1

Introduction :-
I, Manish Saini, is student of Civil-II year at S.J. College of
Engineering & Technology Bhandana Distt. Dausa. As required in
the course, I was assigned to work with Engineers of Housing Board
for Vocational Training of one month. I worked with them for this
training at the Jaipur satisfactorily and his certificate is enclosed I
fulfill this requirement of the course.

Name of work
The work that was constructed there is the Foundation work of the
flats as well the another most important work that is R.C.C. Framed
Structure MIG-A (G+3) 80 flats. In this so many things are involved
like measurement of the weight of the steel bar in the foundation.
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Acknowledgement

It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on

training at Office of the resident engineer Resident Housing Board, Div-
III- Jaipur.

I am extremely great full to my training and placement officer for a

Training letter, which made my training possible at Office of the resident
engineer Resident Housing Board, Div-III- Jaipur.

I would like to express my gratitude to my Engineer from his invaluable

suggestion, motivation, guidance and support throughout the training.
His methodology to start from simple ant then deepen through made me
to bring out this project report without anxiety.

Thanks to all other Officials of the Resident Engineer Resident Housing

Board, Div-III- Jaipur, operators and all other members of Housing Board
yet uncounted for their help in completing the project and see the light of
success.

I am very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other persons who

rendered their assistance directly or indirectly to complete this project
work successfully.

I extended my due thanks to who gave me valuable time and suggestions

and guide me a lot at various stages of my training.

*****
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PREFACE

As part of curriculum prescribed for Diploma in Engineering I have taken

practical summer training at Office of the Resident Engineer Resident
Housing Board, Div-III- Jaipur.

The Training report explains the departments various groundbreaking

achievements in the field of making different type of structures in Jaipur.
The report also covers various types of information about the buildings
of the Jaipur made by the department.
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Foundation Work :-
When constructing a foundation for a building, it is generally best to have
a professional come in and do most of the work. There are some skilled
do-it-yourselves out there, though, who can properly build a foundation
for a small outbuilding. A civil engineer must to know the details of
foundation construction as its the basic work that is required for almost
every construction project. The basic knowledge on building foundation
construction process can help a homeowner to understand the phase of
construction. It requires specific steps to ensure that the footings will
hold the weight of the building through the test of time.

Building foundations are provided to carry the load of the structure and
then to distribute the load to the soil in larger cross sectional area. The
foundation must be able to withstand the load of the structure including
live loads and environmental factors. A safety factor is provided for
safety during foundation design. The foundation is constructed according
to the design. Here are 10 steps that are generally followed during
building foundation construction. The following steps are provided for a
general idea. These are not fixed steps and steps can be varied many
ways during practical implementation depending on the construction
project.

Excavation:-
A structural engineer will be needed to determine the depth of the
excavation. All surface soil needs to be removed to expose the soil that is
compacted enough to bear the weight of the building. The depth will vary
per building. The top of the footing must be below the frost line as this
prevents the concrete from cracking when the freeze-thaw cycle occurs
in the soil surrounding the building
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Footing:-
A footing is a poured concrete pathway that is used to spread the weight
of the building from the foundation walls to the soil. They are wider than
the foundation walls that they are supporting and form the perimeter of
the

Isolated Footing
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building. In some instances, there are additional footings added inside

the perimeter to support load-bearing walls.

Foundation

Foundation is the part of structure below plinth level up to the soil. It is

in direct contact of soil and transmits load of super structure to soil.
Generally it is below the ground level. If some part of foundation is above
ground level, it is also covered with earth filling. This portion of structure
is not in contact of air, light etc, or to say that it is the hidden part of the
structure.

Depth of Foundation

Depth of foundation depends on following factors.

1. Availability of adequate bearing capacity
2. Depth of shrinkage and swelling in case of clayey soils, due to seasonal
changes which may cause appreciable movements.
3. Depth of frost penetration in case of fine sand and silt.
4. Possibility of excavation close by
5. Depth of ground water table
6. Practical minimum depth of foundation should not be less than 50 cm.
to allow removal of top soil and variations in ground level.
7. Hence the best recommended depth of foundation is from 1.00 meter
to 1.5 meter from original ground level.

Footing

Footing is a structure constructed in brick work, masonry or concrete

under the base of a wall or column for distributing the load over a large
area. Some pictures of the site are below-
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Picture of foundation work 1

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Picture of foundation work 2

Width of Foundation/Footings

The width of footings should be laid according to structural design. For

light loaded buildings such as houses, flats, school buildings etc having
not more than two storeys, the width of foundation is given below.
1. The width of footing should not be less than 75 cm for one brick thick
wall.
2. The width of footing should not be less than 1 meter for one and half
brick wall.
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Different Processes in Foundation Work

The processes executed in the foundation works are given below.

