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SummaryPaperforC37.243IEEE
GuideforApplicationofDigital
LineCurrentDifferentialRelays
UsingDigitalCommunication

D27WorkingGroup

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D32WorkingGroup

TableofContents
Overview
CurrentDifferentialLineProtection
Applications
CurrentDifferentialOperatingMethods
CommunicationSchemeDesign
ApplicationConsiderations
Testingandtroubleshooting

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Overview Scope
Thisguidepresentspracticallinecurrentdifferentialschemes
usingdigitalcommunications.Operatingprinciples,
synchronizationmethods,channelrequirements,current
transformerrequirements,externaltimereference
requirements,backupconsiderations,testingconsiderationsand
troubleshootingareincluded.Italsoprovidesspecificguidelines
forvariousapplicationaspectsincludingmultiterminallines,
seriescompensatedlines,mutuallycoupledlines,linecharging
current,inzonetransformersandreactors,singlephasetripping
andreclosing,aswellascommunicationschannelrequirements.

CurrentDifferentialLineProtection
Applications
Advantages
Reactsonlytofaultswithinzone
Protects100%oflinewithoutdelay
PotentialDevicesnotrequiredinmostcases
Disadvantages
Nobackupforfaultsoutsidezone
Costofcommunication
Misoperationscouldresultduetolossofdataor
jitter(shouldbehandledbyhealthychannel
supervision)

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CurrentDifferentialOperatingMethods

PercentageDifferential
ChargeComparison
AlphaPlane
Mixoftheabove

PercentageDifferentialOperatingPrincipleDualSlope
RestraintCharacteristic

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ChargeComparison

Compareslocalandremotestationreadings
onahalfcyclebasis
Totalchargeisaddedupforahalfcycleand
comparedtoremoteend
Reducesthroughputrequirementsofthe
communicationchannel

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Alphaplanelinecurrent
differentialcharacteristic

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Alphaplaneregionsforidealload
andfaultconditions

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Protectiverelaying
communications

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Protectiverelaying
communicationspath

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CommunicationRequirements

EndtoEndDelay
VariableDelay,referredtoasjitterorwander;
changeindelaytimefromonetimeperiodto
another
Asymmetry;differenttransmitandreceive
delaypaths
Interruptionsandresynchronizationdelays
followingaswitchingoperation

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Conceptofcurrentdifferential
calculation

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Communicationschanneldelay

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SONETNetwork/NormalOperation/SubstationsAandB
haveequaldelayintheirprimarycommunicationspaths

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SONETNetwork/UnidirectionalBackUpOperation/Thedata
beingreceivedatSubstationAhasgreaterdelaythanthedata
beingreceivedatSubstationB

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SONETNetwork/BidirectionalBackUpOperation/Thedata
beingreceivedatSubstationAhasthesamedelayasthedata
beingreceivedatSubstationB

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ConfigurationofGPSsynchronous
linecurrentdifferentialrelay

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Communicationssystembasedon
currentnetworktechnology

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Communicationssystembasedon
futurenetworktechnology

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ApplicationRequirements

MultiterminalLineProtection
DualBreakerApplications
Settingconsiderations
OpenCTConditions
CTratiocompensation
Mutuallycoupledlines
Chargingcurrentcompensation
Switchontofault
WeakInfeedIssues

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ApplicationRequirements

Outofstep
CTsaturationdetection/compensation
Stubbus
Singlephasetripping
Multiphaseautoreclosing
Seriescompensatedlines
Shuntreactors
Inzonetransformersandtappedloads
Backupprotectionconsiderations
Communicationschannelcutoutswitch

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MultiTerminalLineProtection

ForNTerminalLines,needN1portsfor
communicatingtoeachrelay
Solutiontoreducecomplexity:setcertain
relaysaskeyrelaystoperformdifferential
calculations receiveinformationfromslave
relaysandsendtripsignalstoslaverelays
Anothersolutionistoeachrelaytosumits
currentwithadjacentrelayandpasson
resultantsumtonextrelay

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Closeinexternalfaultforbreaker
andhalfbusconfiguration

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Highresistancefault

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OpenCTConditions

Couldproduceundesirableoperation
SomemanufacturersprovideopenCTlogic
Logiccouldproducealarmsorblocktrip
ImportantforProtectionEngineertobe
knowledgeableofhowschemeworks

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CTRatioCompensationandMutually
CoupledLines
Identicalscalingofcurrentsatallends
Ratiodifferenceshandledbyrelay
SettingsneedtoconsiderdifferencesinCTs
includingsaturation

MutualEffectsdonotaffectlinecurrent
differentialprotectionschemes

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Chargingcurrentcompensation

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CTSaturationDetection/Compensation

Mainconcernisforexternalfaultsandfalsely
tripping
Onemethodofcompensationistodecrease
sensitivity
Somepercentagerestraintcurrentdifferential
relaysincludeaCTsaturationdetectorthat
increasesthebias

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a)Inlinetransformer,b)Tapped
transformer

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TestingandTroubleshooting

LoopbackTesting
LocalRelayBacktoBackBenchTest
EndtoEndTimeSynchronizedRelaySystem
Test
Troubleshootinganinservicecurrent
differentialsystem

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LoopbackTesting

Connectingtransmitandreceiveports
together
Testsminimumpickuppoints

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LocalRelayBacktoBackBenchTest

Twoormorerelaysrequired
Usedirectfiberorthroughother
communicationmedium
Canbeusedtotestsimulatedfaults

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TimeSynchronizedendtoendtesting

Involvestestingtheentireprotectionsystem
(exceptCTifcurrentinjectionisused)
UseGPStimesynchronizedthreephasetest
sets

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Troubleshootinganinservicecurrent
differentialsystem
Ifmisoperationoccurs,gatherasmuchevent
dataaspossibleandanalyze
Ifdataisnotavailable,troubleshooting
investigationcouldinclude:
Communicationchannelintegritychecks
Allwiringcheckfortightnessandaccuracy
Reanalyzethesettings

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Annexes

AnnexADifferentialprotectionofpower
lines/cablesbasedonRogowskicoilcurrent
sensors
AnnexB Bibliography

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Questions?

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