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Experimental Stress Analysis

By
Prof. K. Ramesh
Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras.

Module -1. Overview of Experimental Stress Analysis

Lecture Key words

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Overview of Experimental Stress Analysis, Analytical Approach, Numerical Approach
Experimental Stress Experimental Approach.
Analysis

2 Experimental Stress Analysis, Optical methods work as optical computers,

Optical Methods Work Direct information provided by various experimental methods, Visual
as Optical Computers appreciation of field information.

3 Experimental Stress Analysis, Stress field, Strain field, Displacement field,

Stress, Strain and Fringe contours, Beam under pure bending, Disc under diametral
Displacement Fields compression, Clamped circular plate under a central load.

4
Physical Principle of Experimental Stress Analysis, Completeness of a numerical solution,
Strain Gauges, Physical principle of experimental techniques, Strain Gauges,
Photoelasticity and Photoelasticity, Grids, Geometric moir.
Moir

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Introduction to Moir, Experimental Stress Analysis, Moir, Brittle coatings, Holography,
Brittle Coatings and Photography, Rainbow hologram.
Holography

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Hologram Experimental Stress Analysis, Hologram interferometry, Speckle methods,
Interferometry, Objective speckles, Subjective speckles.
Speckle Methods

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Speckle interferometry, Shearography,
Introduction to
Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA), Digital Image Correlation (DIC),
Shearography, TSA,
Caustics.
DIC and Caustics

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Fringe Patterns Experimental Stress Analysis, Coherent gradient sensor, Quality
Richness of Qualitative inspection, Streamline fillet, Technologies for Experimental Mechanics.
Information
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Multi-Scale Analysis in Experimental Stress Analysis, Multi-scale analysis, Trends in experimental
Experimental mechanics, Selection of an experimental technique,
Mechanics

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Selection of an Experimental Stress Analysis, Selection of an experimental technique
Experimental Books, References, Review of solid mechanics, Free surface, Ambiguity,
Technique Principal stress direction.

Module -2. Transmission Photoelasticity

Lecture Key words

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Introduction to Experimental Stress Analysis, Birefringence, Nature of light, Polarisation,
Transmission Polarized light, Understanding polarization, Isotropic media.
Photoelasticity

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Snells laws, Crystalline media, Calcite
Ordinary and
prism, Optical axis, Light ellipse.
Extraordinary Rays

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Light Ellipse, Passage Experimental Stress Analysis, Light ellipse, Retardation plates, Wave
of Light Through a plates, Dichroism, Sheet polarisers.
Crystal Plate

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Retardation plates, Wave plates, Quarter
Retardation Plates,
wave plate, Half wave plate, Full wave plate, Stress-optic law.
Stress-optic Law

15 Experimental Stress Analysis, Plane polariscope, Fringes, Isochromatics,

Plane Polariscope Isoclinics. Trigonometric resolution.

Experimental Stress Analysis, Jones calculus, Rotation matrix, Retardation

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matrix, Retarder, Plane polariscope, Circular polariscope, Dark field,
Jones Calculus
Bright field.

Experimental Stress Analysis, Circular polariscope, Jones calculus,

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Commercial polariscope, White light, Colour code, Tint of passage, Time-
Circular Polariscope
edge effect.

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Determination of
Experimental Stress Analysis, Colour code, Compensation techniques,
Photoelastic
BabinetSoleil compensator, Tardys Method of compensation.
Parameters at an
Arbitrary Point

19 Experimental Stress Analysis, Tardys method of compensation, Digital

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Tardys Method of photoelasticity, Calibration, Photoelastic materials, Circular disk.

Compensation

20 Experimental Stress Analysis, Calibration, Conventional approach, Linear

Calibration of Photo least squares analysis, Sampled least squares, Image processing, Image
elastic Materials sampling, Quantization.

