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VCTOR RAL
HAYA DE LA TORRE
IMGENES E HISTORIA
TRADUCCIN:
Ingls y francs: LINA ALBERTI E ISABEL HARE
Quechua: NELLY FERNNDEZ
Cuidado del texto: VCTOR ROJAS BENAVIDES
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For them, and for those before us, who devoted their efforts to the cruel
and sweet endeavor of changing Peru, of abolishing its injustices and
doing away with its backwardness.
Pour eux, et pour ceux qui, avant nous, entreprirent la tche cruelle et
douce de changer le Prou, dabolir ses injustices et dannuler son sous-
dveloppement.
To wait, but not to wait passively in rest, with the false expectation of one who waits for
things to come by themselves. To wait in action, to wait fully convinced that we will steer
the course of destiny. Only our resolution to win will give us the final victory. Willingness
and only willingness is the driving force of our destiny.
Attendre, mais ne pas attendre au repos, dans la passivit, dans la fausse expec-tative de
celui qui attend que les choses arrivent par elles-mmes. Attendre dans laction, attendre
avec la conviction totale que les buts de la destine seront signals par nous. Seule notre
dcision de vaincre nous apportera la victoire finale. La volont et rien que la volont est
le gouvernail de notre destine.
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el descanso, en la pasividad,
aguarda que las cosas vengan solas.
la conviccin total de que los rumbos
Slo nuestra resolucin de vencer nos
tad y slo la voluntad es el timn
stro destino.
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CONTENIDO
PICHN DE CNDOR... VOLARS ALTO
Rector Fidel Ramrez Prado, Ph.D. 16
YOUNG CONDOR...YOU WILL FLY HIGH 34
JEUNE CONDOR...TU VOLERAS HAUT 44
UNAKUNTUR...SINCHI WICHAYTAPUNIN PHALARINKI 54
CITAS PRINCIPALES 65
EL ANTIMPERIALISMO Y EL APRA 66
DISCURSO DEL 23 DE AGOSTO DE 1931. 84
TEORA DEL ESPACIO-TIEMPO HISTRICO 110
OBRAS COMPLETAS 6. Y DESPUS DE LA GUERRA, QU? 126
DISCURSO DEL PRESIDENTE DE LA ASAMBLEA CONSTITUYENTE
28 de julio de 1978 142
LTIMA ENTREVISTA REALIZADA A VCTOR RAL HAYA DE LA TORRE
Por el periodista y escritor Alfredo Barnechea 156
MURI HAYA. LTIMAS IMGENES 162
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Notable generacin reunida en el restaurante Morillas del balneario Buenos Aires de Trujillo. Un banquete
histrico congreg a lo mejor de la intelectualidad trujillana. Entre ellos Csar Vallejo (1) y Vctor Ral Haya
de la Torre (2).
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"Yo poeta, brindo mi copa por ti, pichn de nos atrevemos, sin embargo, a realizarla, como
cndorYo profeta, anuncio que volars alto, lo estamos haciendo con otros amautas, o mejor
muy alto y sers grande, grande..." (*) dicho, llachaqkuna llachachin (los que saben
ensean), porque nuestra misin universitaria es
el estudio del pensamiento peruano. As lo
L
a lectura del pensamiento de Vctor Ral hemos hecho con Jorge Basadre Grohmann,
Haya de la Torre no es slo un compromiso Javier Pulgar Vidal y lo haremos con Fernando
partidario para sus seguidores polticos; el Belande Terry, Santiago Antnez de Mayolo,
estudio de su obra, como maestro y pensador Andrs Avelino Cceres, Ral Porras
cuya ideologa rebasa fronteras nacionales, es Barrenechea, Vctor Andrs Belande, Flora
necesaria para las nuevas juventudes que Tristn, Antonia Moreno de Cceres y otros
buscan alternativas al desarrollo social. autores que figuran en nuestro proyecto de
Transcurridos veintisis aos de su fallecimiento, ediciones monumentales "Personajes Peruanos
las pasiones se aquietan hacindose del Siglo XX". Todos pensadores polmicos,
imprescindible despojarnos totalmente de stas pero que constituyen, sin lugar a dudas, los hijos
y repensar las ideas de Haya, as como las de los de nuestra nacin que hicieron de su vida una
ms preclaros hijos de la Nacin. obra al servicio de ella.
El ao 2000, la radio BBC de Londres realiz una La presente obra no constituye la reedicin de
encuesta, a nivel continental, para conocer los libros de Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre, sino
quines eran los hombres ms destacados de ms bien la sntesis de su obra, que con una
Amrica Latina durante el milenio que conclua. metodologa pedaggica quiere motivar a la
Vctor Ral fue uno de los diez personajes de lectura de las publicaciones realizadas, para que,
mayor votacin, y es que su pensamiento sin a partir de ella, los lectores inicien o reinicien el
lugar a dudas tiene una significativa influencia estudio de las mismas. He aqu nuestro principal
en el pensamiento poltico americano. propsito. Aprovechamos para este objetivo,
especialmente, las estampas que el connotado
Su mensaje fue una sntesis de nacionalismo y fotgrafo Carlos "Chino" Domnguez imprimi
antiimperialismo, es decir, fue un nacionalismo como testigo de su accionar entre los aos
revolucionario. Los regmenes democrticos que 1958, cuando regresa del exilio de Colombia, y
desarrollaron la vida poltica latinoamericana, 1979, ao de su muerte, las que editamos como
desde los aos treinta, tuvieron en l una fuente prueba de su convocatoria. Cautivantes, casi
de inspiracin decisiva. Haya de la Torre fue el dogmticas, las ponemos en manos de los
gestor de la propuesta sociopoltica de un jvenes; ellos sabrn calificarlas. Nosotros tan
Estado propiciador del desarrollo industrial que slo aspiramos a alcanzrselas. Es nuestro deber
modernizara la economa, de la organizacin de universitario.
la sociedad civil y de la creacin de sistemas
polticos democrticos incipientes, lo que se ha Nada nos compromete. Daremos a las
dado en llamar la matriz estado cntrica para bibliotecas un espacio acadmico, de cuyos
promover la produccin y administrar la resultados en el nuevo mundo globalizante no
distribucin (recurdese que el Per era un pas seremos testigos, como lo es Salamanca para el
que viva en un feudalismo colonial, un pas con Occidente o como lo es la Universidad Nacional
latifundios, con "pongos" y "derecho de Mayor de San Marcos para el Per, pero nos
pernada"), propuesta que entr en crisis atrevemos, como universitarios, recordando el
durante los aos ochenta, cuando se inicia un
proceso inexorable de redefinicin del Estado.
Conscientes de que esta edicin puede (*) Csar Vallejo Mendoza (en una celebracin estudiantil por el
hacernos merecedores de calificativos ligeros, cumpleaos de Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre).
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Siempre se calific a la Alianza Popular Amrica, que despus de las luchas por su
Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) como independencia slo haba tenido guerras
antimilitarista, o a las Fuerzas Armadas Peruanas fronterizas, manipuladas, comienza a verse a s
de antiapristas, como si la historia nacional misma y se descubre desgarrada. Mientras las
avanzara pendularmente entre militarismos y oligarquas se preocupan en buscar aliados para
antis, y no como es en realidad: bsqueda defender sus intereses, los jvenes entregan su
popular por crear nuevos espacios para el intelecto a la bsqueda de alternativas. Son los
desarrollo del pas. Las pasiones y los intereses aos, tal vez, de mayor produccin ideolgica,
reaccionarios, de la mano desde luego, con los la que sentara las bases para los nuevos rumbos
errores cometidos por sus partidarios, han polticos. De un lado podemos sealar a los
propiciado una polmica que no termina y ha de reaccionarios, que hicieron del Estado un botn y
perdurar aos antes de ser agotada. de la represin y el crimen un sistema de
Desgraciadamente, este contexto no ha gobierno antinacional, destacando Porfirio Daz
motivado a la mayora nacional para la lectura Mori (Mxico, 1830 -1915), Fulgencio Batista y
del verdadero pensamiento de uno de los Zaldvar (Cuba, 1901 - 1973), Rafael Trujillo
peruanos ms ilustres del siglo XX. Nosotros, Molina (Santo Domingo, 1891 - 1961),
que provenimos de las filas de las Fuerzas Anastasio Somoza Garca "Tacho" (Nicaragua,
Armadas y somos cuarenta mil asociados en una 1896 - 1956) e hijos "Tachitos", Gerardo
Cooperativa que es promotora de nuestra Machado y Morales (Cuba,1925 - 1933),
Universidad, respondemos que ms nos Alfredo Stroessner (Paraguay, 1912), Francois
importan los pensamientos y enseanzas que Duvalier "Pap Doc" (Hait, 1907 - 1971) e
los prejuicios. hijo, Juan Vicente Gmez Chacn (Venezuela,
1857 - 1935), slo por mencionar algunos. De
Las primeras dcadas del siglo XX se caracterizan otro lado, una plyade de intelectuales liberados
por los cambios sociales de trascendencia del dogma del determinismo religioso, an en
producidos en el mundo, los mismos que crearon boga en su poca, encontraron la respuesta a la
nuevas correlaciones de fuerzas y el interrogante de sus sociedades en las causas
correspondiente cambio de las metrpolis. Surgen externas y en las contradicciones nacionales;
dos potencias que an vivan en el siglo XVIII: ms an, en la superacin de las mismas
Mosc y Pekn, que extienden su ideologa y praxis hallaron la oportunidad para el desarrollo de sus
poltica. El muro de Berln es la mayor expresin de pueblos. Podemos mencionar una amplia y
la divisin mundial en bloques antagnicos. heterognea gama de pensadores, como Jos
Enrique Rod (Uruguay, 1871 - 1917), Jos
En este estado de "guerra fra", los pases del Ingenieros (Argentina, 1877 - 1925), Miguel
llamado Tercer Mundo juegan un papel de menor ngel Asturias (Guatemala, 1899 - 1974), Jos
nivel en el tablero internacional. Al interior de sus Carlos Maritegui (Per, 1894 - 1930), Luis
pases, las oligarquas nativas concurren a las ms Recabarren Serrano (Chile, 1876 - 1924), desde
rancias dictaduras, con la represin y el crimen la vieja provincia espaola de ultramar Julio
incluido, como nica respuesta para "mantener el Antonio Mella (Cuba, 1903 - 1929), Luis
orden", sin planteamientos alternativos para el Cardoza y Aragn (Guatemala, 1901 - 1992), y
desarrollo de sus pases. Les correspondi por supuesto Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre (Per,
simplemente el papel de productores de materias 1895 - 1979), entre otros.
primas y de mano obrera barata, sin capacidad
para avizorar el porvenir y los grandes cambios Sntesis biogrfica
dialcticos que estas contradicciones y los avances
de la ciencia y su aplicacin tecnolgica traeran. Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre naci en la ciudad
de Trujillo, departamento de La Libertad, el 22
Los pueblos indoamericanos, libres de la de febrero de 1895. Realiz sus estudios
opresin directa o de la invasin de los imperios primarios y secundarios en el Seminario San
coloniales, levantan las armas contra las Carlos de Trujillo. Ya universitario, su notable
dictaduras, y es el movimiento agrarista inclinacin intelectual lo llev a formar parte de
mexicano, con sus lderes campesinos, el primer los prestigiosos grupos La Bohemia y Norte, a los
movimiento autnticamente popular. Mxico se que tambin perteneca el poeta Csar Vallejo.
convertira en un modelo a seguir, pero la
historia no se repite. Las oligarquas aprenderan Se traslada a Lima para estudiar jurisprudencia y
a defender sus privilegios, mas el pueblo ciencias polticas, y como alumno de la
tambin encontrara nuevas opciones para su Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,
constante lucha por un mundo mejor.
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Mxico recibe a Vctor Ral. En la foto aparecen Leopoldo Zea, Felipe Cosso del Pomar y su esposa,
Manuel Vsquez Daz, Luis Heysen, Jorge Muiz y Jorge Raygada.
Cuba gobernada por Alfredo Zayas Alfonso, la escribe su libro fundamental El Antimperialismo
isla an no se haba liberado de la "Enmienda y el APRA, que fue parcialmente conocido y
Platt", que converta a los pases recin logr editarse en Chile por la Editorial
centroamericanos en apndice colonial y le Ercilla en diciembre de 1935, por razones de
conceda a Washington el derecho de intervenir persecucin poltica y econmicas, como lo dice
militarmente cuando lo considerara necesario. en su nota preliminar de la primera edicin:
Nicaragua, Panam, Santo Domingo, Cuba,
Hait, Honduras y El Salvador seran ms tarde "No pude publicarlo de inmediato por falta de medios
invadidos por Washington. Una respuesta fue la econmicos. Los editores hacan propuestas
usurarias"
actitud defensiva y patritica de Augusto Csar
Sandino (Nicaragua,1895 - 1934), que muri
En esta obra, deslinda su posicin ideolgica de la
asesinado.
socialista comunista, planteando para Amrica
Latina (ante la escasez de un proletariado) la
Mxico haba decidido abrir las puertas de
organizacin de un frente nico de trabajadores
Benito Jurez, Pancho Villa y Emiliano Zapata a
manuales e intelectuales. Lo contrario dice sera
todas las conciencias libres del mundo, y fue el
esperar el desarrollo del proletariado para estar en
maestro Jos Vasconcelos, que desempeaba la
condiciones de tomar el poder; pero el capitalismo
Secretara de Educacin Pblica, quien le
imperial no permitir que se desarrolle el
consigui albergue al deportado. El 7 de mayo
capitalismo en nuestros pueblos.
de 1924 funda la Alianza Popular Revolucionaria
Americana (APRA), entregando la bandera
Este libro, paradjicamente, recin se edit en el
indoamericana e invocando a un frente para
Per el ao 1972, despus de cuarenta y dos aos,
luchar por la unidad de sus pueblos a los
estudiantes mexicanos. En 1926 viaja a la Unin en una poca en que llegaban para las bibliotecas
de Repblicas Socialistas Soviticas, donde se y la venta pblica muchos libros de ideologa antes
familiariza con el marxismo leninismo, y a quemados a la usanza del dominico inquisidor Fray
Inglaterra, donde estudia con George D. H. Cole Toms de Torquemada (aquel confesor de los Reyes
(1889 - 1959), el autor del clsico Historia del Catlicos e Inquisidor de Castilla y Aragn), por ser
pensamiento socialista (History of socialist considerados subversivos y atentatorios para la
thought, 1960. Fondo de Cultura Econmica, cultura y "buenas costumbres de la nacin". A
1962). partir de estos aos, los textos de ideologa y
poltica antes desconocidos en el pas se
En 1925 participa con Jos Ingenieros, Jos encuentran por doquier y a precios mdicos. Es un
Ortega y Gasset y Miguel ngel Asturias, en la misterio por qu este libro no fue publicado con
Asamblea Antiimperialista celebrada en Pars. En anterioridad. Prueba su demanda el hecho de que
Mxico, en el ao 1928, a su regreso de Europa, se agotara a las pocas semanas, debiendo
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El joven Luis Alberto Monge, futuro presidente de Costa Rica, junto a Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre.
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es ejemplarizar, es redimir. Y eso no lo harn jams esta forma nacan los mrtires y se creaba una
quienes van al poder sin ttulo moral" (Discurso del 8 simbologa con tradiciones propias.
de diciembre de 1931).
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Trujillo, 1965.
elecciones para el ao 1963, en las que result slo en dos oportunidades: para viajar a
electo el arquitecto Fernando Belande Terry. Venezuela, en 1976, a la cita de partidos
polticos de Europa y Amrica Latina, y en 1977
A inicios de 1961, conjuntamente con para recibir la mxima condecoracin otorgada
importantes dirigentes de los partidos por esa nacin, siendo Presidente Constitucional
demcratas del continente, particularmente don el Dr. Carlos Andrs Prez.
Jos Figueres Ferrer, Luis Alberto Monge y
Daniel Doduber (Liberacin Nacional de Costa En el ao 1978, la Junta Militar que gobernaba
Rica), Rmulo Betancourt (Accin Democrtica el Per (Gobierno del general Francisco Morales
de Venezuela), Eduardo Santos (Partido Liberal Bermdez Cerrutti 1975 - 1980) convoca a
de Colombia), Vctor Paz Estenssoro (Bolivia), a elecciones para una Asamblea Constituyente
los que tambin se vincul el Gobernador de con el objetivo de redactar la nueva
Puerto Rico Luis Muoz Marn, crearon la Constitucin Poltica. Haya de la Torre es elegido
Escuela de Estudios Democrticos para Amrica Presidente de la Asamblea, y desde esa posicin
Latina, con sede en Heredia, Costa Rica. El dio una ejemplar muestra de desprendimiento
objetivo de esta Escuela, adems de capacitar al asignarse como sueldo mensual la suma de
dirigentes democrticos a muy alto nivel, era un Sol de Oro ($ 0,02), siendo ste el nico
vincular a jvenes lderes de los partidos para cargo oficial que desempe en el Per. Bajo su
que estrecharan conceptos ideolgicos y de presidencia se elabor la Constitucin de 1979,
amistad en el camino de trabajar por la despus de cuya promulgacin falleci el 2 de
democracia y la integracin americana. Vctor agosto del mismo ao. Sus restos fueron
Ral fue conferenciante permanente y sus conducidos por tierra desde Lima hasta Trujillo,
coloquios se aprovecharon de manera debida su tierra natal, en una lenta procesin de
por sus jvenes discpulos, entre los que peruanos. All reposan en el cementerio
podemos mencionar a ex Presidentes como Miraflores, bajo una roca que lleva como
Rodrigo Borja de Ecuador, Oscar Arias de Costa epitafio: Aqu yace la Luz .
Rica, Alan Garca de Per y nuestro amigo Jaime
Pinzn Lpez, ex Embajador de Colombia en el En 1995 se conmemoraron cien aos de su
Per y hoy actual Rector de la Universidad Jorge nacimiento, y personalidades de todo el mundo
Tadeo Lozano (Bogot), universidad creada al constituyeron una Comisin de Homenaje, entre
igual que la nuestra por el Amauta Dr. Javier los que podemos mencionar a: Francois
Pulgar Vidal. Mitterrand (Francia), Pierre Maurois (Francia),
Mario Soares (Portugal), Felipe Gonzlez
Sus ltimos aos los dedica al Per (Espaa), Andreas Papandreou (Grecia), Shimon
exclusivamente, fijando su residencia en "Villa Peres (Israel), Leopold Senghor (Senegal), Jimmy
Mercedes" de Chaclacayo, de la que se aleja Carter (USA), Jos Figueres (Costa Rica), Luis
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mundial, quiere la emancipacin de Cuba pero espacio territorial, que combinan sus actividades
a travs de la lucha de clases y con el logrando su autosuficiencia.
protagonismo nico de la clase obrera y el
partido comunista. Asesinado por el dictador - La produccin y distribucin estn regidas
Gerardo Machado (1929), a los veintisis aos, especialmente por normas sociales ancestrales,
no es posible intentar un estudio comparativo normas de reciprocidad (ayni, minga, mita,
de su obra. intercambio) que en s mismas generan las
posibilidades mnimas necesarias para una
Jos Carlos Maritegui, formado en el marxismo reproduccin y plusproduccin.
italiano, lo aplica con una reflexin cultural para
interpretar la realidad peruana, valorando la - La presencia de un sector que se identifica con
importancia de la complejidad de la cultura. el control social y que se sobrepone a las
Recordemos que eran aos en los que el comunidades locales o ayllus, asumiendo la
dogmatismo religioso sanagustiniano se administracin de la fuerza de trabajo, los
sostena en la idea de que la hoja de un rbol no medios colectivos de produccin y las
cae si no es por la voluntad de Dios. La religin actividades productivas.
era, an, el lente con que nuestros intelectuales
diagnosticaban los hechos sociales e histricos. - Este sector se encarga del planeamiento y
Muere sin leer El Antimperialismo y el APRA, ejecucin de las obras pblicas de inters
libro que como sabemos es el inicio de la comn, apropindose del plustrabajo
extensin ideolgica y del llamado de su autor a producido.
la causa indoamericana. Sus seguidores han
hecho proyecciones desde su propia ptica, Este modo andino conserva dentro de s los
pero no sabemos cul sera actualmente la de elementos de la comunidad primitiva con los de
Jos Carlos Maritegui. una sociedad de castas. Comunidades agrarias
autosuficientes que carecen de propiedad
Maritegui y Haya de la Torre, al parecer privada, cuya actividad productiva estaba
cometieron un error de interpretacin en sus intervenida por una autoridad para el
obras centrales (7 Ensayos de Interpretacin de afianzamiento ideolgico, encontrando su
la Realidad Peruana y El Antimperialismo y el contradiccin principal entre las comunidades
APRA); ambos con los conocimientos de su aldeanas (ayllus) y el poder estatal.
poca, sealan a la cultura prehispnica
panandina Inca como comunista: "Al Ambos coinciden s, como lo plantea Jos
comunismo inkaico que no puede ser negado Vasconcelos en su obra Indologa (Lima 1925:5),
ni disminuido por haberse desenvuelto bajo el tan olvidada actualmente, o Georg Hegel
rgimen autocrtico de los inkas se le designa (Lecciones sobre la filosofa de la Historia,
por esto como comunismo agrario" Madrid 1928), en describir los orgenes
(Maritegui ob. cit. 1969: 54). "En el coloniales de Amrica Latina y compararlos con
comunismo incsico hay dos aspectos los de los Estados Unidos de N. A. "Otra
fundamentales: el comunismo primitivo diferencia es que Amrica del Sur fue
propiamente dicho semejante al comunismo conquistada mientras que Amrica del Norte ha
patriarcal de Asia y Europa y la organizacin de sido colonizada" (Hegel, ob. cit.: 181). "La
ese comunismo primitivo en un vasto sistema creacin de los EE. UU. se presenta como la obra
poltico y econmico, en un imperio" (Haya del pioneer. Espaa despus de la conquista no
de la Torre, ob. cit.: 206). Hoy sabemos que no nos mand sino nobles, clrigos y villanos"
necesariamente la redistribucin de la (Maritegui, ob. cit.: 61). Haya de la Torre, por
produccin significa comunismo, dentro de los su parte, nos dice, como prembulo a la
conceptos marxistas. El incanato fue una propuesta que comentamos, que la
sociedad de economa autrquica en gran parte interpretacin de la realidad indoamericana ha
de su territorio, liderada por un modo de sido buscada empecinadamente en Europa:
produccin, para llamarlo propiamente, Andino, "Conservadores y radicales, reaccionarios y
pues tiene variables que lo tipifican con revolucionarios, no han podido jams explicarse
caractersticas plenamente evidentes, los problemas de esos pueblos sino a imagen y
caractersticas constituyentes de gobierno y semejanza de los europeosla conquista no
distribucin, tales como: logr destruir los sistemas de asociacin y de
produccin autnomos. Sojuzg y explot;
- Pequeas comunidades compuestas por conquist y no coloniz" (Haya de la Torre,
familias extensas (ayllus) propietarias de un ob. cit.: 199). Seala que mientras en Amrica
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Mayo de 1946, Santiago de Chile. Vctor Ral con Salvador Allende (al centro).
