVE GRAPH Ac 3: 80l'C (lG9'C)
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700 Ae I; 730'C
r- I - F+C
.00
i
--
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!
_. 11
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a
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10
., ,I 1ft
Durie du ,.I,oldlnement enlr. 800 at 5OO'C - min.
280
0.013% P - 0.20% Ni - 0.79% Cr - 0.42% Mo - 0.19% Cu -
0.026% AI Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 870C (1698 0F) for
20 min
... Our" de ohauH.

DwH d'.vlllntt.
Templ,atur. d'''lIIllnll.
Gr.ln au.llnll.
3Smln.
2Omln .
170"C
10-11
I
I
Ac3: 7lt2C (7'4'e)
700 I.e I: 727'C
LIVE GRAPH F+C
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.
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300 I .
200
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. .
..
, 00
lot '!' 200
.. , .
100
10
., , 110' 10 'lOS
Durh du l.f,oldl".1M'ft1 enlr. 100 ..1 500'C - min.
503
0.016% P-l.60% Cr - 0.30% Mo Austenitized at 860C
(1662 0F) for 1 h
Durl. de chaull 7mln.
Dur" d'ausr'nll. 60mln. -
T.."'P'Iralur. d'.u.llnll. 850"C
Oraln au.llnll.
"c3: 792'C
IJt -
LIVE GRAPH
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700
I-
Ac I: ""C
_.- ..
,
F+C
.
800
I
I <
- --
I- - -- ---- 800~
'00
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a
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100 I -
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--
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Oute. du relroldlssemf'nl entre eoo et 5OO'C _ min
290 (AISI A2 Tool Steel)

0.018% P - 0.26% Ni - 4.90% Cr-1.03% Mo - 0.22% Cu - 0.02%
AI Grain size: 10-11 Austenitized at 936C (1716 0F) for 20 min
000
Durie d. chaull
Ow' " d'aullfnlt. 35m1n.
20mln. I I
Ta.,alul. d'aUltlnll. 9U'C
Drain aUlllnil. 10 -II
I I
LIVE GRAPH 700
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Ac I: 670'C
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600
"
I'
e 000 11
a . ooo~
j,oo :
j
r- --
B
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,1
300
I 00
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.
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10. ,10' 10
, 10'
Our'" du r.'roldllltlMni Itnl,. 800 al 5OO'C - min.
183 (SAE 6150)

0.016% P - 1.23% Cr - 0.27% V Grain size: 11-12 Austenitized
at 860C (1662 0F) for 16 min
Out" eMdlautl. 35mln.
000 Dur" d'a"I'MlI. 15mln.
Tampl,atur. d'.Ulllnltso'e
Oraln a"lllnlt. 1112
Ac3: 79S'C (773'C) J,..-J-
700 Ac: I: 73"t
I
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LIVE GRAPH 00
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-"
. B
., 11
~
00
I - i j
, 600_.
300
M 1--
... ~
00 h - I-
"' 200
.. .. ,
00
, ~
Durie du ,.t,oldl"lm.n1 enl,. 800 a' IOO'C - min.

1,10' .....
311 (A lSI 01 Tool Steel)
0.63% W Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 820C (1608 0F) for 30
min
DUf" eMchau'l 3Omln.
000 OwN d'I"IIM!1. 3Omln.
rl.,.tur. d'.Ulllnlt. 82O'C
Oreln aUltlnU. 11
Ac3: '17S'C (760'C)
LIVE GRAPH 700 Ac I: 723'C
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Durh du relroldluemenl enl,.. 800.1 5OO'C - min.
273
- 1.01% W Grain size: 11-12 Austenitized at 950C (1742 0F)
for 30 min
Our'. d, chfurr.
000 O"'.. d.u.11n!1.
35 min.
30m!n. II
LIVE GRAPH
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T.rnpI,alur. d'.UlIInIl, 950"e
O,aln lIIuIIII'III.
...~3: 92,'e ((Ilol'C)
700 Ac I: 749'e
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II
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. .
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Du,". du r.froldl...mf'nl Inl,. 800.1 SOO"C - min.
. 10 10
,
272
- 1.68% W Austenitized at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min
000
Our' . chlutr.
dti
Ourie d'.u,llntl.
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r.mp4,atu, .. d'autl4n(l. 8so'e
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LIVE GRAPH At3: 120'e (eol"C)
IJ-L.
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700
.00
At I: 7l1O"C
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. s i
. ~
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300
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r
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., I
Id 10' ,10 '
Ourh du r.lroIcU...mlnl .nlr. 800 ,I SOO'C- min.
509
0.016% P - 0.45% Mo Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 880C
(1616 0F) for 15 min
000
Durhdl'chluft.
Our'"
d'lu'llnit.
35 min.
15mln.
r.mpirlillul. d..... tlnll . 80C
Or.ln _"lllfIit. II
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.
s
- _.
. ..
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.

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,
,
300
M I -e,
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, 110
, 10
'
Durie du ,Itf,oldlu.mfnl .nln 100 ,I 500"C - min.
007
0.025% P - 0.39% Cr - 0.005% AI - 0.11% Nb Grain size: 8
Durl. de thautl_ 35"",n.
Our... d'lIuat'n1L 30mln. -- -
rempl,alur. d'auallnll. 925'C 1--
Oraln au.tlnlt. I
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LIVE GRAPH '00 A.eI; 708'e
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'00
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. F+C
V
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.
-
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I .... 10-, .. ,
Our'" du r.f,oldllum.nl enlr. 800 II' 5OO'C _ min.
.. 110' .. 110'
275
Composition: 0.46% C - 0.39% Mn-1.40% Si - 0.30% Ni
- 1.41% Cr - 0.10% V - 0.0017% B Austenitized at 900C
(1652 0F) for 30 min
Our'. d. ehaull 35m1n.
lOG Our'" d'lIu.lln!l. 30mh.
.
remp4nlur. d'aUlIInIl. IOO"c
Oraln au.llnll. 1
LIVE GRAPH
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At3: OOI5'C (83S"C)
Ac I: 7U"e
i
f C
.
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.
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-
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. . ., ..
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Compoaition: 0.224% C - 1.498% Mn - 0.226% Si - 0.02% S -
0.022% P - 0.037% Ni - 0.33% Cr - 0.195% Mo - 0.054% AI
Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 860C (1580 0F) for 30 min
Durl. de chaufl. 35mln.
Our" d'lIvll'nI!. 3Omln. r- I
. r-
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.
Tamper.lur. d'auat'n1LeeO'C
Oraln aUllenll. I
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'00
1
I' 1,-- .
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Dur" du ,.froldlsllmtnl ani,. 800 al ~OOC _ min.
297
0.009% P - 0.98% Cr - 1.40% Mo Grain size: 11-12 Austenitized
at 850C (1562 0F) for 30 min
Dutil d. challtr. 35m1n.
Our" d'au.lln{l. 3Omln.
Tampl,alul. d'a....lfnU. 860'C
-
.
Oraln au.llnn. 11-12
Ae3: 791'C (77,'e)
LIVE GRAPH '00 I.e I: 71g'C
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F+C E
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s
Jf
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300 -
-- I--
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,
-- -- - --- I<v
I-- -- I-- -- r-- ---.
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1001--1-- -
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Durie du r.'roldlluml'nl ,.nl,. 100.1 500'e - min.
10. I
,
10
312 (AISI 02 Tool Steel)

0.14% V Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 790C (1454Op) for 30
min
Durie da chaull 35mln.
Dur'. d'.ulllnil.
remp4ralur. d'aUllfnll. 790'C
"'min_ I !
O'aln aUlllnn. II --
LIVE GRAPH Ae3: 70J"C (76"C)
At I: 719'e
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f--
~ F+
.00 -
J,...
f-- - r--
. f- -
I- - - - - - -
l-r- ~. -
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100
, I ,
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Dull. du r.'tokllnem..nl enlr. 750 ., 500'e - min.
150 (SAE 8620)

0.018% P - 0.58% Ni - 0.49% Cr - 0.18% Mo Grain size: 10
Our" d. chau". 35mln.
Owh d'.ulilnU. lSmh. - --- -
rernp4.,alur. d'aUlllnll. 890'e t----
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. . . , ls00
tot J
300
I
t..... 00
-
.
.
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Dur'. du r."oldl..emenl en I,. aoo.l
" ~'C
,
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454
0.027% P - 0.76% Ni - 1.70% Cr - 0.36% Mo - 0.04% Cu Grain
Ow"
Durie tha"".
de
d'.ulllnn.
re.,ahue
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Ac I: 727'C
f FoC
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Duree du r,lroldlssemenl enue aoo 'I SOO"C - min-
458
0.028% P - 0.40% Ni - 1.24% Cr - 0.66% Mo Grain size: 10
Austenitized at 830C (16260F) for 1 h
Our', d. chautl 7mln.
Ourle d'I".11onI1. 80mln.
T.mpI,alur.d'.utllt'lll. 130'e
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,.
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E
. s
~
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i
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300
ttY
, 00
200
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200
M
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Dur" du retrolcflll.mtf\1 ,nt,. 100.1 5OO"C - min.
.10. .....
113 (SAE 4340)
0.02% P - 1.61% Ni - 1.10% Cr - 0.33% Mo Grain size: 9-10
t
35mln.
Our,.
Out" d. chl"lI.
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Temp',alur. d'euillnit
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I
LIVE GRAPH 00
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At3: 176'C (753'C)
At I: 72I'e
9 ~ 10
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, 00
--- -
'00
tot 1-
f- - - _.- -~
.'--- -- -- - - - 200
, - 1---
'00
,.-, I
,
.....
Duree du "lroldl... m,nl entre 100 'I 5OO'C - mIn.
_,oJ . ....
SOURCE: M. Economopoulos, N, Lambert, L. Habraken, Diagrammes de Transformation des Aciers Fabriques dans Ie Benelux,
453
0.016% P - 3.43% Ni - 1.36% Cr - 0.23% Mo - 0.041% Al -
0.19% Cu Grain aise: 10 Austenitir;ed at 910C (1670 0F) for 30
min
Dur4. d" chauU- loOmln
00 OUfIe-d'ausllnll. 30mln .
r .. mpI,alur. d'aulllnlt, 910'C
O,.ln aUI'fnll.
Ae3: 783'e (760'C)
,. - - -~
-
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600
- e- - - - --
o
Ii
ACI = 678C
c- ~ - - --- - - --
6oo~
i AC3 = 783C
e- ~ - ~- .-
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- - -
.. l
B
'00
<i. H,
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-
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I
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. .
100e-
'0 I
.,
Duree du ,elroldilseme-nl en Ire 800.1 500'C - min.
. . , 10 , ,0'
295
0.011% P - 3.14% Ni - 1.02% Cr - 0.34% Mo Grain aise 12
Austenltleed at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min
Durie da chaull. 35 min.
aoo Durie d'eu,tlnlt
Tamperalur. d'auallolt.
30m!n.
8SO'e
-- --
O,aln aUlllnll. 12
At3: 76"C U4gC}
LIVE GRAPH '00 I.e I; 677'e
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.00
: F.C
. I-
-_.- -
.-;~ B
6
i
300
200
i
"
.
..... H,
00
M
200
100
.10' .,.,
Our'. du r.froldl...m.nl .nlr.. 800.1 500'C - min.
10 ....
504
0.007% P - 3.66% Ni - 1.66% Cr - 0.396% Mo - 0.008% N2 -
0.013% Al Austenitir;ed at 876C (1606 0F) for 30 min
1
Durl. d. chaull 35mln.
aoo Durie d'auIlln!l. JOrnin. - - -
T.mperalur. d'auslloll. 676'C
Oraln auallnll.
LIVE GRAPH '00
Ae3: e06'C (764'C)
I.e I: 656'e
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--
600
I F
l'
j
. .
600
B
300
..... - 1- . 1
M I"
. 00
200 C-
100 .
.' "
200
,.., ., .10
,
Durb du r.froldi...rntnl .nlr. aoo.1
110'
5OO'C - min.
.10
,
114
0.02% P - 4.04% Ni - 1.99% Cr - 0.64% Mo - 0.28% Cu Grain
size: 9 Austenitized at 826C (1617 0F) (or 16 min
Our" d. cball"- 35mln.
Dw'" d',u.llnn.
Temptl.I"'. d'.lIItfnll. f1U'C
15mlo. - --
Grain a"lllnll. 9
Ac3: 801'e (7n'C)
700 I.e I: 858'C
LIVE GRAPH
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.00 -
11
II
-'I ::f:
...
300
s
'00
\ - ~"L!. :
M
200
.'
. .., Ou," , . . . ..
100
... ,
dll r.'roldl .,mtfll ani,. 100 IOO'C - min..
.to
.' ,
.
.. to'
552
0.021% P - 0.53% Ni - 16.20% Cr - 1.10% Mo Grain size: 8-9
Austenitized at 1000 0C (1832 0F) (or 30 min
Ourf. da chlutl 'Omln.
--1- .
LIVE GRAPH 700
~"'d.u.lfnll.
Oraln aUIIInIl.
Ac3: 007'C (1'58'C)
Ac I; 807'C
.-.
30mln.
TempJ.,aluI. d'.uallnlt. 1000'C
- - f-- -
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-
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.00
-- --
-
-
-
... 11
~
- -
..-~
- -
. = ....... ~
s
'00 - 1:
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- - -j - --
..
100 -
.. .. ..
-
10.1 , , I , , , I.' , 10'
Ourf_ du I.froldlaurn,nl anll. 800 'I 5OO'C - min-
206
0.63% Mo - 0.17% V Austenitized at 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min
ourfe.cN.uft 3lmlo.
OwHd'aulllt'II1. 30m'n.
Tarnp4ratur. d'a... lfnlt. lIo'e
.-
700
OraIn a"lllnll.
Ac3: II58'C (787')
Ac 1: 738'C
..... F
LIVE GRAPH F+C
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.00
,
s !,
300
M
f,
. - .. '0 H,
-
, 00
'00
,..j 0
~ , 00
-
.. ,
'00
., I ,
to 10 10 W
Duff. du J.'roldl.umli1l entre flOO II 5OO'C ~ min.
Centre National de Recherches Metallurgiques, Brussels, Belgium. 1967
451
0.016% P - 0.23% Ni - 1.18% Cr - 1.15% Mo - 0.27% V Grain
size: 10-11 Austenitized at 960C (1760 0F) for 15 min
... Our" ,a"".

