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SPE 17062
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 21-23, 1987.
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where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836. Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.
347
DIMENSIONLESS IPR CURVES FOR SPE 17062
2
PREDICITNG GAS WELL PERFOJ:mNCE
8
Chase and Anthony demonstrated the The data in Fig. 5 were generated for a
applicability of using Figs. 1 and 2 to forecast fractured gas well having a positive skin factor.
the performance of fractured gas wells. They also An equation was obtained for the best least-
reported that for static bottom-hole pressures squares curve fit through the data using a
less than approximately 2000 psig, pressure- computer program which can selectively eliminate
squared values could be substituted for outlier points relative to some trend in the data
pseudopressures in the dimensionless scatter. Note that the bulk of the points on this
pseudopressure ratios in Figs. 1 and 2, and in plot lie along a linear trend which forms a
Eqs. 1 and 2. This simplification should result limiting case for predicting the performance of a
in broader acceptance of single-point testing fractured gas well having a positive skin factor.
methods and the use of dimensionless IPR curves For this reason, the linear equation which
for predicting gas well performance. follows was chosen as the best expression for
representing the trend in the data, and was used
DIMENSIONLESS IPR CURVES FOR FRACTURED GAS WELLS to construct the curve in Fig. 8 for predicting
well performance.
Chase and Williams7 constructed dimensionless IPR
curves for fractured gas wells. Figure 3 depicts
the dimensionless IPR curve for predicting the [q/~] =1 - [m(pw)/m(pwa)] (5)
current performance of a fractured gas well
exhibiting a positive skin factor. The equation
representing this curve is: The data obtained for a fractured gas well
with a zero skin factor producing under current
conditions is shown in Fig. 7. A curve was fit
[q/~] 1 - [m(pw) /m(pwa] ( 3) through this data using the computer program which
permits the exclusion of any data points judged to
be outliers. The resulting equation is given as:
Figure 4 shows the dimensionless IPR curve
for predicting the current performance of a
fractured gas well with a skin factor less than or
[m(pw)/m(pwa) J = 1.253 { 1 -0.202 [1 - q/~] } (6)
equal to zero. Equation 4 describes this curve.
348
SPE 17062 ROBERT W. CHASE 3
Figure 12 shows the trend in the data performance or tubing-head pressure curve. Note
computed for a well having a zero skin factor. that this curve, like the IPR curve, is valid only
Using the computer program which allows subjective at the current static bottom-hole pressure
elimination of outlier points, the following conditions.
equation was obtained to describe the data.
It is now desired to estimate the current
deliverability of this well when producing against
['kx /'kx J a backpressure of 1500 psig at the wellhead.
[m(p )/m(p )] = 0.242 {5.128 f i - 1 }. . (9)
waf wai Entering Fig. 19 at a tubing-head pressure of
1514.7 psia, proceeding horizontally to intersect
The curve used for predicting the future the outflow performance curve, and then vertically
performance of a fractured gas well having a zero downward to the x-axis, a stabilized
skin factor generated using this equation is shown deliverability of approximately 3,600 MCFD is
in Fig. 15. determined. The expected flowing bottom-hole
pressure for this well at these producing
The final data scatter for a fractured well conditions can be determined by proceeding
with a negative skin factor is shown in Fig. 13. vertically upward to intersect the IPR curve, and
The equation for the best curve fit through this horizontally across to the y-axis to read a
data is given as follows. flowing pressure of 1750 psia.
FORECASTING GAS WELL DELIVERABILITY Unlike the outflow performance curve, the
constant tubing-head pressure curve is valid for
The well test data given in Table 2 were used in future IPR curves constructed for declining static
conjunction with the dimensionless IPR curve shown reservoir pressures as long as the flow-string
in Fig. 4 for a fractured well with a non-zero configuration in the well remains the same. For
skin factor to construct the current example, if the static reservoir pressure in the
deliverability IPR curve shown in Fig. 19. well of Table 2 declines to 1800 psia, a new
Specifically, the static bottom-hole pressure of IPR curve must be found.
1948 psia, and the flowing bottom-hole pressure of
1233 psia associated with the extended or Substituting values for the squares of 1800
stabilized flow rate of 8,000 MCFD were used. psia and 1948 psia, respectively, in
Since the static bottom-hole pressure in this well [m(Pwsf)/m(Pwsi)], and 10,341 MCFD for
was less than 2000 psia, pressure-squared values qmaxi in Equation 2 or Fig. 2, a value for the new
were substituted for pseudopressures in the AOF or qmaxf equal to 9,353 MCFD is found. The
analysis. value for qmax along with the new static reservoir
pressure of 1800 psia is used in conjunction with
Equation 4 was used to construct the IPR Fig. 4 or Equation 4 to construct the new IPR
curve shown in Fig. 19. Substituting 8,000 MCFD curve shown in Fig. 20. Data for this curve
for q, and the squares of Pw equal to 1233 psia appears in Table 4.
and Pws equal to 1948 psia for their respective
pseudopressures, a value of qmax equal to 10,341 It can be seen from Fig. 20 that if a 1500
MCFD was obtained. This compares to a value of psig tubing-head pressure is maintained on this
10,988 MCFD obtained for the AOF of the well from well, the stabilized deliverability of the well
the modified isochronal test analysis. Additional will fall from 3,600 MCFD to 1,600 MCFD as static
data calculated for constructing the IPR curve are reservoir pressure falls from 1948 psia to 1800
shown in Table 3. psi a.