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Poeta y sacerdote nicaragense Ernesto Cardenal saludando a Haya de la Torre durante su visita a la Asamblea
Constituyente.1978.
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Marx: "Todo se mueve, se niega, deviene; todo medio elaboradasLa "primera etapa del capitalismo"
est en eterno retorno" en el que se funda la en los pueblos imperializados no construye la mquina,
ni siquiera forja el acero o fabrica sus instrumentos
dialctica de la vida y de la historia. Dialctica menores de produccin. La mquina llega hecha y la
del movimiento a partir de las propias manufactura es siempre importada. Tenemos pues
contradicciones, que luego se aplicara para planteado en Indoamrica un problema esencial que
comprender los grandes cambios sociales y de la siendo bsicamente econmico es social y es poltico: la
naturaleza. dominacin de nuestros pueblos por el imperialismo
extranjero y la necesidad de emanciparlos de ese yugo
sin comprometer su evolucin ni retardar su
Su pregunta, como la de varios intelectuales de progreso"
su poca, es por la naturaleza de Amrica
Latina: qu es Amrica Latina?, cules son sus (El Antimperialismo y el APRA. 1972:18 )
actores sociales fundamentales?, en qu
direccin deben avanzar sus transformaciones Este es el postulado central de su teora y lo que
socioeconmicas y polticas? Responde con su le ha dado el carcter de lder continental,
tesis Espacio-Tiempo Histrico, caracterizando a proyectando su accionar en un reclamo
Indoamrica como un feudalismo colonial, a la antiimperialista, de desfeudalizacin, de unidad
que denomina Nacin Continente, convencido continental, de integracin y desarrollo
de la inexistencia de un capitalismo en la regin, "cuatro condiciones interdependientes del
al que califica de incipiente y sin capacidad de surgimiento de una Indoamrica poderosa,
desarrollo autnomo. Vctor Ral a decir de sus soberana, libre y justa, fundamentada en la
estudiosos, es uno de los ms connotados democracia social de pan y libertad. Que es el
tericos del imperialismo como fenmeno designio histrico de toda verdadera
econmico, junto a John Hobson (1858 - 1940) revolucin." (loc.cit.:62)
y Vladimir Lenin (1870 - 1924); pero a diferencia
de stos, trat el fenmeno desde la perspectiva En su proyecto no tiene cabida la nocin de las
de los pases en proceso de desarrollo. luchas de clases sociales, pues llama a una
alianza multiclasista forjadora de un Estado
En Amrica Latina, segn l, hay imperialismo fuerte, capaz de propiciar el surgimiento de una
sin capitalismo, en la que aqul no es la fase burguesa nacional en la lnea de un estado
superior del capitalismo, como en las potencias nacionalista benefactor, cuyo ncleo est
econmicas del siglo, sino la primera fase del formado por la clase media. El capitalismo de
desarrollo capitalista, proponiendo una lucha estado como un sistema de transicin hacia una
antiimperialista y antifeudal, con el propsito de nueva organizacin social, en beneficio de las
instaurar un capitalismo nacional. clases productoras, a las que ir capacitando
gradualmente para el propio dominio y
"vale no olvidar que el sistema capitalista, del que el usufructo de la riqueza que producen (loc. cit.:
imperialismo es la mxima expresin de plenitud, 171). Un Estado suficientemente fuerte para
representa un modo de produccin y un grado de promover el desarrollo de la industria nacional
organizacin econmica superiores a todos los que el
como para hacer frente al imperialismo, como
mundo ha conocido anteriormente y que, por tanto, la
forma capitalista es paso necesario, perodo inevitable propone en el libro que mencionamos:
en el proceso de civilizacin contempornea. No ha de
ser un sistema eterno porque lleva en s mismo "Ubicar nuestro problema econmico, social y poltico
contradicciones esenciales entre sus mtodos antitticos en su propio escenario y no pedir de encargo, para
de produccin y apropiacin pero tampoco puede resolverlo, doctrinas o recetas europeas como quien
faltar en la completa evolucin de alguna sociedad adquiere una mquina o un traje"(loc.cit.:17).
moderna Ahora bien, cuando el capitalismo
tramonta, es que se extiende y desplaza: deviene Reclamo y propuesta de unidad pluriclasista que
imperialista. Emigra, vuela lejos como el polen de ciertas luego se dara en Amrica como ocurri y acaba
plantas en flor y se asienta y germina donde halla
condiciones favorables para prosperar. Es por eso que si,
de suceder con el Frente Amplio de Uruguay, la
segn la tesis neo-marxista, "el imperialismo es la Unidad Popular en Chile, como se reclama en la
ltima etapa del capitalismo", esta afirmacin no puede actualidad en el Per; y es que el problema de
aplicarse a todas las regiones de la Tierra. En efecto "es Amrica Latina como de los pases del Tercer
la ltima etapa"; pero slo para los pases Mundo dice su tesis central estriba en que la
industrializados que han cumplido todo el proceso de la
lucha por su desarrollo no es una lucha de clases
negacin y sucesin de las etapas anteriores. Mas para
los pases de economa primitiva o retrasada a los que el sino de pueblos.
capitalismo llega bajo la forma imperialista, sta es "su
primera etapa" las industrias que establece el "Forzoso es abandonar la idea de un partido de clase,
imperialismo en las zonas nuevas no son casi nunca exclusivamente comunista, para reconocer la necesidad
manufactureras sino extractivas, de materia prima o de un diferente tipo de partido poltico revolucionario
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antimperialista que no es partido de clase, sino de frente tiene cuatro propuestas, sobre las que se
nico" (loc. cit.: 92) desarrollaran las alternativas electorales vlidas:
el marxismo, el aprismo, el Per como doctrina,
Despus de tres cuartos de siglo, las propuestas de Accin Popular, y la Democracia Cristiana. De
esgrimidas son esencialmente vigentes; el stas han surgido movimientos electoreros sin
concepto de partido clasista nico ha sido mayor trascendencia ideolgica.
superado largamente, pues lleva peligros
mayores recordemos la Perestroika de Mijail Unos llegaran al poder con fuerte presencia
Gorbachov , y algunos de sus cinco lemas caudillista, personalizando el movimiento, y
programticos continentales se han cumplido, valindose de los medios de comunicacin
como el de la internacionalizacin del Canal de masiva para vender su imagen como un
Panam (cuarto), que lleg a convertirse en la producto de consumo. Otros lo haran
dcada del setenta, un objetivo poltico aprovechando las coyunturas sociales, pero que
continental. al trmino se diluyeron como el humo asfixiante
de una hoguera. Mientras tanto, el pas, nuestro
En cuanto al segundo punto de su programa: la pas, contina sin encontrar alternativas que
unidad de Amrica Latina, se han hecho dinamicen su desarrollo.
intentos importantes como la Unin de Estados
Americanos, el Parlamento Latinoamericano, el Al momento nos encontramos en un callejn
Acuerdo de Cartagena, Mercosur; pero la fuerza difcil de transitar; las burdas rplicas de recetas
de los reaccionarios opositores a esta unidad ha extraas aplicadas a nuestros problemas
rebasado sus clculos. No cabe duda que Haya nacionales o las improvisaciones electorales
de la Torre hace suyo este planteamiento consumen nuestras posibilidades, y el resultado
bolivariano, el que repite sealando que nuestra es la desnutricin de nios, pobreza extrema en
unidad es la mayor garanta para el desarrollo. ms del cincuenta por ciento de la poblacin,
En tanto planteamiento ms antiguo que el corrupcin en la clase dirigente. Repasemos los
europeo, qu lejos estaba de suponer que videos de Vladimiro Montesinos, el asesor
Europa se unira antes que Amrica. Una Europa presidencial (1990 - 2000), en los que muestra
desangrada por las guerras surge unitaria, y sin a casi todos los personajes de la poltica
embargo nosotros estamos todava demasiado nacional, del Poder Judicial, Jurado Nacional de
lejos de alcanzar esta unidad: Elecciones, de los medios de comunicacin, de
las Fuerzas Armadas, alcaldes, parlamentarios y
"la poltica de las clases gobernantes, que coopera
en todos los planes imperialistasagita los pequeos otros de esa poca recibiendo jugosos y
nacionalismos, mantiene divididos o alejados a nuestros millonarios sobornos (se afirma que existen dos
pases unos de otros y evita la posibilidad de la unin mil filmaciones). Irresponsabilidad total con el
poltica de Amrica Latina, que formara un vasto futuro de nuestro pas. Hasta cundo? Las
pasPero las clases gobernantes cumplen muy bien
butifarras y el aguardiente de ayer han sido
sus planes divisionistas del imperialismo y agitan causas
patriticas: Per contra Chile, Brasil contra Argentina, cambiados por el circo.
Colombia y Ecuador contra el Per, etc..." (loc. cit.:75)
Los pensadores de la patria nos reclaman. El
Finalmente, a manera de colofn, y a riesgo de problema es que no slo no los leemos para
equivocarme, en las ltimas dcadas del siglo reflexionar, sino que nos falta autenticar nuestra
XX la poltica nacional en el campo ideolgico nacionalidad.
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"I poet offer my cup to you, young condor... that effect, we specially use the pictures taken by the well
I prophet announce that you will fly high, very high and known photographer Carlos "Chino" Domnguez, a
you will be great, very great ..." (*) witness of the life of Vctor Ral between 1958, at his
return from his exile in Colombia, and 1979, the year of his
death, and which we edit as evidence of their significance.
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was felt, more than seen in the rostrum, one had the contradictions and the developments of science and their
sensation of something mysterious invading the place. technological application would bring.
He subjugated and dominated the members of his
audience in such form that they seemed gentle lion Free from the direct oppression or invasion of the colonial
cubs obeying the orders of the tamer. He made laugh, empires, the Indo-American peoples raised up in arms
cry, think, fear, bringing into play all the range of against the dictatorships. The Mexican agrarian movement
sentiments with masterful exquisiteness..." (Julio with its peasant leaders was the first authentic popular
Antonio Mella, November 1923, Havana, Cuba)
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movement. Mexico became a model to be followed, but Federation of Students of the Havana University. They
history does not repeat itself. The oligarchies learned to became good friends, and Mella accompanied him in all
defend their privileges, and the people also found new the activities in which he participated while on the island,
options for their constant struggle for a better world. one of them was the inauguration of the Jos Marti
Popular University on November 3rd, in which he said that
After the independence battles, Latin America that had Marti was "... the man that had the two greatest qualities
only waged frontier wars began looking at itself and in life: to be sincere and to be brave..." It should be
discovered that it had been torn apart. While the recalled that this University only recognized two principles:
oligarchies looked for allies to defend their interests, the "Scientific, pedagogical and political antidogmatism, and
new youth devoted its intellect to look for alternatives. social justice... Not affiliated to any specific doctrine,
Those were perhaps the years of most active ideological system or creed..." On November 12th he traveled to
production and which set the course of the new political Mexico. Cuba was governed then by Alfredo Zayas
events. On one hand, Porfirio Diaz Mori (Mexico, 1830- Alfonso, and the island was still subject to the "Platt
1915), Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar (Cuba, 1901-1973), Amendment" that converted the Central American
Rafael Trujillo Molina (Santo Domingo, 1891-1961), countries in colonial appendixes, conceding Washington
Anastasio Somoza Garca "Tacho" (Nicaragua, 1896- the right to military intervention when it considered it
1956), and sons "Tachitos", Gerardo Machado y Morales necessary. Nicaragua, Panama, Santo Domingo, Cuba,
(Cuba, 1871-1939), Alfredo Stroessner (Paraguay, 1912), Haiti, Honduras and El Salvador were later invaded by
Francois Duvalier "Papa Doc" (Haiti, 1907-1971) and son, Washington. Augusto Csar Sandino (Nicaragua, 1895-
Juan Vicente Gmez Chacn (Venezuela, 1857-1935), just 1934, who responded with a defensive and patriotic
to name some of them, were the reactionaries that made attitude, was assassinated.
the State a booty, and repression and crime, an
antinational system of government. On the other, a Mexico had decided to open the doors of Benito Jurez,
number of intellectuals freed from the dogma of the Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata to all the free
religious determinism still prevailing in their time found the consciences of the world, and Jos Vasconcelos, the
answer to the problems of their societies in external causes teacher, who was then in charge of Public Education, gave
and national contradictions, and furthermore, in shelter to the deported. On May 7, 1924, Haya de la Torre
overcoming them they found the opportunity for the founded the American Revolutionary Popular Alliance
development of their peoples. They included a broad and (APRA) giving to the Mexican students the Indo-American
heterogeneous range of thinkers, such as Jos Enrique flag and convoking a fighting front for the unity of its
Rod (Uruguay, 1871 1917), Jos Ingenieros (Argentina, peoples. In 1926, he traveled to the Union of Soviet
1877 1925), Miguel Angel Asturias (Guatemala, 1899 Socialist Republics where he came into close contact with
1974), Jos Carlos Maritegui (Peru, 1894 1930), Luis Marxism and Leninism, and later to England where he
Recabarren Serrano (Chile, 1876 1924), from the old studied with George D.H. Cole (1889 1959), the author
Spanish overseas province Julio Antonio Mella (Cuba, 1903 of the classic Historia del pensamiento socialista (History of
1929), Luis Cardoza y Aragn (Guatemala, 1901 1992), socialist thought), 1960, Fondo de Cultura Econmica,
and of course, Vctor Rul Haya de la Torre (Peru, 1895 1962).
1979), among others.
In 1925, he participated in Paris with Jos Ingenieros, Jos
Ortega y Gasset and Miguel Angel Asturias in the
Biographical Synthesis Antiimperialist Assembly.
Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre was born on February 22, In 1928, in Mexico, at his return from Europe, he wrote his
1895, in the city of Trujillo, Department of La Libertad. He fundamental work El Antiimperialismo y el APRA that for
went to primary and secondary school at the San Carlos political persecution and economic reasons was partially
Seminar in Trujillo. While a university student, his notable known and only published in Chile in December 1935 by
intellectual inclination took him to join the prestigious Editorial Ercilla, as he indicates in the forward note to its
groups La Bohemia and Norte of which the poet Csar first edition:
Vallejo was also a member.
"... I was not able to publish it right away for lack of
He came to Lima to study law and political sciences and, as economic means. The editors made usurious
student at Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, he proposals..."
was President of the Federation of Students waving the
flag of the university reform of Crdoba and commencing In this work, he marks the differences between his and the
an intense political activity, while at the same time ideological socialist communist positions proposing for
displaying his great talent of teacher at the Gonzlez Prada Latin America (before the lack of a proletariat), the
Popular Universities. Together with Jos Carlos Maritegui organization of a single front of manual and intellectual
he edited the magazine Claridad. workers. The opposite would be he maintained- to wait
for the proletariat to develop to be in conditions to seize
His university political activity and opposition to the power, but imperial capitalism will not allow the
dictatorship of Augusto B. Legua "the eleven-year development of capitalism among our peoples.
president" took him in 1923 to an exile that lasted eight
years. Deported from Peru, he arrived first at Panama and Paradoxically, this book was edited in Peru only in 1972,
then to Havana on November 1, 1923, where he stayed for forty-four years after, at a time in which many books of
only twelve days, but his presence had an impact on the ideology that had been previously burned at the usance of
Cuban university youth, as evidenced in the media of the the Dominican inquisitor Fray Toms de Torquemada (the
time: "He is a true symbol, a leader of Latin youth and on confessor of the Catholic Kings and Inquisitor of Castilla
his shoulders we will built an eternally free Latin and Aragn), because they were considered subversive and
America..." (El Universal, Havana 11/3/1923). In Cuba, he constituting an attempt on culture and "the good customs
met Julio Antonio Mella, who was then President of the of the nation", were arriving at libraries and for public sale.
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As from such years, ideology and politics texts not known semifeudal landed states, improvised electoral registers,
before in the country were easily found everywhere at the full dominion of the racist landed oligarchy inherited
affordable prices. It is a mystery why this book had not from the colony, and of a Frenchified Lima that, according
been published before. Evidence of its demand is the fact to Antonio Raimondi, was closer to London than to Peru.
that it run out of print in a few weeks, and was followed Those were years in which partisan activists situated in the
by an almost immediate new edition. This book has been proximity of the electoral colleges bought votes with
widely discussed throughout all Latin America and it is one sausages and rum. Never was this expression truer:
of the most important contributions to continental
ideology. "Anyone can come to the Palace, because the road to
the Palace is bought with gold or conquered with rifles.
Vctor Ral was the primary driving force of the cultural But the mission is to get into the conscience of the
activities in the country and specially from the first years of people before coming to the Palace... You can only
his party through the Tpac Amaru Seminars and govern when you get to the people..." (loc. cit,)
Magisterial Colloquies that covered a broad intellectual
panorama, from the Hegelian origins of Marxism to the On that same date (December 8, 1931), Snchez Cerro
effective techniques of public oratory. was sworn in at the Congress of the Republic and referring
to the conditions in which he was receiving the country
In 1931, at 35, and back from his exile, he ran for the first after eleven years of the Legua dictatorship, he said in his
time for president of the republic. On the afternoon of message to the country:
August 23, 1931, he outlined, with the acclamation of
huge crowds, the political and ideological guidelines of his "... National faith has been pledged in treaties that
party, in his famous speech at the Lima Bullfight Ring, with have reduced the extension of our territory, public
which he commenced his electoral campaign. treasury is out of funds and suffering the burden of a
formidable debt incurred in the most severe
The agitated and doubtful struggle for the presidency was conditions... State security is threatened by the
won by the incumbent president, General Luis Miguel development of dangerous political, economic and
Snchez Cerro, against whom he commenced an social ideas; moral principles are being betrayed... As
opposition campaign alleging fraud. Snchez Cerro had son of democracy, and feeling it ardently in my mind
deposed President Augusto B. Legua and was the and heart, I offer by my honor of soldier to honor the
continuation in power of the Peruvian oligarchy. Haya commitment of faithfulness to the principles I have just
received the news of his defeat in Trujillo where he assumed, with no regard to their origin or the
proclaimed: magnitude of their danger..."
"We are not lost... I affirm that we are stronger than The opposition organized in cells and committees went on
ever because to govern is not to command, or to abuse, intensifying its activity, which eventually led to a civil war.
or to convert power into a platform for all inferior In Trujillo, the population took the O'Donovan barracks
passions, in an instrument of vengeance, or in the capturing army weapons, making prisoners and killing
scaffold of liberties. To govern is to lead, to educate, to several officers. With civilian support, Colonel Gustavo
give example, to redeem. And this will never be done Jimnez ("El Zorro"), former minister of the interior of
by those that arrive in power without morals..." (Speech Snchez Cerro, took over the command of the No. 11
of December 8, 1931). Infantry Regiment of Cajamarca that occupied the region
and gave battle on the plains of Paijn (north of Trujillo),
Those were years of scarce democratic development, in but then surrendered to prevent more causalities. Its
which ballot boxes were stolen and changed, of leader committed suicide. The martial courts were drastic.
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Six thousand civilians were shot in the archaeological Community, all experiences that he discussed in his books
complex of Chan Chan. Haya de la Torre was arrested and 30 aos de aprismo, Mensaje de la Europa Nrdica, and
locked in the prison island of El Frontn (May 1932 April Toynbee frente a los panoramas de la historia.
1933). Martyrs were born as an outcome of these events
creating their own symbolism and traditions. In 1956, at his return from exile, he reactivated the legal
condition of his party, and in 1962, ran for President of the
On April 30, 1933, General Snchez Cerro was Republic. He lost in a close vote with claims of fraud. A
assassinated in circumstances that were never made clear, transitory military junta invalidated the elections and called
and General Oscar R. Benavides became president. In new ones for 1963 in which the architect Fernando
1936, as Haya de la Torre was impeded to run, the APRA Belande Terry was elected president.
party gave its support to Luis Eguiguren, but the elections
were invalidated and Haya de la Torre and the APRA went Early in 1961, together with major leaders of the
underground. In 1939, Manuel Prado y Ugarteche was democratic parties of the continent, including among them
elected president and his term ended with no major outstanding figures, such as Jos Figueres Ferrer, Luis
events. Alberto Monge and Daniel Doduber (National Liberation of
Costa Rica), Rmulo Betancourt (Democratic Action of
In 1945, the APRA party supported the presidential Venezuela), Eduardo Santos (Liberal Party of Colombia),
candidacy of Jos Luis Bustamante y Rivero that gave rise Vctor Paz Estenssoro (Bolivia), joined also by the Governor
to several contradictions. On October 3, 1948, a sector of of Puerto Rico, Luis Muoz Marn, he created the School of
the Navy, basically troop members, mutinied in Callao, with Democratic Studies for Latin America with seat in Heredia,
a shooting that went on throughout most of the day. Costa Rica. In addition to training democratic leaders at a
General Manuel Apolinario Odra seized power in a military very high level, the objective of the School was to connect
coup and Haya de la Torre was persecuted. In 1949, the young leaders of the parties in order to establish
having been threatened to death, he sought asylum in the ideological concepts and friendship links on the road
Colombian Embassy. During almost five years, General towards democracy and Latin American integration. Vctor
Odra refused to grant him safe-conduct, keeping the Ral was a permanent speaker and among the young
Embassy surrounded with war tanks until 1954, when he disciples that benefited from his colloquies were some that
was allowed to leave the Embassy. This asylum gave rise to later became presidents of their countries, such as Rodrigo
an international legal debate. The case was heard at the Borja of Ecuador, Oscar Arias of Costa Rica, Alan Garcia of
International Court of The Hague and Haya de la Torre Peru, and our friend Jaime Pinzn Lpez, former
received expressions of solidarity from men of the stature Ambassador of Colombia in Peru, and today Rector of
of Albert Einstein. Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano (Bogota), a university that
was also created like ours by our amauta Javier Pulgar
"... Upon examining whether the asylum had been Vidal.
regularly granted, the Court found that the Peruvian
Government had not provided evidence before the He devoted his last years exclusively to Peru fixing his
asylum that was granted to him, that the actions of residence at "Villa Mercedes" in Chaclacayo, which he only
which Haya de la Torre was accused were common left in two occasions to travel to Venezuela, in 1976, to the
crimes... " (The Hague, sentence of July 13, 1951). meeting of European and Latin American political parties,
and in 1977, when Carlos Andrs Prez was Constitutional
From 1954 to 1962, he traveled and wrote intensively. He President, to receive the highest decoration granted by
visited Asia, America and Europe giving talks. He studied such nation.