Durie de
T
ella,,".
d'au.llnlt
d.utl~11. 960'<
O,aln ."IIInII. 10-11
35mln.
I5mln.
:
T-
Ae3: 907'C (fIU'C) F+C
LIVE GRAPH 700 Ac I: 71,9'C
_a. . .
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00
l-
.
I--
I
- -- I-- - ,
300 .- t-.t-J I--
. I--
,
200 I--
M
-- I--t;. -- F-=: -- -
I- - V' -- -- 200
--
....
- - --
..,
'00
,0" MT . 4 to
Our... du '.',Oldl ... mtnl enl,. 100 5OO'C- min.
368
Oompcsltion: 0.28% C - 0.2.% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.005% S -
0.024% P - 0.18% Ni - 2.68% Cr - 2.84% Mo - 0.50% V Grain
size: 9-10 Austenitized at 1020 0C (1868 0F) for 30 min
... Ow" Du," de cha,,'L

d'auJllnll.
IoOmin.
30mln .
rernp4,alur. d'aut.llnlt. 1020'e
Graina"IIMIl. e -10
- - -- --
,- ~ - -! "l
LIVE GRAPH 700
Ac3: 91,9'C (BeSC)
Ac t: 007'C
F.C
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I-
.00
I_r~ ~ AC1 = 807C

-- -
... :
... .
I-- --- - -
-
B
f---o - .....I AC3 = 949C
'00
I-- -
. F -
k<
,1
00
200 1-- - I.....
M '"'1-- 200
~~
1--- ~
'00
to I . 10 10 10 .
Ourh du relroldllSemffll enl,. 800.1 5OO'C - min.
294 (AlSI D2 Tool Steel)

0.024% P - 12.44% Cr - 0.80% Mo - 0.83% V Grain size: 9-10
Austenitized at 1030 0C (1886 0F) for 30 min
... Our" Our" de chaull.

d'.utlfnll.
Tampl,alur. d'll.11n11. 103O'e
Grain au.llnll. 1-10
Urn!n.
30mln. I
Ac3:1I5O"C (IZOC) F.C
LIVE GRAPH 700 Ac 1: 807'C
I
I
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.00 II !!if
0
0
:
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1.-0 I
0
,
B
.
300
: ,00
700
M : t.;: ".'
1---- 200
II :
'00
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I
.. , . .. ~
Duri. du r.frolcll.umffll anlr. 100.' 500'C - min.

0
10 .
-
10 .
271 (AISI S1 Tool Steel)

0.31% V - 2.28% W Austenitized at 900 0C (1652 0F) for 30 min
000
DutHcHchaurl
Ow' " d'aulllnll.
35mln.
3Omln.
T.. rnp4,atur. d'a ... 14nU. loo'e
II !
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LIVE GRAPH '00
Ac3: ''''C (lU'C)
At I: 1I50'C
FoC
0
.00
If
II
B
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.. l
00
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M
I
I
. .....
700
- - H,
100
10' , . ., 10
!II ,
.10
Dull. du r.lrolcll"l'tMnl tnl,. 800.1 500'e min.
10
,
367 (H 13)
0.02% P - 4.80% Cr - 1.34% Mo - 1.19% V Grain size: 10
Austenitized at 1020 0C (1868 0F) for 15 min
rll
l- d:::.
n ..rlt d. chluff. 5m/n.
d',usllnlt. 15mln . .. - . - .. I
. t"ll'lp'ralur. d'.ulllnn. 10ZO'C
..
FoC
O"ln IUlllnll. -
LIVE GRAPH , A(:3: 9U'C
Ac 1; 'I,3'C
(.79e) " .-.
I
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... -
-
-
--
-"- .
.
s
-
.
..
M
700
- . . -. - -
-
. . .
..
~
-
_. -

s.. Hv
t
,
100
... . " 10
Ourh du r.,roldl....mMI enlre 800.1 5OO'C - min.

,
10
,
I ,
.10
006
0.014% P - 0.91% Ni - 0.26% Cr - 0.37% Mo - 0.057% V -
0.048% Al Grain size: 9 Austenitized at 900 0C (1652 0F) for 30
min
Dut .... d.. ch.ull. 1i5mln.
000 Our' " d',ulllnil. 30mln. . .- - .
,
t
r.rnp4,alure d'.Ultlnlt . ...c
LIVE GRAPH
.
,
Or,1n .-uill-nil
Ac3: e~6'C
Ac 1; 686'e
... -- --
FoC
-'
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... -
l ..
7
~

.
B
M .
..
700
J
--.
_.
H, . 700
100
,
10
., , '10
.,
"
Our... du r.'roldhumenl .nlr. 100.' 5OO'C- min.
10 10
502
0.77% Cr - 0.26% Mo - 0.19% V Grain size: 10 Austenitized at
9000C (1662 0F) for 1 h + 800C (1472 0F) for 30 min
Dur'. de chauli 7 min.
'::~:~~~:~~:~tlnll. ~~ ~~ . - - - -
LIVE GRAPH
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'00
O,.ln au. linn.
Ae3: 8S3'e
Ac I: 709'C
10
r-t--r-t
-- -.
F
.
-
-
.- -
100
. I
,-
t- .
F.C
1-1-
. .'
. S
I-
--

I- -
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- ,
... - - - - ~-
,
00
00
100
10-1 . . .., , . . .,0'

Durie du ,.'rolen.umtnl enlr. 800 e' 500'C - min.
, . .. . . .. 10'
501
0.012% P - 2.667% Ni - 1.276% Cr - 0.61% Mo - 0.203% V -
0.002% Al Austenitized at 876C (1606 0F) for 30 min
Durf'lM chauff.
DurN d'aultln!t. 30 min.
3Imln. Tl
l,mplralur. d.... tlnll. e75"C
Oraln au.llnll. II
LIVE GRAPH 700
Ac 3: .30"e
Ac 1: HlI'e
II
F.C
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100
.- .. l--'"
-- -
s j
.
" , 600 '.
~- .~
.
-- - ... 1
'00
M
. If --...
- --- -
._Ift
i-
-
T
'00
'0-.
I I
....-, ..,
Our' .. du 'elrokll .. ,mtnl ,nl,. lOCI ,I SOO'C min.
. .... 10'
452
0.006% P - 0.71% Ni - 1.79% Cr - 0.27% Mo - 1.30% W Grain
... Durie de chaull.

Dutle d'.ullilmt.
35mln.
15m'n.
Te"'Pl,alur. d'auIlfnU. llSO'C
O,aln au.linU. 10 . II,In -- -- -
LIVE GRAPH 00
Ae3: 710'C (169'C)
At I: 736'C !, I-
Click here to view F.C
001-
I-
-
--
-
,, .... ---
- - (t - --- -- -
.
r-r--' F
~-
""" --
-I l-

s ,
-
I ,... ,
- ! -- -
I i- -
i- --I ~ ... J~
- - ---
,
'00
. f:= ~. --- . .- 1= ",
1---
,
00
- 00
'" -- - - - -
.. ,
100 -
10 -, ....,
Ourh du r.froldlssemenl .nlr. 1100_, 5OO'C- min.
101
SOURCE: M. Economopoulos. N. Lambert, L. Habraken, Diagrammes de Transformation des Aciers Fabriques dans Ie Benelux,
Centre National de Recherches Metallurgiques. Brussels. Belgium. 1967
354
Composition: 0.646% C - 0.46% Mn - 0.26% Si-4.12% Ni -
1.16% Cr - 0.48% Mo - 0.80% W Grain sise: 8 Austeniti~ed at
900C (1662 0F) for 1 h + 860C (1662 0F) for 30 min
Our" ck chault. 7mln.
Our'" d',u.llnll.
r..mp4,alur. d'aUltlnll. ~~~~t
- - - 1-- --
LIVE GRAPH
Orain IUlllnll.
Ac3: 7112'C
Ac I: 86O'e

'00
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600
-
- -- ---- -
-
::::.i
~ ' . --
- - --
"- "'~J --
'00 - -
-
-
--
--
,J: --
~~
B
'" ,
.
00
'00 - -
- -- - - -- , 00
1001 -
R- --
td
M
loJ 110' , ,10"

Ourh du ",'rolclillem"nl enlr. 800 ..1 500'C _ min.
361 (AISI H 21 Tool Steel)

0,013% P - 0.31% Ni - 2.36% Cr - 0.22% Mo - 0.32% V - 8.59%
W - 0.16% Cu - 0.013% Al Grain aise: 9-10 Austenlttsed at
1130 0C (2066 0F)
... Our'" DurN ct. chluff.

d'aullfnlt.
T..mp4,.luI. d'aUllfnll. 1130'C
O,.ln aUlllnll.
'mln.
Omln .
'-10
.
II
LIVE GRAPH '00
Ae3: 910'C cas"C)
Ae 1: 794'e
F.e
Click here to view
600 .,
~ AC1 = 794C
. . ~
oo~
--
j
600 _.
AC3 = 910C
""- B
,1
300
M.e " 00
'00
" I - -- .. _--
~v ,00
'00 - -----
-,
10 ,
,
110 , to' & ,10 1
.1
Ourh du r.'roldlu.menl "nl,. 800 ... SOO'C - min.
411 (AISI M2 Tool Steel)

Compcsition: 0.96% C - 0.24% Mn - 0.28% Si - 0.018% S -
0.006% P - 4.64% Cr - 4.80% Mo - 2.46% V - 7.12% W Grain
sise: 9-10 Austenitized at 1230 0C (2246 0F)
... Dur'" Our', de chau'L

d',ulilnil.
Tempe,atur. d"Ulllnlt. 1230'C
Drain aUlllnlt.
'min.
Omln .
910
Ac3: Slo'e (.,g'C)
'00 Ac I: 824'C
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view 1j
600
. - ... ~ e = 824C
AC1
j AC3 = 910C
6 00:
, ~
H.
300
,;" M.e CIO
200 -- ~
I 00
. . .,. . . ., ..
100
10- . . ., I
Du,ie du refrolcU,urMfll fl1lr. 100.' &OO'C ~ mkL

I , ,10'
365 (H 11 Tool Steel)

Composition: 0.40% C - 0.48% Mn-1.01% Si - 0.01% S - 0.014%
P - 0.36% Ni - 6.13% Cr - 1.72% Mo - 0.60% V - 0.26% W -
0.13% Cu - 0.016% Al - 0.11% Co Grain size: 11 Austenitized at
1010 0C (1860 0F) for 20 min
+1
Durl. d.. chlulf. 100min.
000 Owl. d'.uIllnit. 20 min. -- - -- - f-- --
r..mpI,aluu d'iulilnil. 10""C
700
Oraln IUltlnlt
Ae3: 878'e (1I49'C)
.I.e I: 811,"C
" F+C
LIVE GRAPH
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.00
- I --
I~
'- - ,./
........
300
. s
, 00
200 ---
M , 00
..
100
10- , . ., . . '0
Dulh du nlroldl.ulMnl enlr 00.1 500'C - min.
. . . ., , . '0
405 (T 15 Tool Steel)

