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1.0. INTRODUCTION
When a column bends or deflects laterally by an amount of , its axial load will cause an
increased column moment equal to P. This moment will be superimposed on to any moment
already in the column. Should this P. moment will be of such magnitude as to reduce the axial
load capacity of the column significantly, the column will be referred to as "slender column".
Code provision in the design of a compression member should be based on a theoretical
analysis of the structure that takes into account
If such a theoretical procedure is not used, the Code provides an approximate method for
determining slenderness effects.
This method, which is based on the factors just mentioned for an "exact" analysis, results
in a moment magnitude , which is to be multiplied by the larger moment at the end of the
column, and that the value is used in design.
Should k /r be larger than the applicable ratio, we will have a slender column and the
effect of slenderness must be considered. This may be done by using the approximate method or
by using the theoretical second-order analysis that takes into account the deflection. If k /r >
100, a theoretical second-order analysis is a must.
(1) Ec = 4730
(2) Ig = gross inertia of the column cross section about the centroidal axis beimg
considered.
(3) = 200,000 MPa.
(4) = moment of inertia of reinforcing about the centroidal axis of the section = of
each bar area times distance to centroidal axis squared.
(5) The term d, a concrete creep factor, is defined differently for non-sway and sway
frames. For non-sway frames it is defined as the ratio of the maximum factored axial dead
load divided by the total factored axial load. It is always assumed to have a plus sign. It
range 0 d .
(6) The two expressions given for EI in the Code were developed so as to account for
creep, cracks, and so on. If column and bar sizes have already been selected, or estimated,
EI can be computed with the following expression, which is particularly satisfactory for
columns with high steel percentage.
(0.2 + )
=
1+
An alternate expression for EI when steel percentages are low is
0.40
=
1 +
In the ACI Code, the factored design moment for slender columns with no sway is
increased by using the following expression.
= 2
where:
= magnified or increased end moment
2 = larger factored end moment
should the calculations provide very small end moments at both column ends, the Code provides
an absolutely minimum value of 2 to be used in design. In effect it requires the computation of
a moment based on a minimum eccentricity of (15+0.3h) where h is the overall thickness of the
member perpendicular to the axis of bending
2 = (15 + 0.03)
where h is in mm, as is the number 15.
When sway frames are involved , it is necessary to decide for each load combination
which of the loads cause appreciable sidesway and which do not. The factored end moments that
cause sidesway are referred to as 1 and 2 and they must be magnified because of the P
effect. The other end moments, which do not cause appreciable sidesway, are 1 and 2 .
They are determined by first-order analysis and will not have to be magnified.
The Code states that the magnified moment can be determined by any one of the
following three methods.
(1) They may be obtained by using a second-order elastic analysis based on the reduced
moment of inertia values previously given in the first-order analysis. The k factors should
be determined with these values and must be > 1.0.
(2) The magnified sway moments may be calculated with the equation given below in
which Q is the stability index. Should the computed value of be > 1.5 it will be
necessary to compute by one of the other two methods describe here (other is in no.
3)
=
1
where:
0
=
(3) With the third method and the one used in the topic, the magnified sway moments may
be computed with the following expression:
=
1
0.75
where:
= the summation of all vertical loads in the story in question.
2
= the sum of all the Euler buckling loads ( = ) for all of the columns in the
( )2
story with k values determined as from previous topic.
Whichever of the three preceding methods is used to determine the values, the
design moments to be used must be calculated with the expressions that follow
1 = 1 + 1
2 = 2 + 2
Sometimes the point of maximum moment in a slender column with a high axial load will
fall between its ends. This can be true even if the column is sufficiently braced against lateral end
deflections by the other columns on that level. For compression member which has
35
>
the maximum moment will occur at a point between the member ends and will exceed the
maximum end moments by more than 5%. For such a case, the maximum moment must be
determined by magnifying the end moments with the previously presented equations 1 and 2 .
For these equations d must be determined for the load combinations under consideration. The
effective length factor k will equal 1.0 unless an analysis shows that a lesser value can be used.
For this case the design moment is to be determined by the following expression:
= (2 + 2 )
It is possible for sway frames to become unstable under gravity loads alone. Whichever of
the three methods for determining magnifying check must be made. These checks follow.