Nordic cooperativism, Asian industrialization, the Israeli
kibuttz, non alignment, the new Economic European In 1978, the Military Junta that was governing Peru (the
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some of the reasons for the failure of this ideology. practice based on the experience of the organized mining
unions. As educator and journalist, he pretended to use
This was the context within which in his first years of the labor union struggles as the means for social reforms,
thinker and political activity, Haya de la Torre shared without excluding the established institutional channels.
experiences with Jos Carlos Maritegui, writing his first He maintained that,"The party should not replace the
ideological concepts, but also with other leaders that later workers in their struggle, but guide and conduct the union
reached the continental stature of Luis Recabarren in Chile, energies". Recabarren inspired Salvador Allende and the
and Julio Mella in Cuba, both intellectuals that developed Popular Unity, which pretended to develop socialism in
similar original concepts. Nevertheless, after his return Chile through democratic elections with a strong sector of
from Europe and, specially, from Russia, diverging from the ideologized population, but Allende failed, due to
Marxist affiliation, Haya interpreted the Peruvian reality several and polemical reasons...
with an intention that contradicted socialist-communism.
His proposal was Latin American capitalism with Julio Mella, the young Cuban revolutionary that in earlier
characteristics that would later be the basis of humanist years had written auspiciously of Haya de la Torre was
nationalisms. In consequence, he did not agree with the perhaps the most notable opponent to his Indo-American
idea of establishing a socialist regime as the anteroom of parliament. In one of his furious attacks, he wrote Qu es
communism. el Arpa? (Mexico 1928), where he classified its founder as
a bourgeois reformist, proimperialist Englishman, and the
Although his divergence did not give rise to major like... Mella affirmed himself in the Trotsky line and
confrontations, the distance from two thinkers (Maritegui committed with the victory in each country of the workers'
and Mella) and their early death established deep revolution over world imperialism, he pretended to
differences with the praxis and public action of their emancipate Cuba through a class struggle in which the
partisans. Nevertheless, in their genesis, all had almost working class and the communist party were to be the sole
common characteristics, one of them was the intellectual protagonists. A comparative study of his work has not
effort to apply to their countries the Marxist-assimilated been possible, as he was assassinated when only 26 by the
thesis of the time. Recabarren in Chile proposed that it dictator Gerardo Machado (1929).
should be developed from the dominant parliamentary
Jos Carlos Maritegui formed in the Italian Marxism
applied it with a cultural reflection to interpret the Peruvian
reality valuing the importance of its complex culture. We
should recall that those were the years in which Saint
Agustinian religious dogmatism maintained the idea that
the leaf of a tree only falls by the will of God. Religion still
was the lens with which our intellectuals diagnosed social
and historical facts. He died without having read El
Antiimperialismo y el APRA, the book that, as we know,
was the starting point for the dissemination of the ideology
of its author and his call for the Indo-American cause. His
followers have made projections from their own point of
view, but we do not know what Jos Carlos Maritegui
would have actually had to say about it.
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necessary reproduction and overproduction beginnings of mercantilism, and the other to the result of
possibilities. the migration of a marginal population that conquered
- The presence of a sector identified with the social with its own work force its subsistence alternatives.
control and that overlapping the local communities or
ayllus assumed the administration of the work force, The passing of time has been demonstrating us whether
the collective production facilities and the productive such proposals were or not correct, including also the one
activities. of a strong State that nationalizes the land and industry
- This sector was in charge of planning and executing and the organization of our economy on the socialist basis
public works of common interest, making use of the of production as our sole alternative maintained by Haya
pluswork. de la Torre (El Antiimperialismo y el APRA, 1972:78). In the
light of the modern events of globalization and market
Soch Andean system preserved within it the elements of economy, the economic nationalism thesis of the greater
the primitive community with a society of castes, which danger of a State with a vast and scientific organization, a
included self-sufficient agrarian communities deprived of nationalized cooperative system and the adoption of a
private property, and a productive activity regulated by an functional democratic political structure based on work
authority for its ideological affirmation, with a main categories, as well as the theses of the four sectors, of
contradiction between peasant communities (ayllus) and economic frontiers, antiimperialism, defeudalization,
the state power. continental unity, integration and development should be
rethought within the historical context in which they were
Both coincide, as Jos Vasconcelos maintains in his work presented. A closer study of such historical events would
Indologia (Lima, 1925:5), almost forgotten nowadays, or be necessary to understand such experiences and to test
Georg Hegel (Lecciones sobre la filosofa de la Historia, them against the dialectics of the facts. Haya de la Torre
Madrid, 1928), in describing the colonial origins of Latin tried to explain all such prophetic changes in his Historical
America in comparison with the United States of North Space-Time theory making his the apothegm of Heraclitus
America, "Another difference is that South America was passed on to Hegel and Marx. "Everything flows, and
conquered while North America was colonized..." (Hegel, nothing stays..." on which the dialectics of life and history
ob. cit.:181). is founded. this was the dialectics of movement from tits
own contradictions that was later applied to understand
"The creation of the United States is presented as the work the big changes of society and nature.
of pioneers. While after the conquest, Spain only sent us
nobles, clergymen and villains..." (Maritegui, ob. cit.:61). Like several intellectuals of his time, his question was about
On the other hand, Haya de la Torre maintains in the the nature of Latin America: what was Latin America? who
preamble to the proposal we discuss that the interpretation were its fundamental social constituents? which should be
of the Indo-American reality has been persistently sought the course of its socio-economical and political
in Europe: "Conservatives and radicals, reactionaries and transformations? He answered them in his Historical
revolutionaries have never been able to understand the Space-Time thesis defining Indo-America as colonial
problems of these peoples but to the image and likeness of feudalism and calling it Continent Nation, convinced of the
the Europeans... the conquest did not destroy the systems non existence of capitalism in the region considering it
of association and autonomous production. It subdued incipient and without any capacity for an autonomous
and exploited, conquered but not colonized..." (Haya de la development. As maintained by one of the scholars that
Torre, ob. cit.: 199). He argues that while in Latin America studied him, Vctor Ral, together with John Hobson
we had conquerors, Angle Saxon America had pioneer (1858- 1940) and Vladimir Lenin (1870 1924), were the
colonizers. But there was also a difference of 250 years most distinguished theoreticians of imperialism as
between them, one corresponded to the imperial economic phenomenon, but unlike the latter, his approach
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was from the perspective of countries in a developing capitalism" in imperialized countries is not the machine
process. or not even the forging of steel, or the manufacture of
According to him, Latin America had imperialism without minor instruments for its production. Machines are
capitalism in which the former was not the ultimate phase foreign made and manufactured products are always
of capitalism, as in the economic powers of the century, imported. We have then in Indo-America an essential
but rather in the first phase of capitalist development, problem that being basically economic is also social
proposing an antiimperialist and antifeudal struggle to and political: the domination of our peoples by foreign
establish a national capitalism. imperialism and the need to emancipate them from
that bond without compromising their evolution or
"... it should not be forgotten that the capitalist system delaying their progress..." (El Antiimperialismo y el
of which imperialism is its utmost expression of APRA, 1972:18)
achievement, represents the highest mode of
production and economic organization that the world This is the central postulate of his theory, which has given
has ever known. Therefore, the capitalist system is a him the character of continental leader, and has been
necessary step and an unavoidable period in the projected into an antiimperialist claim of antifeudalism,
process of contemporary civilization. It does not have continental unity, integration and development, "... four
to be an eternal process because it has its own independent conditions for the emergence of a powerful,
essential contradictions between its antiethical sovereign, and free and fair Indo-America founded on the
methods of production and appropriation- but it social democracy of bread and liberty, which is the
cannot be done away with in the full evolution of a historical purpose of all true revolutions." (loc. cit. 62)
modern society... Now then, when capitalism is
surmounted, it expands and displaces, and becomes The class struggle was not part of his project. His call was
imperialist. It migrates, flies far away like the pollen of for a multiclassicist alliance that would forge a strong
certain plants in blossom and settles and germinates State, capable of giving rise to a national bourgeoisie
where it finds favorable conditions to prosper. It is for within the line of a benefactor nationalist state, with its
this reason that if according to the neo-Marxist thesis, nucleus formed by a middle class. State capitalism was to
"imperialism is the ultimate stage of capitalism", it be a transition system towards a new social organization
cannot be applied to all the regions of the Earth. In benefiting the producing classes, gradually trained to
fact, "it is the ultimate stage", but only for the achieve the dominion and usufruct of the wealth they
industrialized countries that have gone through all the produce (loc. cit.; 171). As proposed in his cited book, the
process of denial and succession of the previous stages. state should be sufficiently strong to promote the
It is otherwise in countries of primitive or backward development of national industry capable of
economy at which capitalism arrives under an confrontingimperialism:
imperialist format, in "its first stage"... imperialism
does not establish manufacturing industries in new "To place our economic, social and political problem in
areas, in almost all instances its activities involve the its own scenario, without applying European doctrines
extraction of raw materials or the processing of semi- or prescriptions, as someone acquiring a machine or a
manufactured products... The "first stage of dress..." (loc. cit.: 17)
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The claim and proposal for a pluriclassicist unity in Latin imperialism are most adequately carried out by the
America came later, and has just been the case of the governing classes that agitate patriotic causes, Peru
Ample Front in Uruguay, the Popular Unity in Chile, and is against Chile, Brazil against Argentina, Colombia and
being presently claimed in Peru, because as maintained in Ecuador against Peru, etc..." (loc. cit.: 75)
his central thesis- the problem of Latin America, and the
other Third World countries, is that the struggle for their Finally, as an appendix, and at the risk of being mistaken,
development is not a struggle of classes, but of peoples. in the last decades of the twentieth century, national
politics had four proposals in the ideological field on which
"It is absolutely necessary to abandon the idea of an valid electoral alternatives could be developed: Marxism,
exclusively communist class party to acknowledge the APRA as a doctrine, Popular Action and Christian
need for a different type of antiimperialist revolutionary Democracy, but from them only electoral movements with
political party that is not a class party, but a single no significant ideological importance have emerged.
front..." (loc. cit.: 92)
Some arrived at power under the presence of a strong
After three fourths of a century, his proposals are still in caudillo leader that personalized the movement making
force. The concept of a single classicist party has been use of the media to sell his image as a consumer product.
largely overcome, as it carries greater dangers. We should Others have done it profiting from social circumstances
recall the Perestroika of Mijail Gorbachov, and some of his that eventually diluted as the asphyxiating smoke of a fire.
five programatic continental demands, such as the In the meantime the country, our country, is unable to find
internationalization of the Panama Canal (fourth) that in alternatives to accelerate its development.
the sixties was a continental political objective.
At present, we are in an alley of difficult transit, with gross
With respect to Latin American unity, the second point of replicas of foreign prescriptions applied to our national
his program, major attempts have been the Organization problems, or wasting our opportunities in electoral
of American States, the Latin American Parliament, the improvisations. The result is undernourished children,
Cartagena Agreement, Mercosur, but the force of the extreme poverty in more than fifty percent of the
reactionary opponents to this unity exceeded his population, corruption in the governing class. The videos
calculations. There is no doubt that Haya de la Torre of Vladimiro Montesinos, the foremost presidential adviser
endorsed this Bolivarian approach, which he reiterated (1990 2000), show almost all the members of the
indicating that our unity is the greatest guarantee for our Judiciary, the National Electoral Board, the media, the
development. Being this an older approach than the Armed Forces, mayors, congressmen and other
European, it would have never occurred to him that after participants in the national politics of that time, receiving
being destroyed by the wars Europe would emerge united, bountiful and millionaire bribes (it is affirmed that there are
while we still are far from achieving our unity: two thousand recordings), with a total lack of responsibility
for the future of our country. Until when? The circus is
today in town taking the place of the sausages and rum of
"... the politics of the governing classes, which yesterday.
cooperates with all the imperialist plans... stirs small
nationalisms, maintains our countries divided or We are being called by the thinkers of the country. Our
estranged from one another, and prevents the problem is not only that we fail to read them to reflect, but
possibility of the political union of Latin America, which also that our nationality has yet to be authenticated.
would form a vast country... But the divisionist plans of
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Moi, pote, je porte un toast toi, jeune condor constituent, sans doute, les enfants de notre nation qui se
Moi prophte, jannonce que tu voleras haut, trs dvourent tout entier la nation.
haut, et que tu seras grand, grand (*)
Cest ouvrage ne constitue par la rdition des livres de
Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre mais cest plutt la synthse de
son uvre qui, avec une mthodologie pdagogique, veut
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Trujillo, 1962.
marxisme. Y 30 Aos de Aprismo ( Et trente ans quarante mille associs dans une Cooprative qui promeut
dAprisme (Fondo de Cultura Econmica, 1956), crit notre Universit ; nous rpondons que nous sommes
pendant son asile diplomatique lambassade de davantage intresss aux penses et aux enseignements
Colombie Lima, et que lauteur considre la continuation quaux prjudices.
de El antiimperialismo y el APRA. Dans ce dernier livre il
explique ses positions doctrinaires par rapport aux Les premires dcennies du vingtime sicle se
problmes politiques poss depuis la cration de son parti caractrisent par les changements sociaux transcendants
jusquen 1955, proclamant avec une nette insistance tre effectus dans le monde, qui crrent de nouvelles
le descendant direct de deux vnements historiques de la corrlations de forces et le correspondant changement des
deuxime dcennie du vingtime sicle : la rforme mtropoles. Apparaissent deux puissances qui vivaient au
universitaire de Crdoba et la rvolution mexicaine, partir dix-huitime sicle : Moscou et Beijing, qui tendent leur
desquelles il commena son interprtation du monde idologie et leur praxis politique. Le mur de Berlin est la
moderne. plus grande expression de la division mondiale en des blocs
antagoniques.
Quel homme public nest pas comment ou imit ?
En cet tat de guerre froide , les pays de lainsi
Tel que Haya d tre Mart, le mme amour, la mme dnomm Tiers Monde jouent un rle mineur sur
conscration lidal, le mme esprit de combativit lchiquier international. lintrieur de leurs pays, les
sereine mais agressive et nergique, mme mpris oligarchies natives concourent aux plus anciennes
pour les plaisirs, pour le confort, pour la vie elle- dictatures, avec la rpression et le crime inclus, comme
mme Quand on lentendait, mieux encore que lunique rponse pour maintenir lordre , sans exposs
quand on le voyait sur la tribune, on avait limpression alternatifs pour le dveloppement de leurs pays. Il leur
de quelque chose de mystrieux qui vaguait tout appartenait simplement le rle de producteur de matires
autour. Il subjuguait et dominait lauditorium de telle premires et de main-duvre bon march, sans capacit
faon que celui-ci ressemblait de doux lionceaux de guetter lavenir et les grands changements dialectiques
obissants aux ordres du dompteur. Il faisait rire, que mneraient ces contradictions et les avances de la
pleurer, penser, craindre, toute la gamme du sentiment science et leur application technologique.
il la parcourait avec une dlicatesse magistrale ...(Julio
Antonio Mella, novembre 1923. La Havane, Cuba). Les peuples indo amricains, libres de loppression directe
ou de linvasion des empires coloniaux, prennent leurs
On a toujours qualifi danti-imprialiste lAlliance armes contre les dictatures, et cest le mouvement
populaire rvolutionnaire amricaine (APRA), ou les Forces agrairien mexicain, avec ses leaders paysans, le premier
armes pruviennes danti-apristes, comme si lhistoire mouvement authentiquement populaire. Le Mexique
nationale avanait de faon pendulaire entre militarismes devient un modle suivre, mais lhistoire ne se rpte pas.
et antis, et non pas telle quelle est en ralit : recherche Les oligarchies apprendraient dfendre leurs privilges
populaire afin de crer de nouveaux espaces pour le mais le peuple trouverait galement des options nouvelles
dveloppement du pays. Les passions et les intrts pour sa lutte inbranlable en vue dun monde meilleur.
ractionnaires, la main dans la main bien entendu, avec les
erreurs commises par ses partisans, ont rendu propice une LAmrique, qui aprs les luttes de lindpendance navait
polmique qui ne finit pas et qui doit durer longtemps eu que des guerres de frontires, manipules, commence
avant de spuiser. Malheureusement, ce contexte na pas se regarder elle-mme et se trouve dchire. Pendant que
motiv la majorit nationale la lecture de la vraie pense les oligarchies se proccupent chercher des allis pour
de lun des Pruviens les plus illustres du vingtime sicle. dfendre leurs intrts, les nouveaux jeunes proposent leur
Nous venons des files des Forces armes et nous sommes intellect la recherche dalternatives. Ce sont, peut-tre,
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les annes les plus prolifiques de production idologique, bannire de la rforme universitaire de Crdoba et
qui mettrait les bases pour de nouvelles directions commenant une intense activit politique ; il fait preuve
politiques. Dune part, nous pouvons signaler les en mme temps de ses grandes qualits de professeur dans
ractionnaires, qui firent de ltat un butin et de la les Universits populaires Gonzlez Prada. Avec Jos Carlos
rpression et du crime un systme de gouvernement Maritegui, il publia la revue Claridad.
antinational, se dtachant Porfirio Daz Mori (Mexique,
1830-1915), Fulgencio Batista y Zaldvar (Cuba, 1901- Son activit politique universitaire et dopposition la
1973), Rafael Trujillo Molina (Saint-Domingue, 1891- dictature de Augusto B. Legua, le prsident de loncenio
1961), Anastasio Somoza Garca Tacho (Nicaragua, (onze annes) lamena en exile en lan 1923 ; exile qui
1896-1956) et ses enfants Tachitos , Gerardo Machado durera huit ans. Dport du Prou, il passa au Panama et
y Morales (Cuba, 1871-1939), Alfredo Stroessner arriva La Havane le 1er novembre 1923. Il y resta
(Paraguay, 1912), Franois Duvalier Papa Doc (Hati, seulement douze jours mais sa prsence eut de limpacte
1907-1971) et son fils, Juan Vicente Gmez Chacn sur la jeunesse universitaire cubaine, ainsi en tmoignent
(Venezuela, 1857-1935) pour mentionner seulement les moyens de communication de lpoque : cest un vrai
quelques-uns. Dautre part, une pliade dintellectuels symbole, un leader de la jeunesse latine, sur les paules
affranchis du dogme du dterminisme religieux, encore la duquel notre Amrique ternelle, libre, se lvera (El
mode leur poque, trouvrent la rponse la question de Universal. La Havane, le 3 novembre 1923). Cuba il se lie
leurs socits dans les causes externes et les contradictions damiti avec Julio Antonio Mella, lpoque prsident de
nationales ; et ils y trouvrent, encore, loccasion pour le la Fdration dtudiants de lUniversit de La Havane, qui
dveloppement de leurs peuples. Nous pouvons laccompagna toutes les manifestations auxquelles il
mentionner un ample et htrogne choix de penseurs, participa sur lle, entre autres linauguration de la
tels que Jos Enrique Rod (Uruguay, 1871-1917), Jos Universidad Popular Jos Mart, le 3 novembre, o il parlera
Ingenieros (Argentine, 1877-1925), Miguel ngel Asturias de Mart comme dun homme qui rassemble les deux
(Guatemala, 1899-1974), Jos Carlos Maritegui (Prou, qualits les plus grandes pour vivre : tre sincre et tre
1894-1930), Luis Recabarren Serrano (Chili, 1876-1924), courageux . Il convient de se rappeler que cette
depuis lancienne province espagnole doutremer Julio Universit reconnaissait seulement deux principes : Lanti-
Antonio Mella (Cuba, 1903-1929), Luis Cardoza y Aragn dogmatisme scientifique, pdagogique et politique, et la
(Guatemala, 1901-1992) et, bien entendu, Vctor Ral justice sociale Nappartenant aucune doctrine, systme
Haya de la Torre (Prou, 1895-1979), entre autres. ou credo dtermin . Le 12 novembre il part pour le
Mexique. Cuba restait gouverne par Alfredo Zayas
Synthse biographique Alfonso, lle ne stait pas encore libre de l
Amendement Platt , qui transformait les pays
Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre naquit dans la ville de Trujillo, centroamricains en une appendice coloniale, et donnait
dpartement de La Libertad, le 22 fvrier 1895. Il fit ses Washington le droit dintervenir militairement quand il le
tudes primaires et secondaires au Sminaire San Carlos, jugerait ncessaire. Nicaragua, Panama, Saint-Domingue,
de Trujillo. Dj universitaire, sa notable inclinaison Cuba, Hati, Honduras et El Salvador seraient plus tard
intellectuelle le mena faire partie des prestigieux groupes envahis par Washington. Une rponse fut lattitude
La Bohemia et Norte , auxquels appartenait dfensive et patriotique dAugusto Csar Sandino
galement le pote Csar Vallejo. (Nicaragua, 1985-1934), qui mourut assassin.
Il dmnage Lima afin de faire des tudes de Le Mexique avait dcid douvrir les portes de Benito
jurisprudence et de sciences politiques et, en tant qulve Jurez, Pancho Villa et Emiliano Zapata toutes les
la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, il assume consciences libres du monde, et ce fut le matre Jos
la prsidence de la Fdration dtudiants, agitant la Vasconcelos, qui tenait le Secrtariat de lducation
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publique, qui trouva hbergement pour le dport. Le 7 La bataille, agite et douteuse, fut gagne par le Prsident
mai 1924 Haya de la Torre fonda lAlliance populaire en fonction, le Gnral Luis Miguel Snchez Cerro, contre
rvolutionnaire amricaine (APRA), remettant le drapeau lequel il commence une campagne dopposition allgeant
indo amricain et invoquant les tudiants mexicains crer la fraude. Snchez Cerro avait renvers le Prsident
un front afin de lutter pour lunit de leurs peuples. En Augusto B. Legua, et il tait la continuation du pouvoir de
1926 il part en Union des Rpubliques socialistes loligarchie pruvienne. Haya reut la notice de la dfaite
sovitiques, o il se familiarise avec le marxisme lninisme, Trujillo, o il proclama :
et en Angleterre, o il fait des tudes avec George D.H.
Cole (1889-1959), lauteur classique de History of socialist Nous ne sommes pas perdus Jaffirme que nous
thought [Historia del pensamiento socialista (Histoire de la sommes plus forts que jamais, car gouverner ce nest
pense socialiste), 1960. Fondo de Cultura Econmica, pas ordonner, ce nest pas abuser, ce nest pas
1962]. transformer le pouvoir en un thtre de toutes les
passions infrieures, en un instrument de vengeance,
En 1925, il participe avec Jos Ingenieros, Jos Ortega y en un chafaud des liberts ; gouverner cest conduire,
Gasset et Miguel ngel Asturias lAssemble anti- cest duquer, cest donner lexemple, cest rdimer. Et
imprialiste clbre Paris. cela ne le feront jamais ceux qui vont au pouvoir sans
un titre moral. (Discours du 8 dcembre 1931.)