0.005% P - 4.42% Cr - 0.70% Mo - 4.66% V - 12.99% W -
4.97% Co Grain size: 8 Austenitized at 1260 0C (2282 0F)
Durie de thaull. e.....
000 Ourle d'.lu.llnlt. Omln. --- -- - 1-- 0
rempir.lurl' d'.uIllnll. 12SO'C

Grain IUIIIoIl. 1
Ae3: 910'C (81I,e)
700 .I.e I: 851'e ,
LIVE GRAPH , F+C
Click here to view f<-f-o
.00 --
1- -
.-:;::.. ! AC1 = 861C
- - -- -- -- ~~ ... :
f- - --
, f--
i AC3 = 910C
300
0 -.-
-
--
-
/' ~I -
1'.:::
- - 600: i
, il
0
H,
-- - 00
'00 - -
--
M ~ .... 200
100 -
~- --
10
., ., 10
Duree du ,.lroldlssemenl .nlr. 900.1 600'C - mill-
.10
,
412
0.01% P - 4.64% Cr - 6.10% Mo - 3.29% V - 7.92% W
_ 12.27% Co Grain size: 11 Austenitized at 1200 0C (2192 0F)
Durie de chlull. 5mln.
100 Dull. d'luJlinll. Omln.
Ternpir.tur. d'iultfnii. 12.00'C I 0
-
Oraln lustlnlt.
Ae3: 91Z'C (88e'C) " I
LIVE GRAPH 700 .I.e I: 856'C
F+C
Click here to view
.00
-
:
:
:
. ,./
- f-- .
.,
-,
,
s
---- ..
300
I--tl- '. H ,00

'00 l -
I- -
M
. - ,00
100 f-- - - -
10 ., 10
,
Dull. du relroldlsurnl'nl I'nlr .. '300 ..I 600'C - rnln.
I 10
, 10
,
SOURCE: M. Economopoulos, N. Lambert. L. Habraken, Diagrammes de Transformation des Aciers Fabriques dans Ie Benelux.
Molybdenum Steels
CCl Diagrams
Chromium Steel Series LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view
1200r----------------------.
1100 2000
1825 F 1800
Composition: Fe - 0.06% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.40% Mo -
0% Cr Grain size: 6-6 Austenitized at 1010 0C (1860 0F) 1600
"F
1~00
AclY:-..:.,\,~-...),r_7_14;.:.,.:~~~-=::\:==F~ mOF
~ m(~ 1~
T -1000 c11830 Fl
Ac3-970(
...., . -: ...
~(-R,..x-'~-~;_~:..:.~r~.~~--p---7~%3O
0.16% Cr Grain size: 5-6 Austenitized at 1000 0C (1832F)
' ( : Aq- 720 sc:
,
600 ,,
PFs PF75 P~
1000 TA -1000 (<1830 Fl
AC3 - 968 (
900
0.30% Cr Grain size: 5-6 Austenitized at 1000 0C (1832 0F) 800
"c
700 ACl-7U c ,
600 ~s
TA -1015 (<1860 Fl
1000
AC3 - 985 ( 1805 F 18l'J
900
Composition: Fe - 0.50% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.40% Mo - 'c
800
0.48% Cr Grain size: 4-6 Austenitized at 1016 0C (1869 0F)
700 Acl-735C
600
10 100 1000 10.000

(OOLI HG TItI FOO'I , A. SECONDS
PF =polygonal ferrite
P =pearlite
CRmin CRm ax = min and max cooling rates for obtaining good dual-phase structures in coiled strip
PFs PF76 P s = min times for PF-start, 76% PF, and P-start
SOURCE: A.P. Coldren, G.T. Eldis, "Using CCT Diagrams to Optimize the Composition of an As-Rolled Dual-Phase Steel," JOM
(formerly Journal of Metals), a publication of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Vol 32, No.3, March 1980, pp 41-48
Molybdenum Steel Series LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view
1 2 0 0 , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.......
1100 2000
181H 1800
Composition: Fe - 0.06% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.6% Cr -
0% Mo Austenitized at 1026 0C (1877 0F)
,,,
600 PFs
1000 lA' 995C<1825 Fl
1800
1770F
Composition: Fe - 0.06% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.6% Cr -

'c
900 AC3'965C
800
, ,
.,
'
~
'F
PF 'v.: \;.CR"IN _ - - - - - - 7 5 % 1~00
0.16% Mo Austenitized at 996C (1823 0F) c;... .:CR,w,~"\'. ' - 13q5 F
I \.~
,\" P 1200
.,- :.
PF75 ~s
1800
1785F
." . 1600
Composition: Fe - 0.06% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.5% Cr - ..,-:. :.\ CI\.'N _--75% 'F
';5;..-- 1~00
0.30% Mo Grain size: 6 Austenitized at 1010 0C (1850 0F)
P 1345F
,, 1200
600
PFs
1000 fA -lOIS C <1860 Fl
AC3"985 C 1805 F 1800
900
Composition: Fe - 0.06% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.6% Cr - 'c ..\:,__ CRH1H
1600
-F
800
0.38% Mo Grain size: 4-6 Austenitized at 1016 0C (1869 0F) __ ~_---75% 1~00
'. P 1355F
1200
P~
1805 1800
1600
Composition: Fe - 0.06% C - 0.9% Mn - 1.20% Si - 0.6% Cr - 'F
0.50% Mo Grain size 6 Austenitized at 1020 0C (1868 0F) 1~00
pill5F
1200
600
10 10,000
PF = polygonal ferrite
P = pearlite
CRmin CR m ax =
min and max cooling rates for obtaining good dual-phase structures in coiled strip
PF s PF76 P s= min times for PF-start, 75% PF, and P-start
Silicon Steel Series LIVE GRAPH

Click here to view
1100 2000
1000 TA - 970 C <1780 F)
1800
900 Ac3 - 9~0 C 1725F
Composition: Fe - 0.07% C - 0.93% Mn - 0.99% Si - 0.27% Mo c 1600
- 0.32% Cr Grain size: 7-8 Austenitized at 970C (1778 0F) 800 'F
1~00
700
1200
600
1000
T -1020C<180
1815F 1800
1600
~ ~\- CRttIN
... .. ]51
'F
- 0.32% Cr Grain size: 4-5 Austenitized at 1020 0C (1868 0F) CR,... \ . \ ---1l 1~00
~---_":\L.... :-r---:\"
600
.
J~: :~:._) p 1200
7~ Ps
19~F
1800
Composition: Fe - 0.07% C - 0.93% Mn - 2.00% Si - 0.27% Mo 1600

'F
- 0.32% Cr Grain size: 5-6 Austenitized at 1095 0C (2003 0F)
1~00
--~-~;..----,
1200
10 100 1000 10,000 100,000

COOLING mE FRill! TA' SECONDS
PF = polygonal ferrite
P = pearlite
CRmin CRm ax = min and max cooling rates for obtaining good dual-phase structures in coiled strip
PF s PF75 P s = min times for PF-start, 75% PF, and P-start
LIVE GRAPH
0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
Composition: Fe - 0.10% C - 0.74% Mn - 0.29% Si Austenitized Composition: Fe - 0.09% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.29% Si - 0.28% Mo
at AC3 + 30 0C (54 0F) for 12 min Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (54 0F) for 12 min
1000
!
.1. ),.1. 1800
900
AlJSTEIIITIZEDAT'20C:'OI.nKI~51
' --L
!! '" J.. J
1800
1600
::::-.t r---.. :::::tt '--...---:----.' ,"1---.. : 1600
IloJ):-:-
I-i.+it
.,.
h 1400
I 1200
800
700
., .'1(;'0 e
, 10
- - .:"r3:
-. k- ",<I-I- ~:J:.:s
1'><- l~
-
--
- ---- -1 1400
Ii 600 i 1200
~ : ll! " ,:1/ f\-N\\

1
\ ,;
1000
~ ~ 500
;-.., 1000
\ i\ I 800
~
~
~
~ .00 '1\ \J l~. \' V i\ ! 800
\ + 600 300
\ ii\h
ii i
,Ii I
\
\ ! 600
\ 200
'\ \ \ III .00
100
\ I' \ I
--J.---h
'
200
~ ~ ~J
IU 12:6 12812'" lIB '10)
o 32
1,000 10,000 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
S~conds i
100 1,000 l~ l~O 1,000
i I
Minutes 10 )0
10 30
TIM E TIM E
Houts

Austenitized at AcS + SOOC (54F) for 12 min
1000
900
AI/'FITlIZEOAT94SCiOlI2 KI
! !!!
r----- i'--K rr-. i'~ i
800 ~I' <,
700 .. !~ 'I'- <,
,Iv' - .:
~- -
- ,,:'F:t.:ki\.- -\- 1000
I I
":\ \J "~_
\ \rt ~
, \1
\
1\
\
\ 1\ \
10 100 1,000
Seconds i
10 1,000
Minutes 10 30
TIME
H"m
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
SOURCE: Witold W. Cias, Austenite Transformation Kinetics of Ferrous Alloys, Climax Molybdenum Company, Greenwich CT
LIVE GRAPH 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - B Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
Composition: 0.096% C - 0.66% Mn - 0.82% Si - 0.0048% B Composition: 0.097% C - 0.70% Mn - 0.86% Si - 0.26% Mo-
Austenitized at AC8 + 80 0C (64 0F) for 12 min 0.0060% B Austenitized at AC8 + 80C (64F) for 12 min
1000
AUrl:lf tr 1[D AT 'IS C rca UHIIlU"l'U
., .I..!J
FOIl. 12 Hlwtt9 !BOO AllS:mfllIUDAT 960 C
900 I 900
~M~-""""~+HY~l-+jf-h-f".+-j~-I:~~~~!:-+-++l
f"..,
"'K r-. r----. 1600
800
700
A~110
---
I>:::
:.- f-- -
<,
:/--
-
-:- - -== --'
1
=~ d- 1400
800
700
"I .),. '\\
\"
," 1\
)0 /
600
w,..
500
V
.\J \ i " \ l\":::::~ e-~I\
.00 \ 1'1\\ \ \ 1\ , V \ \ \ \ , 800
'00
1\ U:'\ 1\ \ \ \ !
I 600
\, \ 1\ \ \
200 \ 1\ \ \ IIi \ i
.00
100
1\ \ 200
\
o 18 ~ CIA
-r
2Xm 116)(1lI
'" ~ ~
1 '0 100 100,000 " 100 1,000
l~
Seconds i Seconds
1,000 1,000
I I
Minutes Minutes
10 30 10 30
TIM E TIME

0.0064% B Austenitized at AC8 + 80 0C (64 0F) for 12 min
1000
AusiEIIlTlZlD AT 960 C f<a Il KlJM'l' 1800
I I At)-'30cl
900
:~' <,
~111O,tti
t--k <, 1- <,
1600
800
700
.,,'1100 1'\ -, ~ -, \ ( ~:: ~~~. , _ _ ",,: ~1} 1400
\ \ \ 1\1 .c:P\j" i 1200

600
vr '7~ ---- i---- - l

500
'00
~
/\: !I;\
,\, I\i i: \ 1\1 \
-
--:I"
~ \'
\
h..
\ 1) :\ I
T I
,
I 1000
800
600
'00
200
\ \\ \ I I 1\; .00
100 \ 1\ \ I !\
,., 200
o
~.
~
(,,,\6
'-i
.. "l)6,l)
...,... 't-" ~:~ 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 lao,OOO
Second's
l~ l~O 1,000
i
Mlnutn 10 30
TIM E
Hom
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH 0.37% C - 0.5% Mn - 0.30% Si Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
Composition: 0.37% C - 0.49% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.0033% Mo Composition: 0.36% C - 0.60% Mn - 0.32% Si - 0.077% Mo
Austenitlsed at 843 0C (1660 0F) for 20 min Auatenitized at 843C (1660 0F) for 20 min
1000
900
A1'51E!UTllED AT
~---l-.
I
S;-J
-.-.--
C ~OR 10 KINIITES
! I !!! : ! 1 I
1800
1000
900
Al!S~D1LT1ZED ~T18r c rr 10 r"1i'r I
I 1800
,
I
"
I
t
,
' , .. ! ~C) .i 811 J
1600
! I I : II 1600
-------
I :. 1 I J-116C
800 800
~K-------
-c-,
..InJc 1400 r-----"", N--;.,N ----.: '"1-. r--- 1400
700
- - - -
-:... - Ac.
700 - - - - 'o1!"I"
600
I _-
'02'-;~5~:
F:s.~::-::'~~"-'r
---
-- 1200
w "ty: :;;l~~ ~t~ - - - 1200
f-f----=---15~~"'" , w 600
I
i'N\ i\' \ \

