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t
d
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= F/A = V/d
More generally, the viscous shear stress may be written in terms of the local
velocity gradient as,
yx = du/dy
The cgs unit of viscosity, called the poise, is 1 g/(cms); the mks unit is the
stoke 1 kg/(ms)
The Reynolds numberan important dimensionless
parameter
The Reynolds number is a qualitative expression of the ratio of inertial to
viscous forces
The mass flow rate per unit area (g cm-2 s-1) is the product of the fluid density
(g/cm3) and the fluid velocity V (cm/s)
The momentum flux is the product of the mass flow rate per unit area, V,
and the fluid velocity V
The momentum flux (inertial force per unit area) = V2
This thin surface layer of slowly moving fluid is known as the boundary
layer, a concept originating with the studies of Prandtl in the early 1900s.
From these four physical parameters, containing among them the three
dimensions M, L, T, we can form the dimensionless Reynolds number
Red = Vd/
.
Now suppose we introduce an additional parameter, namely, the drag
force Fd exerted by the fluid on the cylinder or sphere. This will lead to
CD = (Fd/A)/(V2/2)
In the present case, the N parameters are , V, d, , and Fd, which contain
among them the three dimensions mass, length, and time. We desire the
functional relationship that links two dimensionless ratios CD and Red, i.e.,
CD = CD(Red)
Once this relationship is known then we may calculate the drag force Fd by
computing CD for any desired Reynolds number, Red.
In principle this relationship is given by theoretical solution of the
equations that govern the motion of a viscous fluid (the Navier-Stokes
equations).