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IN SCANNED ARRAYS
l History
Established 1933 in Munich, Germany
l Type of enterprise
Independent family-owned company
l Global presence
In over 70 countries, approx. 60 subsidiaries
l Net revenue
l ~ $ 2.0 billion (FY 15/16, July through June)
l Employees
l approximately 10,000 worldwide
l 6000 in Germany
l ~ 500 in US
l Success
l A leading international supplier in all of its business fields
1GP108 - Generating Multiple Phase Coherent Signals: Align in Time and Phase
COBRA
JUDY AEGIS (SPY-1) (234) PATRIOT
(1)
AN/TPQ-37 (102)
SENTINEL
(>100)
B-2
(21)
APQ- AN/TPQ-36
181 (243)
*Number Manufactured BROOKNER, Micr. J 1/08
Example Passive Phased
Arrays
from Around the World
ARABEL
FRANCE
SAM
INDIA
EUROPE
ANALOG MICROWAVE
INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT (MMIC*)
ASEAs
FORWARD BASED
*Number [3]**
ZUMWALT .. THAADS (4)*
*Number Manufact SEA-BASED
NETHERLANDS X-BAND RADAR (BROOKNER, MJ,1/08)
**Planned
RAYTHEON FIGHTER MMIC
AESA RADARS
USED ON F/A-18, F-15, EA-18G AND F-16
>500 AESAs PRODUCED BY RAYTHEON
>1.8 MILLION AESA T/R MODULES (2013)
42
GaN
REPLACES GaAs PA WITH 5X-10X
PEAK POWER IN SAME FOOTPRINT
CHIPS HAVE 108 HRS MTBF
GaN 34% < $ THAN GaAs
$ 200M INVESTED BY RAYTHEON
(Colin Whelan, Raytheon Technology Today, 2010; and:
http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/amdr/index.html;
SEE ALSO R. LOSSY, GAN AND H. MORKOC, NITRIDE
SEMIDCONUCTORS, SABANCI UN. MICROELECTRONICS WORKSHOP,
JUNE 15-17, 2015)
PATRIOT UPGRADES
2012: $400M UPGRADE
2015: GaN AESA; 360O COV.
1/4TH SIZE AESAs IN REAR
2015 STATE-OF-THE-ART SYSTEM
US ARMY
FIELDING TO 2048
>200 BUILT, 13 NATIONS
5000 EL PER/FACE, C-BAND
(FEB. 19, 2015/PRNEWSWIR1520E/;
MICROWAVE&RF, AUG 2015, P. 24;
RAYTHEON WEBSITE) (PHOTO: BROOKNER, E., MJ,2/15)
DIGITAL
BEAM
FORMING
(DBF)
PHASED ARRAYS THAT USE
DIGITAL BEAM FORMING
SMART-L SMART-S SMARTELLO OTH USA
(2) (2)
6CE82560
MEADS USA/
SIGNAAL EUROPE
SIGNAAL (X-BAND) EUROPE
MESAR2 MEADS USA/
ROTHR (3) USA
(UHF) EUROPE
UK
AMSAR ELTA EL/M-2248
CEAFAR
SAMPSON UK
SAMPSON EUROPE ISRAEL USA
AIR &
MISSILE
DEFENSE
RADAR
(AMDR)
COM EW
RADAR COM
EW RADAR
ELTA EL/M-2248 MF-STAR
(MULTI-FUNCTION SURVEILLANCE,
TRACK & GUIDANCE RADAR)
(S.5/17/2017
MAZUMBER, D. UPTON, S. KUNASANI, IEEE 55
ARRAY-2014, BOSTON, MA, PP 456-458)
DARPA ACT* PROGRAM
GOALS FOR FUTURE
PHASED ARRAYS:
MORE COTS
LOWER COST
RF FPGA
RECONFIGURABILITY
SCALABILITY
*ARRAYS AT COMMERCIAL TIME SCALE
(SEE A. MORTAZAWI, ET AL,
INTERNET ON THE MOVE
IN AIRPLANE, RAILROAD TRAIN, CAR
One Element
LTCC 11 Layer
Stackup
IMST Santana
AESA Using
Digital Beam
Forming (DBF) At
Element Level
(COURTESY OF IMST, USED WITH PERMISSION; SEE HOLZWARTHET AL, EUCAP-07; &: STARK, ET AL, KA-BAND
SANTANA. EUCAP-09; SEE ALSO: REINHARD. KULKE, LTCC FOR MICROWAVES, AT SABANCI UN.