I--- I--- ..
ZS'J 19 ' t\ 1\
, \
\
~ ~
500
I: I 1000
500
,f' 1\ 1000
'00
~i \: 11\\ \ 1\ 800
~ ~ '00
\1 111\\ 1\ , 800
'00
200
i I !\
\'
I 1\1 i\
I~ 1\
\ 1\
\
600
.00
'00
200
1\
\
I 1\ ,'I
1\ I~ 1\
I \ , \
\
600
'00
100 1\
~
\ 100 I". l'\j \
o
I~ I (1" ,660 176 11.5)(1'"
~ Cy) ~
200
IE 16'
't""'
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 " 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 "
l~
Seconds I S~l;onds I
10 1,000
Mlnutu I Minutes I
4 10 30 10 '0
TIM E TIME
H"'B H"'B

Auatenitiaed at 843 0C (16600F) for 20 min
'00
1\
200
\1
1\
!@
10 100 1,000 10,000
Seconds I
10
Minutes I
TIM E
10 '0
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
SOURCE: Witold W. Oias, Austenite Transformation Kinetics of Ferrous Alloys, Climax Molybdenum Company, Greenwich CT
Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54F) for 20 min Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (54F) for 20 min
1000 1000
AUSn:KITUEO AT 190 C POllIO lfIll'lJ1'tS 1800 AI1STtMlTtUDAT 8loC 1800
I
(lR,20HlIflJTES
900
Til 900
II
II ",.I,. J
1600
", LLl 1600
800
700 -- -
I--
-=.-=
-- : --
- - - -* - -- - -
-- -
"1.680 C
1400
800
700 -- ",I"-
r--
<, ---
K -?
r---.. r---.. -
-- =-~ =: - ~~
Ael 100 ~
1400
680 I--
1
~- R''' 1200
l:! Ii 600 -- 1200
w
~
_0>
'\ \ \ ~ 1\ i)< ,- ~ ~ -~== ~ Qi; !-- \
500 "'I
~ \
1\ 1000
,. ~,. 500 I-- 1-- 1

,
tf:ss -\
1000
i~
,
~
'00
i '1\ 1\ 800
~ ~
.00
1
/'I.
V 800
'00
\ i I \1:\ \ \ 1\ I
I 600 '00
I~ J l; I ~ ; \ \ 1\ 600
200
I
1\ \ \ \ I '00 200
",se
,' '\\ 1\ \ \ I .00
100 \ 1'\ \ \ ! 200 100

i,~ 1\ \ \ \ II! 200
6'6)(", ..jl(!'9 ~
o
.p ~ M' n o I '" (23l 254 til' 24 9 (221
~ : ~ n
1 10 100 I,OOO 10,000 100,000 1 10 100 1,000 100,000
I
Seeonds
10 1,000 SecGl\ds
l~ I.cioo
I I
Minutes 10 Minutes
'0 10 '0
11M E TIM E
HOlIn H,w'

Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54F) for 20 min
800
700
== =- = ~
\
D
1-"'\ , \
1\ \ \
\
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view o f!( 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 IDMIOG
Stconds l~ 1,000
I
Minutes 10 '0
TIM E
Hou,s

1000
1800
900 I 1600
800 ",UJ
~
700
600
----- I'----
r-,
--
<,
1\
r-;
I\-
---I~
, ->- -- --
~-( ,'" -~
ACl -169~ J
1400
1200
~ SOD
~f- - ~ \
- \""
,.
~
~ 400
If (I. ::. -"\\ -;. -
,1- ~\I \ (~ \ \ 1\
300
l~s;o.\
,, 600
15_ -',
/
\\ \ I; \ '00
200
909~ \ 1\ \
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
100
o
1 10
T 100
6tiJ6..Xm 319)(2 8~
1,000
~
~ '86
100,000
32
200
I
Seconds 10 I,JOO
I
TIM E
Minutes 10 '0
HOUfS
SOURCE: Witold W. Cias, Phase Transformation Kinetics and Hardenability of Medium-Carbon Alloy Steels, Climax
Molybdenum Company, Greenwich CT
Auatenitised at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min Austeniti~ed at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
1000
AlISfENlTUUI AT 810 C rot 10 KUft1TES I i II .00 1000 r--:-.......--..=~-cc==-r- ....T"Tr-.,.--,-....rr--r-T""'T-n
I
I
I 1800
: I i I II ! i:: I : i
'00 -t-;-r--_. I
I A.e .' 838 ~ 1600 '00
I.e U6 C 1600
.00 BOO --.::: -
-==-
~:-......' " r-,
I"-.-
-- - - Ac 1.36 C 1400
""-......
700
bOO
':>s: .; -
'/
:~~~k~~:~ ~
- -
-- --=
! i 1 '00
li
700
'\ l::l<;' /--
500
,.[\1 I
\1 :f...i .\\ !\ i \ \ : 1 000 S ((~~--i~l D::
l:!
\\i l\ ~ --i-~~:ssr--l -
t~\\~:~~\:
400
\ :
1\ I 800 ~
l~,X') .~._.$ 1- \I.. \

"/, d 1\
600
'00
\~ \ i
";'<,$,\ ~ \
400
'00
100
\ \! '00
I
(U6)(24oX" 2 23'lXau) ~
~ y ~ '"
r-r
'H "
o
1 10 100 1,000 100,000 " 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000.
Seconds l~ 1,000 Second, l~ Ibo l,JOO
i I
Mlnules 10 30 MIRlIln
'0 '0
TIM E TIM E
Hours Hovn

Austenitisad at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view .00 ---
<,
700
'\ '00
i
~
000
400
.00
~
600
'00
400
'00
10 '00 1,000
Seconds
1~ Ibo I
1,000
MInutes 10 '0
TIME

Austeniti~ed at 916C (1680 0F) for 20 min
1000
1800
.00 L,.U)
LIVE GRAPH r---.. r---. 1600
I
Click here to view .00
<, I"-. <,
<;
---<, --- - -~ A(.I- 12 6 <: 1400
700
'\ -, ~
~ '/' ;.:- ~ 1200
600 Ii
\ \
~
1000
~ 500
-'t- "
\r/ '~ --
-- - f-- ~\-~. r\ ~ 1\ ~
~ 800
400
300
I
"~-, f--
IiJ ,(~-\;
~
It \ u- 600
200
\ \ 400
100
't\
, - K" \ '00
Ie <yJ(32ZXJU ",x",) ~
~ h'
1 10 100
I
1,000
Ii
10,000 100,000
i i
"
Seconds
10 100 I 1,00,0
Mlnules 10 30
TIME
Hours
Composition: 0.088% C - 1.46% Mn - 0.36% Si - 0.0066% B Composition: 0.10% C - 1.46% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.26% Mo -
Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 12 min 0.0051% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54<T) for 12 min
1000 1800
!I II
1800 Ausnnrl EDt' 10 C rca 11 r1j1i'1 I ! !I
900 ACJ'"16 c
1600 1600
I-- --..
II
1400
800
"'~ r-, <, 1 I\-

---
-, "> ~ 1400
700 .i),0 C
,I.e
-, -r\
.....,- ~
1200
i 1200 1\1 "
! 600
=- - r N :
\ i 1000
i ~ ~<;." n:~- 1000
[\"' 'c -- ~
500
\ 800
~
~ ~l)(::
ire!":.' - -~~-~
800
\
400
300
I.
,
.~" :\: ; \ t\
"I
V
, 600
\ 200
~ \ \ I .00
100
1\ 1\ \ ! hi 200
o o 1 1)B 191206 20119a

p ~ 10( 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Seconds
l~ l~O 1,000
Seconcll
I
I Idlnules
MltlUles 10 30 10 30
TIM E TIME

0.0062% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54F) for 12 min
...
-;
1000
900
AUSfEIIlti 930 C c:.12KJIIV1'U
II I Ac).
J I
800
....... :
800
b-- --- -,
r-: i""--- I i 1600
700 1).. 1'\ 1\ "1\ -, I~-- I 1400
-, \ \ \lJ~, i 1200
I
600
--- - - -::: ro i
500
,
\
...r:::
-- -
- -\-
1000
~ .00
,- ~:. '\..1
'..-!"'!'
T
'"'10.
1\ \1 800
I'~! ! II '\ \: ~ ....\ \L,..-. 600

300
\ \
200
\ i '00
100
\ \ ! I\i 200
-~ 1'eI (21112 1I 222)(US) ~
~ ~
o 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
l~O I,JOG
I
Minutes 10 30
TIME
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Composition: 0.40% C - 1.32% Mn - 0.33% Si - 0.004% Mo - Composition: 0.40% C - 1.33% Mn - 0.35% Si - 0.08% Mo -
0.004% B Austenitized at 843C (15500F) for 20 min 0.003% B Austenitized at 843C (1550 0F) for 20 min
1000
AUSTrlTljEDiT
1800 1000 roa 10 1800
AUjTtlllTrED AT 810) c Fe- 20 HIIIV1'ES ) C I S
900 900
1 600
1600
.l
---
Ac "803( AeJ 801J
800
~981' --... r-, r---

800
t-!--~,;r
--... ,"",r--:
--..." I 400
---
<, 1400 <,
700 700
<,
!f;:- ~;--~ -- - ~
-,1m~~ \
I"\. ~ ~_-:: 1200
'\." ,,1\ : ~= :;:;--F-~~ -:. 1 200
i~
tJ Ii
i
600 600
1\ \ \ 1000
S ~ -, K: -: ~~- / r-, \ 1 000
~ ~\
500 500
\\ \ 1\
~
-, ,~ =\ ) 1\ 1\ ~
~
800
~ 800
u~
400 400
, ~
~ \ 1\ 600
~ \ \ 600
300 300
u~ - 1'1\ '\ 1\ ~ \ \
200
100
.'0,')
se- --
" .\.= - IY \ \
\ 400
200
200
100
, i/i='

-- -
",-\- - f'
,,,XI85 )(281
\
400
200
(536)(245 )(241 2&OX221 ~ 0;> ~ B 210XlltJ)
'"
't-' ~. 19'
H
o 32 o 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1 10 100 1,OQO 100,000
SecCtlds
l~ l~O I,JOG
Seconds
l~ 1,000
Minutes I Minutes i
4 10 30 4 10 30
TIM E H..~ TIM E H..~

0.003% B Austenitized at 843C (15500F) for 20 min
1000 1800
AUSrIlITIEOAT&UcrcazOKlIIIJTES
900
1600
"']10,)
800
700 ~~IC
<,
<, --...--- r--" 1400
i 600
r'\. ",1\ -, K:""= ~ ~ 1200
Ii
S 500
\ -, 1\
- -- - --- r\"-
- /
\ 1000
~ 400
1\ ::-5r 800 ~
\
300
~ 1\ \ \ 600
200
se-
,2<,
"
-- \~ \ \ \ 400
~
100 ~\ \. \ 200
o ~
(m)(", 3)0 zuXu
e~ ~ N'" 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Seconds
l~ Ibo 1,JOO
Mlnutu i
4 10 30
TIM E H...
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
1000
rot,2tlKI1SI i !! HIOO iaeo
I
AU5ti:1I1TUEDAt 830C I
i
900 900 I--+--I--+H---jl--+-+++----+
-
:
BOO
A.e .I. c
1600 1600
-r--,. r----- r----- J 1400 1400
"'" -,
q .. 6
700 _. .
- - -~.>" -- - - ~;;-=--- - ;~- i i 1200
,- --- "'-- .:=
~ ~
600 l:! 600
~
500
\ . , \ :\ \ i 1000
~ ~ 500
1000
~
~
l\~ \1\ \l ; i\\ \ 1\ : ! BOO
~ ~
BOO
~
"
1'! <00
, , .00
1'\ ~\:\;: ~ I , 1\ \ \ !\ 600 600
':o~~
'00 '00
200
\ 1\ \ \. \ .00 200 .00
100
'1',. y \. N \ I !\. 200 100 200
o I ~ ("*-16 H9~ ~ 2U ~! i'-(

"'
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 "
l~O l~O
i $I!(cnds i
Seconds 1,000 1,000
10 10
I
Minutes 10 3D Mlnules 10 3D
TIM E TIM E
Hours

Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54F) for 20 min
100 0 1800
90 0
AUSTtlllflZm AT sh c rOIl 20 KIIl\1l1S
I
-
1600
LIVE GRAPH BO0
Ae .oJc
Click here to view
70 01'-.
r-: -r--,. <, -t'-.. <, r--. e .I'0~ c
1400
r-, i
1'-..1\ -, /- '\ ~---c . 1200
60 0
1\ -, , \ reec
50 0
<0 0
(\
".
~ -=
~~#.::.
...- f-- -- ~-- -:: ~\- BOO
I
1- ~N. \\ \ "t- ~ \ 600
3DO
\
10
u-
50 , l- ~ ,
\ \
<00
20 0
~\- ~
, >< \
10 0
...
'r-"
(mj(>' 6Xm mX'06) ~
~ ~
200
0
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 "
Seconds
i.o tho I,JOG
"'IIMU 1'0 30
TIME

100 0 1800
900 I 1600
19))
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
800
700
600
~ <,
1"-
---. r-,
1\
~
-,
- r---
I( l).;' ;;>.
q ..
.1..) 1400
1200
soo
1\ I~
1\
1\
~
1\
_/
-
\ \
~ F" -:=: -- T --
1000
800
*
~
~
~
.00
\\ ,
u -
'00
200
I
I~~ -=:- =- :; """\

',-
"r-
- .
"\
~y,
v \
1\
,--- 600
.00
)::
\
100
o ~ ~(M .)(". Io'Ji'k 60) ~

~
...
N
200
,.
1 10 100 1.000 10,000 100,000
I
Seconds
10 l~O I,JOD
TIME
Minutes io 30
LIVE GRAPH 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.3% Ni - B Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
0.0040% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (54 0F) for 12 min 0.24% Mo - 0.0047% B Austenitized at AC3 + 300C (54 0F) for
12 min
1000
!"IITI ! I !I II
1800 1800
900
AUSF1TJjlO t'-T 900 C rOl. 12
I:--l ""-i-- r-. ~ i---- -r--. T1i--.. I

c. -I1DC
1600
R-f=: :----
A.
-. 1600
.00 .00
-- -
~IOU
A'~"~ -,;: :..., 1400
!-;0l1'- - l~:n 1400
""" - 1'-. P-L-- -=-~ ,"'~~
se e
---- E'o,
700 J
700
1\":1, I,~ 7' ,
~ ... " 1200
=
1200
bOO :i ~
bOO
1'(1. '/1\ ! ;\\ \ : 10 ~
~ S
- , 1000
500
.00
.
\! .!.JJ'
';\\ I\ I 1\ 1\ .00
~
~
~
~ .00
50.
1\ i\

30.
\!
. ~i' 1\ !\i 1\ \ \ bOO 300
\ !
s
IN -
~ \ \ 1\1 .00
~. \ \ III '.0
200 20.
~ \
-~
r~ \
100 \1 I \ 200 100 I--- f-------- Q-----l--+- 200
~ :~ (".) " 1 lulu') us <e> : 102 ~! ,106
o
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
32
I 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
32
l~O
i i
5KOflds 10 1,000 Seconds 10 1,000
i
Minutes l~ 30 MllIU1es 10 30
TIME T IU E
H"" H""

0.53% Mo - 0.0053% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (54 0F) for
12 min
1000
J
-
AU11D1lTZlD AT 9]0 C rOl U MtlM'U I
AtJ" C
9
<; -....
E:t--
1600
r-....r-.. <, <,
AC~~ t'\ <, 1\ -,

-, ~l.
..
1
I' /
70.
f\
-, \ \ / )" 1 ,
b.O
- "\- - ~ --
5
'0.
~!'5?
X' /'
~
"'\ -4 \ :. -\- -\ .. 110
~ ! ~I\I 1\ 11 \ i
I bOO
30.
~ \ \
2
\
\ f\
100
o
I 10
e ee(21Je 8 S I 10,000
EY e
100,000
32
20.
5""", l~O 1,000

i
Mlrdu 10 30
TIM E
H""
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 1.4% Ni - B Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
0.0048% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (64 0F) for 12 min 0.26% Mo - 0.0063% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64 0F) for
12 min
1000 1000
'00
AU',nMITUEO II lAo) CFOR U
1"Ii7t !I I
I~OO
'00
AU'lIlTyD'A
'" oallIQ
I
1800
I! c. -IoUC 1600
I i ! c. .Iaul e 1600
800
~
------I- i"--..
800
~::i-- r-. r-.

iW
1400
-
I 1400
r-, I"'\. <,
'00
-, - -1\1-r ,- -- --
I ,
"
-90 1200
'00
'\ r-, 1\ \ E'=- ~It
I
1200
::1
600
500
'(fIX 1\ \ \
9
1000
w
i
~ ~
~
600
500
~""-
5<:>.... ;:f- - p;:-
-":.
- - ~'
9
1000 ~
r\- v ~-~ j
[\\
,
~
'00
1\ i\ 800 ~ ~ 400
~V K \\ 800
300
"Y. ;\ I, ~ 1\' '\ \ \ \ 1
600 300
I'" V '\, L\ \ K \ . / ~! 600
1\ "
200
\ \ .00 200
\ \ I .00
\ ,\ ~ \ 1\ III \ \ .,
100
o ~ G(l.,)(1.) UM,O) re
'H l-''r ~ ~
200
32
100
o ~ ~ 2U 2 13 U4".
't!! ~ ~
200
32
I 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 I 10 10,000 100,000
Seconds
1~ Seconds
I
I
Minutes 10 30 Mlll\Ites 10 30
TIME TIM E
H.... H"".

0.61% Mo - 0.0068% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (64 0F) for
12 min
1000
AUSTDtITI n AT toO C 'oall HIIilI'IU lOUD
'00
800
<,
<,
I"
t--.
r-, <,
j--.,
r-, 1'\
t--. -
I"" r-,
c. '"'8J C
1600
1-400
'00 Ac -6
1200
~ 600
'\ \ U. I
:;: ::3
~
\ 1'\1
- =- - - :==1::
"I 1000
500
~~,: [S - -- -f--j\
~ .00
800
300
Y : ,
~\ 1\ I Jt-. _\ l..\- !--"" I
i 600
200 1\ ~ 1\ \ ! .00
1'\
100 \ 1\ \ 1\
1
200
o ~ ~ 13'160231)(221 ~o G:!> ~J
32
I 10 100 100,000
Seconds
L I
I,JOG
10 30
TIM E
H""
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 3:0% Ni - B Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
0.0052% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54F) for 12 min 0.24% Mo - 0.0050% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54F) for
12 min
1000
AUSmUTIZED:n 860 C rOl 11 Hlii'l 1800
'I
900
I c .. 13 c 1600 1 II c,-SHe
800 800
700
~
<,
'- <, rr-' '<,
-, .......... r-,
~..t
1400
700
<, ..........
.
Joe " 6 ) (
1200 c
u
.. 6)0
-, =- ~.:s;JOh "
bOO
-,
~
:~ -~- - -to
~ i bOO
'\
~ ~
1000
500 500
~ ~~,,(
,
ll'
'00
:'1\\ \ ~ \ 800
~
ll'
~ '00
I
I~ I j: .\ \ 1\ 1""\ \ ! bOO
'00 '00
1\ \ I .00
200 200
100 \ 1\ ~ \ 200 100
o ~ (2SaXl8l (88110)e lSI

~ ~ 32
1 '0 100
i
1,000 10.000 100,000
10 100 I,JOO
i i
Minutes 10 30 MlflUtes 10 30
TIM E T ,1.1 E

0.55% Mo - 0.0057% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54F) for
12 min
I! ! Ac -eue.
I
1800
1600
--,
700 Joe .~ ,,'"
-----
\
'\..I r-,
\
I
I
lotlOO
1200
i'. "
500
\ I; \
k-~ ."'S' J. -;;.
~J; :_-r :, .\ '
\ "\
\ 1\ ~
1,000 10.000
Sftonds
l~ l~O 1,000
i
"'Irules 10 30
TIM E
Houts
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH 0.20% C - 0.6% Mn - 0.3% Si - 3.0% Ni Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
0.004% Mo Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min 0.26% Mo Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54F) for 20 min
1000 1000
no c 180tl
900
Ausnlllllzm" AT rOI 20 MtMUn:
I 900
AUSnMlTlUO AT 11S C rol. 20 HIIIVT.!S
I
1800
80 0
Or -740
I 1600
800 I
"r .. ,I" e 1400
1600
1400
70 0 70 0 ,Ao c
-- -
r-, ACI," 'nc AC ..
--
l
-- -- -~ -- - - 1200
Ii I" r-, , - --- - - 1200
Ii
Xi! 600
-- -1';: ~
bOO
-- -
i 1O!";
'----, , '\ 1000
~ g 1\ /
- '- \ 1000
~
---
500 f- 500
~ 400
I" 1\ 1\ ~ \ 800
Ie
:0
~ ~ .00 I-- t-- I
r (II ~ f\ --- 1\-- --- 800
~
lt4... L\ ;
'\
\ 1\ 1\ '>of:\:- --' ~~ Y
300 " bOO 300
- / bOO
200
"\
, ~ I 1'\ \ 1\ \ \ 00 200
.
,.\ 1\ t.->< ,\1\
'\1\
1\ \ .00
100 1\ I 1\ \ 200 100

1\ \ 200
If.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
us
~
11918J 110 2U2U11I02.21110
~
17'
y )-' y
o 32 o 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Seconds
l~ lbo I,JOG
Seconds
1~ lbo l,Joo
Minutes I Mlnuttl I
10 30 10 30
TIM E TIM E H..n

0.61% Mo Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
1000 1800
900
AUSI'!IlITUf.O'A 7", C re. 20 HlIIVI'EI
I I
800
I I 1600
~
700
600
r::: R
-,
r---..
-, -, ---
-;
"-
--- - :;.~-
, I>.-
Ac)" 166 C
ACt ~ 61\ ~
1400
1 200
iii
"..
\ ,
-- ~-~- :='- 1000 ~
~ 500 --
~
(' 1 ~ =:'\ - r--r- \"-
,-\
"
,
800 ~
.00
300
I~
'&:~
_,I ~ - -\ - "\ ......... D( bOO
-- D. i> 1\ .00
200
'\ [\.... \
100
o
1 10
e 1(.12
100
n9260 26OUIo!)
1,000
'"
10,000
~
101
100,000
32
200
SecMds I i
10 100 1,600
i
TIM E
Minutes
H..n
10 30
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Composition: 0.36% C - 0.80% Mn - 0.30% Si - 0.76% Ni - Composition: 0.37% C - 0.79% Mn - 0.31% Si - 0.74% Ni-
0.02% Mo Austenith.ed at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min 0.24% Mo Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
1000
900
AUSnlfltUD AT 800 C rca 20 Ht
~t ! II 1
1800 1000
AuinN1TIlJ:D AT 800 C rOl. 20 lUIS I
1800
900
1600
SOO
I 1'1
J..!1 !
" .In
1600
-
SOO
A.
10400
.l
I":: ...... I--. -+-
--- ...... r--.. 1400
7.0
1-1
-'- ., - -- . - --
- -- - e .I"lJ 700
..
~,--
..-- --' ..-
.. -- A. _" cl
,;X :. -
.- = - 1 1200
Ii ~
r-, ~ <,
1.. );. .~ ;:}; i
bOO
"
j
I ~ 1\ ' \ \ I 1000
600
)< 1-:- ~- ~\:. ~ = ~~ \ i
..
50. ~ ~
, J'I
-~-u.j'\ \1 1\ ! ~
500
II < .'~ ~i- -- I' I
..
800 ::f
l'! ~ ~
.\++i..
III
400
, \i:: !
\ \ 1\ ! eeo 300
" d ~1'"" : i ~
' .'
j
1\ \: \
\ !\ sec
2
\11 \1 \
1'\
\
\
\ \ i
!
'00 2
2~~,
..,)( .-
!\
- ~;1\
-\- I-
\ \ I
I
'00
100 "\ 200 ,.0 2.0
~ ~ (>o~" '10*91) ~
~ p. ~ ~2U 2407 U'J{2U
~I ~ ~
1 1. 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
32
I io ,.0 1,000 100,000
32
Seconds
l~ l~O I.JOG Seconds
l~ 1,000
I
TIM E
Minutes 10 30 MlrIIIles l~ 3.
TIM E
H.. ~

0,49% Mo Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
1000 1800
9
AU'nHnu.mAT '5 C rOl.. 20 HI
II I
LIVE GRAPH i I 1600
Click here to view

so.
700 ;-....
<,
-- 1"\ ~
.- .. -
:s.
Ae. .. 16
e .I... ,L
C
I
1400
1200
bOO
5.0
, .. ~
--b
-~
--- ~.::
D.
-
.- It-~- 1\ i
f", I
1000
SOO
S
~
~
~
3.0
I x
..
, s-- ..1 1\ Vi' ., b
2~~ l/ \1\ 1\ \ :
2.0
, .. ~V' 1\ 1\
? (>..)uS U6)(U3)
\
~-~
!~
'00
20.
1
Steonds
io
~
, .. l~
1,000
'"
r-
10,000 100,000
l,eiOO
32
i
Minutes 10 30
TIM E