1. Excavation of earth work in trenches for foundation.
2. Laying out cement concrete.
3. Laying the footing in case of raft or column construction.
4. Laying Anti termite treatment.
5. Laying Brick work up to plinth level.
6. Laying Damp proof course on the walls.
7. Refilling of earth around the walls
8. Refilling of earth in the building portion up to the required height
according to plinth level.

Precautions while designing 'Foundation'

1. A foundation should be designed to transmit combined dead load,

imposed load and wind load to the ground.
2. Net loading intensity of pressure coming on the soil should not exceed
the safe bearing capacity.
3. Foundation should be designed in such a way that settlement to the
ground is limited and uniform under whole of the building to avoid
damage to the structure.
4. Whole design of the foundation, super structure and characteristics
of the ground should be studied to obtain economy in construction
work.

Ratio of Cement Concrete and Mortar for Foundation

1. The cement concrete 1:8:16 is generally used in the foundation of

walls in construction work.
2. In case of column raft cement concrete 1:4:8 is the best
recommended ratio for it in the foundation.
3. For brick masonry cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 is used as loading
condition.
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In case of column and raft footings up to plinth level cement concrete

1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 are used.

Soil having Safe Bearing Capacity

Dry coarse and well graded dense sand have maximum shear resistance
and maximum bearing capacity. In general submerged soil and clay have
less bearing capacity.

Precautions during Excavation of Foundation Work

The depth and width of foundation should be according to structural

design.

1. The depth of the foundation should not be less than 1 meter in case
the design is not available.
2. The length, width and depth of excavation should be checked with
the help of center line and level marked on the burjis.
3. The excavated material/ earth should be dumped at a distance of 1
meter from the edges.
4. Work should be done on dry soil.
5. Arrangement of water pump should be made for pumping out rain
water.
6. The bottom layer of the foundation should be compacted.
7. There should be no soft places in foundation due to roots etc.
8. Any soft/ defective spots should be dug out and be filled with
concrete/ hard material
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Procedure for mixing concrete

1. Weigh out the designed proportions for a 1.6 cubic foot batch of
concrete.

2. Divide the water into two buckets, one with about

3/4 of the water. If using air entraining, put the air
entraining agent in the 3/4 water bucket.

3. Put about half the coarse aggregate, half the fine

aggregate and the 3/4 bucket of water with air entraining in the
mixer.

4. Start the mixer and mix until the aggregate is thoroughly wet

5. Carefully add all the cement with the mixer running. Try not to
make a lot of dust! Add a little more water and mix until all the
cement is blended in.

6. Incrementally add the rest of the coarse and fine aggregate mix
until blended in

7. In very small increments, add enough water from the final quarter
of the water to produce a workable mix. A little water goes a long
way!!

8. Mix for three minutes, followed by a three minute rest, followed by

a two minute final mixing. Cover the mixer opening with a damp
towel while resting.

9. Dump some mix out of the mixer into a pan. Perform a slump test.
If results are satisfactory, skip to the next step, otherwise:
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a. If the slump is less than required, return the concrete to the

mixer, add any remaining water, and mix for one minute.
b. Perform a second slump test. If results are satisfactory, move
on.
c. If the slump is still less than required, return the concrete to
the mixer, add additional water, as well as additional
Portland cement to maintain the desired water/cement ratio
(Wt. of PC added = Wt. of water added/WC ratio), and mix
for one minute.
d. Continue taking slump tests and adding water and cement
until the desired slump is obtained.

10. Record the final slump and the actual weight of water and cement
used.
11. If using super plasticizer, add it to the mixer and mix for one
minute.
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Office of the Resident Housing Board

Div-III- Jaipur
(Survey & Construction)

In case of paving work or a heavy flooring work, a heavy timber beam

with
proper camber is placed on the top of concrete and the same is rammed.
This gives proper compaction.

Compaction by Machines
(a) The following advantages accrue by compacting the concrete by
machines and is to be adopted in circumstances other than in documents.

i) Mix with low water cement ratio can be used.

ii) A section with heavy and congested reinforcements can be
successfully compacted with perfect vibration higher density
concrete with good homogeneity and higher strength can be
obtained.
iii) Concrete with greater durability can be achieved.

Different types of vibrators in use are as follows:

1) Internal pin vibrators
2) External form vibrators
3) Table vibrators
4) Plate vibrators
5) Screed vibrators
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(b) Vibration Functions

External or internal vibration is commonly used on construction works,
for
compacting concrete. When concrete is vibrated, the vibration produces
series of rapid compressive impulses which greatly reduces the friction,
or internal cohesion between various size particles of the mix. Thus, the
concrete just behaves like liquid and easily settles under the action of
gravity in the forms, and during the process the unwanted entrapped air
rises to the top surface. As soon as the vibration is stopped the internal
friction gets re-established and the concrete starts setting.

(c) Internal Pin Vibrators

These vibrators are called immersion vibrators or needle vibrators or
poker vibrators.
They are operated on petrol, diesel or even on electricity. The vibrating
heads called needles range from 20mm to 175mm diameter connected to
the flexible shaft. The vibrating head is immersed in concrete imparting
vibratory motion in the concrete.

