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Solutionbank
Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 1
Question:
Example: Take A = 30 ° , B = 60 °
1
sin A = 2
√3
sin B = 2
sin A + sin B ≠ 1
but sin ( A + B ) = sin 90 ° = 1 .
This proves that sin ( A + B ) = sin A + sin B is not true for all values. There
will be many values of A and B for which it is true, e.g. A = − 30 ° and
B = + 30 ° , and that is the danger of trying to prove a statement by taking
particular examples. To prove a statement requires a sound argument; to
disprove only requires one example.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 2
Question:
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 3
Question:
π
(a) Use the expansion of sin ( A − B ) to show that sin − θ = cos θ .
2
π
(b) Use the expansion of cos ( A − B ) to show that cos − θ = sin θ .
2
Solution:
π π π
⇒ sin −θ ≡ cos θ (since sin = 1 , cos = 0)
2 2 2
π π π
⇒ cos −θ ≡ sin θ (since cos = 0 , sin = 1)
2 2 2
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 4
Question:
tan 2θ + tan 3θ
(h)
1 − tan 2θ tan 3θ
3x + 2y 3x − 2y 3x + 2y 3x − 2y
(j) cos cos − sin sin
2 2 2 2
Solution:
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Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 3 C3 Page 2 of 2
tan 76 ° − tan 45 °
1 + tan 76 ° tan 45 ° ≡ tan ( 76 ° − 45 ° ) ≡ tan 31 °
tan A + tan B
(h) Using tan ( A + B ) ≡ 1 − tan A tan B
tan 2θ + tan 3θ
1 − tan 2θ tan 3θ ≡ tan ( 2θ + 3θ ) ≡ tan 5θ
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 5
Question:
1 − tan 15 °
(h)
1 + tan 15 °
7π π
tan ( ) − tan ( )
12 3
(i)
7π π
1 + tan ( ) tan ( )
12 3
(b) cos 110 ° cos 20 ° + sin 110 ° sin 20 ° = cos ( 110 − 20 ) ° = cos 90 ° = 0
√3
(c) sin 33 ° cos 27 ° + cos 33 ° sin 27 ° = sin ( 33 + 27 ) ° = sin 60 ° = 2
π π π π π π π √2
(d) cos 8 cos − sin sin = cos + 8 = cos 4 =
8 8 8 8 2
√2
(e) sin 60 ° cos 15 ° − cos 60 ° sin 15 ° = sin ( 60 − 15 ) ° = sin 45 ° = 2
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Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 3 C3 Page 2 of 2
= cos ( 70 + 50 ) °
= cos 120 °
1
= − cos 60 ° = − 2
tan 45 ° + tan 15 °
(g) 1 − tan 45 ° tan 15 ° = tan ( 45 + 15 ) ° = tan 60 ° = √ 3
7π 1
tan ( ) − tan ( π )
12 3
7π π 3π π
(i) = tan − = tan = tan 4 =1
1 + tan (
7π 1
) tan ( π )
12 3 12
12 3
√3
(j) This is very similar to part (e) but you need to rewrite it as 2 2 cos 15 ° −
1
2 sin 15 ° to appreciate it!
√3 1
√ 3 cos 15 ° − sin 15 ° ≡ 2 cos 15 ° − 2 sin 15 °
2
≡ 2 ( sin 60 ° cos 15 ° − cos 60 ° sin 15 ° )
≡ 2 sin ( 60 − 15 ) °
≡ 2 sin 45 °
= √2
© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 6
Question:
2√3
(b) Using the sine rule, or otherwise, show that tan θ ° = 5
.
Solution:
sin C sin A
(b) Using sine rule: c = a
sin ( 60 − θ ) ° sin θ °
⇒ 3 = 4
⇒ 4 sin ( 60 − θ ) ° = 3 sin θ °
⇒ 4 sin 60 ° cos θ ° − 4 cos 60 ° sin θ ° = 3 sin θ °
√3
⇒ 2 √ 3 cos θ ° − 2 sin θ ° = 3 sin θ ° sin 60 ° =
2
⇒ 5 sin θ ° = 2 √ 3 cos θ °
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Heinemann Solutionbank: Core Maths 3 C3 Page 2 of 2
sin θ ° 2√3
⇒ cos θ ° = 5
2√3
⇒ tan θ ° = 5
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 7
Question:
sin ( x + y )
(c)
cos x cos y
≡ tan x + tan y
cos ( x + y )
(d)
sin x sin y
+ 1 ≡ cot x cot y
π π
(e) cos θ+ 3 + √ 3 sin θ ≡ sin θ + 6
cot A cot B − 1
(f) cot (A+B) ≡ cot A + cot B
(g) sin
2 ( 45 + θ ) ° + sin2 ( 45 − θ ) ° ≡ 1
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π
(e) L.H.S. ≡ cos θ+ 3 + √ 3 sin θ
π π
≡ cos θ cos 3 − sin θ sin 3 + √ 3 sin θ
1 √3
≡ 2 cos θ − 2 sin θ + √ 3 sin θ
√3 1
≡ 2 sin θ + 2 cos θ
π π π √3 π 1
≡ sin θ cos + cos θ sin cos 6 = , sin =
6 6 2 6 2
π
≡ sin θ+ 6 [ sin ( A + B ) ]
≡ R.H.S.
(f)
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 8
Question:
4 1
Given that sin A = 5
and sin B = 2
, where A and B are both acute angles, calculate the
exact values of
3 √3 4 1 3√3+4
(b) cos ( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B = 5 × 2 + 5 × 2 = 10
1 10
(c) sec (A−B) = cos ( A − B ) = 3√3+4
10 ( 3 √ 3 − 4 )
= (3√3+4) (3√3−4)
10 ( 3 √ 3 − 4 )
= 27 − 16
10 ( 3 √ 3 − 4 )
= 11
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 9
Question:
4
Given that cos A = − 5
, and A is an obtuse angle measured in radians, find the
exact value of
(a) sin A
π
(c) sin + A
3
π
(d) tan + A
4
Solution:
4
Draw a right-angled triangle where cos A′ = 5
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4
cos ( π + A ) = + 5
π π π
(c) sin + A = sin cos A + cos 3 sin A
3 3
√3 4 1 3
= − 5 +
2 2 5
3−4√3
= 10
3
(d) As A is in 2nd quadrant, tan A = − tan A′ = − 4
π 1
tan + tan A
4 4
π 1 + tan A 1
tan + A = = = =
4 1 − tan
π
tan A
1 − tan A 7 7
4 4
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 10
Question:
8 4
Given that sin A = 17
, where A is acute, and cos B = − 5
, where B is obtuse,
calculate the exact value of
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− 60 + 24 36
= 85 = − 85
8 3 77
+
tan A − tan B 15 4 60 77
(c) tan (A−B) = 1 + tan A tan B = = = 36
24 36
1−
60 60
1 36
So cot ( A − B ) = tan ( A − B ) = 77
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 11
Question:
7 5
Given that tan A = 24
, where A is reflex, and sin B = 13
, where B is obtuse,
calculate the exact value of
(a)
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
7 12 24 5
= ( − 25
) ( − 13
) + ( − 25
) ( 13
)
84 − 120 36
= 325
= − 325
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7 5 17
+
tan A − tan B 24 12 24 204
(b) tan (A−B) = 1 + tan A tan B = = = 253
7 5 253
1− ( ) ( )
24 12 288
1 325
(c) cosec (A+B) = sin ( A + B ) = − 36
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Exercise A, Question 12
Question:
(a) cos
2 θ − sin2 θ
1 + tan θ
(c)
1 − tan θ
1
(d)
√2
( sin θ + cos θ )
Solution:
(a) cos
2 θ − sin2 θ = cos θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ = cos ( θ + θ ) = cos 2θ
π
tan + tan θ
1 + tan θ 4 π
(c) 1 − tan θ = π
(as tan 4 = 1)
1 − tan tan θ
4
π
= tan + θ
4
1 1 π π 1 π
(d) √ 2 sin θ + √2 cos θ = sin θ cos 4 + cos θ sin 4 (as √2 = cos 4 = sin
π
4 )
π
= sin θ+ 4
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π
[ Note: (d) could be cos θ− 4
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 13
Question:
( θ + 30 ° ) + 2 sin θ = 0
(b) sin
⇒ sin θ cos 30 ° + cos θ sin 30 ° + 2 sin θ = 0
√3 1
⇒ 2 sin θ + 2 cos θ + 2 sin θ = 0
⇒ ( 4 + √ 3 ) sin θ = − cos θ
1
⇒ tan θ = − 4+ √3
As tan θ is −ve, θ is in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
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1 1
θ = tan − 1 − 4+ √3 + 180 ° , tan − 1 − 4+ √3 + 360 °
= 170.1 ° , 350.1°.
