1.

FUTURE PERFECT
Use:
Use the future perfect to talk about an event that will be finished and complete before a
specified time in the future.
This time next week, Ill will have finished this project.
Phrases often seen with this use of the future continuous include:
By ..., This time next week..., In __ years time...; when + present simple; by the time + present
simple.
When you arrive, Ill have prepared the dinner.
By the time I get home, my mum will probably have tidied the house.
The future perfect is also use to make predictions about future events that will be complete
before a specified future time.
Do you think Mel will have eaten all the chocolate cake?
No, she wont have done that!
Form:
Make the future continuous this way:
Positive and Negative

I will have
you wont have past participle
he / she it
we
they

Questions

I
Will you have past participle?
Wont he / she it
we
they
Be going to is rarely used to make the future perfect tense.
Toms going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there
 2. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Use:
Use the future perfect continuous to talk about an event that will be in progress for some time
before a specified time in the future.
Janet will be really tired when we get home. She will have been looking after the children all day!
It can be used to make predictions about event that will be in progress before a specified time
in the future.
Joe wont mind that we are late. He wont have been waiting long.
It can be used to predict what was happening in the past.
What do you think the men were doing in the store room?
Dont worry. They will have been unpacking boxes.
Both the fixed future time and the length of time of are often mentioned in future perfect
continuous sentences.
By the end of this week, Ill have been working here for five months.
Fixed future time: the end of this week
Length of time: five months
But this is not always the case.
Anne will be in a bad mood at the party this evening because shell have been doing housework.
Form:
Positive and Negative

I will have
you wont have been + verb-ing
he / she it
we
they

Questions

I
Will you have been + verb-ing?
Wont he / she it
we
they
3. MIXED CONDITIONALS
Use:
Mixed conditional sentences combine two different conditional patterns.
Several patterns can be used:
mixed first conditional sentences
First conditional sentences can use a variety of modal verbs.
If + present simple, can / may / might / will / should + verb (infinitive)
If you give me some money, I can buy some milk.
If I finish my homework, may I go out with my friends?
If you switch the photocopier off and on again, it should work.
First conditional sentences can also use going to, as well as will.
If + present simple, going to + verb (infinitive)
If you dont get ready soon, were going to be late!
The present continuous and going to can also appear in the If clause
If youre going to the shop, can you buy me some cola?
If youre going to pay him, make sure you get a receipt.
The present perfect may also appear in the If clause.
If youve finished your work, you can go home.
mixed third / second conditional
This combination describes an imagined event in the past and the present result.
If + past perfect, would + verb (infinitive)
If he'd taken the medicine, he wouldn't still be sick.
He wouldnt still be sick if hed taken the medicine.
mixed second / third conditional
This combination describes a situation which is never true, and the past consequence of this situation.
If + past simple, would have + verb (infinitive)
If you were better at speaking in public, the presentation would have been more successful.
The presentation would have been more successful if you were better at speaking in public.
4. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Use:
Use defining relative clauses to give information about a noun in a sentence. The listener or reader
NEEDS this information to understand the sentence.
A doctor is a person who cures sick people.
The girl who sits next to me at work has a bag just like yours.
Form:
Use who to give more information about a person.
An architect is a person who designs buildings.
Use which or that to give more information about a thing.
A corkscrew is a thing which you use to open bottles.
The book that you gave me for my birthday is really interesting.
Use where to give more information about a place.
Thats the place where we got married.
The town where my uncle lives is a few miles from here.
Because non-defining relative clauses give essential information, no commas (,) are needed.
If the noun which the relative clause describes (usually at the beginning of the sentence) is the
OBJECT of the sentence, you can delete which, that or who.
The man who is wearing the blue suit is my brother.
The man is the subject of the sentence. You cannot delete who.
The man (who) George is talking to is my brother.
George is the subject of the sentence.
The man is the object of the sentence.
(The sentence can be rewritten: George is talking to a man. The man is my brother). So
you can delete who.
The book you lent me is really good.
You is the subject of the sentence.
The book is the object of the sentence.
(The sentence can be rewritten: You lent me a book. The book is really good. Which /
that is not necessary.)
The book which is on the table is really good.
The book is the subject of the sentence. (The sentence can be rewritten: The book is on the table. Its
really good. Which / that is necessary.)
5. NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Use:
Use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about a noun in a sentence, or part of a
sentence. The listener or reader does not need this information to understand the sentence.
Relative clauses can define the subject of the sentence:
Miranda, who used to go to the same university as me, is having a baby.
Or the object of a sentence:
We went to a lovely restaurant, where we both had steak.
Or the sentence as a whole.
She gave me some money, which was very nice of her.
Form:
Always put the relative clause as close as possible to the noun that you are describing.
Use who to give information about a person, whose to introduce a possession, and which to
give information about a thing. Do not use that.
Use where to give information about a place ONLY if you introduce another subject after
where. Otherwise, use which.
We met at Bristol University, where we both studied Biology.
We met at Bristol University, which is in the west of England.
Who, which, where and whose cannot be omitted in defining relative clauses.
As non-defining relative clauses are not necessary to understanding the sentence, they are
always placed within commas.
The man who lives next to me has five motorbikes.
In this sentence, who lives to me is necessary. Without it, the sentence (The man has five
motorbikes) is meaningless because it is not clear which man is being talked about. Therefore,
commas are NOT necessary.
Tom, who lives next to me, has five motorbikes.
In this sentence, who lives to me is not necessary. Without it, the sentence (Tom has five
motorbikes) still has meaning. Who lives next to me adds more information, therefore, commas ARE
necessary.
Common Mistakes
Some Students do not put the non-defining relative clause close to the noun it describes.
The chemicals flow into rivers, which are toxic. => The chemicals, which are toxic, flow into rivers.
 6. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Use:
The past perfect continuous is used when telling a story about the past. It is generally used alongside
other narrative tenses such as the past simple.
The past perfect continuous describes an event which was in progress for a period of time before
another event in the past. We use it when we do not want to say the events in the order they
happened.
Example:
A sentence with the events in the order they happened:
John was having trouble sleeping, so he went to the doctor late.
A sentence in which the events are NOT in order:
John went to the doctor because he had been having trouble sleeping.
The continuous event which happened before the other verb is in the past perfect tense.
b) Write any adverbs between had and been
They had already been waiting for half an hour.
Hed only been working there a week before he got fired.
Form:
I
you had / d been + verb-ing
he / she / it hadnt
we
they
 7. WILL / BE GOING TO FOR PREDICTION
Use:
Both be going to and will can be used to predict future events. In many cases they can be used
interchangeably.
Experts believe that the recession will continue.
Experts believe that the recession is going to continue.
However, in some cases they are used differently:
Use going to when there is evidence about what is going to happen.
Look at the time! Were going to be late!
Use will / wont when guessing about the future.
I bet Robin will be late again.
Will is often used with phrases such as I think, I expect, I dont think, I bet , Im
sure, I doubt if/that when making predictions
It is more common to use I dont think + will, not I think + wont
I think it wont rain => I dont think it will rain
Form:
be going to
Positive
I am / m going to verb (infinitive form)
you / we / they are / re