(d) External Form Vibrators

These vibrators are attached to the form work. The forms must be strong
enough to withstand the effect of vibration. Form vibrators are either
electrically or pneumatically operated. They should be so placed that the
intensity of vibration is uniformly spread over the form. The time
required for proper vibration by a form vibrator is considerably longer
than by internal vibration.
 15

When the form vibrators are being used, the top 750mm portion should
not be covered by the action of the form vibrators. The above gap can be
vibrated by internal vibrator.
The form vibrators are most suitable when the reinforced section is very
heavy and the internal vibrator cannot be used at all. Form vibrator can
be attached to the exposed face of the reinforcement bars to vibrate
them.
This will help remove the air trapped under the bars. This type of
vibration will increase the bond between the concrete and reinforcement
bars.

(e) Table Vibrators

These vibrators are mainly used for pre-cast items. These are attached to
the tables where the precasting moulds are kept and the unit vibrates
along with the table top.

(f) Plate/ Surface Vibrators

These are best suited for pavement and similar type works. They apply
vibration through a flat plate at bottom direct to the concrete surface.
These vibrators save a great deal of labour in levelling and finishing of
concrete. These vibrators should not be used for concrete with a slump
greater than 75mm.
Also the surface vibrators should not be used on a surface which is
already adequately compacted since the additional vibration will result
in accumulation of mortar and fine material in excess quantity on the
surface which in turn will reduce wear resistance.
(g) Screed Vibrators
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These are mostly used for road works. The vibrator is attached to the
timber section having handles on both ends. The unit is thus called
screed vibrator. All the conditions mentioned for surface vibrators apply
to screed vibrators as well.

Construction Joints
Concreting shall be carried out continuously up to construction joints.
The position and arrangement of construction joints shall be as shown in
the structural drawings or as directed by the Engineer. Number of such
joints shall be kept minimum. Joints shall be kept as straight as possible.
Construction joints should comply with IS:11817.

Concreting under Special Conditions

Mass Concrete
(a) Mass Concrete is to be deposited in layers not exceeding 40 cm
thickness and complete layers of concrete should be laid in a day.

(b) Care shall be exercised to avoid disturbing the setting action of the
concrete, and unless sufficient time has elapsed for the setting to take
place, no imposed load, such as that caused by walking over it, laying
planks or other timber upon it or other loads, however light, shall be
allowed. Earth must never be rammed in the vicinity of reinforced
concrete less than one month old.

(c) Use of Stone plums: Stone plums up to a maximum limit of 20 percent

of the volume of concrete may be used in mass concrete, where so
specified or permitted by the Engineer, with a view to economy. The
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plums shall be of granite or other approved hard stone, and of maximum

dimension from 150 to 220mm but not greater than one third the least
dimension of the concrete mass. The plums shall be located only in zones
not subject to tensile stresses, which may generally be taken as the
middle half of the cross section on the case of piers and the front three-
fourth in the case of abutments. The plums shall be free from sharp
corners and shall be staggered laterally and spaced suitably apart to
permit proper filling and consolidation of the inter-space with concrete.

Concreting in Cold weather

During cold weather, precautions shall be taken, to the satisfaction of the
Engineer to ensure that the concrete shall have a temperature of atleast
4.5oC and that the temperature of the concrete shall be maintained
above 2o C until it has thoroughly hardened. If necessary, aggregates and
/ or water used on mix shall be heated before mixing. No frozen
materials or material containing ice shall be used. The concrete placed
shall be protected against frost by suitable covering. Dependence should
not be placed on salt or other chemicals for the prevention of freezing.

Concreting in hot weather

During hot weather, precautions shall be taken to see that the
temperature of wet concrete does not exceed 38o C. For this, concreting
may be avoided during the hottest part of the day and may be done
during the morning and evening hours.

Concreting in Rainy Weather

During rainy weather, sufficient supply of tarpaulins or other water
proof cloth shall be provided by the contractor at the site of work. Any
 18

time when it rains, all freshly laid concrete which has not been covered
for curing purposes, shall be adequately protected by means of such
tarpaulins or other waterproof cloth. Any concrete injured by rain shall
be removed and replaced at the expense of the contractor.

Concreting under water

(a) When it is necessary to deposit concrete under water, the methods,
equipment, materials and proportions of the mix to be used shall be
submitted to, and approved by the Engineer before the work is started.

(b) Concrete shall not be placed in water having a temperature below

4.5o.C. The temperature of the concrete, when deposited, shall be not
less than 16 deg. C nor more than 38 deg. C.

(c) The concrete shall contain at least 10 percent more cement than that
required for the same mix placed in the dry, the quantity of extra cement
varying with conditions of placing. The volume or weight of the coarse
aggregate shall be not less than one and a half times, nor more than
twice, that of the fine aggregate. The concrete shallbe so proportioned as
to produce a concrete having a slump of not less than 10cm and not more
than 18 cm.