The second step in predicting the performance For comparative purposes, the equation for
of a gas well requires a knowledge of flow the stabilized deliverability curve resulting from
behavior in the tubing. Using Fig. 19, the analysis of the modified isochronal test data
corresponding values of flow rate and flowing in Table 2 was determined to be:
bottom-hole pressure were read from the IPR curve.
Tubing-head pressure values were then computed for 2 2 0.6
each flow rate and bottom-hole pressure, for a q = 0.00124 (pwa - Pw ) (11)
0.605 gravity gas producing through 5,000 feet of
2-3/8 inch tubing. This data appears in Table 3
and is plotted in Fig. 19 as the outflow
349
DIMENSIONLESS IPR OJRVFS FOR
4 SPE 17062
PREDICI'ING GAS WELL PERFORMANCE
Subscripts
f future conditions
i initial conditions
350
SPE 17 0 6 2
PARAMETER RANGE
--------- 1,000 to 11,000 psia
Static Reservoir Pressure
Reservoir Temperature 100 to 200 degrees F
Gas Gravity 0.55 to 1.00
Permeability 1.0 to 500 md
Wellbore Radius 0.25 to 1.0 ft
Fracture Height 10 to 500 ft
Fracture Half-Length 100 to 2,000 ft
Skin Factor -10 to +10
1948 0
1900 973 1679 1725
1800 2709 1581 1739
1600 5269 1364 1781
1400 6989 1128 1823
1200 8164 869 1858
1000 8975 556 1884
900 9281 334
850 9414 136
840 9439 27
800 9535
600 9914
400 10159
200 10297
0 10341
351
SeE 17 0 62
1800 0 1723
1700 1866 1730
1600 3351 1747
1400 5501 1785
1200 6910 1821
1000 7849
800 8478
600 8895
400 9159
200 9306
0 9353
352
CURRENT IPR CURVE FUTURE IPR CURVE
UNFRACTIJRED WELLS UNFRACTIJRED WELLS
--
1.00 1.00
.......______
0.90 0.90 /
0.80 ~' 0.80
LV
0.70
...........
~ 0.70
/
...
3: 0.60 ~ 'i
3: 0.60
/
~ /
D.
D.
'E
~ 0.50
'~ 0.50
~
D.
'E o..w ~ 3:
D.
'E
o..w /
/
v
O.JO
O.JO
0.20
""' ~ 0.20
/
0.10 1'\ 0.10
/
\ //
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.20 0,40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 o..w 0.60 0.80 1.00
Q/Qmax Qmaxf/Qmaxl
Fig. 1-Dimensionless IPR curve for unfractured wells at current conditions (after Mishra and Fig. 2-Dimensionless IPR curve for unfractured wells at future conditions (after Mishra and
Caudle, Ref. 6). Caudle, Ref. 6).
c.>
c:n
c.>
CURRENT IPR CURVE CURRENT IPR CURVE
ZERO OR NEGAllVE SKIN P05lllVE SKIN
1.00 .......______ 1.00
0.90
!'---.... 0.90 ~
0.80 ~' 0.80 ~
~
...........
0.70 ~ 0.70
~
D. D.
'E
l 0.50 ):: 0.50
~
3:
D.
'E o..w ~ l
'E o..w
~
O.JO
0.20
"""' ~ O.JO
0.20 ~
0.10 1'\ 0.10 I~
0.00
\ 0.00 ~
VJ
0.00 0.20 o..w 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 o..w 0.60 0.80 1.00
-,;I
QjQmax Q/Qmax .1"1'1
Fig. 3-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero or negative skin at current con- Fig. 4-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at current conditions
(after Chase and Williams, Ref. 7).
t-1
ditions (after Chase and Williams, Ref. 7).
~
0
0'
f\J
FUTURE IPR CURVE FUTURE IPR CURVE
POSmVE SKIN FACTOR ZERO SKIN FACTOR
1.00 1.00
/
0.90 0.90
.
0.80 0
0.80
J'A
ii
0.60
dJollPJ. o ii
0.60
~ ~
n. n.
'E . 'E
i 0.50
ti,1 f? L~ - 0 D i 0.50
~
n. 0.40 H\~,?"j."il; [. g ~
n. 0.40
'E 'E
0.30 ~ ~~~~~ ~be'. t; 0.30
0.00 0.00~
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Qmaxf/Qmaxl Qmaxf/Qmaxl
Fig. 5-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at Fig. 6-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero skin at current conditions.
current conditions.