( θ + 25 ° ) + sin ( θ + 65 ° ) = 1
(c) cos
⇒ cos θ cos 25 ° − sin θ sin 25 ° + sin θ cos 65 ° + cos θ sin 65 ° = 1
As sin ( 90 − x ) ° = cos x ° and cos ( 90 − x ) ° = sin x °
cos 25 ° = sin 65 ° and sin 25 ° = cos 65 °
So cos θ sin 65 ° − sin θ cos 65 ° + sin θ cos 65 ° + cos θ sin 65 ° = 1
⇒ 2 cos θ sin 65 ° = 1
1
⇒ cos θ = 2 sin 65 ° = 0.55169
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1
tan − 1 − √3 is not in given interval.
1 1
θ = tan − 1 − √3 + 180 ° , tan − 1 − √3 + 360 ° = 150 ° ,
330°
1
tan θ = −
1
⇒ θ = tan −1 −
1
+ 180 ° , tan − 1 − 3
3 3
+ 360 ° = 161.6 ° , 341.6°
1
tan θ = −
1
⇒ θ = tan −1 −
1
+ 180 ° , tan − 1 − 2
2 2
+ 360 ° = 153.4 ° , 333.4°
Set of solutions: 153.4°, 161.6°, 333.4°, 341.6°
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1
⇒ cos 45 ° sin θ + sin 45 ° cos θ = √2
1
⇒ sin ( θ + 45 ° ) = √2
⇒ θ + 45 ° = 45 ° , 135°
⇒ θ = 0 ° , 90°
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Exercise A, Question 14
Question:
(b) Hence write down, in the same interval, the solutions of √ 3 cos θ − sin θ = 1.
Solution:
√3 1
(b) cos θ cos 30 ° − sin θ sin 30 ° ≡ cos θ × 2 − sin θ × 2
1
So cos θ cos 30 ° − sin θ sin 30 ° = 2
is identical to √ 3 cos θ − sin θ = 1
Solutions are same as (a), i.e. 30°, 270°
© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 15
Question:
(b)
√3+1
= √3−1
( √3+1) ( √3+1)
= ( √3−1) ( √3+1)
4+2√3
= 2
=2+ √3
© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 16
Question:
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 17
Question:
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− √3+1
=
1+ √3
( − √3+1) ( √3−1)
= ( √3+1) ( √3−1)
−4+2√3
= 2
= −2+ √3
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 18
Question:
(a) 3 sin
( x − y ) − sin ( x + y ) = 0
⇒ 3 sin x cos y − 3 cos x sin y − sin x cos y − cos x sin y = 0
⇒ 2 sin x cos y = 4 cos x sin y
2 sin x cos y 4 cos x sin y
⇒ cos x cos y = cos x cos y
2 sin x 4 sin y
⇒ cos x = cos y
⇒ 2 tan x = 4 tan y
So tan x = 2 tan y
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 19
Question:
Given that sin x ( cos y + 2 sin y ) = cos x ( 2 cos y − sin y ) , find the value of
tan ( x + y ) .
Solution:
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 20
Question:
As tan ( x − y ) = 3
tan x − tan y
so 1 + tan x tan y =3
⇒ tan x − tan y = 3 + 3 tan x tan y
⇒ 3 tan x tan y + tan y = tan x − 3
⇒ tan y ( 3 tan x + 1 ) = tan x − 3
tan x − 3
⇒ tan y = 3 tan x + 1
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 21
Question:
(c) tan ( x − 60 ) ° = 2
Solution:
1
(a) tan ( x − 45 ) ° = 4
tan x ° − tan 45 ° 1
⇒ 1 + tan x ° tan 45 ° = 4
( x − 60 ) ° = 3 cos ( x + 30 ) °
(b) sin
⇒ sin x ° cos 60 ° − cos x ° sin 60 ° = 3 cos x ° cos 30 ° − 3 sin x °
sin 30 °
1 √3 √3 1
⇒ sin x ° × 2 − cos x ° × 2 = 3 cos x ° × 2 − 3 sin x ° × 2
⇒ 4 sin x ° = 4 √ 3 cos x °
sin x ° 4√3
⇒ cos x ° = 4
⇒ tan x ° = √ 3
(c) tan ( x − 60 ) ° = 2
tan x ° − tan 60 °
⇒ 1 + tan x ° tan 60 ° =2
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tan x ° − √ 3
⇒ 1 + √ 3 tan x ° =2
⇒ tan x ° − √ 3 = 2 + 2 √ 3 tan x °
⇒ ( 2 √ 3 − 1 ) tan x ° = − ( 2 + √ 3 )
(2+ √3) (2+ √3) (2√3+1) 8+5√3
⇒ tan x ° = − 2√3−1 = − (2√3−1) (2√3+1) = − 11
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise A, Question 22
Question:
1 2
Given that tan A ° = 5
and tan B ° = 3
, calculate, without using your calculator, the
value of A + B,
As tan ( A + B ) ° is +ve, A + B is in the 1st or 3rd quadrants, but as they are both
acute A + B cannot be in the 3rd quadrant.
So ( A + B ) ° = tan − 1 1 = 45 °
i.e. A + B = 45
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Exercise A, Question 23
Question:
cos y = sin ( x + y )
⇒ cos y = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Divide throughout by cos x cos y
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Exercise A, Question 24
Question:
1
Given that cot A = 4
and cot ( A + B ) = 2 , find the value of cot B.
Solution:
cot ( A + B ) = 2
1
⇒ tan ( A + B ) = 2
tan A + tan B 1
⇒ 1 − tan A tan B = 2
1
But as cot A = 4, then tan A = 4.
4 + tan B 1
So 1 − 4 tan B = 2
⇒ 8 + 2 tan B = 1 − 4 tan B
⇒ 6 tan B = − 7
7
⇒ tan B = − 6
1 6
So cot B = tan B = − 7
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Exercise A, Question 25
Question:
π 1
Given that tan x+ 3 = 2 , show that tan x = 8 − 5 √ 3.
Solution:
π 1
tan x+ 3 = 2
π
tan x + tan
3 1
⇒ π
= 2
1 − tan x tan
3
tan x + √ 3 1 π
⇒ 1 − √ 3 tan x = tan 3 = √ 3
2
⇒ 2 tan x + 2 √ 3 = 1 − √ 3 tan x
⇒ ( 2 + √ 3 ) tan x = 1 − 2 √ 3
1−2√3 (1−2√3) (2− √3) 2−4√3− √3+6
⇒ tan x = 2+ √3 = (2+ √3) (2− √3) = 1 =8−5√3
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Exercise B, Question 1
Question:
(b) 1 − 2 sin2 25 °
(c) cos
2 40 ° − sin2 40 °
2 tan 5 °
(d)
1 − tan2 5 °
1
(e)
1 1
2 sin ( 24 ) ° cos ( 24 ) °
2 2
(f) 6 cos
2 30 ° − 3
sin 8 °
(g)
sec 8 °
2 π π
(h) cos
16
− sin2 16
Solution:
(c) cos
2 40 ° − sin2 40 ° = cos 80 ° (using cos 2A ≡ cos2 A − sin2 A)
2 tan 5 ° 2 tan A
(d) = tan 10 ° (using tan 2A ≡ )
1 − tan2 5 ° 1 − tan2 A
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1 1
(e) = sin 49 ° = cosec 49 °
1 1
2 sin ( 24 ) ° cos ( 24 ) °
2 2
(f) 6 cos
2 30 ° − 3 = 3 ( 2 cos2 30 ° − 1 ) = 3 cos 60 °
sin 8 ° 1 1
(g) sec 8 ° = sin 8 ° cos 8 ° = 2 ( 2 sin 8 ° cos 8 ° ) = 2 sin 16 °
2 π π 2π π
(h) cos 16 − sin2 16 = cos 16 = cos 8
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Exercise B, Question 2
Question:
1 ° 1 °
(a) 2 sin 22 2 cos 22 2
(b) 2 cos
2 15 ° − 1
π
2 tan
8
(d)
π
1 − tan2
8
Solution:
1 ° 1 ° 1 √2
(a) 2 sin 22 2 cos 22 2 = sin 2 × 22 2 ° = sin 45 ° =
2
2 √3
(b) 2 cos 15 ° − 1 = cos ( 2 × 15 ° ) = cos 30 ° = 2
π
2 tan
8
π π
(d) = tan 2× 8 = tan 4 = 1
1 − tan2
π
8
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Exercise B, Question 3
Question:
Write the following in their simplest form, involving only one trigonometric
function:
(a) cos
2 3θ − sin2 3θ
θ
2 tan
2
(c)
θ
1 − tan2
2
θ
(d) 2 − 4 sin2 2
(e) \ 1 + cos 2θ
(f) sin
2 θ cos2 θ
tan θ
(h)
sec2 θ − 2
(i) sin
4 θ − 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ + cos 4 θ
Solution:
(a) cos
2 3θ − sin2 3θ = cos ( 2 × 3θ ) = cos 6θ
θ
2 tan
2
θ
(c) = tan 2× 2 = tan θ
1 − tan2
θ
2
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1 2 1 θ = 2 cos 2 × 1 θ
(d) 2 − 4 sin2 θ = 2 1 − 2 sin
2 2 2
= 2 cos θ
2 1 1 1
(f) sin θ cos2 θ = 4 ( 4 sin2 θ cos2 θ ) = 4 ( 2 sin θ cos θ ) 2 = 4 sin2 2θ
tan θ tan θ
(h) =
sec2 θ − 2 ( 1 + tan2 θ ) − 2
tan θ
=
tan2 θ − 1
tan θ
= −
1 − tan2 θ
1 2 tan θ
= − 2 1 − tan θ
2
1
= − 2 tan 2θ
(i) cos
4 θ − 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ + sin 4 θ = ( cos2 θ − sin2 θ ) 2 = cos2 2θ
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 4
Question:
1
Given that cos x = 4
, find the exact value of cos 2x.