0.82% Mo Austenitized at 840C (1646 0F) for 20 min
1000
1800
9.0
LIVE GRAPH Ae -8t
1600
Click here to view s

t--- <, ----. r-, r---- 10400
70. I"-. ------ J c
-, v-- K
I',J' I~
-~~ 1200
eco ~ r- -
Ii
1'\ ..\
~ -
1\
5 '-
- -
~ '.0 1\ I
1/ -- I~: - vV
~ ~ \ 1\
I
eoo
3
'jf~ F-=
2 " --...- )
l.),o
\ :\ N \ ...... V'
'0.
1.0 \ 2.0
~ sSloX29~13o 929JX214)
~ ~ IT
'OJ
1 ro ,.0 1,000 10,000 100,000

32
Seconds i
10 ,.0 I
I.JOG
MllllA.es- io 3.
TIM E
0.02% Mo Austenitized at AC8 + 80 0C (54 0F) for 20 min 0.24% Mo Austenitized at AC8 + 80 0C (54F) for 20 min
! I
I J. I 1600 i : 1600
.< -" J- Ac. n c
700
c no ,1 1400
1200 1200
600 "-
I
-- --- =
soc \ 1000
400 I-+--+--t-V 1\
\ \ 300
\ \ 200
I'Y 32
10,000 10 100 10,000 100,000
l,Joo 1,000
i i
10 30 MIlMAn 10 30
TIM E TIM E
"ron "ron

0.47% Mo Austenitized at AC8 + 80 0C (54 0F) for 20 min
1000 1800
900
AUITl:MITIRI)AT7nCr0l10tlii
I I
I i I
1600
LIVE GRAPH 800 <,- c
l- .' .I,,!J
--.
700
- - e
600 l'\. '\.~ V -/~

-'" ~
I
:
1200
soo
400
1
'" \\ I /I~ .
ix'* - I~
i\. \ ' o~~ - -
-
I
~
t-....
--
--~
\ ' \ I !\ :
. -' ,
-!
1000
800
300
l?1==--i - ,J 't\. 600
\ \ \i I
.
200
u --I 400
IY ,)( ! 1\-;
100
~ \ ~ 200
o ~ ~~)(29' 3U niXi,,) ~
~!~
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 "
Setorcls
1~ 1,000
I
Minutes 10 30
TIM E
"ron

0.74% Mo Austenitized at 825 0C (1515 0F) for 20 min
1000 1800
900 I 1600
LIVE GRAPH e -19) C
.u
800
Click here to view
700 t:::- .-; <,
r---: r- r------ 1400
Ii 600
t-, ['\.1\ -, 1(" ~,;:- ~~
\
~
~
500
.00
1\
I
'"
,-
1\
1\
~ =.?i - - ~-:-- ti::--
In~ l/ Ir-
N.
- ---- --\
1\
- -
\ 600
-- -
300
as -:"'-'1
so
~-- ~~ 1\ T
200
100
"9Or\
.~ ~ I-~
~(I,OS"2 l366Xm)
\
ae
N ;
\
~
.00
200
o 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Secorods
10
I
l~O I,JOD
I
Mlnute:s 10 30
TIM E
I! I I ,.\U9T:EltlTZU;AT19)CrOl20Kl,j ! ! I! !
I i ; liJ !
L
...130 cl 1400
700 700
1200
1000
g 600 1-
1\ -1 1000
~
500
~ .00
!1
.00
100 1-+--+-1 \IJl1

;9~~
200
32
10 100 1,000 10,000 1,000 10,000 100,000
l~
I
5reonds lbo I
1,000 Seeonds
10 lbo I
1,000
Minutes 10 30 10 30
TIM E TIME

1000
,01. 2<1HllIUIU
900
AUSttlllTln:D AT 1110 C
T 1800
LIVE GRAPH
I 1600
....
e ... l~O C 1400
700
<, <,
1200
i 600
<,
--
<,
1\ -, I....
S 500
"- I\. ~ i 1000
---- ---- -- :::

,'x'- - -
~ 400
If\~
\-V - ----\- , 800
300
1
,I,~,( ,(, i" ,1\'- '- I; 600
'~ ~=-~ ~- \ i
200
.. 1\
'- -=-
\- -- ). -
JI
'-\
i
II 1
.00
100
IE ~(~t')(16 , .. ,6) ~ ~ I ~
200
o 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Seconds 1,000
i
Mlnutu 10 30
TIM E H~.