(d) The water under which the concrete is laid shall be quite still and any
movement in the water shall be stopped by sheeting so as to divide into
compartments the place where the concrete is being deposited.
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(e) In case cofferdams or forms are being provided, the same shall be
sufficiently tight to ensure still water if practicable, and in any case to
reduce the flow of water to
less than 3m per minute through the space into which concrete is to be
deposited. Cofferdams or forms in still water shall be sufficiently tight
toprevent loss of mortar through the walls. Dewatering by Pumping shall
not be done while concrete is beingplaced, or until 24 hours thereafter.

(f) Concrete shall be deposited continuously until it is brought to the

required height. While depositing, the top surface shall be kept as nearly
level as possible and the formation of seams avoided. The methods to be
used for depositing concrete under

Tremie: The concrete should be coherent and slump shall be more than
150mm but should not exceed 180mm. When concreting is carried out
under water, a temporary casing should be installed to the full depth of
bore hole or 2 m into non collapsible stratum, so that fragments of
ground cannot drop from the sides of the hole into the concrete as it is
placed. The temporary casing may not be requiredexcept near the top
when concreting under drilling mud. The top section of the tremie shall
be a hopper large enough to hold one entire batch of mix or the
entirecontents of the transporting bucket when one is used. The tremie
pipe shall be not less than 200mm in diameter and shall be large enough
to allow free flow of concrete and strong enough to withstand the
external pressure of the water in which it is suspended, even if a partial
vacuum develops inside the pipe. Preferably flanged steel pipe of
adequate strength to sustain the greatest length and weight required for
the job should be used. A separate lifting device shall be provided for
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each tremie pipe with its hopper at the upper end. Unless the lower end
of the pipe is equipped with an approved automatic check valve, the
upper end of the pipe shall beplugged with a wadding of gunny sacking
or other approved material before delivering the concrete to the tremie
pipe through the hopper, which plug will beforced out of the bottom end
of the pipe by filling the pipe with concrete. It will be necessary to raise
slowly the tremie by 25 cm to 30 cm in order to cause a uniform flow of
the concrete, but the tremie shall not be emptied so that water enters
above the concrete in the pipe. At all times after the placing of concrete is
started and until all the concrete is placed, the lower end of the tremie
pipe shall be at least 600mm below the top surface of the plastic concrete
as ascertained by sounding. This will cause the concrete to build up from
below instead of flowing out over the surface, to avoid formation of
laitance layers. If the charge in the tremie is lost while depositing, the
tremie shall be raised above the concrete surface, and unless sealed by a
check valve, it shall be re-plugged at the top end, as at the beginning,
before refilling for depositing concrete.

Drop Bottom Bucket :

The concrete shall be gently laid in position by means of approved skips
or buckets with flaps or doors automatically opening at the bottom. The
top of the bucket shall be open. The bottom doors shall open freely
downwardand outward when tripped. The bucket shall be filled
completely and lowered slowly to avoid backwash. It shall not be
dumped until it rests on the surface upon which the concrete is to be
deposited and when discharged shall be withdrawn slowly until well
above the concrete.
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(g) To minimise the formation of laitance, great care shall be exercised to

disturb theconcrete as little as possible while it is being deposited. No
tamping or ramming shallbe done until the concrete surface rises above
water level, and even then, the surfaceshall be tamped gently so as not to
squeeze the water. Care must be taken thattamping is not done in a
manner as to permit any disturbance of mortar or leakage orsuction of
the same from the concrete.

Curing
General: Curing is the process of preventing loss of moisture from the
concrete. The importance of curing can be appreciated from the details
given at Annexure3.6 of Unified Standard Specifications for Works &
Materials.

The following methods shall be employed for effecting curing.

Moist curing: Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept continuously in
a damp or wet condition by ponding or by covering with a layer of
sacking, canvas, Hessian or similar materials and kept constantly wet for
at least 7 days from the date of placing concrete in case of ordinary
Portland cement and at least 10 days where mineral admixtures or
blended cements are used. The period of curing shall not beless than 10
days for concrete exposed to dry and hot weather conditions.
In the caseof concrete where mineral admixtures or blended cements are
used, it isrecommended that above minimum period may be extended to
14 days.
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Membrane Curing:
Approved curing compounds may be used in lieu of moist curing with the
permission of the Engineer. Such compound shall be applied to all
exposed surfaces of the concrete as soon as possible after the concrete
has set Impermeable membrane such as polythene sheet covering the
concrete surface may also be used to provide effective barrier against the
evaporation.
Freshly laid concrete shall be protected from rain by suitable covering.
Over the foundation concrete, the masonry work may be started after 48
hours of its completion, but the curing of exposed surfaces of cement
concrete shall be continued along with the masonry work for at least 7
days. And where the cement concrete is used as base concrete for
flooring, the flooring may be commenced before the curing period of
base concrete is over but the curing of base concrete shall be continued
along with top layer of flooring for a minimum period of 7 days.