Solution:
1 2 1 7
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 2 − 1 = − 1 = −
4 8 8
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 5
Question:
23
Find the possible values of sin θ when cos 2θ = 25
.
Solution:
cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
23
So 25 = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
23 2
⇒ 2 sin2 θ = 1 − 25 = 25
1
⇒ sin2 θ = 25
1
⇒ sin θ = ± 5
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 6
Question:
Given that cos x + sin x = m and cos x − sin x = n, where m and n are constants,
write down, in terms of m and n, the value of cos 2x.
Solution:
cos x + sin x = m
cos x − sin x = n
Multiply the equations:
( cos x + sin x ) ( cos x − sin x ) = mn
⇒ cos2 x − sin2 x = mn
⇒ cos 2x = mn
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 7
Question:
3
Given that tan θ = 4
, and that θ is acute:
The hypotenuse is 5,
3 4 3
so sin θ = 5, cos θ = 5, tan θ = 4
3 3
2 tan θ 2 2 3 16 24
(a) (i) tan 2θ = = 9
= 7
= 2 × 7 = 7
1 − tan2 θ 1−
16 16
3 4 24
(ii) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 × 5 × 5 = 25
16 9 7
(iii) cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 25 − 25 = 25
24 7 336
(b) sin 4θ = 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ = 2 × 25 × 25 = 625
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 8
Question:
1
Given that cos A = − 3
, and that A is obtuse:
Solution:
1 2 7
(a) (i) cos 2A = 2 cos2 A − 1 = 2 − 3 2−1= 9 −1= − 9
(ii) cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A
7
⇒ − 9 = 1 − 2 sin2 A
7 16
⇒ 2 sin2 A = 1 + 9 = 9
8
⇒ sin2 A = 9
2√2
⇒ sin A = ± 3 ( √8=2√2)
but A is in 2nd quadrant ⇒ sin A is +ve.
2√2
So sin A = 3
1 1 1 9 9√2
(iii) cosec 2A = sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = = − 4√2 = − 8
2√2 1
2× × ( − )
3 3
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4√2
−
sin 2A 9 −4√2 −9 4√2
(b) tan 2A = cos 2A = = 9 × 7 = 7
7
−
9
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise B, Question 9
Question:
3π θ 3
Given that π < θ < 2
, find the value of tan 2
when tan θ = 4
.
Solution:
θ
2 tan
2
Using tan θ = θ
1 − tan2
2
θ
2 tan
3 2
⇒ 4 = θ
1 − tan2
2
θ θ
⇒ 3 − 3 tan2 2 = 8 tan 2
θ θ
⇒ 3 tan2 2 + 8 tan 2 −3=0
θ θ
⇒ 3 tan 2 − 1 tan 2 + 3 =0
θ 1 θ
so tan 2 = 3 or tan 2 = −3
3π
but π < θ < 2
π θ 3π
so 2 < 2 < 4
θ
i.e. 2 is in the 2nd quadrant
θ
So tan 2 is −ve.
θ
⇒ tan 2 = −3
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Exercise B, Question 10
Question:
sin B sin C
Using sine rule with b = c
sin 2θ sin θ
⇒ 5 = 4
2 sin θ cos θ sin θ
⇒ 5 = 4
Cancel sin θ as θ ≠ 0 ° or 180°
5
So 2 cos θ = 4
5
⇒ cos θ = 8
5
So θ = cos − 1 8 = 51.3 °
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Exercise B, Question 11
Question:
5
(a) Use the cosine rule to show that cos 2θ = 9
.
q2 + r2 − p2
(a) Using cosine rule with cos P = 2qr
36 + 9 − 25 20 5
cos 2θ = 2×6×3 = 36 = 9
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Exercise B, Question 12
Question:
3
The line l, with equation y = 4
x, bisects the angle between the x-axis and the
line y = mx, m > 0. Given that the scales on each axis are the same, and that l
makes an angle θ with the x-axis,
Solution:
3
(a) The gradient of line l is 4 , which is tan θ.
3
So tan θ = 4
3
(b) The gradient of y = mx is m, and as y = 4x bisects the angle between y = mx
and x-axis
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3 3
2×
2 tan θ 4 2 3 16 24
m = tan 2θ = = 3 2
= 7
= 2 × 7 = 7
1 − tan2 θ 1− ( )
4 16
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 1
Question:
sin B cos B
(b)
sin A
− cos A
≡ 2 cosec 2A sin ( B − A )
1 − cos 2θ
(c)
sin 2θ
≡ tan θ
sec2 θ
(d) ≡ sec 2θ
1 − tan2 θ
π 1 − sin 2x
(i) tan − x ≡
4 cos 2x
Solution:
cos 2A
(a) L.H.S. ≡ cos A + sin A
cos2 A − sin2 A
≡ cos A + sin A
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sin ( B − A )
≡
1
( 2 sin A cos A )
2
2 sin ( B − A )
≡ sin 2A
≡ 2 cosec 2A sin ( B − A ) ≡ R.H.S.
1 − cos 2θ
(c) L.H.S. ≡ sin 2θ
1 − ( 1 − 2 sin2 θ )
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ
2 sin2 θ
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ
sin θ
≡ cos θ
≡ tan θ ≡ R.H.S.
sec2 θ
(d) L.H.S. ≡
1 − tan2 θ
1
≡
cos2 θ ( 1 − tan2 θ )
1 sin2 θ
≡ (as tan2 θ= )
cos2 θ − sin2 θ cos2 θ
1
≡ cos 2θ
≡ sec 2θ ≡ R.H.S.
sin ( 3θ − θ )
≡
1
sin 2θ
2
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sin 2θ
≡
1
sin 2θ
2
≡ 2 ≡ R.H.S.
1 − ( 1 − 2sin2 θ )
≡ sin θ
2 sin2 θ
≡ sin θ
≡ 2 sin θ ≡ R.H.S.
(h)
(i)
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise C, Question 2
Question:
sin2 θ + cos2 θ
≡ sin θ cos θ
2
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ ( sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 )
2
≡ sin 2θ
≡ 2 cosec 2θ ≡ R.H.S.
(b) Use θ = 75 °
1 1
⇒ tan 75 ° + cot 75 ° = 2 cosec 150 ° = 2 × sin 150 ° =2× =4
1
2
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Exercise C, Question 3
Question:
Solve the following equations, in the interval shown in brackets. Give answers to
1 decimal place where appropriate.
