LABORATORY VALUES

Electrolytes
Laboratory test Reference range Clinical Significance
Sodium 135 - 145 mmol/L Hypernatremia
- Muscle weakness
- Confusion
Potassium 3.4 - 5.0 mmol/L Hyperkalemia
- Effects on the
heart(resting membrane
potential is lowered and
the action potential
shortened)
Hypokalemia
- Muscle weakness
- Hypotonia
- Paralyic ileus
- Depression
- Confusion

Calcium (total) 2.12 - 2.60 mmol/L Hypercalcemia

Calcium (ionized) 1.19 - 1.37 mmol/L - Hyperparathyroidism
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Vitamin A and D
intoxication
- Acute renal failure
- Renal transplantation
- Acromegaly
Hypocalcemia
- Severe malnutrition
- Hypoalbuminaemia
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Pancreatitis
- Vitamin D deficiency
Chloride 95 - 105 mEq/L
Carbon dioxide 22 - 28 mEq/L
Phosphate 0.80 -1.44 mmol/L Hypophosphataemia
- Debility
- Anorexia
- Anemia
- Muscle weakness and
wasting
- Bone pain
- Skeletal wasting
Hyperphosphataemia
- Chronic renal failure
- Hypocalcemia
Magnesium 0.7 - 1.00 mmol/L Hypomagnesaemia
- Excessive gastro-
intestinal losses
- Renal losses
- Surgery
- Trauma
- Infection
- Malnutrition
- Sepsis
Hypermagnesaemia
- Renal insufficiency
- Excess iatrogenic
magnesium
administration
Creatinine 75 - 155 mol/L
eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2

Renal Function Tests

Laboratory test Reference range Clinical Significance
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 3.1 - 7.9 mmol/L
Creatinine 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL (f&m)
Creatinine Kinase
Uric Acid 0.15 - 0.47 mmol/L Elevated uric acid - Gout

Glucose
Laboratory test Reference range Clinical Significance
Fasting 3.3 - 6.0 mmol/L
Non - fasting <11.1 mmol/L
Glycated hemoglobin Non-diabetic subjects <43 mmol/mol
Inadequate control >58 mmol/mol

Liver function test

Laboratory test Reference range Clinical Significance
Albumin 34 - 50 g/L
Globulin
Bilirubin (total) <19 mmol/L Hyperbilirubinaemia
- Haemolysis
- Gilberts syndrome
Direct Bilirubin 0 - 0.2 mg/dL
Enzymes
Alanine transaminase <45 U/L Elevated AST
Aspartate transaminase <35 U/L - Liver disease
- Crush injuries
- Severe tissue hypoxia
 - Myocardial infarction
- Surgery
- Trauma
- Muscle disease
- Pancreatitis
Alkaline phosphatase 35 - 120 U/L Elevated
- inta/extra hepatic
cholestasis & space-
occupying lesions
- Osteomalacia
- Rickets
- Pagets disease of bone
- Bone tumors
- Renal bone disease
- Osteomyelitis
- Healing fractures
Y - Glutamyl transpeptidase <70 U/L Indicator for Hepatobiliary
disease
Elevated
- Alcoholic liver disease
- Hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Pancreatitis
- Congestive cardiac
failure
- COPD
- Renal failure
Ammonia
Men 15 - 50 mol/L Hyperammonaemia
Women 10 - 40 mol/L - Anorexia
- Irritability
- Lethargy
- Vomiting
- Somnolence
- Disorientation
- Asterixis
- Cerebral edema
Amylase <100 U/L

Laboratory test
Hemoglobin(merck)
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Hematology
Reference range Clinical Significance
Female: 12 - 16 g/dL
120 - 160 g/L
Male: 14 - 17 g/dL
140 - 170 g/L
3.8 - 4.8 x 1012/L
Hematocrit (merck) Female: 36% - 47%
Male: 41% - 51%
Reticulocyte count 50 - 100 x 109/L Elevated
- Haemorrhage/Hemolysis
Packed cell volume (PCV) 0.36 - 0.46 L/L
Mean cell volume (MCV) 83 - 101 fL Indication for anemia/Vitamin
B12/folic acid deficiency
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 27 - 34 pg Elevated - Macrocytic anemia
Decrease - Iron deficiency anemia
Mean cell hemoglobin 31.5 - 34.5 g/dL
concentration (MCHC) 320 - 360 g/L
White Blood Cells (WBC) 4.0 - 11.0 x 109/L
Differential white cell count
Neutrophils (30 - 75%) 2.0 - 7.0 x 109/L Neutropenia
- Malignancy
- Drug toxicity
- Viral infections
Lymphocytes (5 - 15%) 1.5 - 4.0 x 109/L Elevated
- Viral infections
Monocytes (2 - 10%) 0.2 - 0.8 x 109/L Elevated
- Typhoid
- Tuberculosis
Basophils (<1%) <0.1 x 109/L Basophilia
- Malignant and premalignant
disorders (leukemia and
myelofibrosis)
Eosinophils (1 - 6%) 0.04 - 0.4 x 109/L
Platelets 150 - 450 x 109/L Elevated
150 - 450 x 103/L - Malignnacy
- Inflammatory disease
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Female: 0 - 20 mm/h Elevated
(ESR) (Merck) Male: 0 - 15 mm/h - Increase protein in blood
D - dimers 0 - 230 ng/mL Elevated
0 - 230 g/L - Detect venous
thromboembolism
Ferritin 15 - 300 cg/L
Total Iron binding capacity 47 - 70 mol/L
(TIBC) 470 - 700 g/dL
Serum B12 170 - 700 ng/L Decrease
- Anemia
- Dementia
- Psychosis
Red cell folate(merck) 160 - 855 ng/mL Decrease
362 - 1937 nmol/L - Anemia
- Macrocytosis
- Depression
- Dementia
 - Neural tube defects
Iron 11 - 29 mol/L
60 - 160 g/dL
Transferrin 1.7 - 3.4 g/L

Urinalysis (mayo clinic)

Laboratory test Reference range Clinical Significance
Macroscopic
Color Yellow (light/pale to dark/deep Light yellow - diabetes insipidus
amber)
Clarity/Turbidity Clear or Cloudy Cloudy urine - infection
pH Acidic (4.5 - 8) Abnormal pH - kidney or urinary
tract disorder
Specific gravity 1.005 - 1.025 High SG - not drinking enough
fluids
Glucose 130 mg/d Presence/high glucose & ketones
Ketones NONE - Diabetes

Protein excretion NONE Renal injury

Nitrite NEGATIVE Positive - UTI
Leukocyte esterase NEGATIVE
Bilirubin NEGATIVE Positive - liver damage/disease
Urobilirubin Small amount (0.5 - 1 mg/dL)
Microscopic
Epithelial cells 0 - 5 cells Atypical (tumor/malignancy)
RBC 2/hpf Sign of kidney disease or blood
disorder
WBC 2 -5/hpf Sign of infection
Casts 0 - 5 hyaline casts/lpf May result of kidney disorders
Crystals Occasionally Sign of kidney stones
Bacteria, Yeasts cells, Parasites NONE

https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/appendixes/normal-laboratory-values/blood-tests-
normal-values#v8508814

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