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LABORATORY ACTIVITY
CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY ECE 4104
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING LOGIC CIRCUITS AND
Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines SWITCHING THEORY

1 Number System Group No.: 6

Group Members:
Deveza Jr., Edwin Q.
Fabila, Lysa Dee S.
Sioco, Stephanie S.
Stub Code: 927

Date Performed: June 27, 2017

Date Submitted: June 30, 2017

ECE 4104 Laboratory Activity Rubrics

Grading
Excellent Acceptable Minimal Unacceptable Score
Criteria
Punctuality The lab report was The lab report was The lab report was The lab report was
submitted on or before submitted 1-3 hours after submitted within the day submitted more than 1
(10%) the deadline. the deadline. but more than 3 hours day after the deadline.
(8-10) (6-7) after the deadline. (1-3)
(4-5)
The results are complete, The results are complete, The results are complete, The results were not
precise and accurate precise and accurate precise and accurate accurate with large
Presentation within 3%. Followed all within 3%. Did not follow within 5%. Did not follow margin of error greater
of Results requirements. 1-2 of the requirements. 3-5 of the requirements. than 5% and not well
(30%) (26-30) (20-25) (11-20) presented. Did not follow
more than 5 of the
requirements.
(1-10)
Makes rich observations Makes sufficient Makes many Makes few observation
and records relevant data observations and records observations but they and records little data.
Observations in an organized and skillful relevant data in an may be insufficient to (1-4)
(15%) way organized way. generate data; records
(13-15) (9-12) data but no organization.
(5-8)
The presentations show The presentation shows The presentations show The presentations shows
an analysis and an analysis and an analysis and little analysis and
Conclusion understanding and it is understanding and it is understanding in relation understanding in relation
(15%) fully developed and link somewhat developed and to the lab objectives, to the lab objectives,
into objectives, theory, link into the theory, theory, principles and theory, principles and
principles and operations. principles and operations. operations. operations.
(13-15) (9-12) (5-8) (1-4)
Answered all questions Answered most questions Answered some Did not answer all
correctly with thorough correctly with thorough questions correctly but questions correctly.
Questions and well written varied and well written varied based on some incorrect (1-5)
(20%) sentences and supported sentences and supported information.
facts. facts. (6-10)
(16-20) (11-15)
The design is accurate, The design is accurate, The design is somewhat The design is not accurate,
meeting all the required meeting some of the accurate, meeting some the required specifications
Design specifications and the required specifications of the required are not satisfy and the
(10%) circuit is working and the circuit is working specifications however circuit is not working
normally. normally. the circuit is not working normally.
(8-10) (6-7) normally. (1-3)
(4-5)
TOTAL

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 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

Instructor: Engr. Romarie Jhoanna C. Eder, RECE, MCS

Faculty, ECE Department

1 Number System
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this activity the student should be able:

To understand Number System and its different types.

To calculate the equivalent value of Decimal number to Binary number, Octal number, Hexadecimal
number and vice versa.
To calculate the equivalent value of Binary number to Octal number and Hexadecimal number and
vice versa.
To calculate the equivalent value of Octal number to Hexadecimal number and vice versa.

I. PARTS

Computer/PC

Scientific Calculator

Ball pen

Paper

II. BASIC THEORY

The number systems are used frequently in the field of digital electronics and computers. However,
the type of number system used in the computers could be different at different stages of the usage. For
example, when a user key-in some data into the computer will do it using decimal number system and the
system we all have used for several years for doing arithmetic problems. But when the information goes
inside the computer, it needs to be converted to form suitable for processing data by the digital circuitry.
Similarly, when the data has to be displayed in the monitor for the user, it has to be again in the decimal
number system. Hence the conversion from one number system to another one is an important topic to be
understood.

There are four systems of arithmetic which are often used in digital circuits. These systems are:

1. Decimal system is said to be expressed in a number system with radix equal to 10 because there
are 10 basic digits (0 - 9) from which the number system is formulated in a positional notation
system. For decimal numbers, the symbol . is called the decimal point; for more general base-b
numbers, it is called the radix point. That portion of the number to the right of the radix point is
called the fractional part, and the portion to the left of the radix point is called the integral part.
2. Binary system is a positional notation numbering system with radix equal to 2. Each digit position
in a binary number represents a power of two. So, when we write a binary number, each binary
digit is multiplied by an appropriate power of 2 based on the position in the number.