θ
(f) 3 cos θ − sin 2
−1=0 0 ≤ θ < 720 °
(g) cos
2 θ − sin 2θ = sin2 θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ π{
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1
⇒ sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 2
π 5π
Solution set: 0 , 3 , π, 3 , 2π
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π 5π π 5π
⇒ 2θ = 6 , 6 ⇒ θ= 12 , 12
π π 5π 3π
Solution set: 12 , 4 , 12 , 4
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θ 2 θ 1
⇒ sin 2 = − 3 or sin 2 = 2
θ 1 θ
sin 2 = 2 in 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 360 °
θ
⇒ 2 = 30 ° , 150 ° ⇒ θ = 60 ° , 300 °
θ 2 θ
sin 2 = − 3 in 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 360 °
θ 2 2
⇒ = 180 ° − sin − 1 − 3 , 360 ° + sin − 1 − 3 = 221.8°,
2
318.2°
⇒ θ = 443.6°, 636.4°
Solution set: 60°, 300°, 443.6°, 636.4°
(g) cos
2 θ − sin 2θ = sin2 θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
⇒ cos2 θ − sin2 θ = sin 2θ
⇒ cos 2θ = sin 2θ
⇒ tan 2θ = 1 (divide both sides by cos 2θ)
tan 2θ = 1 in 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 2π
π 5π
⇒ 2θ = 4 , 4
π 5π
⇒ θ= 8 , 8
⇒ 2 sin θ cos θ = 1
⇒ sin 2θ = 1
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sin 2θ = 1 in 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 4π
π 5π
⇒ 2θ = 2 , 2 (see graph)
π 5π
⇒ θ= 4 , 4
sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0 ° , 180 °
3 √3
cos2 θ = 4 ⇒ cos θ = ± 2 ⇒ θ = 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°
Solution set: 0°, 30°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 330°
1 1 π 7π
⇒ θ = tan − 1 √ 3, π + tan − 1 √3 = 6 , 6
tan θ = − √ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
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2π 5π
⇒ θ = π + tan − 1 ( − √ 3 ) , 2π + tan − 1 ( − √ 3 ) = 3 , 3
π 2π 7π 5π
Solution set: 6 , 3 , 6 , 3
2
Calculator value for cos − 1 − 5 is 113.6°
⇒ θ = ± 113.6 °
Solution set: −113.6°, 0°, 113.6°, 180°
2
θ = 2 sin 2θ, − 180 ° < θ
(l) sin ≤ 180 °
⇒ sin2 θ = 4 sin θ cos θ
⇒ sin θ ( sin θ − 4 cos θ ) = 0
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Exercise C, Question 4
Question:
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Exercise C, Question 5
Question:
(a) cos
2
θ = x, cos 2θ = 1 − y
Using cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
⇒ 1 − y = 2x − 1
⇒ y = 2 − 2x = 2 ( 1 − x ) (any form)
1
(b) y = cot 2θ ⇒ tan 2θ = y
x = tan θ
2 tan θ
Using tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ
1 2x
⇒ y =
1 − x2
⇒ 2xy = 1 − x2 (any form)
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x−1
(d) x = 3 cos 2θ + 1 ⇒ cos 2θ = 3
y
y = 2 sin θ ⇒ sin θ = 2
⇒ 2 ( x − 1 ) = 6 − 3y2 ( ×6)
⇒ 3y2 = 6 − 2 ( x − 1 ) = 8 − 2x
2(4−x)
⇒ y2 = 3 (any form)
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Exercise C, Question 6
Question:
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Exercise C, Question 7
Question:
θ
(b) By writing the following equations as quadratics in tan 2
, solve, in the
interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° :
(i) sin θ + 2 cos θ = 1 (ii) 3 cos θ − 4 sin θ = 2
Give answers to 1 decimal place.
Solution:
θ
2 tan
2
(a) (i) R.H.S. ≡ θ
1 + tan2
2
θ
2 tan
2
≡ θ
sec2
2
θ
2 sin
2 θ
≡ θ
× cos2 2
cos
2
θ θ
≡ 2 sin 2 cos 2
≡ sin θ ( sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A )
≡ L.H.S.
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θ
1 − tan2
2
(ii) R.H.S. ≡ θ
1 + tan2
2
θ
1 − tan2
2
≡ θ
sec2
2
θ θ
≡ cos2 1 − tan2 2
2
θ
sin2
θ θ θ 2
≡ cos2 2 − sin2 2 tan2 2 = θ
cos2
2
⇒ 2t + 2 − 2t2 = 1 + t2
⇒ 3t2 − 2t − 1 = 0
⇒ ( 3t + 1 ) ( t − 1 ) = 0
θ 1 θ θ
⇒ tan 2 = − 3 or tan 2 =1 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 180 °
θ θ
tan 2 =1 ⇒ 2 = 45 ° ⇒ θ = 90 °
θ 1 θ
tan 2 = − 3 ⇒ 2 = 161.56 ° ⇒ θ = 323.1 °
Solution set: 90°, 323.1°
(ii) 3 cos θ − 4 sin θ = 2
3 ( 1 − t2 ) 4 × 2t
⇒ − =2
1 + t2 1 + t2
⇒ 3 ( 1 − t2 ) − 8t = 2 ( 1 + t2 )
⇒ 5t2 + 8t − 1 = 0
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− 8 ± \ 84
⇒ t= 10
θ − 8 + \ 84 θ
For tan 2 = 10 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 180 °
θ
2 = 6.65 ° ⇒ θ = 13.3 °
θ − 8 − \ 84 θ
For tan 2 = 10 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 180 °
θ
2 = 120.2 ° ⇒ θ = 240.4 °
Solution set: 13.3°, 240.4°
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Exercise C, Question 8
Question:
(b) Given that cos θ = 0.6, and that θ is acute, write down the values of:
θ
(i) cos 2
θ
(ii) sin 2
θ
(iii) tan 2
A 1
(c) Show that cos 4 2
≡ 8
( 3 + 4 cos A + cos 2A )
Solution:
x
(a) (i) Using cos 2A ≡ 2 cos2 A − 1 with A = 2
x
⇒ cos x ≡ 2 cos2 2 −1
x
⇒ 2 cos2 2 ≡ 1 + cos x
x 1 + cos x
⇒ cos2 2 ≡ 2
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θ 1.6 4
(i) using (a) (i) cos2 2 = 2 = 0.8 = 5
θ 2 2√5 θ
⇒ cos 2 = √5 = 5 (as 2 acute)
θ 0.4 1
(ii) using (a) (ii) sin2 2 = 2 = 0.2 = 5
θ 1 √5
⇒ sin 2 =\ 5 = 5
θ
sin
θ 2 √5 5 1
(iii) tan 2 = θ
= 5 × 2√5 = 2
cos
2
3 + 4 cos A + cos 2A
8
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Exercise C, Question 9
Question:
(a)R.H.S. ≡ 1 + 2 cos 2x
≡ 1 + 2 ( cos2 x − sin2 x )
≡ 1 + 2 cos2 x − 2 sin2 x
≡ cos2 x + sin2 x + 2 cos2 x − 2 sin2 x (using
sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1)
≡ 3 cos2 x − sin2 x
≡ L.H.S.
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4π − 2π 2π 4π
So 2x = − 3 , 3 , 3 , 3
− 2π π π 2π
⇒ x= 3 , − 3 , 3 , 3
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Exercise C, Question 10
Question:
θ θ
(a) Express 2 cos2 2
− 4 sin2 2
in the form a cos θ + b, where a and b are
constants.
θ θ
(b) Hence solve 2 cos2 2
− 4 sin2 2
= − 3, in the interval 0 ≤ θ < 360 ° ,
giving answers to 1 decimal place.
Solution:
2 θ 1 + cos θ θ 1 − cos θ
(a) cos 2 = 2 , sin2 2 = 2
θ θ
So 2 cos2 2 − 4 sin2 2 = ( 1 + cos θ ) − 2 ( 1 − cos θ ) = 3 cos θ − 1
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Exercise C, Question 11
Question:
1
(a) Use the identity sin2 A + cos2 A ≡ 1 to show that sin 4 A + cos 4 A ≡ 2
( 2 − sin2 2A ) .
1
(b) Deduce that sin 4 A + cos 4 A ≡ 4
( 3 + cos 4A ) .
As sin2 A + cos2 A ≡ 1
(a)
so ( sin2 A + cos2 A ) 2 ≡ 1
⇒ sin 4 A + cos 4 A + 2 sin2 A cos2 A ≡ 1
⇒ sin 4 A + cos 4 A ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 A cos2 A
1
≡1− 2 ( 4 sin2 A cos2 A )
1
≡1− ( 2 sin A cos A ) 2
2
1
≡1− 2 sin2 2A
1
≡ 2 ( 2 − sin2 2A )
1 1 − cos 4A 1 4 − 1 + cos 4A
⇒ from (a) sin 4 A+ cos 4 A≡ 2 2− 2 ≡ 2 2
1
≡ 4 3 + cos 4A
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Exercise C, Question 12
Question:
(b) 8 cos
3 θ − 6 cos θ − 1 = 0 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 °
⇒ 2 ( 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ ) − 1 = 0
⇒ 2 cos 3θ − 1 = 0 [using part (a)]
1
⇒ cos 3θ = 2
1
Solve cos 3θ = 2 in 0 ≤ 3θ ≤ 1080 °
⇒ 3θ = 60 ° , 300°, 420°, 660°, 780°, 1020°
⇒ θ = 20 ° , 100°, 140°, 220°, 260°, 340°
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Exercise C, Question 13
Question:
3 tan θ − tan3 θ
(a) Show that tan 3θ ≡ .
1 − 3tan2 θ
1 10 √ 2
(b) Given that θ is acute such that cos θ = 3
, show that tan 3θ = 23
.
Solution:
tan 2θ + tan θ
(a) tan 3θ ≡ tan 2θ + θ ≡ 1 − tan 2θ tan θ
2 tan θ 2 tan θ + tan θ − tan3 θ 3 tan θ − tan3 θ
Numerator = + tan θ ≡ ≡
1 − tan2 θ 1 − tan2 θ 1 − tan2 θ
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3(2√2) − (2√2) 3 6 √ 2 − 16 √ 2 − 10 √ 2 10 √ 2
tan 3θ = 2 = = =
1−3(2√2) 1 − 24 − 23 23
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Exercise D, Question 1
Question:
Given that 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ ≡ R sin ( θ + α ) , find the value of R, R > 0, and
the value of tan α.