Au Mexique, en 1926, son retour dEurope, il crit son
livre fondamentale, El Antiimperialismo y el APRA (Lanti- Ctaient des annes de mince dveloppement
imprialisme et lAPRA), qui fut connu partiellement et ne dmocratique, de soustraction et de changement
put sditer au Chili par la maison ddition Ercilla quen damphores lectorales, de latifundia semi fodaux, de
dcembre 1935, en raison de problmes conomiques et recensements lectoraux improviss, avec domination
de perscution politique, tel quil le dit dans sa note totale de loligarchie foncire terrienne hritire coloniale
prliminaire de la premire dition : et raciste, pendant lesquelles une Lima francise tait, au
dire dAntonio Raimondi, plus prs de Londres que du
Je nai pas pu le publier tout de suite par manque Prou. Des annes o les votes sachetaient avec des
de moyens conomiques. Les diteurs faisaient des butifarras et de leau-de-vie par lintermdiaire dactivistes
propositions usuraires partisans situs proximit des tables lectorales. Jamais
ne fut plus adquate lexpression suivante :
Dans cette uvre, il marque la diffrence entre sa position
idologique et la position socialiste communiste, proposant Nimporte qui arrive au Palais, car le chemin vers le
pour lAmrique latine (face lexigut dun proltariat) Palais sachte avec de lor ou est conquis avec des
lorganisation dun front unique de travailleurs manuels et fusils. Mais la mission est darriver la conscience du
intellectuels. Le contraire dit-il serait datteindre le peuple avant darriver au Palais Seulement quand on
dveloppement du proltariat pour tre en conditions de arrive au peuple, on gouverne (loc. cit.)
prendre le pouvoir, mais le capitalisme imprial ne
permettra pas que le capitalisme se dveloppe dans nos son tour, la mme date (8 dcembre 1931) au Congrs
peuples. de la Rpublique Snchez Cerro prtait serment au poste
de Prsident, et se rfrant aux conditions dans lesquelles
Paradoxalement, ce livre ne fut publi au Prou quen il recevait le pays, aprs les onze annes de la dictature de
1972, aprs quarante-deux ans, une poque o Legua, il dirait dans son message :
arrivaient pour les bibliothques et la vente publique
maints livres didologie qui, auparavant, taient brls, du La foi nationale engage dans des traits qui
temps du dominicain inquisiteur Fray Toms de ont diminu lextension du territoire, le Trsor
Torquemada (confesseur des Rois catholiques et Inquisiteur public puis et souffrant du poids dune dette
de Castille et dAragon), pour tre considrs subversifs et formidable, contracte dans les plus dures
attentatoires la culture et aux bonnes murs de la conditions la sret de ltat menace par le
nation . partir de ces annes, les textes didologie et dveloppement de dangereuses ides politiques,
de politique mconnus avant dans le pays, se trouvent conomiques et sociales; les principes moraux en
partout et des prix modiques. La raison pour laquelle ce faillite Fils de la dmocratie, sentant avec ardeur
livre ne fut pas publi avant reste un mystre et le fait quil dans mon esprit et dans mon cur, je vous offre
spuisa peu de semaines aprs, et quil fallu sortir une sur mon honneur de soldat daccomplir
nouvelle dition presque immdiatement, en est la preuve. lengagement que je viens de contracter de fidlit
Ce livre a t largement comment dans toute lAmrique ses principes, sans me proccuper ni de lorigine
et cest lune de plus importantes contributions ni de la magnitude du danger
lidologie continentale.
Lopposition, organise en des cellules et des comits,
Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre fut le moteur principal des redoubla son activit jusqu dboucher sur une vidente
activits culturelles dans le pays et, surtout, dans son parti guerre civile. Trujillo, la population prit la caserne
depuis lanne de sa fondation, avec les Sminaires Tpac ODonovan et captura des armes de larme, faisant des
Amaru et les Colloques magistraux, couvrant un large prisonniers et tuant plusieurs officiers. Avec lappui des
panorama intellectuel, depuis des origines hgliennes du civils, lancien ministre du gouvernement de Snchez
marxisme jusquaux efficaces techniques de loratoire Cerro, colonel Gustavo Jimnez ( Le Renard ) prit le
politique. commandement du Rgiment dinfanterie N 11 de
Cajamarca. Il occupa cette rgion et guerroya dans les
En 1931, lge de 35 ans et aprs lexile, il postula pour pampas de Paijn (au nord de Trujillo), mais aprs il mit bas
la premire fois la prsidence de la Rpublique, dessinant les armes afin dviter davantage de perte de vies, se
face aux multitudes les lignes politiques et idologiques de suicidant. Les cours martiales furent drastiques. On fusilla
son parti dans son clbre discours aux Arnes dAcho, six mille civiles dans le complexe archologique de Chan
Lima, laprs-midi du 23 aot 1931, avec lequel il Chan. Haya est incarcr et reclus lle prison El Frontn
commena sa campagne lectorale.
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(mai 1932-avril 1933). Ainsi naissaient les martyres et se fut un confrencier permanent et de ses colloques en
crait une symbologie aux traditions propres. tirrent dment profit ses jeunes disciples, parmi lesquels
nous pouvons mentionner des anciens Prsidents tels que
Le 30 avril 1933 meurt assassin dans des circonstances Rodrigo Borja dquateur, Oscar Arias de Costa Rica, Alan
jamais tablies le gnral Snchez Cerro et le gnral Oscar Garca du Prou ainsi que notre ami Jaime Pinzn Lpez,
R. Benavides assume la prsidence. Haya de la Torre ayant ancien Ambassadeur de Colombie au Prou et prsent
t empch dtre candidat en 1936, le Dr. Luis Eguiguren Recteur de la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano (Bogot),
fut lu avec lappui de lAPRA, mais llection fut annule universit fonde comme la ntre par lAmauta Dr. Javier
et Haya de la Torre et laprisme se maintinrent dans la Pulgar Vidal.
clandestinit. En 1939 fut lu Prsident de la Rpublique
Manuel Prado Ugarteche, dont la priode gouver Ses dernires annes il les dvoua exclusivement au Prou,
nementale conclut sans grands contretemps. fixant sa rsidence dans la Villa Mercedes ,
Chaclacayo, de laquelle il sloigna seulement deux
En 1945, lAPRA appuya le Dr. Jos Luis Bustamante y reprises : pour voyager au Venezuela, en 1976, au rendez-
Rivero comme candidat la prsidence de la Rpublique, vous de partis politiques de lEurope et de lAmrique
se dveloppant plusieurs contradictions, et le 3 octobre latine, et en 1977 afin de recevoir la dcoration la plus
1948 au Callao, un secteur de la Marine, essentiellement la leve de cette nation, quand le Prsident constitutionnel
troupe, se rvolta, et lchange de coups de feu dura tait le Dr. Carlos Andrs Prez.
presque toute la journe. Le gnral Manuel Apolinario
Odra prend le pouvoir par coup militaire , et Haya de la En 1978, la Junte militaire qui gouvernait le Prou
Torre est sujet de perscution. En 1949, menac de mort, (gouvernement du gnral Francisco Morales Bermdez
il prit asile lAmbassade de Colombie. Pendant presque Cerrutti 1975-1980) convoqua des lections pour une
cinq ans le gnral Odria refusa de lui octroyer un sauf- Assemble constituante dans le but de rdiger la nouvelle
conduit, entourant de tanks de guerre lambassade ; ce ne Constitution politique. Haya de la Torre fut lu Prsident de
fut quen 1954 quon lui permit de sortir. Cet asile lAssemble et depuis cette charge il donna une preuve
provoqua une polmique juridique caractre exemplaire de gnrosit sassignant comme salaire
international. Son cas fut vu la Cour internationale de La mensuel la somme dun sol dor (0,02 de dollar amricain),
Haye, ayant reu des preuves de solidarit dhommes de la celui-ci tant le seul poste officiel quil tint au Prou. Sous
taille dAlbert Einstein. sa prsidence, la Constitution de 1979 fut labore, il
dcda le 2 aot de la mme anne aprs sa promulgation.
La Cour, au moment dexaminer si lasile avait t Ses restes furent conduits par terre depuis Lima jusqu
octroy rgulirement, trouva que le Gouvernement Trujillo, son pays natal, dans une lente procession de
du Prou navait pas prouv que les actes pour Pruviens. L-bas, il repose, au cimetire Miraflores ,
lesquels Haya de la Torre fut accus, avant lasile qui sous un rocher portant lpitaphe Ici gt la lumire.
lui fit octroy, ne constituaient pas de crimes
communs (La Haye, jugement du 13 juillet 1951). En 1995 fut commmor le centenaire de sa naissance, et
des personnalits du monde entier constiturent une
Pendant les annes 1954 1962 il voyage et crit Commission dhommage, parmi lesquels nous pouvons
intensment. Il parcourt lAsie, lAmrique et lEurope mentionner Franois Miterrand (France), Pierre Maurois
prononant des confrences. Il tudie le cooprativisme (France), Mario Soares (Portugal), Felipe Gonzlez
nordique, lindustrialisation asiatique, les kibboutz dIsral, (Espagne), Andreas Papandreou (Grce), Shimon Peres
le non alignement, la naissante Communaut conomique (Isral), Lopold Senghor (Sngal), Jimmy Carter (Etats-
europenne, des expriences quil concrtise dans ses livres Unis), Jos Figueres (Costa Rica), Luis Alberto Monge
30 aos de aprismo (Trente ans daprisme), Mensaje de la (Costa Rica), Rodrigo Borja (quateur), Alan Garca (Prou),
Europa Nrdica (Message de lEurope nordique), y Toynbee Julio Mara Sanguinetti (Uruguay), Ernesto Samper
frente a los panoramas de la historia (Toynbee face aux (Colombia), Ernesto Prez Balladares (Panam), Carlos
scnarios de lhistoire). Salinas (Mxique), Patricio Alwin (Chili), Ral Alfonsin
(Argentine), Carlos Andrs Prez (Venezuela), Vctor Paz
En 1956, de retour dexile, Haya de la Torre ravive Estenssoro (Bolivia), parmi beaucoup dautres.
lgalement son parti, et en 1962 il postule la prsidence
de la Rpublique, joute quil perd dans des lections Les idologies du vingtime sicle
serres, avec des dnonciations de fraude ; lections qui
sont annules par une junte militaire transitoire qui Les propositions de Manuel Gonzlez Prada, bless
convoque de nouvelles lections pour lanne 1963, o fut par les vnements de la Guerre du Pacifique,
lu larchitecte Fernando Belande Terry. inspirent les jeunes, et son appel : les vieux au
tombeau, les jeunes luvre allume des passions.
Au dbut de 1961, avec dimportants dirigeants des partis Ces ides, runis aux vnements mexicains et
dmocrates du continent, en particulier Jos Figueres dAmrique centrale, la Doctrine Monroe
Ferrer, Luis Alberto Monge et Daniel Doduber (Libration (James), la lecture de Marx commencent rcrer
nationale de Costa Rica), Rmulo Betancourt (Action une nouvelle idologie applique la ralit
dmocratique de Venezuela), Eduardo Santos (Parti libral nationale. Ainsi se dvelopperaient le nationalisme,
de Colombie), Vctor Paz Estenssoro (Bolivie) auxquels se lia le nationalisme rvolutionnaire, le dveloppisme,
galement le gouverneur de Puerto Rico Luis Muoz le national socialisme, le socialisme et le
Marn, ils crrent lcole dtudes dmocratiques pour communisme, comme des creusets idologiques qui
lAmrique latine, avec sige Heredia, Costa Rica. orienteraient les affaires sociopolitiques pendant
Lobjectif de cette cole, en plus de former des dirigeants une grande partie du vingtime sicle.
dmocratiques de trs haut niveau, tait de crer des liens
entre les jeunes leaders des partis afin quils resserrrent les a. Le nationalisme, qui naquit dans le cadre des luttes
concepts idologiques et damiti tout le long du chemin indpendantistes et de la formation des tats, narriva
vers la dmocratie et lintgration amricaine. Vctor Ral pas se dvelopper, faisant ressortir le problme de
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El primero Luis Heysen, Magda Portal y Vctor Ral. Hacia la derecha: Cucho y Edmundo Haya de la Torre,
Antenor Orrego y Alcides Spelucn.
lidentit nationale, subjacente jusqu prsent. nationale. Il tait, en plus, anti-national, non pas
parce quil tournait le dos la dfense des intrts
b. Le nationalisme rvolutionnaire, qui commence nationaux mais parce quil ne rpondait pas la
avec la deuxime dcennie comme rponse la tradition culturelle de notre peuple.
pntration de capitaux trangers, prend des forces
pour la dfense du patrimoine national due e. Socialisme et communisme. La formation des
lexploitation des ressources naturelles (rappelons le syndicats urbains et des syndicats miniers, avec forte
guano des les, le caoutchouc, le ptrole et le cas de prdominance du marxisme-lninisme et dlments
lInternational Ptroleum Company) laquelle anarchiques et anarchosyndicalistes, fut le centre
sajoutent la dfense du patrimoine culturel et du dirradiation de cette idologie qui explique la
pass prhispanique. dynamique sociale par la lutte des classes. Notre
ralit nationale semi fodale, lconomie base sur
c. Le nationalisme anti-imprialiste se forme pendant lagriculture et le dogmatisme orthodoxe de signaler
les annes trente, et trouve sa meilleur expression les ouvriers comme la seule classe rvolutionnaire
dans la rvolution mexicaine et les rgimes populistes. seraient quelques-unes des causes pour lesquelles
Il signale un plan de dveloppement national bas sur cette idologie ne se dveloppa pas.
lunit des classes sociales en un front anti-
imprialiste autour dun tat gr par la classe Dans ce contexte se situe la pense dHaya de la Torre qui,
moyenne. Ses linaments de base sont la rcupration pendant ses premires annes dacteur politique et de
des ressources naturelles par la nation, lducation et penseur, partagea des expriences avec Jos Carlos
la culture pour tous, lintgration culturelle, Maritegui, crivant ses premiers exposs idologiques ;
linvestissement public, le rejet de loligarchie et mais galement avec dautres leaders qui plus tard
lencouragement lorganisation et les mobilisations atteindraient une dimension continentale, tels que Luis
sociales, Le cooprativisme national se nourrit de la Recabarren au Chile, et Julio Mella Cuba ; des
forte tradition de rciprocit andine comme base pour intellectuels qui dveloppent des concepts similaires
le dveloppement, et fut promulgu plus tard comme lorigine. Pourtant, aprs son retour de lEurope, et
norme constitutionnelle en 1979, Vctor Ral Haya de particulirement de la Russie, Haya prend distance de la
la Torre tant Prsident de lAssemble constituante : filiation marxiste interprtant la ralit pruvienne dans
une intention contraire la socialiste communiste. Il
Article 116. Ltat promeut et protge le libre propose daccrotre les possibilits dun capitalisme latino-
dveloppement du cooprativisme et lautonomie amricain, dont les caractristiques, quelques annes plus
des entreprises coopratives. Il stimule galement et tard, seraient les bases pour les nationalismes humanistes.
prend sous sa protection le dveloppement des Il prenait distance ainsi de lide dtablir un rgime
entreprises autogestionnaires communales et socialiste comme une antichambre du communisme.
dautres formes associatives.(Constitution politique
du Prou, 1979.) Les distancements, bien quils natteignirent pas de
majeurs affrontements entre leurs protagonistes, dues aux
d. Le national socialisme arriva au Prou attir par la distances et aux dcs prcoces de deux dentre eux
prche de certains secteurs ractionnaires qui (Maritegui et Mella), ils tablirent de profondes
trouvaient dans la race la diffrence des peuples. diffrences dans la praxis et dans la vie politique de leurs
Fusionn au charisme de certains de ses leaders, il adeptes. Nonobstant, dans leur gense ils ont tous des
obtient une prsence pendant la dcennie des annes caractristiques presque communes, lune delles tant
trente. Ce fut un mlange de racisme intellectualis leffort intellectuel dappliquer leurs pays la thse
par les ditoriaux passionns dun journal circulation marxiste assimile lpoque. Recabarren, au Chili, la pose
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partir du dveloppement de la pratique parlementaire Tous les deux, Maritegui et Haya de la Torre, commirent
dominante et base sur lexprience des syndicats miniers une erreur dinterprtation dans leurs uvres centrales [7
organiss. Il prtend journaliste et ducateur lui-mme- Ensayos de Interpretacin de la Realidad Peruana (7 essais
de faire des luttes syndicales un moyen pour les rformes dinterprtation de la ralit pruvienne) et El
sociales, sans rejeter les circuits institutionnels tablis. Le Antimperialismo y el APRA (Lanti-imprialisme et lAPRA) ;
parti ne doit pas remplacer les travailleurs dans leur lutte, tous les deux, avec les connaissances de leur poque,
mais les orienter et diriger les nergies syndicales dit-il. signalent la culture pr hispanique pan andine inca comme
Recabarren inspire Salvador Allende et lUnit populaire, communiste : Le communisme incaque qui ne peut pas
qui prtendent dvelopper le socialisme au Chili par la voie tre ni ni diminu du fait de stre dvelopp sous le
dlections dmocratiques, avec un secteur important de la rgime autocratique des Incas on le dsigne de ce fait
population idologise, mais ils chouent, les causes tant comme un communisme agraire (Maritegui, op. cit.
diverses et polmiques. 1969 : 54). Dans le communisme incaque il y a deux
aspects fondamentaux : le communisme primitif
Julio Mella, le jeune rvolutionnaire cubain qui des annes proprement parler, similaire au communisme patriarcal
auparavant crivit favorablement sur Haya de la Torre, est dAsie et dEurope, et lorganisation de ce communisme
peut-tre le plus notable opposant son nonc indo primitif en un vaste systme politique et conomique, en
amricain. Ses attaques sont furibondes. Il crit Qu es el un empire (Haya de la Torre, op. cit. : 206). Aujourdhui
Arpa ? (Quest-ce que cest que la Harpe ?) (Mxique, nous savons que la redistribution de la production ne
1928), o il qualifie son gestionnaire comme un rformiste signifie pas ncessairement le communisme, dans les
bourgeois, pro imprialiste anglais, etc. Mella se raffermit concepts marxistes. Lempire des Incas fut une socit
sur la ligne de Trotski ; compromis avec le triomphe dans conomie autarchique sur une grande partie du territoire,
chaque pays de la rvolution ouvrire sur limprialisme dirige par un mode de production, pour lappeler
mondial ; il veut lmancipation de Cuba mais travers la proprement, Andin, car il a des variables qui le typifient
lutte des classes et avec comme unique acteur, celui de la avec des caractristiques tout fait videntes de
classe ouvrire et du parti communiste. Assassin lge gouvernement et de distribution, telles que :
de vingt-six ans (1929) par le dictateur Gerardo Machado,
il nest pas possibe dessayer une tude comparative de son De petites communauts composes de familles
uvre. extensives (ayllus) propritaires dun espace territorial,
qui combinent leurs activits atteignant leur
Jos Carlos Maritegui, form dans le marxisme italien, autosuffisance.
lapplique en rflchissant culturellement afin dinterprter
la ralit pruvienne, mettant en valeur limportance de la La production et la distribution sont gouvernes
complexit de la culture. Rapelons-nous que ctaient des spcialement par des normes sociales ancestrales, des
annes durant lesquelles le dogmatisme religieux saint normes de rciprocit (ayni, minga, mita, change)
augustinien soutenait lide que la feuille dun arbre ne crant en elles-mmes les possibilits minimes
tombe que par volont divine. La religion tait encore la ncessaires pour la reproduction et la surproduction.
lentille travers laquelle nos intellectuels diagnostiquaient
les faits sociaux et historiques. Il meurt sans lire El La prsence dun secteur qui sidentifie avec le
Antimperialismo y el APRA (Lanti-imprialisme et lAPRA), contrle social se superposant aux communauts
livre qui est, comme nous le savons bien, le dbut de locales ou ayllus, assumant ladministration de la force
lextension idologique et de lappel de son auteur la du travail, des moyens collectifs de production et des
cause indo amricaine. Ses adeptes ont fait des projections activits productives.
depuis leur propre optique, mais nous ne savons pas quelle
serait prsent celle de Jos Carlos Maritegui. Ce secteur est charg du planning et de lexcution
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Vctor Ral, en Trujillo con sus sobrinos Jos Flix y Nata de la Puente Haya de Barrios.
des uvres publiques dintrt commun, semparant lest pas de ces propositions, aussi de celle de Haya de la
du travail supplmentaire produit. Torre dun tat fort qui nationalise la terre et lindustrie, et
lorganisation de notre conomie sur des bases socialistes
Cette faon andine garde en elle-mme les lments de la de la production comme notre seule alternative [El
communaut primitive ainsi que ceux dune socit Antimperialismo y el APRA (Lanti-imprialisme et lAPRA),
castes. Des communauts agraires autosuffisantes 1972 :78]. la lumire des vnements modernes de la
manquant de proprit prive, dont lactivit productive globalisation et des concepts dconomie sociale du
tait intervenue par une autorit pour le renforcement march, les thses du nationalisme conomique du danger
idologique, trouvant leur contradiction principale entre les majeur, dun tat avec une organisation vaste et
communauts paysannes (ayllus) et le pouvoir dtat. scientifique, dun systme coopratif nationalis et
ladoption dune structure politique de dmocratie
Tous les deux concident, tel que le prconise Jos fonctionnelle base sur les catgories du travail, la thse
Vasconcelos dans son oeuvre Indologa (Indologie) (Lima des quatre secteurs, la thse des frontires conomiques, la
1925 :5), si oublie prsent, ou Georg Hegel [Lecciones thse de lanti-imprialisme, de la dfodalisation , de
sobre la filosofa de la Historia (Leons sur la philosophie de lunit continentale, de lintgration et du dveloppement,
lHistoire), Madrid 1928], dcrivant les origines coloniales il faudrait les repenser dans le contexte historique o elles
dAmrique latine et les comparant avec celles des Etats- furent poses. Il est ncessaire de pntrer les vnements
Unis dAmrique du Nord. Une autre diffrence, cest historiques, de comprendre de telles expriences, de les
que lAmrique du Sud fut conquise tandis que lAmrique vrifier dans la dialectique des faits. Prophtiquement,
du Nord fut colonise (Hegel, op. cit. : 181). Haya de la Torre tcha dexpliquer tous ces changements
par sa thorie dEspace-Temps historique, faisant le sien
La cration des Etats-Unis se prsente comme luvre lapophtegme dHraclite qui passe Hegel et Marx :
dun pionnier. LEspagne, aprs la conqute, ne nous Tout bouge, se nie soi-mme, devient, tout est en ternel
envoya que des nobles, des prtres et des vilains retour sur lequel il fonde la dialectique de la vie et de
(Maritegui, op. cit. : 61). Haya de la Torre, de son ct lhistoire. Dialectique du mouvement partir des propres
nous dit, en prambule la proposition que nous contradictions, qui serait applique plus tard afin de
commentons, que linterprtation de la ralit indo comprendre les grands changements sociaux et de la
amricaine a t obstinment cherche en Europe : Des nature.
