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Abstract: Previous work in the development of dual finite-element methods applied to the solution of quasista-
tic problems has concentrated attention on transmission lines whose cross-section has well-defined dual sym-
metries. Many real problems of interest have either a single symmetry axis or no symmetry axis at all. It is the
purpose of the paper to deal with these special cases with the stated aim of widening the scope of application of
dual methods to include any coaxial simply connected Cartesian geometry. The provision of upper and lower
bounds already makes the dual-potential approach extremely powerful and flexible. Examples of practical inter-
est are chosen including coupled rectangular metallic bars in square coaxial line.
-J{
where the subscript 1 is used to indicate lower bound. In
(3)
faces are at constant potential, but, of course, only two are
allowed to be prescribed independently. Concentrating for
the present on two-conductor transmission lines, the ques-
tion of setting up a dual formulation to the actual problem
fact, the two capacitances per unit length can be shown to resolves finding dual-potential surfaces having inter-
have a constant product changed electric and magnetic properties of the original
CuCt = ei (4) structure.
In many cases the original problem possesses sym-
The dual capacitance resulting in the lower bound may metries which allow easy identification of the dual poten-
also be interpreted physically as an inductance per unit tial surfaces. For example, the coaxial structure shown in
length. In a dual transmission line carrying current / 0 , the Fig. 1A has two axes of symmetry, equivalent to magnetic
inductance per unit length is given by the variational
expression
(5)
(7) dual F
By using upper and lower bounds, the solution of the
matrix equations resulting from a finite-element formula-
tion of these expressions leads to estimates which are at Fig. 1B Rectangular coaxial line with single axial symmetry (vertically
least one order of magnitude more accurate than would be offset centre conductor) treated as a half-section geometry and its dual.
produced by either bound itself. Boundary equipotentials well defined
Fig. 2A Square array of points (8 by 8 mesh) with inner and outer Fig. 2B Equipotential surfaces for the problem described in Fig. 2A and
conductors defining a square coaxial transmission line or one half section of the orthogonal dual potential contours
side-coupled bars in stripline propagating the even mode. Potential code CJe0 = 10.8444 CJe0 = 9.7614
matrix (P-matrix) given for the original problem (upper bound) and its where subscript u means upper bound and 1 means lower bound
dual (lower bound) C/e0 = 10.2341 [2] conformal mapping (exact)
1 2 3 A 5
odd mode, upper bound
6
0 9 9 0 0 0 9 9 9 Fig. 3B Equipotential surfaces for the odd mode in coupled stripline and
bounds on capacitance
0 9 9 0 0 0 9 9 9
CJe0 = 8.9695 C,/e 0 = 8.1600
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 C/e0 (average) = 8.5648
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 - 1 - 1
1 - 11 - 11 -- 1 1 --11 - 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 - 1 --11 - 1 - 1 - 1 --11 - 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
P-matrix (even mode) P-matrix (even mode)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 9 9 9 9 9
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 9 9 9 9 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 9 9 9 9 9
Fig. 4A Square array of points (12 by 12 mesh) defining broad-coupled bars in a coaxial transmission line with no assumed axis of symmetry. Potential
code matrix (P-matrix) given for original problem (upper bound) and its dual (lower bound)
3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 U 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
odd mode, lower bound even mode, lower bound
Fig. 4B Equipotential surfaces for broad-coupled bars in stripline and the orthogonal dual potential contours; odd and even modes
C0Je0 = 20.2587 C 0 1 / E 0 = 18.4289 CJt0 = 13.7357 Cel/e0 = 12.5679 where subscript 0 means odd and e means even Coupling coefficient (average) = 14.2 dB
odd- and even-mode impedances, Z oo and Zoe as Table 16: Even mode
-w
A = 1.99 mm
B = 15
C = 23
D=6
H=4.5
T=6
W=8
4 5 6 7 8 10 11
even mode, upper bound
3 A 5 6 7 8 10 11
odd mode, lower bound
ference essentially cancels out the leading error term in the cuits. By a dual formulation of the variational principle,
finite-element expansion leaving a higher-order error term upper and lower bounds to the large-scale parameters of
which is rather small. As a result, it is possible to predict interest have been computed in structures where no a
coupling very accurately with relatively small matrix priori assumption concerning symmetry needs to be met.
dimensions, especially when the coupling is small itself. The lower-bound case requires special treatment because
358 IEE PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 132, Pt. H, No. 6, OCTOBER 1985
of the difficulty of defining equipotential surfaces. The an automatic adaptive mesh scheme, whereby mesh refine-
answer lies in the insertion of boundary layers between ment occurs iteratively and depends on where field
conductors across which the potential increments by a strength is largest.
known value. Further developements in the area of dual finite-element
In any case the advantages of using dual methods rather methods as applied to the solution of transmission line
than a single upper bound, as is usual, are clearly enor- problems are expected to concentrate heavily on pre-
mous, in that (i) the error bounds on the large-scale par- processing techniques and the implementation on small
ameter of interest are tightly defined the user is certain of desk-top machines.
the maximum absolute magnitude of the error, (ii) an order
of magnitude improvement in accuracy is obtained by References
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