Solution:
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Exercise D, Question 2
Question:
Given that √ 3 sin θ + √ 6 cos θ ≡ 3 cos ( θ − α ) , where 0 < α < 90 ° , find the
value of α to the nearest 0.1°.
Solution:
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Exercise D, Question 3
Question:
Given that 2 sin θ − √ 5 cos θ ≡ − 3 cos ( θ + α ) , where 0 < α < 90 ° , find the
value of α to the nearest 0.1°.
Solution:
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Exercise D, Question 4
Question:
Show that:
π
(a) cos θ + sin θ ≡ √ 2 sin θ+ 4
π
(b) √ 3 sin 2θ − cos 2θ ≡ 2 sin 2θ − 6
Solution:
π
(a) R.H.S. ≡ √ 2 sin θ+ 4
π π
≡ √2 sin θ cos 4 + cos θ sin 4
1 1
≡ √2 sin θ × √2 + cos θ × √2
≡ sin θ + cos θ
≡ L.H.S.
π
(b) R.H.S. ≡ 2 sin 2θ − 6
π π
≡2 sin 2θ cos 6 − cos 2θ sin 6
√3 1
≡2 sin 2θ × − cos 2θ ×
2 2
≡ √ 3 sin 2θ − cos 2θ
≡ L.H.S.
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Exercise D, Question 5
Question:
π π
Prove that cos 2θ − √ 3 sin 2θ ≡ 2 cos 2θ + 3 ≡ − 2 sin 2θ − 6 .
Solution:
π π
So cos 2θ − √ 3 sin 2θ ≡ 2 cos 2θ + 3 ≡ − 2 sin 2θ − 6
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Exercise D, Question 6
Question:
Give all angles to the nearest 0.1° and non-exact values of R in surd form.
Find the value of R, where R > 0, and the value of α, where 0 < α < 90 ° , in
each of the following cases:
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Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics
Exercise D, Question 7
Question:
(a) Show that cos θ − √ 3 sin θ can be written in the form R cos ( θ + α ) , with
π
R > 0 and 0 < α < 2
.
Hence sketch the graph of y = cos θ − √ 3 sin θ, 0 < α < 2π, giving the
(b)
coordinates of points of intersection with the axes.
Solution:
π
(b) This is the graph of y = cos θ, translated by 3 to the left and then stretched in
the y direction by scale factor 2.
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π 7π
Meets x-axis at , 0 , ,0
6 6
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Exercise D, Question 8
Question:
Show that 3 sin 3θ − 4 cos 3θ can be written in the form R sin ( 3θ − α ) , with
(a)
R > 0 and 0 < α < 90 ° .
Deduce the minimum value of 3 sin 3θ − 4 cos 3θ and work out the smallest
(b)
positive value of θ (to the nearest 0.1°) at which it occurs.
Solution:
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Exercise D, Question 9
Question:
(a) Show that cos 2θ + sin 2θ can be written in the form R sin ( 2θ + α ) , with
π
R > 0 and 0 < α < 2
.
(b)Hence solve, in the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π, the equation cos 2θ + sin 2θ = 1,
giving your answers as rational multiples of π.
Solution:
π
(b) Solve √ 2 sin 2θ + 4 =1,0 ≤ θ < 2π
π 1 π π 17π
so sin 2θ + 4 = ,
√2 4 ≤ 2θ + <
4 4
π π
As sin 2θ + 4 is +ve, 2θ + 4 is in 1st and 2nd quadrants.
1 π
Calculator value is sin − 1 √2 = 4
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π π 3π 9π 11π
So 2θ + 4 = 4 , 4 , 4 , 4
π 5π
⇒ 2θ = 0, 2 , 2π, 2
π 5π
⇒ θ = 0, 4 , π, 4
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Exercise D, Question 10
Question:
(b) The graph of y = 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ meets the y-axis at P. State the coordinates of
P.
(c) Write down the maximum and minimum values of 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ.
(d) Deduce the number of solutions, in the interval 0 < θ < 360 ° , of the following
equations:
(i) 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ = 15
(ii) 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ = 26
(iii) 7 cos θ − 24 sin θ = − 25
Solution:
(d) (i) The line y = 15 will meet the graph twice in 0 < θ < 360 ° , so there are 2
solutions.
(ii) As the maximum value is 25 it can never be 26, so there are 0 solutions.
(iii) As − 25 is a minimum, line y = − 25 only meets curve once, so only 1
solution.
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Exercise D, Question 11
Question:
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Exercise D, Question 12
Question:
Solve the following equations, in the interval given in brackets. Give all angles
to the nearest 0.1°.
Solution:
(a)Write 6 sin x + 8 cos x in the form R sin ( x + α ) , where R > 0, 0 < α < 90 °
so 6 sin x + 8 cos x ≡ R sin x cos α + R cos x sin α
Compare sin x : R cos α = 6
Compare cos x : R sin α = 8
4
Divide by : tan α = 3 ⇒ α = 53.13 °
R2 = 62 + 82 ⇒ R = 10
So 6 sin x + 8 cos x ≡ 10 sin ( x + 53.13 ° )
Solve 10 sin ( x + 53.13 ° ) = 5 √ 3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 °
√3
so sin ( x + 53.13 ° ) = 2
⇒ x + 53.13 ° = 60 ° , 120°
⇒ x = 6.9 ° , 66.9°
R2 = 22 + 32 ⇒ R = \ 13
Solve \ 13 cos ( 3θ + 56.31 ° ) = − 1 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90 °
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1
so cos ( 3θ + 56.31 ° ) = − \ 13 for
56.31 ° ≤ 3θ + 56.31 ° ≤ 326.31 °
R2 = 82 + 152 ⇒ R = 17
Solve 17 cos ( θ − 61.93 ° ) = 10 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 °
10
so cos θ − 61.93 ° = 17 , − 61.93 ° ≤ θ − 61.93 ° ≤ 298.1 °
10
cos − 1 = 53.97 °
17
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⇒ θ = 8.0 ° , 115.9°
x x x x x
(d) Let 5 sin − 12 cos ≡ R sin − α ≡ R sin cos α − R cos 2 sin α
2 2 2 2
x
Compare sin 2 : R cos α = 5
x
Compare cos 2 : R sin α = 12
12
Divide by : tan α = 5 ⇒ α = 67.38 °
R = 13
x
Solve 13 sin − 67.38 ° = − 6.5 , − 360 ° ≤ x ≤ 360 °
2
x 1
so sin − 67.38 ° = − 2, − 247.4 ° ≤
2
x
2 − 67.4 ° ≤ 112.6 °
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Exercise D, Question 13
Question:
Solve the following equations, in the interval given in brackets. Give all angles
to the nearest 0.1°.
π
(d) √ 2 cos θ− 4 + √3−1 sin θ = 2 [ 0 , 2π ]
Solution:
⇒ sin 2x + 5 cos 2x = 2
Let sin 2x + 5 cos 2x ≡ R sin ( 2x + α ) ≡ R sin 2x cos α + R cos 2x sin α
Compare sin 2x : R cos α = 1
Compare cos 2x : R sin α = 5
Divide by : tan α = 5 ⇒ α = tan − 1 5 = 78.7 °
R2 = 52 + 12 ⇒ R = \ 26
Solve \ 26 sin ( 2x + 78.7 ° ) = 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 °
2
⇒ sin 2x + 78.7 ° = \ 26 , 78.7 ° ≤ 2x + 78.7 ° ≤ 798.7 °
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= 2 cos θ − sec θ, 0 ≤ θ
(c) sin θ ≤ 180 °
⇒ sin θ cos θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 ( × cos θ )
1
⇒ 2 sin 2θ = cos 2θ
⇒ tan 2θ = 2, 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 360 °
⇒ 2θ = tan − 12, 180 ° + tan − 12 = 63.43 ° , 243.43°
⇒ θ = 31.7 ° , 121.7°
π
(d) √ 2 cos θ− 4 + ( √ 3 − 1 ) sin θ
π π
≡ √2 cos θ cos 4 + sin θ sin 4 + ( √ 3 − 1 ) sin θ
≡ cos θ + sin θ + √ 3 sin θ − sin θ
≡ cos θ + √ 3 sin θ
Let cos θ + √ 3 sin θ ≡ R cos ( θ − α ) ≡ R cos θ cos α + R sin θ sin α
Compare cos θ : R cos α = 1
Compare sin θ : R sin α = √ 3
π
Divide by : tan α = √ 3 ⇒ α= 3
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R2 = ( √ 3 ) 2 + 12 ⇒ R=2
π
Solve 2 cos θ− 3 =2,0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
π π π 5π
⇒ cos θ− 3 =1, − 3 ≤ θ− ≤
3 3
π
⇒ θ− 3 =0
π
⇒ θ= 3
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Exercise D, Question 14
Question:
Solve, if possible, in the interval 0 < θ < 360 ° , θ ≠ 180 ° , the equation
4 − 2 √ 2 sin θ
1 + cos θ
= k in the case when k is equal to:
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 0
−1
(e)
Give all angles to the nearest 0.1°.