1000
1800
900
1600
LIVE GRAPH 80 0 ACl,,1
Click here to view t----- 1400

70
0---1'--.
------
<,
i-;
---
<, r-,
V
ACOI-6S
1200
~ 600 I" w
~ ,"-
~ 500
1\ \ f\- 1000
~
1'\ 1\ \ l-
_--:I\;::--, - '-..=- -.=
-
~
600
"
~
400
300 I
f\: ~I I(f~ tX
r - -f --1\
600
~!~ -- - IX IJ:
200
" --- - -
II .. 1\- 1\ - \ I--'
400
100
II E T (jfi>
200
o
(560 to,8566XSI4 e ~ ~ 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
I
SecOl1ds
10 'lAo 1,&00
I i
Minutes 10 30
TIME
SOURCE: Wit old W. Cias, Phase Transformation Kinetics and Hardenability of Medium-Carbon Alloy Steels, Climax
0.02% Mo Auatenibisad at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min 0.24% Mo Austenitlsed at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
100 0 1000
, I. I 1800 1800
"USIHlnzrD~t 760 C FOR 20 KIKlllES
soo ! ! 1
Ui
.00
! ;: : ! I 1600 Il100
8" ~~
! I ~ ~
Ac .1:.6 c
~
-I . 0-
: '
;
I
: ii ~
- --~-
1400
8.0
1400
70.
--;,;" . ve --...,,~---.:.;::,-
,,,- ""
- 700
1200
eeo "I I <,
- 1200 ~
Ii
u
~
soo
so. -~.'::'~
I ~_
~~~~3 =~ =:~ - ~::... 1000

i ~ so. 1000
<G, 1~ ( N >-\~, 1\ ~ ~
~ <G.
80.
~
800
30.
~\ ~\
\' I ~ u 1\ n 1\ 1\ 3'0
!. - '_ . .\'.. \I I
2"
1
:,0-
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II ~-nJT I\. ; ~ ~ \
,~
--, ~-
rt 1\ \ \ 20.
t-+-++rll-!'i!l-~ '--'':~=~:::--'''''\_A i /
\ I I
I
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\
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..~'"'t ---r-\-----;r~
10' " 2 '00 2 eo
, II ~en (",)('" 26J)~~;') 211 (u

~ IY
m
h
10 10' 10.000 100,000 " 1 10 10' 1,000 10.000 100,000 "
SecOl'lds
Ibo 1.~OO 1'0 1,~OO
i
TIM E
1~ 3' TIM E
Minutes
10 3.
Hours HOUrs

0.48% Mo Austenitilled at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
"0 e , 0 1800
..USTunIZED AT US e roa 20 KlhVTlS
1600
8.0
! 1
--1AC 3_1'''C 1400
70.
r- .~o! r-, r-,
,~
" r-, I~ 1200

seo
'\ -, 1\
5" 1'\
1\ \
1\
V -- -- -
"~ 1000

,
80'
\
~ II \.;, re- =-1:'
3' o
2
.-
,
- -- -- .- - -=a /

...
~
.-
1~~_ -.::pr.fF~
1 2eo
~ (''J..''X''J.''~'" '" "~ ]]I
)-- 1"1'
10 10. 1,000 10,000 100,0
SKoncI'S
io l.boo
MI.....tes
TIM E
3'
flours
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
0.01% Mo Austenitiled at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min 0.26% Mo Austenitiled at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
100 0 1000 1800
900
I,.... 1 u;m AT 140 cro.. 20 ~lI,uns I I
1800
900
AUSTb.JU'J AT ,1, e Jalo ~lJlVns
BOO
I
I I,, I
I
1600
BOO I 1600
At _lloe
I
i 1400 At:ll .'12! J 1400
700 700
600 I'--.. ~ ~. I'--.. r-c- r----i'.. 1200 1.L

u
Ii 600
<, l::;Qt <, <,
-,
I'-- <,
--- ~
1200
-, -+ P-\-~ -~
.-" . Ii
~ ~~
'\
1\""" I--' p.;::.
->,':-~
~ ". 1\ \
1000
500 "'>.- _:.+"- 1000
500 --1\ .
~- -".;-:.. ~ \
'00
{ /
/
--
-- -= ~ 800 ~ ~ 400
Iv I":>- BOO
300
l\\ \\'
\ ~~ 1\- v r-I\ 600 300
1\ 1\-\ '\t T --[l 600
200
li~
10
"-";s;.
~1\ ~
.00 200
\
';r:~
~ 1\ \ \i
.:~ _:':l::
Y -
-- -' .00
. ~ ~
.
/
" - \ n- - -- ~
e
100 1O~
100
" to 200
';l)I~
200
~
nolo 33))(3U (".)(",)(" ,,~(
~
II> 71
~ ~ r-:
JllXU(,
N''-1
("
'l-- IY " \-' h-
o 32 32
10,000 100,0 00
1 10 '00
J
1.000
J
10,000 100,000
I
10
SKoncIs
100
i
1,000
, I I
StcCW'lds 10 100 1.000
10 100 1,000
I Mlnules I
Mlnules 10 30
10 30 TIM E
TIM E Hwn
Hours

0.47% Mo Austenitlsed at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
100 0
AustIIITUlO At 1~' C A. olKbnnS I i I
1800
90 0
BOO I i
! 1600
AC,s-l2SC
1 1 1400
700
600
r-, ~
ACl _
-,
Jt'", r-.
<,
<,
,,:, --- r-,
i\ \
-.
II
1 200
500 , 'I 1\ 1000
.00 \i :
N I BOO
1\ ~ \ \ :1\ / 1'\.1
\, ,
300 600
i\ '\ !\. :\ 1\ \'

200
1 U,
~- -
~l=--'- ~"::\ fl=' t-- ~-=-
.00
100 " 200

~ ("~("~I" "')1"'1
~
, 668
'92
"T H r-' y h- 32
10 100 i.eec 10000 1000
r-~~~r-~~~"T"""~~~'T""";'" 00
SecCll'lds ';'0 l~O
TIM E
MInutes
l~ 30
Houls
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
Atlas of TIme-Temperature DIagrams 265
LIVE GRAPH 0.40% C - 0.3% Mn - 0.2% Si - 4% Co Steels (Mo Addltlons) LIVE GRAPH
Composition: 0.40% C - 0.34% Mn - 0.17% Si - 0.01% Mo - Composition: 0.39% C - 0.32% Mn - 0.18% Si - 0.48% Mo -
3.76% Co Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (54 0F) for 20 min 3.72% Co Auseenltleed at AC3 + 30 0C (64 0F) for 20 min
100 0
AUlnanl oAT'He 20 KIIMU- 1800
I
(II.
1--1-- 90 0
II I.e). U C 1600
800 ~- 80
- -- -------
0i"..
---- =;>;,-- I'-.. -- _ ACl-ll'C 1400 II.
- Ii
10 0 .- - -
1\ 60 01--
.-::0, - ~-- -~
/\
--
~-
\ 1200 S
\ 50 0
'50
, ::~- - - t\- ~ \ \ 1000 ~
0
\ 1\ 40 0
V 1\\ 1\ 1\ 800
400- -
\ \ " \ f\ 1\ \ \
30 0 60J
1\ \ I \ \ ~
200--- - - \---t-H'l--- 20 0t-- .. -- --- 1\ \ 400
\ 100 1\ I 1\; 1'\ _1

(2,~~. JXUO
200
I~ 110
32 0
~ 1 -r
2l'Xll t m
)--' II ~ '"
10 lOa, 00 10 I 0 I, 00 10,000 ico, 0
Seconds Seconds
Mlnutu
l~ I,ADO
Minutes
1~ l,hoo
TIME 1~ 30 TIME i
10 30
H, u" H....

3.90% Co Austenitized at AC3 + 30C (64F) for 20 min
lOOO'r.::=="":"':T-::":':'"::'T"=rr--r-r-rrr----r---,r-rTT"---,-T'""T"'T'1
,wsnHITlUD AT en e rca. 20 ~IH S
::. - - ~\l~
5 _
Ac1..lll c HOD
1200
: ~:f:~- h
\ 1\ 1\ 1\
1\\ 1\ 1\ \ \
2001--- --
'1 \ I
1\ 1\, "I \ I
I~ ~ (n, 270 2nXu;) ~ II ~
10 1 0 1, 00 10,000
Seconds
MlnvlU
l~ l.boo
TIME l~ 30
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.3%

4
Cr - B Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
0.0038% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (64 0F) for 12 min 0.26% Mo - ~0.0046% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30 CJC (64F) for
12 min
1000 r::=-r--;--r:;:--'--"'T'"T.,---,-,---,,,-'--'-''-'--,--r-T"T'I 1800 1000
t' rrn !! ! 1800
~l ....
AUSfHlTltED 890 C Fe- 11
1
1600
'00 -tt c)-860C 1600
800 :-t---
~'
IlOt-
es:- 0,
800
~~
--t-- f..-
I': r-, - = "
"
-- ...
1400 1'100
I'..... -:.- ~ 0
"
~v
700 '\ 700
- \~. i 1200 \ 1'\ 1200
I-r---irfl\t. i \
1'!%~'7_""",_\_-I\_+_1H_l____\+_++_i\I_+_!I_1__J__.l1 Ii -, -
~
600 600
i;l>: ~-;-1 ' ;"t- lo'i.-
.~
\ l/
''X' i\\ 1\' lS'I \ i
~
1000 -I;: - 1000
~ 500
~ U-.L. 1\ lX"1
1\ \ 800
~
~
~ 400
""\j I I
1\ 1\ 800
\ \ 600 '00
1'\ I ~ j! i ~ i\ \ \ , i 600
I
\ I I! 400 200
'\ 1\ \ I, 400
1\ 1'\
1\ I~ \ 100
\ 200
!@ l~ (",X In US)(I09
200
o
0: 1
18 (m I 92 IStX ni)
'" ~ ,'y "
10 100
I
1,000 100,000 " 1 10 100 1,000 100,000 "
Seconds
MInutes
10
, 1,000 Minutes
, I,JOG
LO 30 10 30
T lid E TIM E

0.60% Mo - 0.0057% B Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (54 OF) for
12 min
1,000 1800
AlJs'U1JrlZn'" no e ca n Mlwit
.00
800
N
~J7~
---.
<,
F:tt
'i\.
---.
-,
:-.... -
,m Il~J=
~u
c).81
.
C
rseo
1400
700
600
\
1\
-. - N
- 1\
1\
~.,\
~
~
is:J 1200
~ ....;:: , ::)- "t- -- F- - I

500
400
f'- \.
.,
1\ - -- r\- - ~
~ \
1000
800
,00
i"\! , ~ \ i \ i
600
200
'\ 1\ \ I 400
\ \: \ !
100
o
1 10
~ S
100
(212)(") 2lJX2.12)
1,000
IO'
10.000
e ~
100,000
200
"
l~ 1~0 , 1,000
Mlnules 10 )0
TIM E
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.7% Cr - B Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
12 min
1000 1000 1800
AUSTHlTIZEDt 910 C rca 12 KIMES 1800 AustnUTlZEO'AT 910 C 'OR U I'll
900
800 N
----
r-,
I
t---- r---
-,,~ -
-- - -
I--.
!..,
:~
c.esle 1600
900
800
~
J)U <,
r-.
'I'\.. <,
<--,
t----
V ~""
-- ~
" ~
cJ-ag C
1600
HOD
AC1-
)00 '"
-- -- - '\1 1400 I.e
-
--~?\
- -- ll'9
700 700
l)(/
f\ '\ IN I 1200
1\ ~,.
\ \ 1200
tf =
-
~
600 -- bOO
1-- ~7t-.
~-
~ lYi Ni\ \ 1000
~ ,*,. -~-t= f-~
PI::- 1000
500 500
~ r-\i ;: I\; N r .... f-\-

Y \: ' ;1,\ 1\ ~
~
.00 '\ 1\ 800
~ 400
1\ 1\ 800
300
\, i ;j \1\ 1\ \ \ \ I
600 300
\, Ii j ~ 1\ "'t \ i 600
200
I~ 1\ \ .00 200
~ 1\ I I .00
E9--n~
~
1\ ~
\ 100
'\ \
100
o
~ S (lu P 8 Ill}'il0) ~
~ e 200
32 o ~ I~ (210 10610;)1 19;' m

32
200
I 10 100 1,000 100,000 1 10 100

,1,000
I
10,000 100,000
Seconds
Mlnuln
l~
I
1,JOO
S~conds
MInutes
10 100
, 1,000
10 30 10 30
TIM E TIM E
HOurs Hours

12 min
1000 . ,
! ,Ie ..IeueI 1800

AU5FITIUD,AT 9U C rOI.12,KIi!1
! ::
I !l
I
,' I"'i l
I:
900
800
N:-- <,
~~' N-+-::.: ;--:--J ! I lbOO
Ac:"J n o -, ! ,~ 1"\ )l...- r-h"~y, I II 1400

700
600
\ -, NI 1 :
\ \1 ,. r);:,-j---'-
111io,oL 1200
I ~~/,.._>::.:. --, -=.;....
500
.00
W- ~;~,-
:1/ __~_='
':''3; _
!\ i,A:\ I .~
,\~~f
','
'N'i'l 1000
800
"'\: , \ tw 1!)!
~i+- '\r\i \ i J-\i !
300 600
I ;
1\ \ "I
200 .00
100
o
\
e l~
i
(i,i'll" e 230)(2 ,il ~ :1 $ ~ :,;- '-b 3Z

'00
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

5I!Conds
l~ 1,000
M!llUles 10 30
TIM E
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
LIVE GRAPH 0.10% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.3% Si - 1.4% Cr - B Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
Composition: 0.10% C - 0.72% Mn - 0.29% Si - 1.43% Cr- Composition: 0.11% C - 0.75% Mn - 0.33% Si - 1.46% Cr-
12 min
4':
1000
AUjT!li'lTr~ AT 810 e t" I~ Hr1~ ! I
1800
i 1 i
-1--'1
; , :', , 1'1---;!
900
I I : I 'C'1'8AOc! 1600 Ac. ...
800
~.~J r-, N ' I 1400
- -
~
700
"- (n< CRh-- ' / ~-
-:: -- - 700
1'\ 1\ 1\\
1\ 1\ i 1200
600
: i L><) ~;.~\- \
~ ~ 600
- [/) \
500
"~~
II 1/"(: :'
,}~ , ' Mi!:\
~
f\ - , IJ 1\ : I
1000
S
j
S~
500
I
1\
\ ."\ !\
800 800
.00 -
~ .00
300
"'90
I'.'
~ :\ i 600 300
: \ 1\ ! 600
200
" '\ 1\ \ ! '00 200
\
I~
\ 1'\ \ I\!
~ 0~
100 200 100
0
~ l~ '" I" no 13') ~
32 0
~
32
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
l~ l~
Second's Seconds i
1,000 100 1,000
I I
""Inutes 10 30 Mlnules 10 30
TIM E
H.,,, TIM E
Hwn

12 min
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
SKonds I
10 1,000
MI~es
10 30
TIME
HGYrs

1.03% Mo - 0.0064% B Austenitized at 955C (1750 0F) for 12
min
1000
900
LIVE GRAPH 800

Click here to view
700
900 ~
i 600
lit
~
i '00
800
~
700 m
~ '00
600
'00
200
i\ I'N '\ \ \ 'I \1 ! I '00
.00
100
300
10 100 1,000 10,000
l~O
Second. I
10
llinults 1~ '0
TIUE
H....
SOURCE: Witold W. Cias, Phase Transformation Kinetics and Hardenability of Low-Carbon Boron-Treated Steels, Metallurgical
Transactions, vol 4, February 1973, ASM International, Materials Park OH
LIVE GRAPH 0.35% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.3% Cr Steels (Mo Additions) LIVE GRAPH
AUSTDI1TUED AT 1)0 C rca 1 HI t8
800
_ _ CI"" C
1400 c .In c 1400
100 " " -
If... -- = _ ;;.X - _ ~- = 1200
600
r l:!
~ ~ ~ i\ \ \ 1000
.00 1-+---l-+-+tT-+-\-'\!~\\.~t-\-\j-t-I\-t--t\-+++-t\-+---l\+H ~ 800 ...
JOO
1\ \!!i ~ 1\ 1\ 1\ ! 600 \. I\ 1\
U I\i~ 1\ \ \ : \ \ \
W\ 1\ 1'-1' \ \ \
~12 ~, 6ot}(." I96Xll8 ~ m){lll ~
32
10 100 1,000 10,000 10 100 100,000
SKoDd.
l~ l~O SKOnd'S
I
Minutes MlllUtes
10 30
TIM E TIM E

1000 1800
900
1600
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view
800
100
~ - r-: r-- r--
.--- - ;-.::>;
e
c
-19'
.In ( 1400
I"'" ~ IL)
'" -
1200
.J 600 I'" 1\ V,-j;!; k-
:i
:~. .. 500
X
~;
-P-C
b. .:'1
. ~ \ 1000
ile
- ~1x:J>