MICROELECTRONICS WORKSHOP, JUNE 15-17, 2015)
IMST On-The-Move Comm
Ku BSS/FSS SATELLITES
Receive Only,
Switches To Scan Beam
(COURTESY OF IMST, USED WITH PERMISSION; SEE BAGGEN, ET AL,
ADVANCES IN PHASED ARRAY TECHNOLOGY, EUMA-06)
5/17/2017 58
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
BEAMFORMING (DBF)
MULTIPLE, INDEPENDENT BEAMS
CAN REDUCE BEAM SHAPE LOSS
ENABLES IMPLEMENTATION OF
ADAPTIVE-ARRAY PROCESSING
(BEAM SPACE)
Eli,
This is a
duplicate
BORNEO
ORANGUTAN
REHAB FACILITY
Photo Copyright 2000 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
Eli,
This is a
duplicate
MACAQUE
MONKEY
BORNEO
PARK
Photo Copyright 2000 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
VARANASI
INDIA
Photo Copyright 1983 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
GAMELAN
PLAYER
AT CREMATION
BALI
Photo Copyright 2000 by Eli Brookner
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL
BEAMFORMING (DBF)
MULTIPLE, INDEPENDENT BEAMS
CAN REDUCE BEAM SHAPE LOSS
ENABLES IMPLEMENTATION OF
ADAPTIVE-ARRAY PROCESSING
(BEAM SPACE)
TO FULLY ADAPT
TO SITUATION
FULLY ADAPTIVE ARRAY;
SMI ALGORITHM USED
FULLY ADAPTIVE ADAPTIVE
ARRAY PROCESSING
J=10 ELEMENT
ADAP. ARRAY WHEN
J= # JAMMERS=10
ULTRA-LOW SIDELOBES FOR S-BAND
DBF ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY
a. b.
(UNCLASSIFIED)
IEEE2003 - 76 -
Discoverer II SBR
Solar Array
14 NM: 2014*
10 NM: 2017*
5 NM: 2017**
*WALL ST. J., PP. B1, B2, 7/17/15
**INTEL AND SAMSUNG
BERKELEY LAB TRANSISTOR HAS A
GATE WIDTH 1 NM -- 5X SMALLER
THAN THE 5 NM
(ENGINEER.COM, 11/27/16;
http://www.engineering.com/ElectronicsDesign/ElectronicsDesignArticles/Articl
DARPA PLAN
REDUCE POWER
CONSUMPTION BY
FACTOR OF ~75
INDEPENDENT OF WHAT
HAPPENS WITH
MOORES LAW
(ROBERT COLWELL, FORMERLY DARPA MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGY OFFICE,
BEFORE THAT INTELS CHIEF ARCHITECH, AVIATION WEEK, AUG. 11/18, 2014)
VACUUM TUBE
0.5X0.8X2
FITS IN YOUR
POCKET
0.5X0.8X2
INCHES
1X1X2 INCHES
$35 128GB MEMORY STICK
VACUUM TUBE HAS 130 B TRANSISTORS
USING VACUUM
TUBES WOULD
EXTEND TO 40
MILLION TIMES
DISTANCE TO
SUN
(1X1X2 IN3 TUBES STACKED SIDEWAYS ON TOP OF EACH OTHER)
WHAT
ABOUT
MICRO-
WAVES
INTEL 32-ELEMENT SINGLE CHIP
60 GHZ TX/RX PHASED ARRAY
EXTREME MMIC
http://spendergast.blogspot.com/2016/05/googles-project-soli-demos-mmw-
micro.html;
DICK TRACY
SEND
SQUAD CAR
HUMAN BRAIN
2-3 LBS
~20W
TO DO TODAY WHAT A MOUSES BRAIN
DOES WE WOULD NEED A COMPUTOR
THE SIZE OF SMALL CITY AND SEVERAL
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS TO RUN IT
BOSTON
NUCLEAR PLANT
WE ARE IN THE HORSE
AND BUGGY DAYS
WE HAVE A
LONG WAY
TO GO
GRAPHENE & CARBON (C) NANOTUBES (CNT):
HOPE FOR MOORES LAW CONTINUATION
CNT: MANUFACTURED
ON COMOS DEMOD
WHAT IS
GRAPHENE?