Solution:
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When k = 0, 4 − 2 √ 2 sin θ = 0
(d)
⇒ sin θ = √ 2
No solutions as − 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
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Exercise D, Question 15
Question:
Give all angles to the nearest 0.1° and non-exact values of R in surd form.
A class were asked to solve 3 cos θ = 2 − sin θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° . One
student expressed the equation in the form R cos ( θ − α ) = 2 , with R > 0 and
0 < α < 90 ° , and correctly solved the equation.
(d) Explain why not all of the answers satisfy 3 cos θ = 2 − sin θ.
Solution:
R2 = 32 + 12 = 10 ⇒ R = \ 10 = 3.16
Solve \ 10 cos ( θ − 18.43 ° ) = 2 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 °
2
⇒ cos ( θ − 18.43 ° ) = \ 10
(c) 10 sin
2 θ − 4 sin θ − 5 = 0
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4 ± \ 216
⇒ sin θ = 20
4 + \ 216
For sin θ = 20 , sin θ is +ve, so θ is in 1st and 2nd quadrants.
⇒ θ = 69.2 ° , 180 ° − 69.2 ° = 69.2 ° , 110.8°
4 − \ 216
For sin θ = 20 , sin θ is −ve, so θ is in 3rd and 4th quadrants.
⇒ θ = 180 ° − ( − 32.3 ° ) , 360 ° + ( − 32.3 ° ) = 212.3 ° , 327.7°
So solutions of quadratic in (b) are 69.2°, 110.8°, 212.3°, 327.7°
In squaring the equation, you are also including the solutions to 3 cos θ = −
(d)
( 2 − sin θ ) , which when squared produces the same quadratic.
The extra two solutions satisfying this equation.
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Exercise E, Question 1
Question:
P+Q P−Q
(b) Deduce that sin P + sin Q ≡ 2 sin cos .
2 2
(c) Use part (a) to express the following as the sum of two sines:
(i) 2 sin 7θ cos 2θ
(ii) 2 sin 12θ cos 5θ
(d) Use the result in (b) to solve, in the interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 180 ° , sin 3θ + sin θ = 0.
sin 7θ + sin θ cos 3θ
(e) Prove that sin 5θ + sin 3θ
≡ cos θ
.
Solution:
(a) sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) ≡ sin A cos B + cos A sin B + sin A cos B − cos A sin B
≡ 2 sin A cos B
P+Q P−Q
(b) Let P = A + B and Q = A − B, so A = 2 ,B= 2
P+Q P−Q
Substitute in (a): sin P + sin Q ≡ 2 sin cos
2 2
3θ + θ 3θ − θ
(d) sin 3θ + sin θ = 0 ⇒ 2 sin cos =0
2 2
so 2 sin 2θ cos θ = 0
⇒ sin 2θ = 0 or cos θ = 0
sin 2θ = 0 in 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 360 °
⇒ 2θ = 0 ° , 180°, 360°
⇒ θ = 0 ° , 90°, 180°
cos θ = 0 in 0 ≤ θ ≤ 180 ° ⇒ θ = 90 °
Solution set: 0°, 90°, 180°
(e)
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Exercise E, Question 2
Question:
P+Q P−Q
(c) Using the result in (a) show that sin P − sin Q ≡ 2 cos sin .
2 2
P+Q P−Q
So sin P − sin Q ≡ 2 cos sin
2 2
56 ° + 34 ° 56 ° − 34 °
(d) sin 56 ° − sin 34 ° = 2 cos sin
2 2
1
= 2 cos 45 ° sin 11 ° = 2 × √2 sin 11 ° = √ 2 sin 11 °
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Exercise E, Question 3
Question:
P+Q P−Q
(c) Show that cos P + cos Q ≡ 2 cos cos .
2 2
sin 3θ − sin θ
(d) Prove that cos 3θ + cos θ
≡ tan θ.
Solution:
(a) cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B + cos A cos B + sin A sin B
≡ 2 cos A cos B
P+Q P−Q
So cos P + cos Q ≡ 2 cos cos
2 2
(d)
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Exercise E, Question 4
Question:
P+Q P−Q
(b) Hence show that cos P − cos Q ≡ − 2 sin sin .
2 2
(a) cos ( A + B ) − cos ( A − B ) ≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B − ( cos A cos B + sin A sin B )
≡ cos A cos B − sin A sin B − cos A cos B − sin A sin B ≡ − 2 sin A sin B
P+Q P−Q
(b) Let P = A + B, Q = A − B, so A = 2 ,B= 2
P+Q P−Q
then cos P − cos Q ≡ − 2 sin sin
2 2
(c)Let P = 2θ, Q = 0
then cos 2θ − cos 0 ≡ − 2 sin θ sin θ
⇒ cos 2θ − 1 ≡ − 2 sin2 θ
3θ + θ 3θ − θ
(d) As cos 3θ − cos θ ≡ − 2 sin sin
2 2
cos 3θ − cos θ ≡ − 2 sin 2θ sin θ
So cos 3θ + sin 2θ − cos θ = 0
⇒ sin 2θ − 2 sin 2θ sin θ = 0
⇒ sin 2θ ( 1 − 2 sin θ ) = 0
1
⇒ sin 2θ = 0 or sin θ = 2
1
For sin θ = 2, θ = 30 ° , 150°
For sin 2θ = 0, 2θ = 0 ° , 180°, 360°
So θ = 0 ° , 90°, 180°
Solution set: 0°, 30°, 90°, 150°, 180°
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Exercise E, Question 5
Question:
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3x x 3x x
(e) 10 cos sin ≡5 2 cos 2 sin 2 [question 2(a)]
2 2
3x x 3x x
≡ 5 sin 2 + 2 − sin 2 − 2 ≡ 5
sin 2x − sin x
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Exercise E, Question 6
Question:
1 1 1
Show, without using a calculator, that 2 sin 82 ° cos 37 ° =
2 2 2
√3+ √2 .
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1
2 sin 82 ° cos 37 ° = sin 82 2 ° + 37 2 ° + sin 82 2 ° − 37
2 2
1
°
2
= sin 120 ° + sin 45 °
= sin 60 ° + sin 45 °
√3 √2
= 2 + 2
1
= √3+ √2
2
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Exercise E, Question 7
Question:
12x + 8x 12x − 8x
(a) sin 12x + sin 8x ≡ 2 sin cos
2 2
≡ 2 sin 10x cos 2x
( x + 2y ) + ( 2y − x )
(b) cos ( x + 2y ) − cos ( 2y − x ) ≡ − 2 sin 2 sin
( x + 2y ) − ( 2y − x )
2
≡ − 2 sin 2y sin x
4x + 2x 4x − 2x
(c) cos 4x + cos 2x ≡ 2 cos cos
2 2
≡ 2 cos 3x cos x
So ( cos 4x + cos 2x ) sin x ≡ 2 cos 3x cos x sin x
≡ cos 3x ( 2 sin x cos x ) ≡ sin 2x cos 3x
95 ° + 5 ° 95 ° − 5 °
(d) sin 95 ° − sin 5 ° ≡ 2 cos sin
2 2
≡ 2 cos 50 ° sin 45 ° ≡ √ 2 cos 50 °
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π π π π
π π 15 + 12 15 − 12
(e) cos 15 + cos 12 ≡ 2 cos 2 cos 2
9π π 9π π
≡ 2 cos cos − 120 ≡ 2 cos 120 cos 120
120
150 ° + 20 ° 150 ° − 20 °
(f) sin 150 ° + sin 20 ° ≡ 2 sin cos
2 2
≡ 2 sin 85 ° cos 65 °
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Exercise E, Question 8
Question:
P+Q P−Q
Using the identity cos P + cos Q ≡ 2 cos cos , show that
2 2
2π 4π
cos θ + cos θ+ 3 + cos θ + 3 =0.
Solution:
2π 4π
cos θ + cos θ+ 3 + cos θ + 3
4π 2π
≡ cos θ + 3 + cos θ + cos θ + 3
4π 4π
(θ+ ) +θ (θ+ ) −θ
3 3 2π
≡ 2 cos 2 cos 2 + cos θ + 3
2π 2π 2π
≡ 2 cos θ+ 3 cos 3 + cos θ + 3
2π 1 2π
≡ 2 cos θ+ 3 − 2 + cos θ + 3
2π 2π
≡ − cos θ+ 3 + cos θ + 3
≡0
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Exercise E, Question 9
Question:
sin 75 ° + sin 15 °
Prove that cos 15 ° − cos 75 °
= √ 3.