conservateurs et des radicaux, des ractionnaires et des
rvolutionnaires nont jamais pu sexpliquer les problmes Sa question, comme celle de plusieurs intellectuels de son
de ces peuples sauf limage et la similitude de ceux des poque, se pose sur la nature dAmrique latine : quest-ce
europens la conqute ne russit pas dtruire les que cest que lAmrique latine ?, quels sont ses acteurs
systmes dassociation et de production autonomes. Elle sociaux fondamentaux ?, vers quelle direction doivent
subjugua et exploita ; elle conquit et ne colonisa pas avancer ses transformations socioconomiques et
(Haya de la Torre, op. cit. : 199). Il signale que tandis quen politiques ? Il rpond avec sa thse Espace-Temps
Amrique latine nous emes des conqurants, en historique caractrisant lIndo Amrique comme un
lAmrique anglo-saxonne ils eurent des colons, des fodalisme colonial, quil appelle Nation continent,
pionniers. Mais il eut galement 250 ans de diffrence ; convaincu de linexistence dun capitalisme dans la rgion,
lune rpond aux dbuts impriaux du mercantilisme ; quil qualifie de naissant, sans capacit de dveloppement
lautre est le rsultat de lmigration dune population autonome. Vctor Ral, daprs ceux qui ont tudi son
marginale qui transcendait avec la force propre de travail, uvre, est lun des plus remarquables thoriciens de
les alternatives pour sa subsistance. limprialisme en tant que phnomne conomique, ct
de John Hobson (1858-1940) et de Vladimir Lnine (1870-
Le temps coul a montr ce qui est pertinent et ce qui ne 1924) ; mais lencontre de ceux-ci, il traita le phnomne
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Eudocio Ravines, Pedro Beltrn, Haya de la Torre, Manuel Odra, Julio de la Piedra y Freund Rossell.
depuis la perspective des pays en voie de dveloppement. mineurs de production. La machine arrive toute faite
et la manufacture est toujours importe. Donc, nous
En Amrique latine, daprs lui, il existe un imprialisme avons pos un problme fondamental en Indo
sans capitalisme, sans que celui-l ne soit pas la phase Amrique qui, tant foncirement conomique, est
suprieure du capitalisme, comme dans les puissances social et politique : la domination de nos peuples par
conomiques du vingtime sicle, mais la premire phase limprialisme tranger et le besoin de les manciper
du dveloppement capitaliste, proposant une lutte anti- de ce joug sans compromettre son volution ni
imprialiste et anti-fodale, dans le but dinstaurer un retarder son progrs [El Antimperialisme y el APRA
capitalisme national. (Lanti-imprialisme et lAPRA). 1972 :18 ].
il convient de ne pas oublier que le systme Celui-ci est le postulat central de la thorie de Vctor
capitaliste, duquel limprialisme est la plus grande Ral Haya de la Torre tout en lui donnant le caractre
expression de plnitude, reprsente un mode de de leader continental, projetant ses activits en un
production et un degr dorganisation conomique appel anti-imprialiste, de dfodalisation , dunit
suprieurs tous ceux que le monde a connu continentale, dintgration et de dveloppement
antrieurement et que, par consquent, la forme Quatre conditions interdpendantes du
capitaliste est une tape ncessaire, une priode surgissement en une Indo Amrique puissante,
invitable dans le processus de la civilisation souveraine, libre et juste, fonde sur la dmocratie
contemporaine. Il ne doit pas tre un systme ternel sociale de pain et libert. Ce qui est le dessein
parce quil porte en lui-mme des contradictions historique de toute vraie rvolution . (loc. cit. : 62).
essentielles parmi ses mthodes antithtiques de
production et dappropriation mais il ne peut non Dans son projet, la notion de luttes de classes sociales ne
plus manquer dans lvolution complte dune socit tient pas car il appel une alliance de toutes les classes,
moderne Or, quand le capitalisme va au-del, cest forgeuse dun tat fort, capable de faire propice le
quil stend et se dplace : il devient imprialiste. Il surgissement dune bourgeoisie nationale dans la ligne
migre, il vole loin comme le pollen de certaines dun tat nationaliste bienfaiteur, dont le noyau serait
plantes en fleur, et se pose et germe l o il rencontre form par la classe moyenne. Le capitalisme dtat en tant
des conditions favorables pour prosprer. Cest pour que systme de transition vers une nouvelle organisation
cela que si, daprs la thse no-marxiste, sociale, au bnfice des classes productrices, quil formera
limprialisme est la dernire tape du capitalisme , graduellement pour leur propre matrise et pour lusufruit
cette affirmation ne peut pas tre applique toutes de la richesse quelles produisent (loc. cit. : 171). Un tat
les rgions de la terre. En effet, cest la dernire tape suffisamment fort afin de promouvoir le dveloppement de
mais seulement pour les pays industrialiss qui ont lindustrie nationale pour faire face limprialisme, tel
accompli tout le processus de la ngation et de la quil le propose dans le livre ci-dessus :
succession des tapes antrieures. Mais pour les pays
conomie primitive ou sous-dveloppe, auxquels le
capitalisme arrive sous la forme imprialiste, celle-ci Situer notre problme conomique, social et politique sur
est sa premire tape les industries qutablit son propre scnario et ne pas demander sur commande,
limprialisme dans les zones nouvelles ne sont pour les rsoudre, des doctrines ou des recettes
presque jamais des industries manufacturires mais europennes comme si lon achetait une machine ou un
extractives, de matire premire ou semi labores vtement (loc. cit. : 17).
La premire tape du capitalisme chez les peuples
imprialiss ne construit pas la machine, elle ne Rclamation et proposition dunit de toutes les classes qui
forge mme pas lacier ou fabrique ses instruments verront le jour en Amrique, comme cela vient darriver
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avec le Frente Amplio dUruguay, lUnidad Popular au Chili, tromper, dans les dernires dcennies du vingtime sicle,
comme on le demande prsent au Prou. Selon sa thse dans le champ idologique, la politique nationale a quatre
centrale, le problme de lAmrique latine comme des pays propositions, sur lesquelles se dvelopperaient les
du Tiers Monde se base sur le fait que leur lutte pour leur alternatives lectorales valables : le marxisme, laprisme, le
dveloppement nest pas une lutte de classes mais de Prou en tant que doctrine, dAccin Popular, et la
peuples. dmocratie chrtienne. De celles-ci ont surgi des
mouvements lectoraires sans majeure transcendance
Il est invitable dabandonner lide dun parti de idologique.
classe, exclusivement communiste, pour reconnatre le
besoin dun genre diffrent de parti politique Quelques-uns dentre eux arriveraient au pouvoir avec la forte
rvolutionnaire anti-imprialiste, qui nest pas un parti prsence dun leader, personnalisant le mouvement et
de classe mais un front unique (loc. cit. : 92). utilisant les moyens de communication massive pour vendre
leur image tel un produit de consommation. Dautres le
Aprs trois quarts de sicle, les propositions escrimes sont feraient profitant des conjonctures sociales mais que, au bout,
essentiellement en vigueur : le concept de parti classe ils se sont dilus comme la fume asphyxiante dun bcher.
unique a t surpass largement, car il comporte des Pendant ce temps, le pays, notre pays, continue sans trouver
dangers majeurs rappelons-nous la Perestroka de des alternatives dynamisant son dveloppement.
Mikhal Gorbatchov et certains de ses cinq thmes
programmatiques continentaux se sont accomplis, tel que prsent nous nous trouvons dans un couloir difficile
linternationalisation du Canal de Panama (quatrime) qui transiter, les grossires rpliques de recettes bizarres
devint, dans la dcennie des annes soixante-dix, un appliques nos problmes nationaux ou les improvisations
objectif politique continental. lectorales consomment nos possibilits, et les rsultats sont
la malnutrition des enfants, la pauvret extrme de plus de
Quant au deuxime point de son programme, lunit cinquante pour cent de la population, la corruption de la
dAmrique latine, on a effectu des essais importants tels classe dirigeante. Rvisons les vidos de Vladimiro
que lUnion des tats amricains, le Parlement latino- Montesinos, lassesseur prsidentiel (1990-2000) o il montre
amricain, lAccord de Carthagne, MERCOSUR, mais la que la plupart des personnages de la politique nationale, du
force des ractionnaires sopposant cette unit a dpass Pouvoir judiciaire, du Bureau national des lections, des
ses calculs. Il ny a pas de doute que Haya de la Torre fait moyens de communication, des Forces armes, des maires,
sien cet expos bolivarien, quil rpte en signalant que des parlementaires et autres de lpoque recevant de juteux et
notre unit est la plus grande garantie pour le millionnaires pots-de-vin (on affirme quil existent deux mille
dveloppement. En tant quexpos plus ancien que films). Irresponsabilit totale envers le futur de notre pays.
leuropen, combien tait-il loin de supposer que lEurope Jusqu quand ? les butifarras et leau-de-vie dhier ont t
sunirait avant lAmrique. Une Europe saigne par les changs par le cirque.
guerres surgit unitaire, et nous sommes nonobstant trop
loin datteindre cette unit : Les penseurs de la patrie nous rclament. Le problme
nest pas seulement que nous ne les lisons pas pour
Finalement, en guise de note finale et au risque de me rflchir, mais quil nous manque dauthentiquer notre
nationalit.
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UAKUNTUR...SINCHI
WICHAYTAPUNIN PHALARINKI*
"Harawiku hina, ua kuntur..., qan raykun kay aqhata Kay qelqaqa, manan Vctor Ral Haya de la Torreqa
ujyani... yachaq kayniypitaqmi kayta willayki: sinchi llankayninpa waqmanta qelqakuyninchu, ichaqa pisi simil-
wichaytan phalarinki, sinchi hatunmantaqmi tukupun- lapi rimakuyninmi, allinta yachachikunan rayku, chayman
ki..." hina awinchaqkuna allinta llankanaku rayku. Chaypaqmi
Carlos Chino Dominguezpa rijchay llankayninkunata
qhawarispa chanincharikun, kaykunan ruwakuran waran-
qa isqon pachak pisqa chunka pusaqniyuq watapi (1958)
V
ictor Ral Haya de la Torreqa hamutaynin awin- Colombia suyumanta Vctor Ral kutimushaqtin, hinal-
chayqa, manan qatiqninkunaq aylluchakuyllanchu; lataqmi waranqa isqon pachak qanchis chun isqoniyuq
qelqa llankaynin yachayqa llaqta waynakunaq allin (1979) waukusqan watapi. Kaykunan sonqokunata llanl-
kausaynin maskanankupaqmi, kay wiraqochaq allin larichin, chaymi waynakunaq makinman churayku, chay-
yachachiq, hamutaq kayninpin, chay hamutayninqa man hina yuyaymanankupaq. Chaymi noqaykuq
teqsimuyntinpaq kasqan rayku. an iskay chunka wataa llankanayku.
waukusqanmantaqa, ichaqa hamutay masinkunaq
nunankuqa aswanmi chayraq rijcharishan Hayaq Manan imatapas manchakuykuchu. Patara taqekunamanmi
hamutaynin, hinallataqmi Per suyuq hoq yachaysapa qosaqku kay yachayniykuta, chay hinaqa manaach uyan-
runakunaq hamutayninkuna ima. chaqninkuachu (testigo) kasaqku, hamuq kausaykunapi,
imaynan intiq haykuna llaqtakunapaq Salamanca tarikun
Londesmanta BBC Radio, iskay waranqa watap, Europa utaq Par llaqtanchispaq San Marcos Hatun Yachay Wasi hina;
llaqtakunapi hatun tapukuyunata ruwaran, Amrica ichaqa Hatun yachay wasipi yachaqe runa hina, Domingo
Latinapi, mayqen runakusas allin hatun ruunakuna Faustino Sarmientoq nisqanta yuyariyku: "Llaqtan hatun
kausaranku kay waranqa watakunapi. Chaysi Vctor Raul kamachikuqqa, chay hinaqa, hatun kamachikuqtan kunanan-
Haya de la Torres chunka hatun runakunaq chaupinpi chis".
tarikun, hatun hamutaynin rayku. Chaymi Amrica Latina
llaqtakunapi hamutayninqa allin chaninchasqa tarikun. Askha runakunaq taqllanan runan hinallataqmi askha
runakuna penqasqanmi, XX waranta watakunaq Per
Willakuyninqa, llaqtachakuyninchismanta, llaqta saruncha suyuq allin hamutaq runan. Llaqta runaman allin rimaq
ayimanta pisiyachispa rimayninmi, hinaspapas llaq- runan, allin willay kamayuq, hinaspapas allin rimanakuq
tachakuymanta ankallikuyninmi. Waranqa isqon pachak runan. Manapasch televisinkunapi, nitaq radiokunapi
kinsachunka (1930) watakunapi Latino Amrica llaqtaku- rimaq runachu karan, ichaqa patarakuna allin qelqaq
naq kamachinakuyninpi kausayninmi, Vctor Raltaqa runan, kaykunan kanku: "llaqta saruncha ayi APRAwan"
yuyaymanachiran poqoy mira (industria) chaninchakunanta (waranqa isqon pachaq kinsa chunka pisqayuq watapi),
mastarikunan rayku, chayman hina llaqtanchiskuna allin kaypin tarikunku pisqantin qhawarichiy llankaykuna,
kausayta tarikunan rayku, chaytataqmi sutichachiran "llaq- kaykunan kanku pisqantin hatun iiyninkuna, imayna
ta kamachiypa tantanakuynin: matriz estado cntrica" qolqe kamachi indoamericapi tarikunchaytan chaninchan,
nispa; ayunita ruruchikunan rayku, allinta rakinakunanchis hinaspapas wajcha llaqta runakunaq huunakuyninmantan
rayku llapallan llaqta runakuna nispa (allintan yuyarinan- rimamun, chayman hina llaqta sarunchaqtan yankikunatan
chis: Per suyuqa iskay kinsa runakunaq kamachikusqal- sarunchananchis nin.
lanmi karan, allpakuna, uywakuna, tukuy imaymanakuna,
runakunapas kamachikuq runayuqmi karanchis, mana allin Auqanakuy qhepatar, iman? (waranqa isqon pachak
kausaypin tiyaranchis). Chaymi waranqa isqon pachaq tawa chunka soqtayuq watapi). Iskay eqe teqsimuyu
pusaq chunka (aos de 1980) watakunapi hoq niraqta auqanakuy ukhupin runakunaman reqsichikuran kinsa
kamachikun, allin llaqtaq kamachikuyninta maskarikun. chunka isqonniyuq kutita Amrica qelqa willakuykunapi
qelqakuspa. Kay qelqapiqa manna Amrica Latinaq
Ama hoq niraq sutiwan sutichachiwananchis raykun, hoq hamutaynillantachu rimakun, teqsimuyuntinpi imynatan
hamautakunawan rimanakuspa llankashayku yachaqku- qolqe kamachi ukhupi waqcha runakunamantan rimakun,
na yachachisqanman hina (sabios que ensean), hatun hinaspapas ymayna kay runakunaq iiyninkunamanta
yachay wasipi yachapakuq runa hina Per suyuq kausayninmanta iman rimakun. (Maypi-haykaq runaq
hamutaynintan kuskirishayku, allin kausayta tarinanchis kausaynin) marxismomanta ima.
rayku. Chay hinatan Jorge Basadrewan, Javier Pulgarwan
ruwayku, hinallataqmi Fernando Belanundewanpas, "APRAq Kinsa Chuncha Wata Huntasqan" (Waranqa
Santiago Antnes de Mayolo, Andrs Avelino Cceres, isqon pachak pisqa chunka soqtayuq watapi). Colombia
Ral Porras Barrenechea, Vctor Andrs Belannde, Flora suyuq Lima wasinpi tiyapakuspa qelqasqan pataran, kikin
Tristn, Antonia Moreno de Ccereswan, Hoqkunawan Victor Ralmi "Llaqta Sarunchaq Ayin, APRApuwan"
ima; imaynan musiykupi (en nuestro proyecto) tarikunku
hina. Manapasch chulla rimayllamichu Kay hamautaku-
na tarikunku, ichaqa Per suyuq allin hamutaq churinku-
nan kanku, llaqtankunpi yuyaymanakunan karanku; chay-
mi: "Iskay chunka waranqa watakunapi (Siglo XX) kausaq * Csar Vallejo Mendoza (Vctor Ral Haya de la Torreq punchayninpim
Per Suyu runakuna". yachaqekunaq raymichakuyninpi).
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Haya en campaa por la Amazona, recorriendo los pueblos pobres del Per.
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runakuna wajcha runa masinkuta panpachapuyta qallar- Limaman astakuspa amachaq kananpaq San Marcos Hatun
ipunku, astawan wajachaman tukuchispanku, chaypataq- Yachay Wasipi yacharimun; allin yachaqe kayninpi,
mi suwata hina qhatikachayta qallaripunku, sipinku ima, yachaqekunaq qollanan hina ajllachikun, hinaspataqmi
astanwan paykunallan qhapaqman tukunanku rayku, yaqa Crdoba hatun yachay wasiq qapariyninta amachaspa, wajcha
llapallan wajcha runakunataqmi yarqaymanta muchuyta, llaqta runakunawan hamutayta puririyta qallaripun, hinaspa-
wayuyta qallaripunku. Chaymi allpa ruruchiyllapi pas, Gonzales Prada llaqta hatun yachaywaisipi allin yachachiq
kausakunchis mantataq hatun poqociyta atinchischum hina yachachiran. Jos Carlos Mariateguiwan kuska "clari-
hinaspapas wajcha runakunaq kallpanta qhatukun imapas dad" revista sutichasqapi qelqamunku hatun hamutayninku-
kanman hina, manaan runata hinaachu qhawarinku. ta, yachayninkunamanta ima.
Indoamrica llaqtakunan kay wajcha kayninkuta muchuypi Hatun yachay wasiq Qollanan kayninpi, Per suyu Qollana
kausasqantuta qhawarispanku, sayariyta qallaripnku, Augusto B. Leguawan auqachakusqan rayku, 1923 watapi
auqankuta wauchiyta munaspanku; allpankuta amachay- Per llaqtamanta qarqochikun pusaq watapi qarqosqa
ta qallaripunku, Mxico llaqtapi, purunpi llankaq runaku- runa hina tarikun, hawa llaqtakunapi. Qarqosqa runa kayn-
naq qollanankuwan. Kaqniyuq sipiq runataqmi aswan inpi, Panaym llaqtama ripun, chaymantataq La pabana-
wajcha runakunata, qollanankuta ima, qhatikachayta, man Ayamarqay killapi, 1923 watapi. Kaypiqa qhepapun
sipiyta qallaripun; ichaqa llaqta runapas astawan musuq 12 punchaylla, ichaqa hatun yachay wasi waynakunata
sayayriyninta maskarispa chaninchakunku. hatun yachayninkunata rimapayaspa: Amrica Latina way-
nakunaq umalliqnin hina, llaqtachakun allin kausayta
Amrica llaqtakunataq paykuna pura auqanakunku all- maskaspa (El Universal willakuq. La Habana kinsa punchay,
pakunta qhechunakuspanku, ichaqa hawa llaqtakuna ayamarqay killa 1923 watapi). Cuba llaqtapi Julio Antonio
munasqanman hina auqachisqankuman hina, paykuna Mellawan reqsinakunku, kay wiraqochaqa Gatun yachay-
aswan qhapaq llaqtaman wichananku rayku. Chayman wasi yachaqekunaq qollanan karqan; paymi Vctor Ralta
hinataqmi sapanka llaqtaq kaqniyuq, qolqeyuq runaku- yanaparan tukuy imaymana yachay llankayninpi, chaypin
naataqmi, hawa llaqta qhapaq runamasinkunawan ayllu- Jos Mart llaqta hatun yachay wasi kichakuran, payku-
pakuspa sarunchaku wajcha runakunata. nawan kuska, 3 punchay ayamarqay killapi, CHAYPIN
Waynakunataqmi herqekunapuwan, hamutariyta qal- Martmanta rimaspa nin: "Kay runaqa allin runan, qhari
larinku, allin anninkuta maskaspanku. hina sayariq, allin sonqo kasqan rayku... "Kay Yachay
wasipiqa iskaymi allin hatun yachayninqa: "Mana hatun
Kikin llaqta ukhupi auqankunapas tarikullankutaqmi, llaqta yachawan rimayta, yachachiyta, imayna llankaytan pan-
kamachiqman wicharuspanku, sinchi suwa hina llaqtaq pachan, hinaspapas, llaqta chaninchaytan yachachin
kaqninkunata qalarapunku, ama imatapas ruwananku- nispa... chaymantapas manan pimanpas ni imayna
paqtaq llaqta runakunata qatikachayta sipiyta ima qallar- hamutakunamanpas ayulluchakunkuchu...." chay hinatan
ipunu, chaykunan kanku: Porfirio Das Mori (Mexico llaqta- rimarimun. 12 ayamarqay pillapi Mxico llaqtata ripun.
papi, 1830-1915 watakunapi), Fulgencio Batista y Saldvar Cuba llaqtapitaqmi a Alfredo Zayas Alfonso qollanana hina
(Cubapi 1901-1973 watakunapi), Rafael Trujillo Molina qhepapun, kay llaqtaqa "Enmienda Platt" sutichasqan
(Santo Domingopi, 1891-1961 watakunapi), Anastacio sarunchapunsharan, Washington llaqtaq llaqtanmi kasqan
Somoza Garca "Tacho" (Nicaraguapi 1896-1956 wataku- rayku. Qhepa punchaykunataqmi Washington llaqtaqa,
napi) churinku "Tachuchakunapas", Gerar Machado y Nicaraguaman Santo Domingoman, Cubaman, Haitman,
Morales (Cubapi, 1871-1939 watakunapi), Alfredo Hondurasman, El Salvadorman sarunchaspa hakupun.
Stroessner (Paraguaypi, 1912 watakunapi), Francois Chaymi Augusto Csar Sandino, allinta qhari hina
Duvalier (Tayta Doc" Hait llaqtapi, 1907-1971 watakunapi) sayarispa amachayta qallaripun, hinaspataqmi
churinpuwan, Juan Vicente Chacn (Venezuelapi, 1957- wauchipunku kay allin runata (Nicaragua llaqta, 1895-
1935 watakuna), wakinunallan kanku kaykunaqa, hoqku- 1934 watakunapi).
napas kallankutaqmi. Hoq niraq allin hamutayniyuq
runakunapas rikhurimullankutaqmi, wajcha masinkuta Mxico llaqtapitaqmi Yachahchiq Jos Vasconcelos Llaqata
amachaspa, sumaq hamutayninkuwan, patarakunata Kunaypa chaninchaq kayninpi, Benito Juarezpa, Pancho
qelqa-qelqarispanku; kaykunan kanku:Jos Enrique Rod Pillaq Emiliano Zapataq yachayninta kicharipun,
(Uruguaypi, 1871-1927 watakunapi), Jos Ingenieros teqsimuyuntin runakunapaq, paymi Victor Ralpa kay llaq-
(Argentinapi, 1877-1925 watakunapi), Miguel Angel
tapi samananpaq maskaspa taripun. Kay llaqtapi, Vctor
Asturias (Guatemalapi, 1899.1974 watakunapi), Jos
Carlos Maritegui (Per llaqtapi 1894-1920 watakunapi), Ralqa paqarinchin: "America Llaqta Huunasqa Ankallita
Luis Recavarren (Chile llaqtapi, 1876-1924 watakunapi), (ALLHA) = Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana
aupa espaa wamanimantaraq Julio Antonio Mella (APRA) sutichasqata; hinaspataqmi Indomrica wifalata
(Cubapi, 1903-1929), Luis Cadoza y Aragn (Guatemalapi, haywarin yachaqe waynakunaman chaywan chulla runa
1901-1992 watakunapi) Hinallataqmi Victor Ral Haya de hinalla sayarinankupaq Mxico llaqtankuta amachananku
la Torreqa (Per llaqtapi, 1895-1979 watakunapi), hoqku- rayku. 1926 watapitapitaqmi Rusia llaqtata chusapun,
napuwan. kaypin marxismo-leninismo hamutaywan aylluchakun,
chaymanta Inglaterrata chsapun, kaypitaqmi, George D.