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Fringe thinning, Fringe skeletonisation,
Fringe Thinning
Global fringe thinning, Reconstruction of fringe pattern, Fringe ordering.
Methodologies

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Fringe ordering, Features of Isochromatics,
Fringe Ordering in
Isoclinics, Isotropic points, zeroth fringe order.
Photoelasticity

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Ambiguity, Principal stress direction, Sign of
Miscellaneous Topics
the boundary stress, Compatibility conditions, Model to prototype relations,
in Transmission
Properties of photoelastic model materials.
Photoelasticity

Module -3. Introduction to Three Dimensional Photoelasticity and

Digital Photoelasticity

Lecture Key words

24 Experimental Stress Analysis, Three dimensional photoelasticity, Stress
Three Dimensional freezing, Slicing, Integrated photoelasticity, Principle of optical
Photoelasticity equivalence.

25 Experimental Stress Analysis, Digital photoelasticity, Three Fringe

Overview of Digital Photoelasticity (TFP), Refined TFP (RTFP), Phase-shifting, Ten-step
Photoelasticity method, Understanding phasemaps.

Module -4. Photoelastic Coatings and Brittle Coatings

Lecture Key words

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Photoelastic coatings, Photoelastic strain
Introduction to
gauges, Strain-optic relation, Coating stress, Specimen stress.
Photoelastic Coatings

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Correction factors, Bending, Torsion,
Correction Factors for
Pressure vessel.
Photoelastic Coatings
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Coating Materials,
Experimental Stress Analysis, Correction factors, Mismatch of Poissons
Selection of Coating
ratio, Coating materials, Coating thickness, Maximum fringe order
Thickness, Industrial
obtainable, Practical applications.
Application of
Photoelastic Coatings

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Calibration of Experimental Stress Analysis, Photoelastic coating test, Calibration, Brittle
Photoelastic Coatings, coatings, Crack patterns, Uniaxial, Biaxial and Isotropic stress fields,
Introduction to Brittle Surface preparation.
Coatings

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Brittle coatings, Undercoating, Coating
Analysis of Brittle
stress, Crack patterns, Refrigeration, Relaxation, Stresscoat.
Coatings

Module -5. Strain Gauges

Lecture Key words

31 Experimental Stress Analysis, Isoentatic data, Strain Gauges, SR-4
Introduction to Strain gauges, Strain sensitivity, Gauge construction, Gauge length. Strain gauge
Gauges materials.

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Strain gauges, Transverse sensitivity factor,
Strain Sensitivity of a
Gauge factor, Wheatstone bridge, Linearity, Hysteresis, Zero shift,
Strain Gauge, Bridge
Rosette.
Sensitivity, Rosettes

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Strain Gauge Alloys, Experimental Stress Analysis, Rosette, Strain gauge alloys, Advance,
Carriers and Isoelastic, Karma, Nichrome-D, Carriers, Cements, Cynaoacrylate.
Adhesives

34 Experimental Stress Analysis, Strain Gauges, Ceramic cements, High

Performance of Strain temperature strain gauge, Stability, Heat dissipation, Power density,
Gauge System Bridge voltage,

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Temperature
Experimental Stress Analysis, Strain Gauges, Temperature compensation,
Compensation, Two-
Two-wire circuit, Three-wire circuit.
wire and Three-wire
Circuits

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Strain Gauges, Selection compromises,
Strain Gauge
Designation systems, Strain gauge selection.
Selection

37 Experimental Stress Analysis, Strain Gauges, Temperature effects,

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Bonding of a Strain Bonding procedure, Surface abrading, Surface conditioning, Alignment,

Gauge Catalyst application.

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Soldering, Accounting
Experimental Stress Analysis, Strain Gauges, Masking, Tinning, Soldering,
for Transverse
Protective coating, Transverse sensitivity.
Sensitivity Effects

39 Experimental Stress Analysis, Strain Gauges, Corrections for transverse

Correction Factors for strain effects, Trosette, Rectangular rosette, Hydrostatic pressure,
Special Applications Nuclear radiation, High temperature, Cryogenic temperature, Strain
cycling, Environmental effects.

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Strain Gauges, Environmental effects,
Special Gauges
Torque gauge, Stress gauge, SIF evaluation, Strip gauge,

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Experimental Stress Analysis, Questions, Answers.
Discussion Session