he / she / it is / s

Negative
I m not going to verb (infinitive form)
you arent OR re not

he / she / it isnt OR s not

Questions
Am I going to verb (infinitive form) ?
Are you / we / they

Is he / she / it

Short Answers
I am. No, Im not.
Yes, you / we / they are. you / we / they re not / arent

he / she / it is. he / she / it s not / isnt

will
Positive / Negative
will verb (infinitive form).
I / You / He / She / It / We / They wont

I / you / he / she / it / we / they / verb (infinitive form)?

Will
8. USED TO / WOULD
Use:
We say Used to to talk about something that was true in the past, but is not true now.
There used to be a park here, but now theres a shopping centre.
My grandmother used to have beautiful blonde hair, but now her hair is grey.

You can say used to to talk about states (things that were true for a long period of time) or repeated
actions (things that happened several times).
I used to live in Denver. (True for a long period of time)
I used to go to the park every Friday. (A repeated action)
Write adverbs before used to.
I always used to cycle to school.
I never used to eat vegetables.
You can use Would in a similar way to used to. It describes things that were true in the past
but are not true now.
When I was a child, my dad would read to me every night.
Would CANNOT be used to talk about states. It can only be used to talk about repeated actions.
There would be a park here. => There used to be a park here.
Write adverbs after would.
I would always talk to my grandma when I had a problem.
Form:
used to
I / You / He / She / It / They / We didnt use to / never used to verb (infinitive)
would
wouldnt

Questions
use to + verb (infinitive)
Did you / he / she / it / they
Would verb (infinitive)

Common Mistakes:
Many students confuse used to do and be used to doing. This is another phrase. It means be
familiar with doing something.
I am used to live near here. => I used to live near here.
9. WISH / IF ONLY
Use:
Wish and If only can be used:
a) To wish for an ability now or in the future.
I wish I could play the guitar!
If only I could dance like that!
I wish I could go to your wedding next week, but I cant.
If only I could see my grandmother more often, but I cant.
b) To wish that something could be true at the moment.
I wish I had long hair! If only I were taller!
c) To wish that something was happening at the moment.
I wish I was lying on the beach right now! If only I was lying on the beach right now!
d) To wish that something kept happening again and again, or to wish it could stop happening.
I wish you wouldnt shout so loudly. If only he wouldnt shout so loudly.
e) To wish that something in the past had happened in a different way.
I wish I had studied for my exam! If only I hadnt argued with him!

Form:
To wish for an ability now or in the future.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + could + infinitive verb
I wish that I could sing.
If only I could come to Australia too!
To wish that something could be true at the moment.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + past simple
I wish I had a pony.
I wish I was rich.
When using the verb be, you can use were for all persons.
I wish I were rich. If only I were rich.
To wish that something was happening at the moment.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + past continuous
I wish that this traffic was moving.
If only this traffic was/were moving!
To wish that something kept happening again and again, or to wish it could stop happening.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + would + past participle
I wish you would tidy up more often.
Often: I wish (that) / If only + subject + would stop + verb-ing
I wish he would stop shouting.
I wish (that) / If only + subject + wouldnt keep + verb-ing
I wish you wouldnt keep hitting me.
To wish that something in the past had happened in a different way.
I wish (that) / If only + past perfect
I wish I had studied for my exam!
If only I hadnt argued with him!
 Table of contents

1. Future perfect.................................................................................................................................. 1
2. Future perfect continuous............................................................................................................... 2
3. Mixed Conditionals .......................................................................................................................... 3
4. Defining Relative Clauses ................................................................................................................ 4
5. Non Defining Relative Clauses ......................................................................................................... 5
6. Past Perfect Continuous .................................................................................................................. 6
7. will / be going to for prediction ....................................................................................................... 7
8. Used to / Would .............................................................................................................................. 9
9. Wish / If only ................................................................................................................................. 10