H Colewan yachariyta qallaripun (1889-1959 watakunapi),
KAUSAYNINMANTA:
paymi qelqaran "Historia del Pensamiento socialista
Vctor Ral Haya de la Torreqa, paqarimun Trujillo llaq- sutichasqa patarata (History of Socieliste Thought: llaqta
tapi, La Libertad suyupi, 22 hatun poqoy killa 1895 watapi. Karachi hamutaypa willakuynin 1960 watapi. Fondo de
Trujillo llaqtapai, Seminario San Carlos sutichasqa yachay cultura Econmica sutichasqapi, 1962 watapi) 1925 wat-
waisipi, qallariran yachayninta. Hatun yachay wasipi apitaqmi Jos Ingenieroswan, Jos Ortegawan, Gasset y
yachaqe kayninpipan hamutaq kayninqa rijchqriyta qal- Miguel Asturiaswan ima hatun huunakuypi tupanku Pars
larin, chaymi huunakuyta qallarin "Bohemia", "norte" llaqtapi.
qotokunapi, kay qotokunapin Csar Vollejopas huu-
nakuspa hamutaq karan. Europamanta kutimuspa, Mexico llaqtapi qelqan hoq allin
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patarata "Antiimperialismo y el APRA=llaqta saruncha ayi pataraqa mana llaqtarunakunapaq mana reqsichikunchu.
APRAwan" sutichasqata 1928 watapi. Kay pataraqa wakil- Hinaspataqmi pisi punchaykunallapi kay pataraqa
lanmi resisqa karan, wakintaq mana, hinamanan Chile chikarikapuq karan utaq nisunmanmi pakasqa kapuran.,
llaqtapi qelqakun, Editorial Ercilla sutichasqawan, 1935 chaypaqtaqmi musuqmanta qelqakuran. Kay pataraqa
watapi, kay hamutaykunan auqa runakunaq sinchi awinchasqa, askha runakunaq rimananmi kara, lliu
qhatikhachasqa hina tarikusqan rayku.chaymi aupaq amrica llaqtakunapi.
rimariyninmi kay hinata nin:
Per llaqtanchispi, Vctor Ralqa allin hamutayninqa, llaq-
"...Mana qolqeyuq kasqay raykun mana hay hamutayniy- ta allin yachayninta chaninchaqninmi karan, Seminario
pa qelqakusqanta reqsichiyta atinichu. Patara qelqaq Tpac Amaruwan, Floro Portocarrerowan, Yachachiqkuna
wasikunapas mana munarankuchu..." Rimanakuyninwan ima. Marxismowan Hegelpa
hamutayninmantapacha, Allin llaqta runakunawan
Kay patarapin, llaqtaq kaqnin kamachiypi iiqkunawan, rimakunankama.
hamutayninkuta taqarikusqanta chaninchan, Amrica
Latina llaqtakunapiqa Proletario runakunaqa manas kan- Waranqa isqon pachak kinsa chunka hujniyu (1931) wat-
manchu nispa, makinkuwan llakaq runakunata hamutaq api, kinsa chunka pisqayuq (35) watanpi kashaspa, llaqtan-
runakunatawanmi huuyta qallaripun. Chay hinaqa prole- manta qharqochikuran, chaymantaan Per llaqtanchis
tario runakuna kanntaraqch suyasunman llaqta kamachiq qollananpaq ajllachikuyta qallaripun, chaypaqmi llaqtan-
kananchsipaq, nispanmi nin; qolqe kamchiqkuna inperialis- chispa allin kausayninta, allin iiyninkunata hamutarimun,
takunaqa manach munankumanchu llaqtanchiskunapi Plaza de Acho sutichasqa hauqaypatapi llaqtanchisku-
qoleque kamachiuy wiarinanpaq. nawan rimanakunan rayku; chaywanmi Qollana hina ayl-
lachikuyta qallaripun.
Imapas kanman hina, kay pataraqa chayraqmi reqsichiku
chayraq 1972 watapi Per llaqtapi, 42 qhepa watataa Kay Per suyu qollana ajllakuypiqa, manan allin chaninchu
qelqakusqanmantapacha. Patara taqekunaman qhatuku- kapuran, millaytan chachupunkun Miguel Snchez Cerro
nanpaq ima patarakuna chayray chayamushaqtin, imayna llallinan rayku, chaymi Vctor Ralqa auqanakuyta qallar-
aupaq hoq niraq patarakuna llaqta kamachiqkunamanta ipun chachuspa llallisqan raykun, chachu qollana kasqan
manan chaninta rimakuqtintaqmi kay patarakunataqa rayku. Miquel Snchez Cerroqa, Qollana Augusto B.
kanapuranku imaynan sipichiq Fray Toms de Torqemada Leguiatan kunpapun qollana kayninta sarunchaspa,
hina (kay runaqa catlico reykunata hunchanku pan- hinasptaqmi Estados Unidos qhapaq llaqtakunaq munayn-
pachaq, Castilla y Aragn sutinpi runa sipichiq), pipas may- inta ruwan kay Per llaqtanchispi Qollanan kashaspa,
pas espaolkunaq kamachikuynin panpachaq hina sayariq ichaqa llaqtanchista sarunchaspa. Kay hatun chachusqa
runamasinchiskunata sipichiran. Kay watakunamanta ajllaypi llallichikusqanta yachapun Trujillo llaqtanpi, chay-
pachan, kay llaqta rijcharichiq patarakunaqa qatukuyta qal- mantapunin kay hinata rimarimun:
laripun ichaqa pisi qolqellawan Imanaqtinch kay
"Manan llallichikunchischu, nitaqmi ati-
pachikunchischu... aswanmi allin kallapan-
chiswan allin huusqa tarikunchis, llaqta
umalliyqa manan llaqta kamachiychu, manan
sarunchaychu, manan wajcha runakunata
panpachaychu, nitaqmi munasqankuta
ruwanankupaqchu, mana allin anninta
puririychu. Chaymi kay auqa runakunataq
panpachananchis sarunchananchis. Laqta
umalliyqa allin annita pusariymi, allin kunay-
mi, allin kauysayta qhawarichiymi, aupa
mana allin kausayninta chanibnchariymi. Kay
allin llankaytaqa manapunin atinkumanchu
manan allin chaninchas runakunaqa, nitaqmi
chachuspa atipaq utaq llalliq runakunaqa...."
(pusaq punchay poqoy killapi, waranqa isqon
pachak kinsa chunka hujniyuq watapi).
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kay qollana wasiq anninqa qolqeyuq runakunallaq auqanakuy karan, kinspa (3) punchay, kantaray (octubre)
purinanmi, sonqokunata ranti-rantirispa, utaqmi killa, waranqa isqon pachak tawachunka pusaqniyuq
fusilkunawan sipi-sipirispa puririnanmi. Kay qollana (1948) watapi, wallakuna sayaripunku paykunapura tukuy
wasiq anninqa aswanmi llaqtaq sonqonwan, llaqtaq punchay paykuna pura auqanakunku Callao llaqtapi.
munayninwan puririna anmi kanan, aupaqtaqa Chaymi Nanuel Apolinario Odra llaqtata sarunchaspa Per
llaqtaq sonqonmanami chalana, chaymantaan kay suyu Qollana hina wichapun "golpe militar" nisqata
Qollana Wasiman, kaymanta pacha llaqtaq munayn- ruwaspa; Victor Ral Haya de la Torretataqmi qatikachayta
inta kamachinapaqmi...." (Kikin pataranmanta qallaripunku. Waranqa isqon pachak tawa chuncha isqon-
qelqasqa). niyuq (1949) watapi Vctor Ralta sipupuyta munaqtinku-
taqmi, Colombia llaqtaq wasinpi samapakun. Tukuy pisqa
Hinaspapas chay punchakunallapin (8 punchay poqoy watan Victor Raltaqa, tanquekunawan chay wasiq
killa ukhupi, 1931 watapi), Per suyu rimanakuy wasipi, punkunpi Odriaqa mana kacharipunchu, hinaspapas
Sanchez Cerro sullullchasharan Per suyu Qollanana manan "salvoconducto" puririnan raphita mana qoyta
kananpaq, chunka hujniyuq watapi Legua sarunchaspa munanchu. Kay wasipi samakusqanmi lliu hawa llaqtaku-
kamachisqanmanta pacha imayna llaqta chaskisqanmanta napi sinchi auqanakuspa rimakuymi karan; waranqa isqon
rimarispa, kay hinata nin: pachak isqa chunka tawayuq (1954) watapian llo-
qsichuipunku kay samakusqan wasimanta. Corte
"...Llapanchispa allpanqa pisiyapushan tiyaq Internacional de la Haya sutichasqa amachaqkunaan
masinichis llaqtakunawan qhechuchikuspanchis mana yanaparan Albert Eistenpuwan, Victor Ral Haya de la
chaninchasqa rimanakuy ukhupi, hinapapas hawa Torreqa lloqsinanpaq.
llaqtakunaq sinchi manunchasqan tarikunchis, hinas-
papas manan allinpaqchu manuchakunchis... hinas- ...Amachaq hatun wasi (La Corte), kay sama-
papas manan tajyasqachu kausanchii, kay llaqtanchis pakusqanta allinta qhawarispanmi, Per suyuq
ukhupin hoq niraq hamutaq runakunan tarikunku, Qollananqa, manan chaninchayta atipunchu, Vctor
hoq niraq kaysayta maskaspanku; mananan Ralpa mana allin ruwasqantasipiq runa kasqanta,
allinachu allin runa kayninchis... Allin kaysaq churin chay hinaqa yanqallamanta qaitkachasqa kapura,
kaspay, tukuy sonqoywan walla kayniypi nisqayman yanqallamantataqmi Colombia llaqtaq wasinpi sama-
hina llankasaq mana imatapas manchakuspa..." pakusta tiyaran kay chika tukuy pisqa watapi..." (La
Haya llaqta, chunka kinsayuq (13) punchay, anta-
Auqaykuna, paykuna pura huunakuspanku, llaqta situwa (julio) killa waranqa isqon pachak pisqa chun-
auqanakuyta apamuwashanchis. Trujillo llaqtapi ka hukniyuq (1951) watapi kamachiuy).
Ddonovan walla wisa wasitan llaqta runa wasichakunku,
walqanqakunata hapipunku walla wisakunapa Waranqa isqon pachak pisqa chunka tawayuq watamanta
hapipunku, hinaspapas wallankunata wauchipunku. waranqa isqon pachak soqta chunka iskayniyuq watakama
Llaqta runaq yanapayninwan Coronel nisqa Gustavo (de 1954 a 1962) Chusaran hinaspapas qelqaran
Jimnez (Atoq), aupaq ministron, Cajamarcachuka patarakunata. Asia, Amrica, Europa llaqtakunata puririran
hujniyuq (11) walla wisa wasita hapipunku. Chaymantataq allin yachayninkunata willa-willarispa. Coperativismo
auqanakuypi hapnakunku Payjn panpakunapi (Trujiluq nrdico sutichasqata, industrializacin asitica sutichasqa-
wichayninpi); sipinakuyta manchakuspanku chayllapi ta, israelpi kibbutz sutichasqata, Eupaq aylluchakuyninta
ayqepunku, uamalliqnintaqmi chayllapi kikillan sipikun. iman yacharimun, kaykuna yachasqanta, rikusqanta,
Walla wisakunataqmi sinchi hinaastawan qhatikhacha- qhawarisqanta iman qelqamun kay patarakunapi:
punku. Soqta llaqta runakunata sipipunku Chanchan "America Llaqta Huunasqa Ankalliq (ALLHA) kinsa chun-
aupa wasikuna ukhupi. Vitor Raultataqmi hapipunku ka watanpi", "Hanaq Europamanta willakuynin", "Llaqtaq
sankay wasi Front sutichasqapi wisqapunku. (Aymuray willakuyninToynbeeqpa kasqanman hina".
killa waranqa isqon pachak kinsa chunka iskayniyuq wata-
manta Ayriway killa waranqa isqon pachak kinsa chunka Qarqusqa kayninpi, hawa llatakunamanta kutimuspa,
kinsayuq watakama). Kay hinatan musuq allin runakuna waranqa isqon pachak pisqa chunka soqtayuq watapi,
paqarimunku, chayman hintaqmi musuq runakunata ALLHA Lasanta waqmanta kallpacharan, hinaspataqmi
maskhakun.
waranqa isqon pachak soqtachunka iskayniyuq (1962)
watapi waqmanta Per suyu Qollanan kananpaq sayarin,
Kinsa chunka (30) punchay, aymuray killa (abril), waranqa
isqon pchak kinsa chunka kinsayuq (1933) watapi kaypipas wanmanta llallichikun ichaqa chachuchiskuspa
Sanchez Cerro sipisqa rikhuripun, kunankamapas man (trampa-fraude), chaymi kay qollana chijlluyqa tatichisqa
yachakunchu imayna wausqa rikhuripun chayta, hina- qhepapun, hinaspataqmi wallakuna wichapunku qollana-
mantaqmi Oscar R. Benavides Per suyu Qollanan hina man. Chaymanta, waranqa isqon pachak soqta chunka
wichapun. Hinaspataqmi Victor Ral Haya de la Torre man- kinsayuq (1963) watapi Fernando Bellaunde Terry wicha-
aa atipunchu Qollana hina ajllasqa kananpaq waranqa pun Per suyu Qollanaman.
isqon pchak kinsa chunka soqtayuq (1936) watapi., chyal-
lapin APRAq sutinpi Luis Eguigurin Qollana kananpaq ajl- Waranqa isqon pachak soqta chunka (1961) wata qallariy-
lachikun, paypas manapunin atipanchu, kay ajllanakuymi ta iiy masantin pura paqarichiranku "Escuela de Estudios
chusaqyapun, chayman hinan Vctor Ral Haya de la Democrticos para Amrica Latina" sutichasqa "Amrica
Torreqa hoq llankaq masinkunapuwan pakakuspa tiyanku. Latinapaq Qespi yachay wasita" lluy Amrica Latinapaq,
Waranqa isqon pachak kinsa chunka isqonniyuq (1939) kay qespi iiy masantin puran karanku: Jos Figueres
watapitaqmi Manuel Prado Ugartechi Per suyu llaqtaq Ferrer, Luis Alberto Monge, Daniel Doduber (Costa Rica
Qollanan hina ajllachikun, paypa kamachikuyninqa Llaqta Qespimanta), Rmulo Batancour Venezuela Qespi
tukupun mana pipa-maypa auqachakusqan. llankaymanta) Eduardo Santos Colombia Samaq qollanan
(Qespi Iiy Masamanta), vctor Paz Estensoro
Waranqa isqon pachak tawachunka pisqayuq (1945) wat- (Boliviamanta), Puerto Rico llaqta kamachiq Luis Muoz
api, Wiraaqocha Jos Luis Bustamante y Riverota yanapan Marnpas Qemikamullantaqmi. Kay yachay wasita
Per suyu Qollanan kananpaq; a qollanaa kashaqtin, paqarichiranku Heredia Llaqta Costa Ricapi. Kay yachay
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d. LLAQTACHAKUSPA LLAQTA KAMACHI, Per Julio Mella, Cuba wayna ankalli runa kayninpi, aupaqtaq
llaqtaqman chayamuran wakin qhapaqkuna Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre allinta rimaspanmi munayta
amachaqkuna rimarisqankuman hina, runakunata qelqaran, qhepa watakunapitaqmi yarin runamanmi
taqasqankuman hina kikillnaku chaninchakunanku tukupun, manaa Indomrica chaninchaq hinaachu,
rayku. Kinsa chunka watakunapi hoq iiy masakuna ichaqa "llaqta kamachi llaqta kaqnichakuypi" iiq
umalliqkunawan huunakuspanku, tunpata mirari- hinaan. Hinaspataqmi qelqan: "Imataq Arpar? nispa
ranku. Runakunata sananchaspa, maynipitaq (Mxico, waranqa isqon pachak iskay chunka pusaqniyuq
hamutariq hina, llaqta willanakunapi (peridico) watapi) kay pataranpin APRAtaqa "llaqta ratachiq
qelqarispanku, pantachiq hina rimarimuranku. Chaymi (reformista burgus) sutiwan sutichachin; hinaspapas
nisunman: Kaykunaqa aupa taytanchiskunaq wajcha llaqtakuna sarunchaq qhapaq llaqtaq machaq nis-
kausaynimanta penqakuspanku, saruncharanku panmi sutichachin... Mellaqa, Trotskiq hamutayninpin
hatun iiyninkunata. saphichakapun, hinaspataqmi Cuba llaqtan kay
hamutayninwan chaninchakunantan munaran, ichaqqa
e. LLAQTA KAMACHI, LLAPAN LLAQTA wajcha-qhapaq auqanakuy ukhupi., hinaspapas
KAQNICHAKUYNIN-PUWAN: Llaqtakuna sonqon- makinkuwan llakaq runakunaq munayninwan, llaqta
manta, qoya llankaykunamanta haymakuna (sindi- kamachi llaqta kaqnichakuypa hamutayninwan. Julio
catos) paqarimuyta qallarinku, ichaqa marxismo-lenin- Mellataqa, Gerardo Machadon sipipun (waranqa isqon
ismoq hamutayninwan, inaspapas mana allin pachak iskay chunka isqonniyuq watapi) okay chunka soq-
umalliqniyuq kausay munaq (anarquista) runakunaq tayuq watachayuqllata, chaymi kay qelqanpa tinkuchikuyn-
hamutayninwan; kay wakichaqa (partido) wajcha- inta atikunchu.
qhapaq auqanakuypin (lucha de clases) iin. Per
suyunchisqa yaqa allpa qaqeyuqmi, pisi runaq makil- Jos Carlos Maritegui, Italia llaqtapi Marxismowan
lanpi allpa tarikusqan rayku, hinaspapas qhapaq kayqa kunasqa kayninpi, Per llaqtaq kasqanta hamutaspa
allpa llankaypi tarikun, chaymi makinwan llankaq qelqan hoq patarata, aupa kausayninchista yuya-
(obrero) runan Per suyunchistaqa chaninchaqa, yuyarispa, chanincharispa ima. Yuyarinachismi chay
kamachinqam, ninkun. Chaymi kay wakichaqa watakunapiqa San Agustinpa hatun iiynin sinchi chanin-
wianchu. chasqa tarikuran, chaymi niran kay hinata: "mallkiq rapin-
qa mana Taytachaq munayninwanqa manapunin urman-
Kay hina hamutaykunata qhawarispanmi, Victor Ral manchu", kay hinatan iirqnku. Kay auwinkuwanmi
Haya de la Torreqa chanincharan hatun hamutayninta, hmataru runakunaqa llaqtanchiskunaq kasqanta, ruway
chaymi wayna kayninpi mutayta rimanakuranku Jos willakunintapas hamutaranku qelqaranku ima. Mariategui
Carlos Mariateguiwan, chayman hinallataqmi allin waupun "Llaqta Sarunchaq Ayin, APRApuwan" Hayaq
hamutayninkunata qelqaran patarakunapi. Hina qhepan- qelqasqantaqa, manaan awinchanchu wayna kayninpi
tataqmi allinta rimanakuran hatun yachayniyuq wiraqocha waupusqan rayku; yachasqanchispas hina, kay pataraqa,
Luis Recabarrenwan (chilemanta), Julio Mellawan (cuba- hatun hamutaynipa qallarikuyninmi, hinaspapas
manta); paykunan yaqa niraq hamutayniyuq karanku. Indoamrica llaqtanchiskunaq kasqanta amachanapaqmi.
Ichaqa Europa llaqtakunamanta kikin Rusiamanta kutimas- Jos Carlos Mariteguiq qatipakuq runakunallan rimarinku
panmi, Haya de la Torreqa, karunchakuyta qallaripun, kay pataramanta, ichaqa manan yachakuchu kay
Hamautaq ima nisqanpas.