READY MIX CONCRETE:

1. Ready Mixed Concrete (RMC):

RMC means concrete produced by completely mixing cement,
aggregates, admixtures, if any, and water at a Central Batching
andMixing Plant and delivered in fresh condition at site of construction.

2. Use of Ready Mixed Concrete:

Ready Mixed Concrete may be used, wherever required. It shall conform
to the specifications of concrete, as laid down in Concrete Bridge Code.
For other aspects, which are not covered in Concrete Bridge Code
IS:4926 (Specification for Ready Mixed Concrete) may be referred.
 23

3. Effect of transit (transportation) time on Ready Mixed Concrete:

As Ready Mixed Concrete is available for placement after lapse of
transit time, reduction in workability occurs, which may lead to
difficulty in placement of concrete.
In addition, in case of longer transit time, initial setting of concrete
may also takes place, which may render it unusable. Thus, while
planning for using of Ready Mixed Concrete, these aspects should be
kept in view.

4. Checking suitability of Admixtures:

Generally admixtures, like water reducing agent, retarder etc., are
used in Ready Mixed Concrete for retention of desired workability
and to avoid setting of concrete. In such cases, admixtures should be
tested for their suitability as per IS: 9103 at the time of finalizing mix
design.
Regarding specification of admixtures, clause 4.4 of Concrete Bridge
Code may be referred.

5. Re-tempering with Concrete:

Under any circumstances, re-tempering i.e. addition of water after
initial mixing, shall not be allowed, as it may affect the strength and
other properties of concrete.

6. Time period for delivery of Concrete:

The concrete shall be delivered completely to the site of work within
1 hours (when the atmospheric temperature is above20oC) and
within 2 hours (when the atmospheric temperature is at or below
 24

20oC) of adding the mixing water to the dry mix of cement. Special
measures as approved by Engineer-in charge will be taken if transit
time is more than 2 hrs.
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METHOD OF SIEVE ANALYSIS:

1 Sieve sizes mentioned in this specification are nominal sizes. The

following tolerances in the size of holes for 65, 40 and 20mm
nominal sieves shall be permitted: 65mm square mesh sieve plus
minus 1.5mm. 40mm square mesh sieve plus minus 1.5mm 20mm
square mesh sieve plus minus 1.0 mm. Mesh sizes of the sieves
should be checked before actual measurement. The screen for
sieving the ballast shall be of square mesh and shall not be less
than 100 cm in length, 70 cm in breadth and 10 cm in height on
sides.

2 While carrying out sieve analysis, the screen shall not be kept
inclined, but held horizontally and shaken vigorously. The pieces of
ballast retained on the screen can be turned with hand to see if
they pass through but should not be pushed through the sieve.

3 The percentage passing through or retained on the sieve shall be

determined by weight.
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CONDITIONS FOR SUBMISSION OF TENDER:

Each tender at the time of tendering shall submit the test report of
impact value, Abrasion value, water absorption value from approved
laboratories as mentioned in para 1.1 (c). The tenderer/s shall also
furnish an undertaking that the ballast supply at all times will
conform to the specifications for track ballast as specified by Railway.

Method of Measurement:-
5.4.1 Stacking shall be done on a neat plain and firm ground with good
drainage.
The height of stack shall not be less than 1m except in hilly areas
where it may be 0.5m.
The maximum height shall not be more than 2.0m top width of stack
shall not be less than 1.0m. Top of stack shall be kept parallel to the
ground plane. The side slopes of stack should not be flatter than 1.5:1
(Horizontal: vertical). Cubical content of each stack, shall normally be
not less than 30cum in plain areas and 15 cum in hilly areas.

Shrinkage allowance:-
Payment shall be made for the gross measurements either in stacks or
in wagons without any deduction for shrinkage voids. However, when
ballast supply is made in wagons, shrinkage up to 8% shall be
permitted at destination while verifying the booked quantities by the
consignee.
 27

SAMPLING AND TESTING:

i. A minimum of 3 samples of ballast for sieve analysis shall be taken

for measurement done on any particular date even if the numbers
of stacks to bemeasured are less than three.
ii. The test viz determination of absorption value, impact value and
water absorption should be got done through approved
laboratories or Railways own laboratories (List of these
laboratories in mentioned in 1.1(c).
iii. In order to ensure supply of uniform quality of ballast the
following norms shall be followed in respect of sampling, testing
and acceptance.
iv. On supply of the first 100 cum, the test for size, gradation,
abrasion value, impact value index and water absorption value,
shall be carried out by the Railway. Further supply shall be
accepted only after this ballast satisfies the specification for these
tests. Railway reserves the right to terminate the contract as per
General Condition of Contract at this stage it self in case the ballast
supply fails to conform to any of these specifications.

The measurements of stacks of ballast will be made as under,

additional measurements may be taken if the stacks are irregular.