0.80 0.80
/
0.70 0.70
/
;;
~ 0.60
ii
~ 0.60
/
n.
'E
~
0.50
n.
'E
'- 0.50
/
~
n. 0.40
~
~
n.
'E
0.40
/
'E
0.30 0.30
/
0.20 0.20
/
0.10 0.10 /
0.00 0.00
/
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Fig. 7-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with negative skin at
~~
Fig. &-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at current conditions.
current conditions.
to--a
-.........~
"'
fU
FUTURE IPR CURVE FUTURE IPR CURVE
ZERO SKIN FACTOR NEGATIVE SKIN FACTOR
1.00 1.00
0.90
I 0.90
I
O.BO
/ o.eo I
0.70
/
/ 0.70
/
;n. 0.60
/ ;n. 0.60
/
'.......E / 'E /
~
~
0.50
v ~
~
0.50
/
n.
'E
0.40
0.30
/
v n.
'E
0.40
0.30
//
/v
0.20
~
v 0.20
~v
---------v
0.10 0.10
0.00
---
o.oo
~
0.20 0.40
Qmaxf/Qmaxl
0.60 O.BO
--
1.00
0.00
o.oo 0.20 0.40
Qmaxf/Qmaxl
0.60 O.BO 1.00
Fig. 9-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero skin at current conditions. Fig. 1a-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with negative skin at current conditions.
'ii'
~ 0.60
;f.
0.60
n.
'.......E 0.50 'E
....... 0.50
'i"
n.
'i"
n.
'E 0.40
'E 0.40
0.30 0.30
0.20 0.20
0.10 0.10
o.oo o.oo
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 O.BO 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Q/Qmax Q/Qmax
(/)
-g
Fig. 11-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at Fig. 12-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with zero skin at future conditions.
future conditions. rl'1
~
-....J
0
0'
N
CURRENT IPR CURVE CURRENT IPR CURVE
NEGATIVE SKIN FACTOR POSmVE SKIN FACTOR
1.00 1.00
0.90
D~~
0.90 ~
0.80 0.80
~
0.70 0.70 ~
~
0.60 ~ 0.60
I~
~
Q. a.
'E
...... 0.50 'E 0.50
I
~
~
I
'i'
Q.
~
a.
'E 0.40
'E 0.-40
O.JO O.JO
~ I
!~
I
0.20 0.20
0.10 0.10 ~
~I
o.oo 0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
0/0max Q/Qmax
Fig. 13-Data for dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with negative skin at Fig. 14-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with positive skin at future conditions.
future conditions.
Co>
c.n
en
CURRENT IPR CURVE
ZERO SKIN FACTOR
1.00
-........
0.90
1--
~
0.80
~
~~
0.70
'li'
3: 0.60
~
Q.
'E
~
0.50
G
""""'\_
3:
Q.
'E 0.40
~
~
O.JO
0.20
~
1-'
0.10
0.00
0.00
-- -
0.90 .~ ~t--
0.80 ~ 0.80
~ ~~
~ ~ "~
0.70 0.70
~, ~ ~
; 0.60 ; 0.60
:~ ~
"'
n. n.
'E 0.50 'E 0.50
''i'n. ~
~
3:
n. ~ ~
'E 0.40
'E 0.40
~
0.30 ~ 0.30
~ ~
0.20
'\ 0.20 ~ "\
1\ ~
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40
QjQmax
0.60 0.80
- \
1.00
0.10
0.00
o.oo 0.20 0.40
QjQmax
0.60 0.80
'
I~
1.00
Fig. 16-Dimensionless IPR curve for fractured wells with negative skin at future conditions. Fig. 17-Dimensionless IPR curves for fractured wells with skin at current conditions.
0.40
/
~v
w
/
0.30
/ v;::/v
0.20
/ ~
~
0.10
o.oo ~ ~F-
Qmaxf/Qmaxl en
-c
Fig. 18-Dimensionless IPR curves for fractured wells with skin at future conditions. rt'1
1-i
"'-}
0
0'
N
GAS WELL PERFORMANCE CURVES GAS WELL PERFORMANCE CURVES
Pws - 1 BOO psla
2.00 2.00
1.90 1.90
1.80 1.80
1.70 1.70
1.60 1.60
1.50 1.50
D 1.40 D 1.40
D.. 1.30 D.. 1.30
1.20
i 1.20
I')
t 1.10 1.10
-3 1.00 -3 1.00
... 0.90 ...a: 0.90
a:
...a:..
ii: o.eo
0.70
..
::>
13
0.80
0.70
0.60
a: 0.60
D.. D..
0.50 0.50
0.40 0.40
0.30 0.30
0.20 0.20
0.10 0.10
0.00 0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Fig. 19-Gas well performance curves for current conditions. Fig. 20-Gas well performance curves for future conditions.
.
I
I')
0
1.30
1.20
1.10
X 1.00
...a: 0.90
...a:~
0.80
0.70
D.. 0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 e.oo 10.00 12.00