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kamachiyninmantapacha qhapaq kayninchista allinta italismo nisqa qolqe kamachiqa, ichaqa wajcha llaqtakunaq
yuyaychakuspa chaninchana (Llaqta Sarunchaq Ayin, sarunchaqqa kanmi nispa, hinaspapas kayqa manan qolqe
APRApuwan, 1972 wata: 78 raphipi). Kay punchaykuna machiqa thaninanchu nitaqmi tukukunanchu, qhapq llaq-
tukuy kausaypi (globalizacin) tarikusqanchis rayku, llaqta takunapi hina, aswanmi kay wajcha llaqtakuna sarunchaq-
qhatu qhapaq kayninpi, llaqtachakuspa qhapaq kayninpi, tan panpachana kanan, chayman hina kikin llaqtanchisku-
hatun yachayniyuq llaqta Karachi kayninpi, ayninakuy na qolqe kamachikuyman chayananpaq.
ukhupi llaqtachakuspa kaynin, llankay ukhupi - llanka-
pakuy ukhupi allin llaqta kamachikuy ukhupi kausayninpi, "...Manan qonqanachu qolqe kamachipi kausaypa
qhapaq kaypa atipayninkunaq yuyaynin, llaqta qsarunchaq samananqa, wajcha llaqtakuna sarunchaspa kausay-
ayinpa yuyaynin, allpa qaqe chinkachiynin, Amrica llaqta mi, allin kausaymi, hoq niraq llankay poqoy michi
ujllanakuynin, ujllanakuspa wiariynin, kay rimaykuna iman, chayman hinataqmi qolqeyuq runakunaqa
musikakusqanpin hamutarinachis waqmanta. aupa huunakunku, chaymi allin, manan kay hina kausay-
kausaykunata qhawarispanmi yuyaymanarina, kunan taqa takuranchu aupaq kausaykunapiqa, chaymi
kausayninchuswan tupachina. Kay yachaykunatan, hamuq qolqe Karachi kausyaqa, musuq kausayman
pacha qhawaq runa hina, Haya de la Torreqa hamutaran puririchiyninmi. Ichaqa manan wiaypa wiaynipaq
"maypi, haykaq, kausay ruwakuyninwan (Espacio Tiempo, kausaychu, chay kausaypas tukukullanmi, hikin
Histrico)" tupachispa, Herclitoq, Hegelpa, Marxpa ukhunpin yarinakuy (contradiccin) tarikun, poqoy
hamutayninkuta chanincharispa: "tukuymi kuyukun, mirachiypi laqnichakuyninpi ima.- hinaspapas kay
tukuymi mananchakun, tukumi hamun - ruwakun ima, hina kausayqa llapallan teqsimuy llaqtakunapin mas-
tukuytaqmi wiaypa wiayninpaq kutirimuq..." kayku- tarikunqa... Nispaqa, qolqe kamachiqa, puririnmi
napin dialctica nisqan tukuy pachapi mitakun hinallataq- mastarikuntaqmi, chayman hinaan: wajcha llaq-
mi willakun. Kikin yarinakuy ukhupin tukuy pachapi takuna sarunchaqqan chayamun. Hawa llaqtakuna-
mitakun, chayman hinan llaqtaq kausaynin, pachamamaq manmi puririn, imaynan yurakunan sisan wayrawan
wiarisqanta qhawariyta atisunchis. phalarin hina, allin tarikusqanman hinaataqmi
saphichakun. Kay raykun musuq maxistakunaq
Hayaq tapukyninqa mayqen kaq hamutarukunaq hamutayninpi "Wajacha llaqtakuna sarunchaspa
tapukuynin hinan Amrica Latinaq imayna kasqanmantan. kausayqa" qhepa pisi watakunallapi qole kamachi
Pitaq Amrica Latinar?, Pikunan llankaq runakunar kausayninmi, Kay rimayqa manan llapallan
kankun?, Maynintan utaq maymanmi puririnan kay allin teqsimuyuntinpi llaqtakunapaqchu, wakillanpaqmi.
kausayninr?, maypi, haykaq, kausay ruwakuyninwan Chay hinaqa "qhepa kausayninmi", ichaqa poqoy
tuparinchu icha manachu?, Indoamricaq allpa qaqe - mirachiq (industrializado) llaqtakunallapaqmi, au-
hawa llaqtaq kaqnin kasqanwan, icha manachu? Kay llaq- paq kausayninpi qolqe mirachi kausasqanku qhep-
takunatan chulla llaqtatata hina sutichachin, mna llankay ataa. Ichaqa Waqjcha llaqtakunapaqqa manan chay
qolqeyuq wajcha kasqanta, mana sapallan riay atiq hinachu, kikin wajcha llaqtakunaq sarunchaq kausayl-
kasqanta ima. Victor Ral hamutaynin munakuq runakuna lami; kaymi "aupaq kausayninqa"... Wajcha llaq-
paymanta kay hinata ninku: Allin yachaysapa runan, takunaq sarunchaspa kausay ukhupi, poqoy
paymi, wajcha llaqtakuna sarunchaq Imperialismomanta mirachikunaqa manan runakunaq llankayninchu, kay
allinta rimarimun, Jhon Hobsonwan kusqa (1859-1940 llaqtakunamanta kaqninkuna orqoyllanmi mana
watakunapi), Vladimir Leninwa ima (1870-1924 wataku- mirarichispa... "aupaq kausay qolqe kamachillan"
napi). Paykunamantaqa hoq niraqtan riman, ichaqa sarunchasqa llaqtakunapiqa, manan ima llankanaku-
huchuy wajcha llaqtakunamanta qallarispa, chayman hina natapas ruwakunchu, manan poqoy mirachi wasiku-
kay llaqtakuna wiarinan rayku. napas tarikunchu. Llankanakunataqa qhapaq llaq-
takunallamantan apamunku. Chay hinaqa,
Paypa nisqan hina, Amrica Latinapiqa manan kanchu cap- Indoamrica llaqtakunapi mana allin kausayqa, mana
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qolqeyuq wajcha kaymi, hinaspapas, manan allin ayl- (kikin paratapi: 62 raphipi).
luchakusqachu, imayna ruwakuyninpas manan
yachakunchu: Kay wajcha llaqtakuna sarunchakusqan- Kay musikayninpi (su proyecto), wajcha-qhapaq
taqa, panpachananchismi, llaqtanchiskunata alinta auqanakuy (lucha de clases) hamutayqa manan
puririchinanchuis rayku, wichinanchis rayku. (Llaqta tarikunchu, allin chila kallpayuq llaqta kamachi tari-
Sarunchaq Ayin, APRApuwan, 1972 wata: 18 raphipi). panapaqqa, llapallan sana runakunaq hujllanasqa
Kaymi hatun yachaynin hamutarimusqan, kallpankuwanmi, chulla runa hinalla kananchis, chay-
qelqarimusqan ima, chayman hinan allin umalliqman man hina Per suyu llaqta qhapaq runakuna paqari-
tukuchin tukuy Amrica llaqtakunapi, wajcha llaq- nanku rayku, llaqta kamachikuq hina allin umalliq
takuna sarunchaq kausayta, allpa qaqe kausyatapas kayninpi, chaupi sana (clase media) runakunawan
waunankama ayichispa, llapallan Amrica llaqtaku- chaupichakuspa. Llaqta qolqe kamachiqa, musuq ayl-
nata hujllanaspa, chulla kausayllapi rinarinapaq luchakuy kausay qallariy hinan, allin llankaq runaku-
hina... Indoamrica llaqtakuna sinchi allin kallpayuq na rayku, paykunatan allintaqa kunarinanchis allin
kananpaqqa, sapanka tawantin imayna kausaytan llankay yachay ukhupi, chayman hinan rurun-
maskanan: Kallpasapa, sapapllan hatun llaqta, chasqankuwan allinta kausanaku rayku. (kikin
qespisqa, chaninchaq llaqtan kanan, ichaqa qespisqa pataranpi: 171 raphipi). Chaypaqmi llaqta kamachiqa
kausaypi chaninchasqa "tantantin ichaqa allin alli chila kallpayuq kanan, llaqta poqoy mirachi mas-
qespisqa". Chaymi allin chaninchasqa ankallikuyqa. tarikunan rayku, wajcha llaqtakuna sarunchaqkunata
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panpachananchispa, imaynan kay patarapi rimakun tachakuq hina, taqa taqarispa llaqtanchiskunataqa
hina: auqanakuypi kausachinku, chaymi karunchasqa hina
tarikunchis, chaypaqtaqmi Amrica Latina llaqtakunaq
"mana qoleqeyuq, mana allin aylluchakusqanchista, huukuynintaqa mana munankuchu, chulla hatun llaqta-
imayna ruwananchispas mana atipasqanchista, man tukupunanta... chaypaqmi kay llaqta kamachiqku-
qhawarispanmi allin anta tarinanchis, ichaqa amapunin naqa, waqcha llaqtakuna sarunchaqkunaq munaynillanta
hawa Europa llaqatakunaq kausaynintaqa apamunachu, ruwanku, yanqa yanqallamanta llaqtachakuspanku, chay-
nitaqmi yachapayanachu, llankanankuna nitaq mi ninku: Per llaqtaqa Chileq yarinmi, Brasil llaqta
pachakutapas manan rantinachu nitaqmi maaku- Argentinaq yarin, Colombia llaqta Ecuadorwan Per llaq-
nachu..." (kikin patara: 17 raphipi). taq yarinmi nispanmi ninku, hoqkunatawan..." (kikuin
pataran : 1972: 75 raphipi.
Kay hinatan maakunku hinaspapas chaninchanku
Amrica llaqtakuna askha sana runakuna hujllanasqa Puchukaq hinaataqmi, hinaaa pantaymanpas hina,
hina llankanankupaq, imaynan Uruguay Sinchi Hatun qhepa kaq chunka watakunapi llaqqtaq imayna
Hujllanasqapi hina, Chile Llaqta Chullanchasqapi hamutayninqa tawa hatun taripaykunan kankum chay-
hina, imayna Per llaqtanchispipas maakunchis hina; man hina umalliqkunaq ajllakuynin chaninchasqa kanan-
Amrica Latina llaqtakunapiqa imaynan kinsa eqe paq: Marximo, APRA, Per suyuq hamutaynin Accin
teqsimuyu wajcha llaqtakuna hinan, hatun llaqtaman Popular sutichasqa, Democracia Cristianapuwan, kay
wiarinanpaq llankayninmi, manan wajcha-qhapaq hatun iiy masakunamanta utaq wakichakunamantan, hoq
auqanakuychu. huchuywakichakuna, ichaqa manan allin chanin-
chasqachu kanku.
"Sana iiy masataqa utaq sana wakinchakuqtaqa
saqenapunin kanan, manaan chaykunapiqa iinan- Wakinku Qollana kayman atipaqankuch uchaqa llaqta
chisachu, chayqa llapan llaqta kaqnichakuypi iiqku- pusariq hinalla, sapallanpi hina kikinchakuspa, radioku-
napan, chaypaqa llapan llaqta runakunaq hujl- napi, televisionkunapi tukuy willarinakunapi.
lanasqatan qhawarinanchis..." (kikin patara: 92 Hoqkunataqch ima allin mana allin kausayta qhawa-
raphipi). qhawarispa sapanku chanincharikunqaku, ichaqa wayraq
apasqa qsi hinach chinkakapunqaku. Chaykama llaq-
Yaqa qanchis chunka watamanta (75 aos) kay tanchiskunaqa mana atipanqanchu allin kausayninta,
hamutaykunaqa kunankamapas cheqanchasqa tarikun; nitaqmi wiariyta atinqachu.
"chulla sanasqa wakinchakuqqa = partido clasista nico"
sutichasqaqa sarunchasqaan qhepapun, hatun chikiyuq- Kay punchaykunaqa allin anninchistaqa manan tarishan-
mi, mapas Mijail Gorbachov Perestroykanta yuyarillasun- chischu, Llaqta qollana ajllanakuypi tarikuqtinchistaqmi,
pas. Hinaspapas yuyarillasunchis pisqantin musikasqa hawa llaqtakunamanta mana noqanchispaq hina chanin-
ruway unanchasqanta, ruwarukunmi, chaypin kashan chaqa kausayninkunata apamuspankun, astawan
"Canal de Panam = Panaym hatun yarqa" (tawa eqe) wajchayapushanchis, wawanchiskunataqmi pisi mijusqa
kay hatun llankayqa, allin llankaymanmi tukupun qanchis qautiyapushanku, sinchi wajchayaymanmi llaqtanchisku-
chun watakunapi. napas haykupushanku; llaqta umalliq runakunataqmi
sinchi wakllisqa tarikunku. Qhawarillasunpas Vladimiro
Iskay eqe musikasqa ruway unanchasqanmanta nisun- Montesinospa, Per suyu Qollanaq Kunaqnin kayninpi
manmi: Amrica Latinaq hujllanakunanpaqqa askaha kuti- suwa hina ruwasqanta (1990-2000 watakunapi), hinaspa-
tan atipayta munanchis ichaqa manaraqmi atikunchu auqa pas manan payllachu sinchi wakllisqaqam hinallataqmi
runakuna rayku, chaypaqmi kay huunakuykunata wakllisqa runakunaqa tarikushanku: Llaqta wallakunapi,
ruwakunku: Amrica llaqta kamachiqkunaq hujl- chaninchasqa llaqta amachaqpi, llaqta umalliqkuna ajl-
lanakuynin, Latinoamericano rimanakuynin, Cartagena lachiq wasipi, villana wasikunapi, walla-walla wisapi,
kamachinakuy, Urayqhatu. Bolivia llaqtaq musikasqanta, hoqkunapi ima, chay runakunan suwasqa waranqa-waran-
Vctor Ral Haya de la Torreqa chanincharispa, ar iskaynin- qantin qolqewan rantichikuspa kausanku (iska waranqa fil-
chis huunakuqtinchisqa hatun llaqtamanmi wiarisun- masqankus tarikunku). Llaqtanchiskunaq allin kausaynin
chis, nispanmi nin. Europa llaqtakunataqmi, manaraq kay waqllichiq runakuna! Haykaqkaman chay hina kankichis?
huunakuypi hamutarqankuchu, ichaqa paykunaqa an aupaq rajrana machana wasiqa, llaqta asichinamanmi
huunarukunkuan, noqanchis huunakuyninchisman- tukupushanku.
taqa. Europa llaqtakunaqa sinchitan auqanakuranku, iskay
eqe hatun auqanakuypi, noqanchistaqmi mana huu-
Llaqtanchis hatun hamutarukuna wajawashanchis.
nakuyta atinchisraqchu, chaymi:
Patarankunatas manan auwincharillanchispaschu, hinas-
"...llaqta kamachiqkunaq chiti kayninqa, wajcha llaqtaku- papas manas llaqtanchiswan llaqtachakunchischu, chaymi
na sarunchaqkunaq munaynintan yanapanku... llaq- mana allin kausayninchisqa.
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CITAS PRINCIPALES
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"It is said that our countries need capitals and that we have to let them in, no matter
from where they come and how they come". Who in Indo-America has not heard
similar expressions in the oratory of our pedestrian politicians and tyrants, in the
conventional language of our merchants, and even in the naive reasoning of many
ignorant sectors of our popular masses?
No one can deny then they reason, without being patently obvious- that the
immigration of capitals is absolutely indispensable for us and that if that is
imperialism, we should be happy with it.
Is it true that our countries need capitals? The answer is: Yes.
On dit que nos pays ont besoin de capitaux et quil faut leur y donner accs, peu
importe do ils viennent et comment ils viennent . Qui, en Indo Amrique, na pas
entendu des expressions semblables dans lloquence plate de nos politicards et
tyrans, dans le langage conventionnel de nos marchands et mme dans le parler
ingnu de maints secteurs ignorants de nos masses populaires ?
Personne ne peut donc nier -ils raisonnent ainsi sans citer La Palise- que
limmigration de capitaux nous soit absolument indispensable et que, si cela est
limprialisme, nous devons nous sentir heureux avec.
Chay hinaqa manann pipas, manan nispa ninmanchu, chay hinatan yuyaymananku
mana Perogrullo manta rimaarispanku- hawa llaqtakunmanta qolqeqa
hamunanpunin, nispanmi ninku, manan chaywanqa manan allintachu kausasunchis,
ninkun, kay hina kausayta wajcha llaqtakuna sarunchaqmi niqtinkutaq, hinapas
kachun, imapas kachun chaskinallanchismi kusi kausayninchis rayku. Chay hinatan
inku.
...............
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Yes, we need them, do we have to let them in no matter from where they come and
how they come? The answer is: No.
As long as the capitalist system prevails, the peoples of Indo-America, as well as of all
economically backward countries, have to receive foreign capitals and deal with them.
Our time and our economic space point out to us a position and a road, and as long
as capitalism subsists as the dominant system in the most developed countries, we
will have to deal with it. But how to deal with it? That is the big question.
Sils en ont besoin, faut-il leur y donner accs peu importe do ils viennent et
comment ils viennent ? La rponse est ngative : Non.
Tant que le systme capitaliste rgne dans le monde, les peuples dIndo Amri-que,
comme tous les peuples conomiquement sous-dvelopps, doivent recevoir des
capitaux de ltranger et traiter avec eux.
Notre temps et notre espace conomique nous signalent une position et un che-min:
tant que le capitalisme subsiste comme systme dominant dans les pays les plus
avancs, nous devrons traiter avec le capitalisme. Comment traiter avec ce dernier ?
Voici la grande question.
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Indo-America has always received them without any conditions. Without conditions
from them, but submitting to very hard ones from and to the benefit of the migrant
capitals! And such submission and unilateral unconditionality are undoubtedly due
to the absolute ignorance of our "statesmen" of the economic laws governing the
export of capitals ...
Fetishism and ignorance is their fully terrified answer to anyone that points out to
the dangers, "If you put conditions to foreign capital, it will never come and our
country will remain immersed in barbarism and degradation..."
LIndo Amrique a toujours reu ces capitaux sans conditions. Sans conditions de sa
part, mais se soumettant des conditions trs dures de la part et pour le bnfice des
capitaux immigrants ! Et cette soumission et cette inconditionnalit unilatrale ont
t sans doute dues lignorance des lois conomiques prsidant lexportation de cap-
itaux, totalement mconnues de nos hommes dtat
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Is it not this the standard type of reasoning of our public men ...? With different
words, with diverse objectives, there is no conscious Indo-American citizen that
cannot recall having read or heard this Pan-Americanist language.
It is not difficult to know that what modern capital looks for outside its country of
origin are profitable investment opportunities, the means to keep on growing.
Capitals do not migrate to do good, to contribute to world progress, to satisfy an
attraction for adventure, or for the patriotic dream of taking its flag, its culture and
its language to far away countries. The migration of capitals occurs as a consequence
of an economic law that is so compelling, as the one that impels economically
undeveloped peoples to receive them.
Est-ce que celui-ci nest pas le genre standard des raisonnements de nos hommes
politiques ? Avec des mots divers, avec des objectifs diffrents, il nexiste pas de
citoyen conscient en Indo Amrique qui ne garde mmoire de ce langage pan
amricaniste lu ou entendu.
Il nest pas difficile de savoir que le capital moderne cherche en dehors du pays
dorigine, des champs dinvestissement profitables, des moyens daccrotre, il
nmigre pas pour faire le bien, afin de contribuer au progrs mondial, par got
daventure ou par rve patriotique demmener loin son drapeau, sa culture et sa
langue. Lmigration du capital se produit obissant une loi conomique aussi
imprieuse que celle qui pousse les peuples sous-dvelopps conomiquement le
recevoir.
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As long as the present world economic order subsists, there will be necessary and
good, as well as unnecessary and dangerous capitals. It is the State and only the State
that is called to control the investment of capitals imposing strict conditions,
affirmed in the need that compels surplus capitals of big industrial centers to migrate.
It should be recalled that the interpretation of the Indo-American reality has been
persistently pursued in Europe. Conservatives and radicals, reactionaries and
revolutionaries have never been able to find an explanation to the problems of these
peoples that is not to the image and likeness of the Europeans.
Pendant que le prsent ordre conomique subsiste dans le monde, il y a des ca-pitaux
ncessaires et bons, et dautres superflus et dangereux. Que cest ltat, et seulement
lui, qui doit contrler les investissements de capital sous des conditions strictes,
affirmes dans le besoin obligeant le capital excdent des grands centres industriels
migrer.
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L
os pases de Indoamrica no son pases industriales. La
economa de estos pueblos es bsicamente agraria o
agrcola-minera. Examnese las estadsticas. El
proletariado est en minora, en completa minora,
constituyendo una clase naciente. Son las masas campesinas las
que predominan, dando una fisonoma feudal o casi feudal a
nuestras colectividades nacionales.
The Indo-American countries are not industrial countries. The economy of these
peoples is basically agricultural or agricultural and mining. It only suffices to look at
the statistics. The proletariat is a minority, an absolute minority that constitutes an
emerging class. The predominant peasant masses confer a feudal or almost feudal
physiognomy to our national communities.
Les pays dIndo Amrique ne sont pas des pays industriels. Lconomie de ces peuples
est essentiellement agraire ou agricole minire. Examinez les statistiques. Le
proltariat est en minorit, tout fait en minorit, constituant une classe naissante.
Ce sont les masses paysannes qui prdominent, donnant une physionomie fodale ou
presque fodale nos collectivits nationales.
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Our social environment and our modern imported cultures have not yet emerged
from the pristine stage of a transplant. With fanatic enthusiasm we make ours,
without whatsoever critical mind, apothegms and commanding voices that come to
us from Europe.
We live looking for a mental pattern that will release us from thinking by ourselves.
And although our historical process has its own rhythm, and its own typical process and
untransferable contents, the paradox is that we do not see it or do not want to see it.
Nos milieux environnants et nos cultures modernes importes ne sont pas encore
sortis de ltape primitive de la greffe. Avec une ardeur fanatique nous faisons ntres,
sans aucun esprit critique, des apophtegmes et des voix dordre nous arrivant de
lEurope.
Nous vivons en train de chercher un patron mental qui nous libre de penser par
nous-mmes. Et bien que notre procs historique ait son propre rythme, son procs
typique, son contenu non transfrable, ce qui est paradoxal est que nous ne le voyons
pas ou ne voulons pas le voir.
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The independence did not destroy the large landed estates. Once the Indo-American
republics were established, the French liberal and radical ideas lost their subversive
value. Despite the democratic enthusiasm, slaves were not liberated immediately. In
Brazil, Negro slavery subsisted until 1880, and in Peru, up to 1860.
Notwithstanding the initial declaration of emancipation, the slavery of Indians per-
sists. The isolation that was so dear to landowners -the only triumphant class of the
Independence Revolution- determined the division and subdivision of the former
Spanish viceroyalties in many republics. All this occurred because the economic
foundations on which the society rested were feudal. Feudalism needed the serf of
the clod, and Indo-America with medieval antidemocratic institutions resorted to the
Indian and Negro slaves.
Lindpendance ne dtruisit pas le latifundium ; elle laffirma. Les ides des lib-raux et
des radicaux franais perdirent leur valeur subversive une fois instaures les rpubliques
indo amricaines. Les esclaves ne saffranchirent pas immdiatement, malgr leffort
dmocratique. Lesclavage des Noirs subsiste au Brsil jusquen 1880 et au Prou jusquen
1860. Nonobstant le cri initial dmancipation, lesclavage de lindien continue.
Lisolement, cher au propritaire foncier, lunique classe triomphante de la Rvolution de
lIndpendance, dtermine la division et la sous division des anciens vice royaumes
espagnoles en maintes rpubliques. Tout ceci se passe parce que les bases conomiques sur
lesquelles repose la socit, sont des bases fodales. Le fodalisme a besoin du serf de la
glbe, et lIndo Amrique, avec des institutions mdivales antidmocratiques, devait
avoir recours lesclave indien ou noir.
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On a besoin de la recherche au pralable de la ralit
nationale, de lapprciation gographique conomique de la
rgion. Sur la rgion conomique il faut riger la rgion
politique. Ce rgionalisme conomique enveloppe, donc, la
dnomme dcentralisation, cest--dire quil limplique, la
suppose, va plus loin car il la garantit mieux et ne la prsente
pas comme une fin ; la dcentralisation tant elle-mme un
moyen. Le rgionalisme conomique fera la dlimitation
politique des rgions conformment leurs zones de
production de richesse. Sur le rgionalisme conomique
stablira le rgionalisme politique.
...............
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Our politics have lacked responsibility. This is the reason for its failure to gain
prestige, for not having had the authentic force on the grass roots level. Political
responsibility cannot be based on bribery, threat, deceit.
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Ica, 1960.
Only a heroic, temporary, empirical concept of politics has thus far prevailed in our
country. We do not have yet the scientific knowledge of politics based on economy
that does not invent a reality, but discovers it in the environment where the people it
pretends to organize and govern acts.
Dans notre pays il na prvalu jusqu prsent quun concept hroque, passager,
empirique de la politique. Mais nous navons pas encore eu la forme scientifique de
la politique base sur lconomie, qui ninvente pas une ralit mais la dcouvre dans
le propre milieu o agit le peuple que lon prtend organiser et gouverner.
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Ica, 1960.