L1 +L3 +L2 + L4 x B1 +B3 + B2 + B4 x H1 + H3 + H2 + H4 = Gross volume

4 4 4 of stacks.

i) L1, L3, L2 & L4 are length of bottom and top of both sides
respectively.
 28

ii) B1, B3, B2 & B4 are the breadth of bottom and top on both
sides respectively

iii) H1, H3, H2 & H4 are the height taken from four
representative
locations, chosen at random. However, if necessary, more
heights can be recorded.

It is understood that the accepted rates for ballast are for materials,
which conform in all respects with the specifications laid down. If the
Engineer or his representative, deputed to measure the ballast
supplied, feels that any of above conditions and specifications have
not been fully complied with, he is at liberty to:
i) Refuse to measure the ballast supplied after communicating his
reasons in writing and to,
ii) Call upon in writing to bring the ballast up to the specifications by
either re screening the ballast to conform to the specified sizes and
grading or to re stack it to proper shape and size to enable re-
inspection and measurement and the contractor shall have no claim,
whatsoever on this account.
 29

REJECTED MATERIALS:

i. The contractor/s is/are advised to bring only such material at the site
which conforms to the specifications, as given above. Any material
which fails short of the prescribed standards will be rejected and will
have to be removed by the contractor at his/their own expenses as
laid down in Para 9.13.2 below. It should be noted that all materials
will be passed at the site of delivery only. No passing will be carried
out at the sources or anywhere else.
ii. The Engineer shall mark all rejected ballast in any manner he thinks
fit to prevent rejected ballast being mixed with good ballast and the
contractor/s shall remove the rejected ballast to such places as may
be directed by the Engineer within a fortnight from the date of order
of removal. In the event of the contractor failing to do so, the Engineer
may cause it to be removed and all cost of such removal shall be
payable by the contractor/s to the Railway and without prejudice to
any other mode of recovery may be deducted from any money that
maybe due or may be come due to contractor from the contractors
bill for any other works awarded by the Railway on demand.
 30

Procedure for slump test

1. Dampen the slump test mold and place it on a flat, moist,
nonabsorbent, rigid surface, like a steel plate.

2. Fill the mold to 1/3 full by volume (about 2 1/2 inches), and rod the
bottom layer with 25 evenly spaced strokes.

3. Fill the mold to 2/3 full (about 6 inches), and rod the second layer
with 25 strokes penetrating the top of the bottom layer.

4. Heap the concrete on top of the mold, and rod the top layer with 25
strokes penetrating the top of the second layer.

5. Strike off the top surface of the concrete even to the top of the mold.

6. Remove the mold carefully in the vertical direction (take about five
seconds).

7. Immediately invert an place the mold beside the slumped concrete

and place the rod horizontally across the mold, and measure the
slump, in inches, to the nearest 1/4 inch. The slump test should take
approximately 2 1/2 minutes.
 31

Procedure for Casting the Beam

1. Fill the mold 1/2 full with concrete.

2. Work the concrete into the corners and sides.

3. Tap the sides of the container with a rubber mallet to remove large air
bubbles.

4. Rod the layer

5. Fill the mold full and rod again

6. Tap the sides of the mold with a rubber mallet to close voids made by
the tamping rod.

7. Strike the excess concrete off evenly.

8. Carefully place the beam with the cylinders in temporary storage.

9. Cover, cure, and mark in the same manner as the cylinders

 32

SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT (NON-TECHNICAL)

1 These special conditions and the work schedule shall govern the
works to be executed under this contract in addition to and/or in
part suppression of the General Conditions of Contract -2010 and
Standard Specifications as laid down in the Indian Railways Unified
Standard Specifications (Works and Material) -2010 as amended by
correction slips on or before the opening of tender.

2 Where there is any conflict between the Special Conditions of

Contract on one hand and Indian Railways Unified Standard
Specifications (Works and Material) -2010 onthe other hand, the
former shall prevail.

3 Any special condition stated by the tenderer(s) in the covering

letter submitted along with the tender shall be deemed as part of
contract to such extent only as have explicitly been accepted by the
Railway.

4 As far as possible the tenderer(s) bid should not have any condition
or specification or assumption contrary to the provisions in these
tender documents on which the tenderer(s) bid is based.
Tenderer(s) own special conditions, not in conformity with the
tender specifications, are required to be listed separately & shall be
supplemented by the details of exact financial implications if
applicable. Tenderer(s) special conditions, not in conformity with
the tender specifications, are required to be listed separately.
 33

Railway will not take cognizance of any other conditions/variations

from the drawings etc. except under the format specified in the
tender documents for such special conditions if any. It needs to be
emphasized that only such conditions/stipulations which are at
variance with the tender conditions, coda provisions, stipulated in
the tender documents need be mentioned, in case
tenderer(s)choice to stipulated such special condition taking into
account the restrictions mentioned elsewhere in the tender
document. Only such of the special conditions/specifications
stipulated by tenderer(s) which have been specifically approved by
the Railways in writing shall be deemed to have been accepted by
the Railways. The tenderer(s) conditions/stipulations/codal are at
variance with the tender conditions/codal provisions shall be
withdrawn by the tenderer(s).
 34

Theodolite
Introduction:

Theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles.

Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass.
Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as accuracy of 30. However a
vernier theodolite measures the angles up to and accuracy of 10, 20.
There are variety of theodolite vernier, optic, electronic etc.

Vernier theodolite is also known and transit.

A transit theodolite is one in which the telescope can be rotated in
a vertical plane.
 35

Important Definition

Adjustment of the theodolite

Temporary Adjustment

Setting up the theodolite

36
 37

Stone Work

TERMINOLOGY & PROPERTIES OF STONE

Terminology

Ashlar : Stone masonry using dressed block of given dimensions having faces
perpendicular to each other and laid in courses.

Bed Joint: The joint where one stone presses on another for example, a horizontal
joint in a wall or radiating joint between the voussoirs of arch.

Hollow (Open and closed cavity) block

A concrete masonry unit with any one of the external dimensions greater than the
corresponding dimension of a brick and having one or more large holes or cavities
which either pass through the block (open cavity) or do effectively pass through the
block (closed cavity) and having the solid material between 50% and 75% of the
total volume of the block calculated from the over-all dimensions.

Solid Block

A concrete masonry unit with external dimensions greater than corresponding

dimensions of a brick and having solid material not less than 75% of the total
volume of the block calculated from over all dimension.

Bond : An inter-locking arrangement of structural units in a wall to ensure stability.

Bond Stone (Through stone): Selected long stone used to hold a wall together
transversely.

Corbel : Stone bonded well into the wall with part of it projecting out of the face of
wall to form a bearing surfaces.
 38

Cornice : A horizontal moulded projection which crowns or finishes either a wall,

any horizontal division of wall, or any architectural feature.

Cramp : A small piece of metal or the hardest or toughest stone procurable

sunk in mortices and fixed across joints as additional ties. The ends of metal
cramps are bent at right angles and stone cramps are dovetailed.

Dowels : Dowels are small sections of metal, stone or pebbles bedded with mortar
in corresponding mortice in bed or side joint of adjacent stones.

Jamb : The part of the wall at the side of an opening.

Joggle : A key between the stones by providing a groove in one stone to take a
corresponding concealed projection in the edges on the other stone .

Natural Bed : The planes of stratification that occur in a sedimentary rock.

Parapet : A solid or pierced guard wall for flat stone terrace or balcony (or a bridge)
or a curb wall at the lower part of a pitched roof which is exposed to atmosphere on
face back and top.

Quoin : A quoin is the external angle of wall or building. The term is also applied to
stone specially selected and neatly dressed for forming such angle.

Random : Random or irregular size and shapes.

Reveal : The part of the jamb between the frame and the arise.
 39

Rubble Masonry : Masonry built of stones either irregular in shapes as quarried or

squared and only hammer dressed and having comparatively thick joints. As far as
possible, stones for rubble masonry shall be angular.

Skewback : Sloping surface against which the springing of an arch rests.

Spandrel : Space between the haunches below the decking level.

String Course : A horizontal band, plain or moulded, usually projecting slightly

from the face of wall.

Surfacing or Dressing of Stones : The stones are dressed to have different surfaces
as indicated in definitions below.

Template or Bed Block : A block of stone or concrete bedded on a wall to

distribute the pressure from a concentrated load.

Self Faced Surfaces : Surfaces of stones used for roofing, flooring, lintels etc., as
obtained from quarry.

Squared Back Surface : Means the surface shall be dressed back at right angles to
the face of the stone.
 40

1. HOLLOW AND SOLID CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY

Hollow and solid concrete blocks
They shall conform to the requirements of IS:2185. Specification
for hollow and solid concrete blocks except with regard to the mix
of cement concrete and sizes of aggregates which shall be as
indicated. Hollow blocks shall be sound, free from cracks, broken
edges, honey combing and other defects that would interfere with
the proper placing of block or impair the strength or performance
of construction.

2. Dimensions and Tolerances

a. Concrete masonry building units shall be made in sizes and
shapes to fit different construction needs. They include stretcher,
corner, double corner or pier, jamb, header, bull nose, and
partition block and concrete floor units.
b. Concrete Block-hollow (open or closed cavity) or solid shall be
referred to by its nominal dimensions.
The nominal dimensions of concrete block shall be, as follows:-
Length: 400, 500 or 600 mm
Height: 200 or 100 mm
Width: 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 or 300 mm
In addition, blocks shall be manufactured in half lengths of 200,
250 or 300 mm to correspond to the full lengths.
The maximum variation in the length of the units shall be not more
than + 5 mm and maximum variation in height and width of unit,
not more than + 3 mm.
 41