Solution:
75 + 15 ° 75 − 15 °
sin 75 ° + sin 15 ° = 2 sin cos = 2 sin 45 °
2 2
cos 30 °
cos 15 ° − cos 75 ° = − ( cos 75 ° − cos 15 ° )
75 + 15 ° 75 − 15 °
= − − 2 sin sin
2 2
= 2 sin 45 ° sin 30 °
sin 75 ° + sin 15 ° 2 sin 45 ° cos 30 ° 1
So cos 15 ° − cos 75 ° = 2 sin 45 ° sin 30 ° = cot 30 ° = tan 30 ° = √3
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Exercise E, Question 10
Question:
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π 3π 5π 7π
Solution set: 0, 4 , 4 , π, 4 , 4 , 2π
x + 20 ° + x − 10 °
(c) sin x + 20 ° + sin x − 10 ° ≡ 2 sin 2 cos
x + 20 ° − ( x − 10 ° )
2
≡ 2 sin ( x + 5 ° ) cos 15 °
So sin ( x + 20 ° ) + sin ( x − 10 ° ) = cos 15 ° , 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 °
⇒ 2 sin ( x + 5 ° ) = 1
1
So sin x+5° = 2, 5 ° ≤ (x+5° ) ≤ 365 °
⇒ x + 5 ° = 30 ° , 150°
⇒ x = 25 ° , 145°
3θ + θ 3θ − θ
(d) sin 3θ − sin θ ≡ 2 cos sin
2 2
≡ 2 cos 2θ sin θ
So sin 3θ − sin θ = cos 2θ
⇒ 2 cos 2θ sin θ = cos 2θ
⇒ cos 2θ ( 2 sin θ − 1 ) = 0
1
⇒ cos 2θ = 0 or sin θ = 2
1
sin θ = 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
π 5π
⇒ θ= 6 , 6
cos 2θ = 0, 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 4π
π 3π 5π 7π
⇒ 2θ = 2 , 2 , 2 , 2
π 3π 5π 7π
⇒ θ= 4 , 4 , 4 , 4
π π 3π 5π 5π 7π
Solution set: 6 , 4 , 4 , 6 , 4 , 4
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Exercise E, Question 11
Question:
cos 2θ + cos 4θ
(b)
sin 2θ − sin 4θ
≡ − cot θ
(c) sin
2 ( x + y ) − sin2 ( x − y ) ≡ sin 2x sin 2y
2 cos 5θ sin 2θ
≡
1
sin 2θ
2
≡ 4 cos 5θ
≡ R.H.S.
cos 2θ + cos 4θ
(b) L.H.S. ≡ sin 2θ − sin 4θ
1 1
2 cos ( 4θ + 2θ ) cos ( 4θ − 2θ )
2 2
≡ 1 1
2 cos ( 2θ + 4θ ) sin ( 2θ − 4θ )
2 2
2 cos 3θ cos θ
≡ 2 cos 3θ sin ( − θ )
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cos θ
≡ − sin θ [as sin ( − θ ) ≡ − sin θ ]
≡ − cot θ
≡ R.H.S.
x+y+x−y x+y−x+y
≡ 2 sin 2 cos 2 2 cos
x+y+x−y x+y−x+y
2 sin 2
≡ ( 2 sin x cos y ) ( 2 cos x sin y )
≡ ( 2 sin x cos x ) ( 2 sin y cos y )
≡ sin 2x sin 2y
≡ R.H.S.
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Exercise E, Question 12
Question:
1 1 π
⇒ θ = π − sin − 1 − 2 , 2π + sin − 1 − 2 = π + 6 , 2π −
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π 7π 11π
6 = 6 , 6
π 7π 3π 11π
Solution set: 0, 2 , π, 6 , 2 , 6 , 2π
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Exercise F, Question 1
Question:
The lines l1 and l2, with equations y = 2x and 3y = x − 1 respectively, are drawn
on the same set of axes. Given that the scales are the same on both axes and that
the angles that l1 and l2 make with the positive x-axis are A and B respectively,
(a) write down the value of tan A and the value of tan B;
(b) without using your calculator, work out the acute angle between l1 and l2.
Solution:
1 1 1
(a) tan A = 2, tan B = 3 since y = 3x − 3
⇒ A − B = 45 °
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Exercise F, Question 2
Question:
1
Given that sin x = √5
where x is acute, and that cos ( x − y ) = sin y , show that tan y =
√5+1
2
.
Solution:
As cos ( x − y ) = sin y
cos x cos y + sin x sin y = sin y
1
Draw a right-angled triangle where sin x = √5
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Exercise F, Question 3
Question:
2 tan θ
Using tan 2θ = with an appropriate value of θ,
1 − tan2 θ
π
(a) show that tan 8
= √ 2 − 1.
3π
(b) Use the result in (a) to find the exact value of tan 8
.
Solution:
2 tan θ π
(a) Using tan 2θ = with θ = 8
1 − tan2 θ
π
2 tan
π 8
⇒ tan 4 = π
1 − tan2
8
π
Let t = tan 8
2t
So 1 =
1 − t2
⇒ 1 − t2 = 2t
⇒ t2 + 2t − 1 = 0
−2± √8 −2±2√2
⇒ t= 2 = 2 = −1± √2
π π π
As 8 is acute, tan 8 is +ve, so tan 8 = √2−1
π π
tan + tan
4 8
3π π π
(b) tan = tan + 8 =
8 4 1 − tan
π
tan
π
4 8
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Exercise F, Question 4
Question:
Solution:
sin B sin C
Using b = c
sin ( θ − 30 ) ° sin ( θ + 30 ) °
⇒ 4 = 5
⇒ 5 sin ( θ − 30 ) ° = 4 sin ( θ + 30 ) °
⇒ 5 ( sin θ cos 30 ° − cos θ sin 30 ° ) = 4 ( sin θ cos 30 °
+ cos θ sin 30 ° )
⇒ sin θ cos 30 ° = 9 cos θ sin 30 °
sin θ sin 30 °
⇒ cos θ =9 cos 30 ° = 9 tan 30 °
√3
⇒ tan θ = 9 × 3 =3√3
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Exercise F, Question 5
Question:
3 5
Two of the angles, A and B, in △ABC are such that tan A = 4
, tan B = 12
.
(ii) tan 2B
33
(b) By writing C as 180 ° − ( A + B ) , show that cos C = − 65
.
Solution:
3 4 5 12
sin A = 5, cos A = 5 sin B = 13 , cos B = 13
5 5
2×
2 tan B 12 6 5 144 120
(ii) tan 2B = = = = 6 × 119 = 119
1 − tan2 B 5 119
1− ( ) 2
12 144
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4 12 3 5
= − ( cos A cos B − sin A sin B ) = − × − ×
5 13 5 13
= −
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Exercise F, Question 6
Question:
Show that
(d) cos
4 2θ − sin 4 2θ ≡ cos 4θ
π π
(e) tan + x − tan − x ≡ 2 tan 2x
4 4
1 − ( 1 − 2 sin2 x )
≡
1 + ( 2 cos2 x − 1 )
2 sin2 x
≡
2 cos2 x
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≡ tan2 x
≡ sec2 x − 1 ( 1 + tan2 x ≡ sec2 x )
≡ R.H.S.
1 2 ( 1 − tan2 θ )
≡ tan θ − 2 tan θ
1 − 1 + tan2 θ
≡ tan θ
tan2 θ
≡ tan θ
≡ tan θ
≡ R.H.S.
π π
(e) L.H.S. ≡ tan + x − tan −x
4 4
1 + tan x 1 − tan x
≡ 1 − tan x − 1 + tan x
( 1 + tan x ) 2 − ( 1 − tan x ) 2
≡ ( 1 − tan x ) ( 1 + tan x )
4 tan x
≡
1 − tan2 x
2 tan x
≡2
1 − tan x
2
≡ 2 tan 2x
≡ R.H.S.
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Exercise F, Question 7
Question:
2 3
The angles x and y are acute angles such that sin x = √5
and cos y = \ 10
3
(a) Show that cos 2x = − 5
.