In Peru, economy is often confused with finances. Furthermore, Peru has not been
governed economically ... There has not been any notion of economy in our politics,
and it undoubtedly is the reason for the way in which we have been governed.
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En Ica, 1960, de izquierda a derecha, Amrico Mendoza, Fernando Len de Vivero, Haya de la Torre y Luis Cornejo.
We have had before us the economic and social reality of the latifundium, a
republican and democratic political system that has never been in consonance with
our reality; a disconnection between system and reality brought about by our
swinging political life that is no other than a clear expression of the complete
contradiction between system and reality. Our democracy has only been in name.
The process of our political and economic life has always been the alternative
between tyranny and anarchy.
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The State, as legal entity, does not represent any class proper, because the class that
redeemed it did not have any force of its own. Consequently, we have had unstable
institutions, and a State represented by either a man or an oligarchy.
Llaqta ayllu, kikin sutinpas nisqan hina, manan llaqtata raykuchu sayarin nintaqmi
wajacha runakunatachu amachan, aswanmi kaqniyuq runallatan amachan, chanin-
chan hinaspapas kuskachakun allin kausaypi kausananku rayku.
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National economy has two perfectly defined aspects: the national aspect proper and
the aspect linked to foreign interests. We cannot ignore this double face economy.
In all economically undeveloped peoples like ours there is the need that a part of the
economy belong or be controlled by more developed economic systems, which is
fatal.
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We are before this big problem: a young industrial proletarian class, as young as our
industrialism; a numerous and majority peasant class that as a consequence of
technical deficiencies has backward methods and culture; and a middle class that
although forming part of what we could call the national sector of our economy, lacks
also guarantees and suffers the consequences of the economic inequality to which our
national organization is fatally subordinated. That is the reason why foreign
prescriptions are of no use for our national misfortunes..
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Nous nous trouvons avec ce grand problme : la classe proltaire industrielle jeune,
jeune comme notre industrialisme ; la classe paysanne nombreuse, majoritaire, mais
qui d des dficiences de techniques est sous-dveloppe quant ses mthodes et
dans sa culture ; et la classe moyenne qui, faisant partie de ce que nous pourrions
appeler le secteur national de notre conomie, manque aussi de garanties et souffre
des consquences du dsquilibre conomique auquel est fatalement subordonne
notre organisation nationale. Cest pour cela que les recettes trangres sont inutiles
pour les maux nationaux.
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The State does not represent these interests because it has not cooperated in
developing in the material or the spiritual order what is truly Peruvian in Peru,
because after 110 years of independent life, the heirs of the true owners of this land
are still a neglected population of three million Indians that do not how to read or
write; because Peru has not had neither an example or a science policy; because we
have not been able thus far to educate and prepare the national masses for their
democratic participation in the life of the State. We have formed a false State that
determines the possibility of the periodical appearance of absolute governments,
cruel tyrannies and unusual arbitrary liberators that later become tyrants.
Ltat ne reprsente pas ces intrts parce que, ni dans lordre matriel ni dans lordre
spirituel, il na pas coopr dvelopper ce qui est vraiment pruvien au Prou ; parce
que, aprs 110 ans de vie indpendante, nous avons encore oubli la population
hritire des vrais patrons de ce sol, qui sont les trois millions dindignes qui ne
savent ni lire ni crire ; parce quau Prou nont pas surgi ni politique de lexemple ni
politique de la science ; parce que nous navons pas eu jusqu prsent une politique
ducative prparant les masses nationales une intervention dmocratique la vie de
ltat. Cest pour cela que nous avons form un tat faussement constitu,
dterminant la possibilit quapparaissent priodiquement au pays des
gouvernements absolus, des tyrannies cruelles et dinsolites librateurs arbitraires qui
deviennent des tyrans plus tard.
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Haya de la Torre en medio de Jos Figueres y de Salvador Allende, que luego sera Presidente de Chile y ms tarde asesinado durante
el golpe militar de Augusto Pinochet.
The peasant class, the middle class, and the industrial proletarian class should unite
to add their interests or link what they have in common to achieve the political
control of the State.
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Est-il possible que dans ce pays se produise le phnomne du chmage, qui est
caractristique dun industrialisme dvelopp, sans que nous ayons travers ltape du
capitalisme ? Nous sommes comme un enfant qui aurait tous les dfauts dun vieillard
sans avoir joui des heures heureuses de la maturit ? Et ceci peut sexpliquer
seulement par la dsorganisation de notre conomie et, surtout, par sa
dnationalisation.
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We promote a new type of State not based on citizens as quantity but as quality. Our
State will tend to be a participation State for all those that in one way or the other
contribute with their work to the creation of national wealth. We want a State in
which all persons participate without abandoning their vital function of workers, we
want a State in which technicians and experts direct the state activities putting it
scientifically on a new road that can solve our big problems.
Nous patronnons un nouveau genre dtat, bas non pas sur le citoyen en tant que
quantit mais sur le citoyen en tant que qualit. Cest pour cela que notre tat visera
tre un tat de participation de tous ceux qui dune manire ou dune autre
contribuent avec leur travail la formation de la richesse nationale. Nous voulons un
tat o chaque homme participe, sans abandonner sa fonction vitale de travailleur,
nous voulons un tat o le technicien et lexpert dirigent les activits de ltat afin
de pouvoir prendre scientifiquement un nouveau chemin qui rsout nos grands
problmes
Hoq niraq mosoq llaqta ayllutan mskashanchis, manan askha llaqta runallata
qhawarispachu, aswanmi allin llaqta runata ruwaq hina. Chayman hina llaqta ayl-
lunchista llapallanchismanta chaninchananchis rayku, allin kallpayuq hina, allin
yachayniyuq hina llapalanchis allinta rimanakuspa llankfananchis rayku, chayman
hinataq llaqta ayllunchista wiarichinanchis rayku, qhapaqyachinanchis rayku ima.
Noqanchisqa hoq niraq mosoq llaqta ayllutan munanchis, sapankanchis allinta
llankfaspa sapa pfunchay mana saqe-saqerispa yachasqanchisman hina chanin-
chananchispaq hatun yachaykunata maska-maskarispa, kfuski - kfuskirispa, mosoq
aninchista kicha-kicharispa, wamanta hatun llaqtaman tukupunanchiskama
wiaqypa wiayninpaq.
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The Army, Police, Navy and Aeronautics are democratic institutions that guarantee
national existence based on their absolute detachment from any political activity.
Otherwise, the elements that should safeguard the Nation and defend its legal norms
would constitute dissolution factors. The majority of members of the Army, Navy
and National Police come from the middle, working and peasant classes. Therefore,
we cannot be against the Army. We would be against it if we were members of the
oligarchy or aristocracy.
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With the exact awareness of our historical mission, we call the younger generations
of Peru, the ones that come after us and our steps, to respect the law, and not to lose
the luminous trail of our ideology that for many may be a heresy today, but that
following the thinking of the Master it will be the creed of tomorrow.
Avec la conscience exacte de notre mission historique, que les jeunes gnrations du
Prou, que ceux qui viennent derrire nous respectent la loi et nos pas ; que lon ne
perde pas la piste lumineuse : son idologie peut tre aujourdhui une hrsie pour de
nombreuses personnes, mais devra tre, selon la pense du Matre, le credo de
demain.
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Starting from the dialectics principle that contradictions are inseparable from
all things and that the process of such contradictions constitute the dynamics
of every evolution, it is evident that the ideas and ideological systems, and,
therefore, the philosophies and conceptions of the world, are subject to
processes that are a reflection and expression of such contradictions, which,
consequently, also evolve.
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En partant du principe dialectique que les
contradictions sont insparables de toutes les choses et
que le processus de ces contradictions constitue la
dynamique de toute volution, il est vident que les
ides et les systmes idologiques, et par l les
philosophies et les conceptions du monde sont
soumises des processus qui sont le reflet et
lexpression de ces contradictions et, par consq
...............
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Ce processus universel dvolution, dtermin par les contradictions qui sont inh-
rentes toutes choses, est lessence mme de la dialectique. Et ce processus universel
de contradictions saccomplit, daprs nos connaissances, comme la ngation de la
ngation dialectique et de lopposition de contraires.
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To deny dialectically is not to issue a death certificate for what is being denied, as
that would mean killing, and not denying. It is preserving and overcoming at the
same time, it is denying and proceeding ... this century in which we live is no other
than the link that goes through a mobile chain of millenniums in perpetual progress,
from the past to the future. No matter how great is the thinking of illustrious men,
no matter how extraordinary and influential is their genius and clear-sightedness,
they always pass ... This necessary evolution is not to the detriment of their glory.
On the contrary, it is their affirmation, an affirmation in their Space and their Time,
as historical continuity of their thinking and their work. mazing progress and opens
unsuspected and impressive prospects to the future. Science today surpasses day to
day all the knowledge of the past. Its development shows us again what we can expect
in the coming centuries.
Nier dialectiquement ce nest pas dresser un acte de dcs de ce que lon nie, car une
telle chose quivaudrait tuer et non pas nier. Cest conserver et dpasser en mme
temps ; cest nier et continuer. ce sicle que nous vivons nest quun maillon qui
passe par une chane mobile de millnaires en progression perptuelle, depuis le pass
jusqu lavenir. Bien que la pense des hommes illustres soit grandiose, bien que leur
gnie et leur voyance soient de plus extraordinaires, ils passent toujours. Ce
devenir ncessaire nest pas une dtrioration de leur gloire. Cest plutt leur
affirmation, mais laffirmation dans leur Espace et dans leur Temps, comme une
continuit historique de leur pense et de leur uvre.
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The progress of science did not stop after the nineteenth century. As stunning as the
compounding of discoveries was in such illustrious century, ours continues its amaz-
ing progress and opens unsuspected and impressive prospects to the future. Science
today surpasses day to day all the knowledge of the past. Its development shows us
again what the coming centuries will bring.
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Sil nexiste pas dternit dans les thories scientifiques, elle nexiste pas non plus
dans la philosophie, qui est la somme de toutes ses lois. Les conceptions les plus
grandioses apparaissent, culminent et, surpasses par dautres, passent. Chacune
delles a sa raison dtre historique, son lieu, son poque, mais le dveloppement de
la pense humaine est perptuel.
Iskay chunka pachaq watakunapin hatun yachay ukhupi yachay hamutayqa, mosoq
hautaypi mastfarickushan. Yupay hatun yachaykunapas, waqmantan chaninchakushan
mosoq yachay hina, aupaq geometra sutichasqa yachaypas manaan chanin-
chasqaachu, hoq niraqan tarikun.
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The true revolution that has occurred in the fundamental concepts of science should
be projected to philosophy. And if such revolution comprises the very concept of the
matter to the point that the Relativity theory has established that neither the mass or
the movement or the extension in the space can be classified as true primary qualities
of the matter, we are before a revolutionary concept of philosophical materialism.
This is to say that we are before a new system of relations between thought and
matter. For now, the new Space-Time continuum is already an unobjectionable
mental category ... It stems from that new and phenomenal step of sciences towards
a different way of looking at the world.
Une vraie rvolution a eu lieu dans les concepts fondamentaux de la science. Elle doit
se projeter dans la philosophie. Et si cette rvolution comprend le concept mme de
la matire, jusquau point que la thorie de la relativit a tabli que ni la masse ni le
mouvement ni lextension dans lespace ne peuvent tre qualifis comme de vraies
qualits primaires de la matire, nous sommes alors face une conception
rvolutionnaire du matrialisme philosophique. Cest--dire, face un nouveau
systme de rapports entre pense et matire. Pour le moment, le nouveau continuum
de lEspace-Temps est dj une catgorie mentale sans objection possible Elle
dmarre de cette nouvelle et patante avance des sciences vers une faon diffrente de
regarder le monde.
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Consequently, the APRA applies the new scientific and philosophical Space-Time
concept to the philosophy of history to revise the objective conditions of the social
reality of Indo-America and to interpret the course of its history. Therefore, it does
not admit the interpretation of our reality from Europe, but from the Indo-American
Historical Space-Time, which rejects the chronology that divides World History into
Old, Middle and Modern History. Indo-America has its own Historical-Time
inseparable from its Space, which is not the division of World History that the
European world has conceived from and for its own reality. With American eyes and
from American territory no longer a colony, our antiquity does not coincide
chronologically with the European historical antiquity, nots its Middle Age is ours ...
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Trade, investments and exports of capital are necessary in a period of the life
of peoples subject to incipient economic conditions. Provided, however, that
such trade and such investments do not make the less strong country a factory,
or a more or less disguised and subdued colony of the most rich and more
armed countries.
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Le commerce, les investissements et les exportations de
capital sont ncessaires une priode de la vie des peuples
assujettis des conditions conomiques naissantes. Mais
pourvu que ce commerce et ces investissements ne fassent
du pays moins fort une usine ou une colonie plus ou moins
dguise et soumise aux pays plus riches et mieux arms.
. ..............
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Llaqtapi, llaqtawan, llaqtapaq kamachiqa aswan sasan, llaqta auqay apu kayqa
manan sasachu. Chaypaq hinataqmi munay sonqo runa hina, yachayniyuq runa
hina, allin qollana runa hina, llaqta sarunchaq auqa runakuna tarikunku... Auqay
apu runa kananpaqqa manan yachaysapa runaraqchu kanku...
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Haya ingresa al Aula Magna en compaa de Mara Colina de Gotuzo. Haya acompaado de Anel Diez Canseco de Townsend.
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(Discurso del Presidente de la Asamblea Constituyente, Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre, el 28 de julio de 1978).
The actual and direct participation of workers, the equality of women in all fields
and the very special attention required by our youth should be promoted and
encouraged as a broad human group comprising a big sector of our population.
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Those that like ourselves have seen and suffered the Fascism of the Old and New
World know that it is not something that has to do with certain men. This is to say
that not because Hitler or Mussolini fell or died, national-socialism or Fascism are
dead. Nazi-Fascism will reemerge against the Rights of Man and Citizens, each time
that systematized reaction, suppression of liberty and gangsterism come to power in
the form of contemporary and totalitarian tyrannies.
Ceux dentre nous qui avons vu et qui avons souffert le fascisme dans le Vieux
Monde ainsi que dans le Nouveaux Monde, nous savons que ce nest pas seule-ment
laffaire de quelques hommes. En dautre mots, le fait que Hitler et Mussolini
tombent ou meurent ne veut pas dire que le national-socialisme ou le fascisme soient
morts. Ceci est une raction rglemente, la suppression de la libert, le gangstrisme
men au pouvoir contre les Droits de lhomme et du citoyen. Des formes
contemporaines et totalitairesdelatyrannie. Achaqfoisquelles se prsentent, lefascisme
nazi resurgira.
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It is dangerous to live imitating how to intend to break away and display a simplistic
ignorance of all precedents. It is biological, and therefore vital, profound and
renovating to repeat the eternal teaching of nature that lets free its ripe fruits, the
child it has made and the dense egg to follow by themselves the progressive line of
life that through denials is emancipating and everlasting.
Sinchi sasan kay hina kausaypi kausayqa, mayninpi imaynatan makasunman allin
kausayta, mayninpi allin kausaqkunata yachapayaspa. Kausayninchisr ?, nunanchisr ?,
allin kausay maskananchisri ?, chaymi pachamanaq yachaynin maskayqa,
rurunchkusqanta qhawa-whawarispa, wawan ruwasqan, rutupas khaka, sapallanku allin
kaysay tarinankupaq, mana piwan, mana maywan shalanakuspa.
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The ultimate and supreme ideal will be to exclude all forms of
exploitation of man by man, and prevent the contemporary
forms of exploitation of man by the State ...
. ..............
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We have before us the task of promoting the continental unity of Latin America,
which has been genocidally proscribed in Peru, and today claimed by the continents
majorities.
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For Peru, integration has a special meaning. Because of its central geographical
position, and a tradition that comes from its past, and is repeated in all the stages of its
history the Tahuantisuyo, the viceroyalty, and the independence revolution that
culminated and merged here its principal currents, our country is called to contribute
decisively to the coordination of Latin America making it one of the indispensable
national goals of ats own subsistence. Peru has all to gain in a united Indo-America and
all to lose in a Balcanized Indo-America.
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Out of respect to the million of voters that deposited their confidence in it, the
Assembly is bound to an indefatigable and fecund work and to an unblemished
austerity. In this country, so many times undermined by deep crises of public morals,
the representatives of the people should be a paradigm of cleanliness... As Caesar's
wife, they must be above suspicion ...
LAssemble est oblige -par respect envers les millions dlecteurs qui ont dpos
leur confiance en elle- un travail infatigable et fertile ainsi qu une austrit sans
tche. Dans ce pays tant de fois sap par de profondes crises de morale publique, les
reprsentants du peuple doivent tre le paradigme de la propret. Telle que la femme
du Csar, ils ne doivent pas tre honntes seulement mais le paratre.
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Luis Bedoya Reyes saluda al Presidente de la Asamblea Constituyente luego de juramentar. 1978.
We are the representatives of the people of the people that is suffering today the
anguish of unemployment, the violence of dismissals, pain and hunger ...
Nous sommes les reprsentants du peuple, et cest le peuple qui souffre langoisse du
chmage, la violence des licenciements, la douleur et la faim.
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Ricardo Napur.
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We must justify the sacrifice and the hope of the social and political fighters that
with sincerity and devotion wished that Peru be rebuilt on the basis of justice and
liberty.
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A great part of the failure of former Constitutions is explained by the fact that they
were not adapted to the national reality. The Utopian foreignism of many legislators
and statesmen led them to apply with little discernment, institutions and systems
that emerged from temporary space realities very different from ours.
Une grande partie de lchec des Constitutions prcdentes sexplique par leur
manque dadaptation la ralit nationale. Ltrangisation utopique de maints
lgislateurs et hommes dtat les fit transposer, sans majeur examen, des institutions
et des systmes qui surgirent de ralits spatiales temporaires trs diffrentes des
ntres.
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(ltima entrevista a Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre, realizada en Villa Mercedes por
el conductor del programa Contacto Directo del Canal 4 TV, Alfredo Barnechea,
en mayo de 1978).
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We should make every effort to begin the education of the
Parliament. For example, it needs to be educated on how the
English parliament has been able to govern during so many
centuries with an absolute respect for the human person, a
respect that goes on conquering more and more individual
privileges.
...... .........
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The evidence of my service, the evidence that I have not done anything else that
devote my entire life to the service of the country, to the service of the people ...
I have put love ... decision, determination, and done everything possible to serve it.
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La vrification que jai t rellement utile. La vrification que je nai rien fait dautre
que dvouer ma vie entirement au service du pays, au service du peuple Jy ai mis
de lamour, jy ai mis de la dcision, de la volont et jai fait tout ce qui tait
possible pour ttre utile.
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Luis Rodrguez Vildzola, Jos Luis Delgado, Andrs Townsend, Alfonso Ramos, Carlos Enrique Melgar y en el medio
con abrigo el pintor Macedonio de la Torre.
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Al frente: Carlos Roca, Juana Castro, Fernando Len de Vivero, Carlos Enrique Melgar, Jorge Idiquez, Armando Villanueva, Ramiro Prial, Alfonso
Ramos Alva, Carlos Manuel Cox, Luis Alva Castro, Luis Negreiros, Luis Rodrguez Vildzola. Detrs, el local del Club Nacional.
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EN TRUJILLO
Carlos Roca, Alfonso Ramos Alva, Rmulo Len Alegra, Jorge Idiquez, Armando Villanueva, Edmundo Haya de la Torre,
Javier Valle Riestra, Fernando Len de Vivero y Luis Alva Castro.
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Larga espera.
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Mi querido Jorge Idiquez: si la operacin a la que me voy a someter causara mi fallecimiento, esta carta te ser remi-
tida por mi amigo el doctor Vctor Manchego, que es la nica persona del Per que ha estado ceca de m en estas cir-
cunstancias y a quien, como a ti, recomend no informar a nadie de mi estado de salud.
Pero escribo esta carta para decirte ante todo cunto agradezco tu sacrificada compaa de ms de treinta aos; ejem-
plo de lealtad heroica que en muchas horas de peligro me salv la vida. Y cunto agradezco, asimismo, a tu esposa, a
tu madre y hermanos que hayan siempre sido para m, fieles seguidores de tu lnea de conducta.
Como la noticia inesperada de mi muerte har que muchas personas te pregunten por qu mantuviste en reserva las
causales de mi ltimo viaje y mi enfermedad, deseo declarar aqu que por determinacin ma, solo t y mi mdico
tuvieron conocimiento de lo que ocurra a fin de no alarmar y en espera de que la intervencin quirrgica tuviera
feliz resultado. Para la vida del partido, para la vida de la familia, compaeros y amigos ha sido mejor as.
Te pido, a ti que conoces mi modo de pensar, que trasmitas a todos los compaeros del partido mi declaracin de que
mi mayor, y acaso nica preocupacin al morir, es la de las consecuencias que pueda traer mi desaparicin y, sobre
todo y ante todo, la unidad del partido, que ha sido, es y ser la garanta de su fuerza.
El aprismo debe ser siempre el gran movimiento de la democracia y de la justicia social en el Per y para que as se
deba mantener firme e indestructible su fraternidad y su disciplina. Y para que as sea, todos y cada uno deben coop-
erar a este gran propsito sacrificando todo individualismo e inters personal. El aprismo no debe repetir la historia
de los partidos peruanos que han muerto con sus fundadores.
Por fortuna, nuestro movimiento mantiene siempre vigente su doctrina, su programa y su lnea de accin. La evolu-
cin del mundo y el acontecer americano nos han dado la razn. Y esto es bastante garanta para la supervivencia del
aprismo como el movimiento campen de la gran transformacin peruana y continental. Lo que importa es realizarla
y esa es la misin histrica de cada aprista.
Yo espero, y as muero tranquilo, que la lnea poltica seguida se mantenga; que la coalicin del pueblo contine
dando leyes a favor de la defensa de la democracia social del Per provinciano, de los trabajadores, de nuestras masas
indgenas y de nuestra juventud. Porque esos fueron y son los grandes objetivos del partido y para lograrlos se con-
stituy la coalicin del pueblo.
En esta carta deseo tambin que recuerdes a los compaeros que cooperen a mantener e impulsar la accin social del
partido, sus comedores, sus cooperativas, sus organismos infantiles y juveniles. Y que cada aprista sea un activo man-
tenedor de la unidad. De esa unidad que hemos defendido siempre y en la que hemos visto y vemos el poder del
aprismo.
Y defender este principio; que formamos un partido de hombres libres en el cual su lnea, su doctrina, su poltica, las
sealan sus integrantes en sus Congresos y Convenciones.
Quien quiera ser aprista debe adherirse democrticamente a estas normas. Esta carta lleva algo de mi nica preocu-
pacin al morir: la de la continuidad de nuestra obra.
Espero que mi muerte sirva para unir ms a los apristas. Cierro esta carta con un adis para ti y para los tuyos. As
como para los compaeros que la conozcan.
Vctor Ral
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MIEMBROS DE LA PROMOTORA
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