2-DIMENSIONAL
FORM OF
CARBON
CRYSTAL ONE
ATOM THICK
SHEET
5/17/2017 116
GRAPHENE NOBEL PRIZE WINNER
(2010 IN PHYSICS FOR DISCOVERY OF
NOBEL PRIZE WINNER (2010 IN PHYSICS
GRAPHENE, AGE 37) DR. KONSTANTIN
FOR PRODUCING GRAPHENE, AGE 37)
NOVOSELOV
DR. KONSTANTIN WITH DR.
NOVOSELOV ELIELI
& DR.
5/17/2017 117
117
Photo Copyright 2011 by Eli Brookner
SUPERMAN OF BULLET PROOF MATERIALS
GRAPHENE 10X BETTER THAN STEEL
HTTP://SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG/NANOCLAST/SEMICONDUCTORS/MATERIALS/
GRAPHENE-PROVES-TO-BE-SUPERMAN-OF-BULLET-PROOF-
MATERIALS/?UTM_SOURCE=TECHALERT&UTM_MEDIUM=EMAIL&UTM_CAM
PAIGN=121114; SEE ALSO: M. SULTANA, SPACE APPLICATIONS OF
GRAPHENE AND C. BASARAN, PACKAGING BOTH AT SABANCI UN.
GRAPHENE BASED FUEL CELL MEMBRANE:
EXTRACTS HYDROGEN FROM AIR
GRAPHENE USED IN ARM OF
HEAD $200 TENNIS RACQUET
QUANTUM COMPUTING
POTENTIAL FOR
X10 TO 100S
INCREASE IN
COMPUTER
POWER EVERY
GENERATION
INSTEAD OF OF X2 TEMPERATURE
OF MOORES LAW* <50 MILLI-K
(*VERN BROWNELL, GIGAOM STRUCTURE DATA CONF., 2014)
(PHOTO FROM TECHNOLOGY TODAY, 2014, ISSUE 1)
SYNAPTIC TRANSISTOR
LEARNS LIKE HUMAN BRAIN SYNAPS
BRAIN HAS 86 BILLION NUERONS CONNE
BY SYNAPSES
HUMAN BRAIN USES ONLY ~20W
LEADS TO ANALOG NOT BINARY COMPUT
SHOE
BOX
NUCLEAR PLANT
GLOVE RADAR
$80
MEASURES SPEED
OF BASEBALL
(BASEBALL WAREHOUSE)
BUY YOUR KID A RADAR -- $20
EVERYONE
SHOULD
OWN ONE
(WALMART.COM)
RAYTHEON
EMPLOYEE
BEATS
EINSTEIN
EINSTEIN
DR.ELI
131
DR. ELI AND SARAH PALIN ON
DANCING WITH THE STARS
Photo Copyright 2007 by Eli Brookner
MONITOR
FOR
INFANT
SUDDEN
DEATH
SYDROME
TIME MAG. 9/11/13, 6-11-13, P 18
BOEING: 3D-PRINTED TITANIUM PARTS 787
DREAMLINER; SAVING MILLIONS PER A/C
HTTP://WWW.POPULARMECHANICS.COM/FLIGHT/AIRLINES/A26018/BO
EING-PRINTED-
TITANIUM/?SRC=NL&MAG=POP&LIST=NL_PNL_NEWS&DATE=041117
FUTURE: IR FOR DATA TRANSFER IN
CHIPS & BETWEEN SYSTEMS
80% OF POWER IN CHIP DUE TO DATA OVERS WIRES
CAN SEND 20X AS MUCH DATA OPTICALLY
20 CHANNELS IN DIAMETER OF HUMAN HAIR
1000S SUCH LINKS IN CHIP
SILICON TRANPARENT TO IR
SOFTWARE DESIGNS LINKS
BAR
1:2 CODE
SPLITTER SPLITTER
LIGHT IN
Ag NANO
WIRE
LIGHT OUT
5/17/2017 142142
MATERIAL
ON
DEMAND
5/17/2017 143143
METAMATERIALS
(http://www.kymetacorp.com/technology/product-stack/)
SATELLITE ANTENNA
(http://www.kymetacorp.com/technology/product-stack/)
(From: Dr. R. Shahidain, Mil. Antennas 2009)
250-505 MHZ; G=5-8.2 DB, VSWR <3
~2500 LAYERS; 3.3 THICK (/20 INSTEAD OF /4)
ANISOTROPIC MAGNETIC DIELECTRIC METAMATERIAL ANTENNA
POTENTIAL USES: NGJ* VHF ANTENNA; REPLACE TALL VISIBLE
WHIP ANTENNA ON ARMY VEHICLES; VHF A/C FOPEN ANTENNAS
ARMY RESEARCH LAB (ARL); CONTRACTED METAMATERIALS INC.