Solution:
2 2 8 3
(a) cos 2x ≡ 1 − 2 sin2 x = 1 − 2 = 1 − = −
√5 5 5
3 2 9 4
(b) cos 2y ≡ 2 cos2 y − 1 = 2 − 1 = 2 − 1 =
\ 10 10 5
(c)
1 7
2
tan x + tan y 3 3
(i) tan (x+y) = 1 − tan x tan y = = =7
2 1
1−
3 3
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5
tan x − tan y 3
(ii) tan ( x − y ) = 1 + tan x tan y = 5
=1
3
π 5π
As x and y are acute, x − y = 4 (it cannot be 4 )
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Exercise F, Question 8
Question:
1 1
Given that sin x cos y = 2
and cos x sin y = 3
,
(b) tan x
(c) tan 2x
Solution:
1 1 5
(a) sin ( x + y ) ≡ sin x cos y + cos x sin y = 2 + 3 = 6
1 1 1 5
5 sin ( x − y ) ≡ 5 ( sin x cos y − cos x sin y ) = 5 − = 5 × =
2 3 6 6
1
sin x cos y 2 3
(b) cos x sin y = 1
= 2
3
tan x 3
⇒ tan y = 2
3 3
so tan x = 2 tan y = 2k
2 tan x 3k 12k
(c) tan 2x = = =
1− tan2 x 9 2 4 − 9k
2
1− k
4
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Exercise F, Question 9
Question:
2 θ
(d) sin
2
= 2 sin θ {0 ≤ θ ≤ 360 ° {
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=0
⇒ 2 sin ( θ + 45 ° ) cos ( − 5 ° ) = 0
⇒ sin ( θ + 45 ° ) = 0 , 45 ° ≤ θ + 45 ° ≤ 405 °
⇒ θ + 45 ° = 180 ° , 360°
⇒ θ = 135 ° , 315°
2 θ θ θ θ θ
(d) sin =2 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin θ = 2 sin 2 cos 2
2
θ θ θ
⇒ sin sin 2 − 4 cos 2 =0
2
θ θ θ θ
⇒ sin 2 = 0 or sin 2 = 4 cos 2 , i.e. tan 2 =4
θ θ
For sin 2 =0 ⇒ 2 = 0 ° , 180 ° ⇒ θ = 0 ° , 360°
θ θ
For tan 2 =4 ⇒ 2 = tan − 1 4 = 75.96 ° ⇒ θ = 151.9 °
Solution set: 0°, 151.9°, 360°
(e) 2 sin θ
− 3 cos θ = 1
Let 2 sin θ − 3 cos θ ≡ R sin ( θ − α ) ≡ R sin θ cos α − R cos θ sin α
⇒ R cos α = 2 and R sin α = 3
3
⇒ tan α = 2 ( ⇒ α = 56.3 ° ) , R = \ 13
⇒ \ 13 sin ( θ − 56.3 ° ) = 1
1
⇒ sin ( θ − 56.3 ° ) = \ 13
1 1
⇒ θ − 56.3 ° = sin − 1 \ 13 , 180 ° − sin − 1 \ 13 = 16.1 ° , 163.9°
⇒ θ = 72.4 ° , 220.2°
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π π 3π
Solution set: 0, 4 , 2 , 4 ,π
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Exercise F, Question 10
Question:
The first three terms of an arithmetic series are √ 3 cos θ, sin ( θ − 30 ° ) and
sin θ, where θ is acute. Find the value of θ.
Solution:
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Exercise F, Question 11
Question:
2 cos ( θ + 40 ° ) cos ( θ − 10 ° ) = 1
⇒ cos θ + 40 ° + θ − 10 ° + cos θ + 40 °
− θ − 10 ° =1
⇒ cos ( 2θ + 30 ° ) + cos 50 ° = 1
⇒ cos ( 2θ + 30 ° ) = 1 − cos 50 ° = 0.3572
⇒ 2θ + 30 ° = 69.07 ° , 290.9°, 429.07°, 650.9°
⇒ 2θ = 39.07 ° , 260.9°, 399.07°, 620.9°
⇒ θ = 19.5 ° , 130.5°, 199.5°, 310.5°
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Exercise F, Question 12
Question:
Without using calculus, find the maximum and minimum value of the following
expressions. In each case give the smallest positive value of θ at which each
occurs.
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Exercise F, Question 13
Question:
(a) Express sin x − √ 3 cos x in the form R sin ( x − α ) , with R > 0 and 0 < α < 90 ° .
(b) Sketch y = 2 sin ( x − 60 ° ) by first translating y = sin x by 60° to the right and then
stretching the result in the y direction by scale factor 2.
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Exercise F, Question 14
Question:
π
Given that 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ ≡ R cos ( 2θ − α ) , where R > 0 and 0 < α < 2
,
find:
R2 = 242 + 72 ⇒ R = 25
So 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ ≡ 25 cos ( 2θ − 1.29 )
(b) 14 cos
2 θ + 48 sin θ cos θ
1 + cos 2θ
≡ 14 + 24 ( 2 sin θ cos θ )
2
≡ 7 ( 1 + cos 2θ ) + 24 sin 2θ
≡ 7 + 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ
The maximum value of 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ is 25 [using (a) with cos
( 2θ − 1.29 ) = 1 ].
So maximum value of 7 + 7 cos 2θ + 24 sin 2θ = 7 + 25 = 32.
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Exercise F, Question 15
Question:
3
(a) Given that α is acute and tan α = 4
, prove that
3 sin ( θ + α ) + 4 cos ( θ + α ) ≡ 5 cos θ
(b)Given that sin x = 0.6 and cos x = − 0.8, evaluate cos ( x + 270 ) ° and cos
( x + 540 ) ° .
Solution:
3 4
⇒ sin α = 5, cos α = 5
So 3 sin ( θ + α ) + 4 cos ( θ + α )
≡ 3 ( sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α ) + 4 ( cos θ cos α − sin θ sin α )
4 3 4 3
≡3 sin θ + 5 cos θ +4 cos θ − 5 sin θ
5 5
12 9 16 12
≡ 5 sin θ + 5 cos θ + 5 cos θ − 5 sin θ
25
≡ 5 cos θ
≡ 5 cos θ
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Exercise F, Question 16
Question:
Solution:
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1 −1 1
So x = tan − 1 √ , 180 ° + tan √
4 − 3 4 − 3
⇒ x = 23.8 ° , 203.8 °
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Exercise F, Question 17
Question:
Solution:
sin2 θ + cos2 θ
≡ sin θ cos θ
1
≡ ( sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 , sin 2θ ≡ 2 sin θ cos θ )
1
sin 2θ
2
2
≡ sin 2θ
≡ 2 cosec 2θ
≡ R.H.S.
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Exercise F, Question 18
Question:
Solution:
Let A + B = 2x, A − B = 4x
(b)
Add: 2A = 6x ⇒ A = 3x
Subtract: 2B = − 2x ⇒ B = − x
Using (a) cos 2x − cos 4x ≡ − 2 sin 3x sin ( − x ) ≡ 2 sin 3x sin x
as sin ( − x ) = − sin x
sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, π
1 π 5π 13π 17π
sin 3x = 2, 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 3π ⇒ 3x = 6 , 6 , 6 , 6
π 5π 13π 17π
⇒ x= 18 , 18 , 18 , 18
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π 5π 13π 17π
Solution set: 0, 18 , 18 , 18 , 18 ,π
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Exercise F, Question 19
Question:
√3
(a) Given that cos ( x + 30 ° ) = 3 cos ( x − 30 ° ) , prove that tan x = − 2
.
1 − cos 2θ
(b) (i) Prove that sin 2θ
= tan θ.
(ii) Verify that θ = 180 ° is a solution of the equation sin 2θ = 2 − 2 cos 2θ.
(iii) Using the result in part (i), or otherwise, find the two other solutions,
0 < θ < 360 ° , of the equation sin 2θ = 2 − 2 cos 2θ.
Solution:
1 − cos 2θ
(b) (i) L.H.S. ≡ sin 2θ
1 − ( 1 − 2 sin2 θ )
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ
2 sin2 θ
≡ 2 sin θ cos θ
sin θ
≡ cos θ
≡ tan θ
(ii) L.H.S. = sin 360 ° = 0
R.H.S. = 2 − 2 cos 360 ° = 2 − 2 ( 1 ) = 0
1
(iii) Using (i) this is equivalent to solving tan θ = 2.
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Exercise F, Question 20
Question:
(a) Express 1.5 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x in the form R sin ( 2x + α ) , where R > 0 and 0 < α <
π
2
, giving your values of R and α to 3 decimal places where appropriate.
Express 3 sin x cos x + 4 cos2 x in the form a sin 2x + b cos 2x + c, where a, b and c are
(b)
constants to be found.
(c)Hence, using your answer to part (a), deduce the maximum value of
3 sin x cos x + 4 cos2 x.
Solution:
(a) Let 1.5 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x ≡ R sin ( 2x + α ) ≡ R sin 2x cos α + R cos 2x sin α
π
R > 0, 0 < α < 2
Compare sin 2x : R cos α = 1.5
Compare cos 2x : R sin α = 2
4
Divide by : tan α = 3 ⇒ α = 0.927
R2 = 22 + 1.52 ⇒ R = 2.5
3 1 + cos 2x
(b) 3 sin x cos x + 4 cos2 x ≡ ( 2 sin x cos x ) + 4
2 2
3 3
≡ 2 sin 2x + 2 + 2 cos 2x ≡ 2 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x + 2
3
(c) From part (a) 2 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x ≡ 2.5 sin ( 2x + 0.927 )
3
So maximum value of 2 sin 2x + 2 cos 2x = 2.5 × 1 = 2.5
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