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 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

3. Octal system is a positional notation number system. Just as the decimal system uses powers of 10
and the binary system uses powers of 2, the octal system uses power of 8 to determine the value of
a number's position and uses the digits 0-7. It is often used shorthand for binary.
4. Hexadecimal system is also a positional number system with radix equal to 16. It is the only
number system that uses both numbers and letters. It uses 16 digits (0-9 and A-F). It is often used as
shorthand for binary.

REFERENCES

(http://muthaka.com/69.%20NUMBER%20SYSTEMS.pdf, http://math.ucr.edu/~res/math144/setsnotes5.pdf
http://www.eecs.wsu.edu/~ee314/handouts/numsys.pdf
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book13/53e.htm)

III. PROCEDURE

Each problem in the table is solved manually using the following processes:

CONVERTING ANY BASE TO DECIMAL

1. Assign the decimal number its corresponding positions starting from 0 to the right going left. If the
number be extended to the right of the decimal point, then the position is negative starting from -1.
2. Each digit will be multiplied to the base of the number to be converted raised to a power n.
3. The position of each digit will be the power n of the base.
4. Summate the answers obtained in each digit.

CONVERTING DECIMAL TO ANY BASE

1. Divide the decimal number to the base of the number where it is to be converted.
2. The remainder of the quotient will be the least significant bit (LSB) of the converted number.
3. The whole number of the quotient will then become the dividend and repeat the process stated
above until the quotient will be zero.
4. If the number is extended to the right of the decimal point. The fraction will be multiplied to the
base of the number where the number is converted to.
5. Combined the results of the whole number and the fraction (placed after the decimal point).

CONVERTING BINARY TO OCTAL

1. The binary number will be grouped each having 3 bits.

2. Use the 421 conversion method to find the equivalent octal number.
3. If the binary number lacked digits, add 0 at the left side of the MSB to form 3-bit group. However,
insignificant zeros appearing to the said position is removed.

CONVERTING OCTAL TO BINARY

1. Find the equivalent 3-bit binary number of each octal digit using 421 conversion method.
2. Combined the binary number of each digit to form the equivalent octal number.
3. Remove the insignificant zeros at the left side of the MSB.

CONVERTING BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

1. The binary number will be grouped each having 4 bits.

2. Use the 8421 conversion method to find the equivalent hexadecimal number.
3. If the binary number lacked digits, add 0 at the left side of the MSB to form 4-bit group. However,
insignificant zeros appearing to the said position is removed.

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 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

CONVERTING HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

1. Find the equivalent 4-bit binary number of each hexadecimal digit using 8421 conversion
method.
2. Combined the binary number of each digit to form the equivalent hexadecimal number.
3. Remove the insignificant zeros at the left side of the MSB.

CONVERTING OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL/ HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

The octal number is first converted to binary and then converted to hexadecimal number, and vice versa.
Use the processes above to perform conversion.

IV. RESULTS AND ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

DIRECTIONS: Convert the following number system to the required system. Attach your solutions on an
extra sheet of paper.

THE NUMBER SYSTEMS

DECIMAL (Base-10) BINARY (Base-2) OCTAL (Base 8) HEXADEXIMAL (Base -16)

1,56810 110001000002 30408 62016

10.62510 1010.1012 12.58 A.A16
287410 1011001110102 54728 B3A16
2748.589810 101010111100. 5274.4568 ABC. 9716
10012
158.9531210 10011110.1111012 236. 758 9E.F416
5810 1110102 728 3A16
509.60710 111111101.10012 775.46668 1FD.9B6416
27.7510 11011.012 33.28 1B.416
11810 11101102 1668 7616
5703410 11011110110010102 1573128 DECA16

SOLUTION

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ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

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ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

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ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

QUESTIONS
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 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

1. What general technique can we use to find the decimal value of a number represented in
another number system?
The general technique that can be used to find the decimal value of a number represented
in another number system is to use the formula Dx BP where D is the digits of the
number, B is the base of the number to be converted to decimal and P is the position of the
digit counted from LSB (Least Significant Bit) starting at count 0.

2. If you convert the hexadecimal number A4C0116 to octal and decimal, which representation
will require less digits? Explain your answer.
If you convert A4C0116 to octal and decimal it gives 24460018 and 67481710 respectively. As
you can see, the decimal equivalent contain fewer digits, 6 figures, compared with octal
which has 7. This is because digital has a wider range of digits (0-9) being used unlike octal
which only has limited digits (0-7).