3. Classification
1. Hollow (open and closed cavity) Concrete Blocks
The hollow (open and closed cavity) concrete blocks shall conform
to the following three grades:
Grade A These are used as load bearing units and shall have
a minimum block-density of 1500 kg/m3. These shall be
manufactured for minimum average compressive strengths of
3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 7.0 N/mm2 respectively at 28 days (see Table
6.6).
(b) Grade B These are also used as load bearing units and shall
have a block density less than 1500 kg/ m3 but not less than 1000
kg/m3. These shall be manufactured for minimum average
compressive strengths of 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 N/mm2 respectively at 28
days
(c) Grade C - These are used as non-load bearing units and shall
have a block-density less than 1500 kg/m3 but not less than 1000/
m3. These shall be manufactured for minimum average
compressive strength of 1.5 N/mm2 at 28 days.
(d) Grade D The solid concrete blocks are used as load bearing
units and shall have a block density not less than 1800 kg/ m3..
These shall be manufactured for minimum average compressive
strengths of 4.0, and 5.0 N/mm2 respectively at 28 days.
4. Physical Requirements
(a) Compressive Strength: the average crushing strength of
eight blocks, when determined in accordance with IS: 2185
shall be not less than that specified in Table given below:-
 42

TABLE of PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS OF HOLLOW AND

SOLD CONCRETE BLOCKS

Density of Minimum Minimum

Block kg/ Average Strength of
m3 Compressive Individual
Type Grade Strength of Units N/mm2
Units N/mm2
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Hollow A(3.5) Not less 3.5 2.8
(open & A(4.5) than 1500 4.5 3.6
closed A(5,5) 5.5 4.4
cavity) load A(7.0) 7.0 5.6
bearing unit

B(2,0) Less than 2.0 1.6

B(3.0) 1500 but 3.0 2.4
B(5.0) not less 5.0 4.0
than 1000

Hollow C(1.5) Less than 1.5 1.2

(open & 1500 but
closed not less
cavity) non- than 1000
load bearing
unit
Solid load D(4.0) No less 4.0 3.2
bearing D(5.0) than 1800 5.0 4.0
units
 43

4. Drying Shrinkage: The drying shrinkage of the blocks (average of

three blocks) when unrestrained, shall be determined in
accordance with IS:2185 and shall not exceed 0.1 per cent.
5. Moisture Movement: The moisture movement (average of three
blocks) when determined in the manner described in IS:2185 shall
not exceed 0.09 percent.
6. Water Absorption: The water absorption (average of three
blocks) when determined in the manner described in IS:2185 shall
be not more than 10 percent by mass.
Face shells and webs shall increase in thickness from the bottom to
the top of the unit. Depending upon the core moulds used, the face
shells and webs shall be flared and tapered or straight tapered, the
former providing a wider surface for mortar. The thickness of the
face shell and web shall be not less than the values given in Table
6.7.

TABLE OF MINIMUM FACE SHELL AND WEB THICKNESS

Nominal Face shell Thickness Total Web Thickness per
Block width Thickness of Web Course in any 200 mm
mm Min. mm Min. mm length of Walling
Min.mm
(1) (2) (3) (4)
100 or less 25 25 25
Over 100 to 25 25 30
150
Over 150 to 30 25 30
200
Over 200 35 30 38
 44

FIGURES EXPLAINING SOME OF THE ITEMS REFERRED TO IN

FIGURE 6.1 A & 6.1 B

COPING

PARAPET

DOWEL CORNICE

STRING COURSE

BED JOINT

Fig. 6.1 A/1 : Dowel Joint BED JOINT

COPING

METAL CRAMP

PARAPET
JOGGLE JOINT WINDOW SILL

JOGGLE

CORNICE

Fig. 6.1A/3 Section of Ashlar with Brick

Fig. 6.1A/2 Joggle joint Backing
 45

FIGURE 6.1 B

Fig. 6.1B/1 Hammer Dressed Stone Surface

Fig.6.1 B/2 Punched Stone Face Surface

(Chisel drafted)

FIg.6.1 B/3 Close Picked Stone Surface

Fig.6.1 B/4 Fine Tooled Stone Surface

 46

RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY UNCOURSED

FIGURE 6.2

Exposed face bushing

not more than 40

Plastered face
bushing not more
than 10

Bond or
through stone
one per 0.5
sqm. of wall
surface

Chips not to
exceed 20% of the
quantity of
stone masonry
SECTION ELEVATION

ELEVATION FACE JOINTS NOT

MORE THAN 25
 47

CONCLUSION

By working in the Resident Housing Board, Div-III Jaipur. We got knowledge

about the manufacturing of the footing, we also obtain some Knowledge about
the cost of the concrete used in the footing as well as in Reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) framed work, we were find the method of obtaining the weight
of Rods used in the RCC and also used in the PCC of the building.
In this training the important thing which we obtain is that, the use of Auto
level and the use of Theodolite in the Survey.
This Knowledge is too much useful for the future Job in any company and also
in railway or other civil branch.

***