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Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4 - 70126 Bari, Italy
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Department of Chemistry, National Research Council CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4 - 70126 Bari, Italy
AbstractAlginate-chitosan beads were used as both to aquatic species and to human beings due to the
adsorbent to remove two azo anionic textile dyes, Direct presence of metals, aromatic and azo groups in their
Blue 78 and Direct Yellow 106, from aqueous solutions. molecular structures [3, 4].
Batch mode experiments of dyes adsorption were Although dyes exhibit a considerable number of chemical
performed and the effects of various parameters such as structures, it is well-known that the azo dyes are one of
contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, the most widely used and represent approximately 65
pH and temperature were examined. 70% of the total dye production [5, 6]. Azo dyes are toxic
Successively, the dyes have been desorbed from the and potentially carcinogenic for the reduction of the azo
adsorbent and were recycled to dye a cotton fabric. groups with the consequent formation of aromatic amines
The maximum efficiencies in dye removal, performed at in the wastewater [7]. Therefore, the dye removal from
pH 6, 298 K and with 0.5 g of adsorbent, were found to be industrial effluents is a fundamental issue and appropriate
about 97% for Direct Blue 78 and about 86% for Direct wastewater treatments should be done to decrease the
Yellow 106, respectively. The adsorption isotherms fitted environmental impact, even though it is very difficult to
the Freundlichs model, the adsorption kinetics followed realize because of the recalcitrant nature of azo dyes.
the pseudo-second order model and experimental data Indeed, these molecules are resistant to aerobic digestion
indicated an exothermic adsorption process. Moreover, and are highly stable to light, heat and oxidizing agents
the dyes desorption experiments from the alginate- [8]. In the last years, several physical, chemical and
chitosan beads demonstrated that about 50% of dyes were biological methods, such as adsorption, membrane-
released in distilled water at high temperature (368 K) filtration, coagulation, flocculation, flotation,
and the colored solutions obtained were so reused in precipitation, oxidation, aerobic and anaerobic microbial
dyeing tests. degradation processes, have been developed for the
The results demonstrated that the alginate-chitosan beads removal of dyes from industrial effluents [9]. Some of
are very efficient systems able not only to remove dyes these approaches are expensive, with a very low
from wastewater, but also to recycle and reuse them in efficiency or are impracticable because of toxic by-
further dyeing processes. products formation [10]. On the contrary, it has been
KeywordsAdsorption, Alginate-chitosan beads, proved that adsorption is one of the most effective and
Desorption, Textile dye removal, Thermal analysis. cheap methods which industries employ to reduce
hazardous pollutants present in the effluent [11, 12].
I. INTRODUCTION Consequently, a lot of non-conventional and low-cost
Several industrial sectors, such as paper, leather tanning, adsorbents, e.g. natural materials, biosorbents and by-
plastic, cosmetic, rubber, and textile productions, products of industry and agriculture have been proposed
discharge great amounts of dyes into wastewater. These by researchers [13-15]. Recently, it has been also
complex organic molecules cause an important source of demonstrated that the adsorption of dyes by means of
pollution in hydrosphere, dyeing visibly the effluent natural and biodegradable polymers is one of the
waters [1]. emerging methods for dye removal. Indeed, numerous
Color is usually the first contaminant to be recognized in studies based on the use of biopolymers, such as alginate
wastewater being highly visible to human eye even in [16, 17] and chitosan [18-20], have established that these
presence of very small amount of synthetic dyes (less than biosorbents have a very high affinity for many classes of
1 ppm) [2]. Colored water not only causes an dyes. Sodium alginate (AL), the sodium salt of alginic
objectionable aesthetic aspect, but also reduces sunlight acid, is a linear biopolymer extracted from brown algae
penetration retarding the photosynthetic activity of containing (14)-D-mannuronic acid (M) and (14)-
aquatic species and inhibiting their growth. In addition, L-guluronic acid (G) residues. It has the properties to
dyes are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic form stable three-dimensional hydrogel in presence of
1 K1
log (qe qt ) = log qe t Equation (11)
qe = K F Cen Equation (5) 2.303
The linearised form of Freundlich equation is: where qe (mg/g) and qt (mg/g) are the amounts of dye
absorbed on beads respectively at equilibrium and at each
1 time t and k1 (min-1) is the pseudo first order rate
lnqe = lnK F + lnCe Equation (6)
n constant. The Lagergrens first order rate constant, k1, and
where qe is the amount of dye adsorbed at equilibrium the theoretical qe determined from the model, were
(mg/g); Ce is the concentration of dye in solution at calculated respectively by the slope and intercept values
equilibrium (mg/L); KF is the Freundlich constant related of plot log (qe - qt) versus t (Fig. 7a and 7c).
to the maximum adsorption capacity of adsorbent (L/g)
2.7.2 Pseudo-second order model. The simplified and
and n is the intensity of adsorption factor related to linearised equation of pseudo-second order kinetic model
surface heterogeneity (dimensionless). The magnitude of is described by the following equation [34]:
n gives an indication of the adsorption favorability: values
of n > 1 represent favorable adsorption condition [28]. A t 1 t
= + Equation (12)
linear regression plot of ln qe versus ln Ce (Fig. 7) allows qt K2 q2
e qe
Fig. 9: Adsorption kinetic models of DB78 (32.00 mg/L) and DY106 (53.30 mg/L) onto AL-CH beads (from 0.1 to 0.5 g) at
pH 6 and 298 K. Application of pseudo-first order kinetic model at (a) DB78, (c) DY106. Application of pseudo-second order
kinetic model at (b) DB78, (d) DY106.
Table 3: Pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic parameters for adsorption of DB78 and DY106 on AL-CH beads.
Pseudo-first order model Pseudo-second order model
Dye AL-CH beads qeexp k1 qethe R2 k2 qethe R2
-1
dosage (g) (mg/g) (min ) (mg/g) (g/mg.min) (mg/g)
Fig. 10: SEM images. (a) AL-CH beads. (b) DB78 loaded
AL-CH beads Fig. 11: ATR-FTIR spectra of adsorbent system. (a) AL
3.8 FTIR-ATR spectroscopy measurements. Infrared beads and AL-CH beads spectra. (b) DB78, DB78 loaded
(IR) spectra of studied samples (Fig. 11) were recorded to AL-CH beads and AL-CH beads spectra. (c) DY106,
confirm the alginate-chitosan interactions and to better DY106 loaded AL-CH beads and AL-CH beads spectra.
understand the dye-chitosan interactions.
In Fig. 11a the spectra of AL beads and AL-CH beads
were showed. AL beads displayed two intense absorption
bands at 1597 cm-1 and at 1417 cm-1, characteristic of
alginate, assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric
stretching of carboxylate groups [40, 41], that in the AL-
CH bead spectrum, resulted shifted to 1587 cm-1 and to
1415 cm-1, respectively [42]. In addition, in the AL-CH
IR spectrum, a new less intense peak appeared at 1543
cm-1, attributable to the N-H bending vibration
characteristic of chitosan amide II band, although the
signal was shifted respect to the corresponding one in
pure chitosan (1599 cm-1). These results confirm the
chitosan coating of alginate beads by means of
electrostatic interactions involving the carboxylic groups
DY 106
owing to the differences in the molecular weight of the
0.030 dye molecules and the number of sulfonate groups on
each dye. About the isotherm analysis, the Freundlich
0.025
(mg/cm )
2