3. What is the special relationship between binary, octal, and hexadecimal?

The special relationship between binary, octal and hexadecimal is that all of them has a
base of 2. 21 for binary, 23 for octal and 24 for hexadecimal. This means that you can convert
one base to another easily.

4. Why do we need to know how to convert from one number system to another?
As an engineering student, one must know how to convert from one number system to
another because as we learn more along the way, there may be times that we will
encounter one number system that might be needed in another form. For example, in
digital hardware, the natural numbering system is binary but expressing anything in binary
causes way too many bits to be used; that is where hexadecimal enters which will give the
equivalent value but with fewer digits.

VI. OBSERVATION

The most common type of number system is the Decimal which has a base or radix of 10. For
practical and non-scientific reason, this system is very convenient in daily dealings for it can be counted

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 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

using our fingers. It is the system where the people are very familiar to. The basic number system used in
computers is the Binary Number System. As its name implies, the system only allows two bits 0 and 1 and
the base or radix is 2. The most significant bit (MSB) is the leftmost digit and the least significant number
(LSB) is the rightmost digit of the binary number. However, the common disadvantage is the use of many
digits even for the small quantities. In a Hexadecimal Number System, the digit exceeding 9 is expressed
using alphabet letter. Thus, this number system uses 1-9 and A-F. Base and number of digits to represent
quantities is observed to be inversely proportional. So hexadecimal number gives reading and writing
convenience for it reduces digits and saves space. It shortens and clarifies the result. This system requires 3
bits and has a radix of 16. Octal Number System follows the same pattern in Hexadecimal Number System,
but deals with only 3 bits and radix of 8. By using this system, it could be easily calculated because it does
not go outside of the bigger number for it only uses 1 to 7 digits.

Binary system to octal or hexadecimal can be easily converted by grouping their binary
representation into 3 bits or 4 bits, respectively. The conversion of octal to hexadecimal and vice versa can
be achieved by following the steps of binary conversion. In vice versa, the equivalent binary number of octal
and hexadecimal can be obtained using 421 or 8421 method. However, the convenient and essential way of
converting is through the use of decimal but this requires more computations compared to other number
system conversion. The given number system is converted to decimal number first, and then be converted
to the required base number. This is done by using the formula DxBp; where D is the digit of the number, B
is the base of the number, and P is the equivalent weight of the digit which is based on its position. On the
other hand, the conversion of decimal to any base is done by repeatedly dividing the whole number by the
base of the number to be converted to, while collecting the remainder until the whole number reaches
zero. The last remainder is the MSB and the first one is the LSB. To verify the answers, the above
conversions can be done using the calculator. However, fractional number is not working in this manner.

VII. CONCLUSION

A number system is a way of representing numbers. There are four types of number systems
discussed during the activity. The said types are decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers.

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 ECE 4104 Logic Circuits and Switching Theory Laboratory Activity No. 1

The conversion of a decimal number system to any base number has the same steps. It is by
dividing the decimal number by the base of the number where the decimal is to be converted and getting
the whole number quotient in which will become the new dividend. The remainder will be collected and
the first one will be the LSB of the equivalent number. Repeat the division of the whole number and
derivation of the remainder until the quotient becomes zero. The fractional number is calculated on the
other way around; it is multiplied to the said base. On the other hand, the conversion of any base number
to decimal follows the formula DxBp. However, note that the fractional number has a weight of -1 and so
on, starting after the decimal point.

Next is the conversion of binary number system to octal number and hexadecimal number. Both
have the same procedure of grouping into its corresponding bits and later finding the equivalent number.
However, they differ in their bits. Octal has 3 bits while Hexadecimal has 4 bits, thus both are grouped into 3
and 4, respectively. Of course, when necessary, add extra zeros to the left of integral part and to the right of
fractional part of the binary number to complete a group. The best way to convert back to binary is to use
421 for octal number and 8421 method for hexadecimal number. Have the equivalent 3-bit or 4-bit
(depending upon the given number system) binary number of each digit using the said methods. Remove
insignificant zeros which appear at the left side of the MSB.

Lastly, the equivalent of octal number system to hexadecimal number system or vice versa has no
direct conversion. The easy way is to convert it to binary and following the steps of binary conversions.

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