m 400
800
~
I x:rJ 'l\ 1J..- 1\ 1\ 600
,
300
~;v,,; I~ r\ \ \ .00
'1~J..-
200
100
1\ R \ 200
~ ~.a) ~. a){n.
a~ ty ~
I1J
o I'::l 32
I 10 100 1,000 100,000
Second. l~ I,dOG
1
Minutes 10 30
TIM E
H".

1000
1800
900 I
LIVE GRAPH - 19) C
1600
100
-,
-,
<,
-,
<,
-,
--- ~
.- r: \
- . ".U,
-;-: .
1400
~
600
500
1\ -, ....- - -.. \
-
400 l'x I f ~3 :'r: . P'"
300
I
12~"'-
,.. -- .- ~ t\-- ..\ 1\ ) \ 600
)~ \ \
\
200 " 1\-- X
.00
100 t\ 1'\ \ \
200
'i5 ~ll 9312 125){28l

'Y ~
1'0
o 32
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Seconds I
10 1~0 1,000
I
MlllUtts 10 30
TIM E
H""
0.40% C - 0.8% Mn - 0.3% Si - 0.3% Cr Steels (Mo Additions)
0.01% Mo Austenitized at 790C (1466 0F) for 20 min 0.26% Mo Austenitized at 826C (1616 0F) for 20 min
1000
1800
I 900 I
I t3. 119JC
1600

800
--:::::: r::::- <, <, 101 C
1400
-----
--
e -
700
<, ------- -
600
t-, <, <, . -3=~ ~
""
1200
600
\ \ ,\ \ \ 1000
500 \ y. /,,- c~_~ ~ \ 1000
\\\\ \ ~ \ \ N X\ .3; - - /
\, 800
.00
~ 1\ ~
\ 1\ 1\ .1. \ \ \ ~ \ \ 1\ 600
--
300
~s-~
~~,ll 1\ \ \ \
\
" \
2 5 --= c -
15
200 1-+--++++"sl-+f+-N--1--'~H-I-++---'J-+tt---\t-Ht+t .00
."IX \
200
., \ \
.00
100 200
~ ~(l1o)(2141
0?
reo 16~4S
32 o
~ ~ 32
10,000 100,000 1,000 100,000
10
,
100
I
1 10 100
I
10,000
I
SecOf'ds 100 i.JOG ' Seconds
1~ 100 1,000
i i
Mlnules 10 30 MiMJIes 10 30
TIM E TIM E

I 16 00
I
1 11
A'J .,,~ c ".1,,1,
i'--- --. el .110 J c
F..:~ --/K - ~
'"
1200 1200
600
500 1\ \ 1000 \ \
- :'c' : -~)
1\ \ \ .y 1\
i~~ - .-
200 1---+-+-H+,j'~:i'i",\E:: __H+l'd-+--'k--N-t-1t+--\H++-;-t-+-Ht .00 \ \ \ \
1. . 1- \
o ~
1
Seconds
10 100
,
10
1,000 10,000
l~O Seconds
10 100
i
10
1,000
j
100
10,000
i
1,000
MIMes 30 MlI'AIleS l~ 30
TIM E TIME

0.02% Mo Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (64 0F) for 20 min 0.26% Mo Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (64 0F) for 20 min
1000 r . : = = = = = = = = - r - - r O T " r - - r - r - - r r r - r - r r T l
1 I 900 t--j---j---Hli---t-t-
! .I"J,
1600
-:..... --- - e .u,iI

700
600 w 600

\ ~
i 500
~
400 1\ ~ 400
'00
\ ,1\ 1\ : 600
'00
1\ \
\ ! 400 '00
\ \ ! I!
~--T~ 200
100
J2 0
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1
i
l~
I
SteaMs ~econd's
100 1,000 10 1,000
I
MlnuleS
10 Mll'IUtes 10
'0 3D
T I '" E TIM E
K~B

0.60% Mo Austenitized at AC3 + 30 0C (64 0F) for 20 min
1000
1800
900
wstEiIlTl [DAT 805 C Fm10KIIM'U
1 ! J
LIVE GRAPH ! 1600
Click here to view 800 C) .inJ c
700
r= F::::- --.. -- - er .169 1c 1400
1"\ r-, 1'\ 1"\ ',"\ rz :: - j3; ! j 1200

~ bOO
~ ,7:
~ SOD
1\ 1"'- , !" "\ I
--l- 1\, 1000
~
i
~ 400 Mx,~<f'
1~4-;}':
V ~
~~\" 1'\ 111\ !\ 'L
!
:
800
~
~
,/ 600
";r,~.:: - u \~ r\ l--1'ill\, i l
'00
\-W...
j
'00 400
100 \
l),
N: r\ 'Ill
~lil ~:
'00
~Ii
Slo)(m)(16O
o I fOX)2
1 10 100
I
1,000 10,000 100,000 "
Seconds
10 Ibo i.ceo
MlllVtes
TIM E
10 '0
K~B
SOURCE: Witold W. Cias, Austenitic Transformation Kinetics of Ferrous Alloys, Climax Molybdenum Company I Greenwich CT

0.76% Mo Austenitized at 796 0C (1466 0F) for 20 min
1000
1800
900
1600
LIVE GRAPH 800
Click here to view ". c
~ --.. ~ ~--..
.
1400
700
. -- e->< -
CI c6'.lOC
w

600 1"\
<,
-, r-, ,-- f'<.:- ~
~
1\ I\. 1'\ \ \ 1\
~
50.
1\ If , ,~ c:~ /'
,[0 r-,
~ 400 I\- .-
, (~-:: ~:- ~-
~~ '\ )1\
'00 rc 600
l~ .J
n 50-
) H
200
10.
zs
...
f\-- -
\ -- ~
~
\
400
200
~
S8~~1,,5)(391 l,2t){31>6)
o " ~ rY 32
1
Seconds
10 10.
I
10
1,000
1,000
,
100,000
I
Mloules 10 30
TIME
K~~
SAE 4140
Composition: 0.S9% C - 0.82% Mn - 0.26% Si - 1.00% Cr -
0.21% Mo Ausrenltlsed at AcS + SOOC (54 0F) for 20 min
1000
AU. II1Tlu.D AT'4:5 C roa20 I 1800
900 I I
LIVE GRAPH
... !~! 1600
r-, -... I"---. <,

r-. '" ! ,1, ~ 1400
Ji
100
600
'" 1\
<,
"\
,
rK ~~ .: -..;---
"'\
-~ -\ 1200
Ii
i
~
~
500 -
(~-r 'J-'\-'~
...,- , 1\)1
-
1000
800 j
400
1 ~\\ II! l ~ ,, '\ . \ i\ !
300 600
~]:== )\ '\~~ \
\ \ 400
'00
7~1\ T'y I~
100
\ I II! '00
~ (m)(,o, ,.>.<"" ~ (212)
o
,I 10 100
>lo
1,000
'"
N'
100,000
l'
Second,
I,JOG
Mlnulu 1~ 30
TIM E
SAE 4150
Composition: 0.5S% C - 0.8S% Mn - 0.34% Si - 0.92% Cr -
0.21% Mo Austeniti!ed at 845 0C (1555 0F)
I
AUlftlllll EDAT &liSC FORto HIIA1TU
I I 1800
LIVE GRAPH
900
! IJ 1600
Click here to view ."68'

Acl -119 c
,\
'00
100
o
1 10 100
,1,000 10,000
Seconds
10 l~O , 1,000
Minutes
10 30
TIM E Houls
SOURCE: Witold W. Wia.s, Austenite Transformation Kinetics of Ferrous Alloys, Climax Molybdenum Company, Greenwich CT
Next Page
)000
1800 1800
I I 900
AUS:n:JfnIZED AT 110 C roa 20 KlIIJf!S
I
BOO .I,J, 1600
BOO cJ lIJ c
1600
700
z--, c -HOC
1400
1200
700
t:-.:
1'\.'
-...
<, -,
--~ i---
;,;-~ ~- "'\
1;1- 72
1400
1200
600
500
\ \ 1000
~
~
600
500
[\ :'\ "" ::3=_
I \ r'\ \ )000
~
i
~
~
1\ ~ \ ~
-?J ~
BOO 800
400 "00
~- -\
\ i \; (/'
'00
\ \ 600
'00
1
1 1\ 1\ \ 600
1\ \ \ I
Jso- _
, '\ \ \ \
200 400 200 400
\ !
i
,\ 1\ ..........1\ \
100 200 100 200
~ <,21)("o ~1~(348
'" ~ ~ ~
II
{5
o
0
1 10 100
I
1,000 10,000 100,000
I
" 1 10 100 10,000
Set~S
10
I
1,000 Seconds
lAo
TIME
MIMU
Hou~
10 '0
TIME
Mlnuln
Hou~
'0

! !i I
! I, .1.,),1
LIVE GRAPH
Click here to view .1)5 C 1400
1200
BOO
\
\
~ n
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
StConds l~ l~O 1.~OO
I
"'IMAu
T IMf
10 '0
Hou~

1000
IBOO
900 I
LIVE GRAPH BOO "J.J, 1600
Click here to view '::::::: f:::- r----- r--.- 1400

700 ---- ---- ,,--'\ - i,.
cl-'n C
600 1:'\ ,,1'\ 1\ \ a 1200
"-\v
~
~ 500
\ 1\ 1\ \ \
400
\ 1\ \ I - R: - ~/ '7
'00
, [Yo; I--
-
~[; '.:\: ~x- 600
'ft.-=
200 " ".
-
--/,
--./
~
rt- I--. \ / 400
100
S I\. / \ 200
~(S08)O8
o
~
S08~1!>8)
~ ~ '"
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
i
"
l~O
Seconds I
10 1,000
I
Minutes
TIM E
10 '0
Hou~
Previous Page
100 0 1800
b-... T,, ~~l~.~ro c,. 20 KINUTE
.00
- 910 C
t--.. K: t----
~, r-, <, r-, "I 1600
80 0
'0 0
ACt. ~o
l\-
.... . ",,,
"" 1400
1\ \ ,tJ.(,'\:
' ~- ~ P1 1200 I.L
600 :li
:\ 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\ ~ [\ 1\ 1000
\ \ Trn,I
\ 800
500
40 0
\ \ 1\ 1\ \ HI, r-,
, )
800
~
~
1\ 1\ \1\ 1\ I
\ 0
\ 1\ \1\ 1\ 111 ' ' I 600
\ ~ I~ ::I [[..' II r1
200
100 " r-, IO~ ~~

-\ - -, , I
,"
I
400
200
131
B- In 10,'1..806 III
'" '!V '"
10 10,000 100,000
i
" 10 100
i
1 000
i
10,000 100,0 00
i
"
Seconds lbo 1,000 SKMCh
10 100 1,000
i Minutes i
10 30 10 30
TIM E TIM E
HO\Irs Hours

.1.0% C - 0.7% Mn - 0.5% Si - 6.0% Cr Steels (Mo Additions)
1200
1000
-\--+--\---~-~
800
+f+-.-t-bI--1rl 600
SKonch
, io 1.000
100 1.000
".Mn 10 30
1 I U [

"~"
10
'" 1 I U [

Click here to view
Click here to view
SOURCE: Witold W. Cias, "Martensitic Air-Hardenable High-Chromium-Molybdenum Abrasion-Resistant Cast Steels," AFS
Transactions, vol 83, 1976, American Foundrymen's Society, Des Plaines IL
0.041% Mo Austenitized at 970 0C (1780 0F) for 20 min 0.98% Mo Austenitized at 9700C (1780 0F) for 20 min
1000
1800
T~t10C
r--.. -... NN!!!!f~ri crj 10 100 0 AUSTEIIItUEDAt',,0Cr0l20HIIIJTES I 800
900 .......
90 o
~A"0C
. ;--.. r--. -... t---J
800
700
~l~,
",I. /,.1,
t-,
1\
I".. 1"\
;.tCo'-' -1Jr.
~
~.~ ~-
"{II", 1600
1400
800 s.
"Co._U'e
i\
1\
r'\.. f"\
_\.1.0"
<,
I'"
~
I 600
1400
700
1\ f\ ~:: 1200 \. \O"oteJ' V ...
.r /,"" -~~
;... ...
600
600 1\ 11-(.(,\'\1."" 1200
~ 1\
500 1\' 1\ 1\ loob
500 ._j-- 1\ r\ 1\ 1\ I 000
400 \ \ II \ \ 800
400
\ \ 1\ \11 ,J II 800
300 1\ 1\ \1\ V I) \ 600

300 1\ \ 1\ 1\ f( IJ 600
200
\ I~ I\~ 400 200
\
N \ I--'
I 400
1\ 111/ ,1\ ~ ~
II
to 2S ~;.
100
1\ ~ I
100
(s';;){6n 1 U- 5;;" 4,"> 0: I jO ~
200 200
~ 3U (0) (}l 618 In '>0) ,
""''"
, 29 162
.....11. l--. 32
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,0 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,0 00
i I i i
SKonds 1,000
10 100
MlnulU
i
10 30
TIM E TIM E
Hours Houts

1800 1000 1800
~D1~EDAT'JOCr 20 !KU ,
~A""UIC
900 r--. "<,
lbOO
1".,,:),,1 c ----
t-, <,
I'.. ~ <, r-, 1600
800
" .
1400
\ .. <' .0 "'
'" '" . 1400
780
.~\\ ( ~~
1200
\ 1\ ~
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Vander Voort, George F. Eds. Atlas of Time-Temperature Diagrams For Nonferrous Alloys

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Vander Voort, George F. Eds. Atlas of Time-Temperature Diagrams For Nonferrous Alloys

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Atlas of

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

Nothing contained in this book is to be construed as a grant of any right of

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 91-072218

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

George F. Vander Voort, Editor

Significance of the Isothermal Transformation Diagram

Each diagram contains sufficient inform-

linear scale of temperature drawn vertically Martensite formation

The As (austenite start) and A( (austenite

For the determination of the As and A(

rapidly should not be regarded as always now available, difficulty in obtaining

Fields of the I-T diagram Hardness after transformation

The most common method of hardening steel

Application of the I-T diagram to mar-

Special hardening treatments, or minor TIME - LOG SCALE

C-T diagram for

An analogous continuous cooling transform-

72 Atlas of Time-Temperature Diagrams

ranted since a particular I-Tor C-T diagram

from other heats, or even from other

Type: 1006/1008 Type: 1019

Type: 1021 Type: 1035 Mod.

IITIDI~G~A~ liT IDlfGrA~

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Type: 1045/1050 Type: 1045/1050 + Cu

'hL J'' U'_'"'

Type: 1045/1050 + Cu Type: 1045/1050 + Cu

Type: 1050 Type: 1055 Mod.

800 .1,'1 A 800

mil l!!jY 62 IllIuI

Type: 1060 Type: 1060 Mod./l065 Mod.

100 0-1 d:JI ~ FJ

~JI...... r-..." "-

TIME - SECONDS TIME - SECONDS

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Type: 1080 Type: 1086/1095

of=: t-= Ms '" i\ I 1', ........ r- 55

0.5 I 2 5 10 0.5 I 2 5 10 103

Type: WI Tool Steel Type: 1320

100 I=: I,.~As ' - - - --- - t--

I'.. 1"'-- I-T DIAGRAM

TIME - SECONDS TIME - SECONDS

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH

Type: Carburized 1320 (0.4% C) Type: Carburized 1320 (0.6% C)

700 .-.~":"' - - - f - 1-,-- _. _. f-. f-.-= 700 F-'A,'- -A- .-1-. ~

... ~... 1/ It ::::~ l'

Type: Carburized 1320 (0.8% C)

700 - AOI- . e- . _. - - . 1--. -

Type: Carburized 1320 (1.0% C)

Type: Carburized 1320 (1.2% C)

Type: 1335 Type: 1340

/" .... ~ , k-(~ FtC

Type: Fe-Ni-C Type: 2340

'1- T IDlfG~A~ I-T DIAGRAM -

o 111111 I~ II111In! ~,111111 1

20 Atlas of Time-Temperature Diagrams

Type: Fe-Ni-C Type: 2512

~ ....10-' ...... '-

Type: Carburized 2512 (0.4% C) Type: Carburized 2512 (0.6% C)

700 F 1 - --I- - '-1-' f- . - -t- .- .1:= -I~

'00 600 e---

LIVE GRAPH LIVE GRAPH