(TECHNOLOGY TODAY,
2014, ISSUE 1)
EA-18G (GROWLER) WITH PODS
SUPERLENS OF
15 nm SILVER FILM
WITH NEG ;
Layers of
Ag, Cr, Quartz
F = 2.72 GHz
Antenna Sizes:
1.12x0.51x0.157 cm;
or o/10 X o/22 X o/70
Isolation: 18 DB without,
42 DB with,
An Increase of 24 DB
Electronic Bandgap
Equivalent to Separating
Antennas by 1 m
(COURTESY OF PROF. K. SARABANDI, UN. OF MICHIGAN;
THANKS ALSO TO JOSEPH MAIT, ARMY RESEARCH LAB, ADELPHI, MD; SEE
K. SARABANDI & Y. J. SONG, SUBWAVELENGTH TRANSPONDER USING 162
METAMATERIAL ISOLATOR, IEEE AP TRANS., 7/11, PP 2183-2190)
WIDE ANGLE SCAN USING ELECTROMAGNETIC
BAND GAP (EBG) MATERIAL
Array w/ Wide Angle Scan & Possibly No Circulator
Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) Material Between Patch
Layers Shown To Reduce Mutual Coupling By 8 DB
1
Scanning Range Scanning range in k-space
with 5 tilt
0.8
green: simulated infinite
0.6
array
0.4
red: measured finite array
0.2
blue: specification
0
v
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
(COUTESY OF DR. C. FULTON; SEE C. FULTON,"DIGITAL ARRAY
u
RADAR, PHD THESIS, PURDUE UN., 12/10; SEE ALSO FULTON, W. & 163
163
CHAPPELL , W., IEEE COMCAS 2008)
3-D METAMATERIALS NOW MADE TO
ORDER AT VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS
NO
WAVEFRONT
WITH MIMO NO
UNCLASSIFIED, DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
FOCUSED BEAM
ON TRANSMIT
CONVENTIONAL MIMO BEAM =
ARRAY BEAM ELEMENT BW
FOCUSED, BW10o 120o , NOT
FOCUSED
.
MF1 WTi1k . WTijk = TRANSMITTER WEIGHT IN RECEIVER
. TRANSMITTER BEAM #
TRANSMITTER ELEMENT #
MFj WTijk .. + RECEIVER ELEMENT #
.
WRik = RECEIVER WEIGHT
..
RECEIVER BEAM #
E1k RECEIVER ELEMENT #
MFN WTiNk Eik ENk
WR1k WRik WRNk REC
+
BF
Ek = kth BEAM OUTPUT 175
MIMO WITH COLOCATED
THIN/FULL ARRAYS
N=10 EL THIN TRANS ARRAY
1 2 5 10
N=10 EL FULL
xxxxxxxxxx
/2
REC ARRAY
EQUIVALENT TO:
100 EL FULL ARRAY:
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
/2
MIMO HAS N=10
TIMES
ACCURACY &
RESOLUTION AS
CONVENTIONAL
ARRAY OF 10 EL
FOR N=100, 100X
ACCURACY &
RESOLUTION AS
CONVENTIONAL
ARRAY
FOR N=1000,
1000X
ACCURACY &
RESOLUTION AS
CONVENTIONAL
ARRAY
CONCLUDE:
MIMO HAS ORDERS OF
MAGNITUDE BETTER
RESOLUTION
& ACCURACY THAN
CONVENTIONAL
ARRAY
NOT
TRUE
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
FESTIVAL
SINGAPORE
DR. ELI BROOKNER
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT
(MIMO) AT THAIPUSAM FESTIVAL,
SINGAPORE
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
Photo Copyright 2005 by Eli Brookner
UNCLASSIFIED, DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
MIMO
TYPICALLY HAS
LARGE SIGNAL
PROCESSING
LOAD
193
35766_brookner3_tk7| Page 193
MIMO MONOSTATIC ARRAY
XTMR/REC BEAMFORMER (BF) IN RECEIVER
1 2
3
i XTMR BF
.. .
N
.
MF1 WTi1k . WTijk = TRANSMITTER WEIGHT IN RECEIVER
. TRANSMITTER BEAM #
TRANSMITTER ELEMENT #
MFj WTijk .. + RECEIVER ELEMENT #
.
WRik = RECEIVER WEIGHT
..
RECEIVER BEAM #
E1k RECEIVER ELEMENT #
MFN WTiNk Eik ENk
WR1k WRik WRNk REC
+
BF
Ek = kth BEAM OUTPUT 194
IS MIMO BETTER FOR GMTI? NO!
CONVENTIONAL MIMO SHOULD DO AS
WELL USING SAME THIN/FULL ARRAY
& SAME COHERENCE TIME
ASSUMPTIONS:
BOTH: fc=2GHz,
PRF=7.2 KHz
MIMO: THIN/FULL ARRAY,
N=5
SIMO(CONVENTIONAL):
FULL ARRAY, N=5
MIMO HANDLES
JAMMERS BETTER
THAN CONVENTIONAL
ARRAYS
NOT
TRUE
WHERE
MIMO
MAKES
SENSE 198
UNCLASSIFIED, DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
ANOTHER POTENTIAL
APPLICATION OF MIMO
AUTOMOBILE
RADARS AT 70 GHZ
WITH 4 GHZ
BW SIGNALS
35766_brookner3_tk7| Page 200
UNCLASSIFIED, DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
ANOTHER POTENTIAL
NEAR TERM
APPLICATION OF MIMO
OTH RADARS
BIODEGRADABLE ARRAY
OF LEDs OR TRANSISTORS
FOR DETECTING CANCER OR
DISPENSING INSULIN
USES SILK AS STRUCTURE
TUFT/UN. ILLINOIS
RUSSIAN
X-BAND S-300
FIRE
CONTROL
RADAR
HTTP://NATIONALINTEREST.ORG/BLOG/THE-BUZZ/S-500-RUSSIAS-
SUPER-WEAPON-COULD-KILL-THE-B-2-F-22-OR-F-35-20107
35766_brookner3_tk7| Page 207
STEALTH DEFEATING
QUANTUM RADAR
MAKES USE OF QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT
DETECTION OF SINGLE PHOTON
CAN BE USED TO DETECT CANCER CELLS
ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY GROUP CORPORATION
(CETC) OF CHINA
TECHNOLOGY USED IN CHINA QUANTUM SATELLITE
FOR SECURE COMMUNICATION
HTTPS://WWW.RT.COM/NEWS/358664-CHINA-QUANTUM-RADAR-TEST/
QUANTUM RADAR
5/17/2017 212
ASPECTS OF
MODERN RADAR
Tracking and
Eli Brookner Kalman Filtering
Made Easy
TAKE 2 TRANSISTORS . AND
CALL ME IN THE MORNING
Pat Arena
BEFORE AFTER
THE
5/17/2017
END 220
BACKUP
ASPECTS OF
MODERN RADAR
Tracking and
Eli Brookner Kalman Filtering
Made Easy
BROOKNER REFS
RADARCON 2008
MICROWAVE J. 1/2008
RADARCON 2007
MILITARY RADAR CONF. 10/09, 10/08, 10/07
RADAR 2007, BANGALOR, INDIA
RF Alliance Conference: RF Alliance Conference:
Enabling Multi-Antenna & Broadband Systems,April 5-6,
2010
IEEE INT. PHASED ARRAY SYMP. (ARRAY-2010), 10/10,
BOSTON
The End
BEFORE AFTER
REUSE, COTS AND GOTS FOR LOW COST
PHOTO
COURTESY OF
RAYTHEON
PHOTO COURTESY OF
RAYTHEON
COBRA JUDY REPLACEMENT (CJR)
S
X
X-BAND
ARRAY ANTENNAS:
46X29 X-BAND
42X30 S-BAND
(See:P. MORAN & C. REASONOVER, NSSC LEADING EDGE, VOL 7, NO. 2; Also:
WASHBURN, D. & W. RISAS, CJR, MICROWAVES & RF, 11/2010, PP 136, 138)
CJR TEAM CELEBRATE A
SUCCESSFUL FIRST LIVE-LAUNCH
235