Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680

International Conference On DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING, IConDM 2013 &RPPHQW>6@Elsevier to update with volume
and page numbers.

Tribological Behavior of Hybrid (LM25Al + SiC+ TiO2) Metal

Matrix Composites
G. Elangoa* B.K.Raghunathb
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering V.R.S College of Engineering and Technology, Arasur Tamilnadu, India
b
Department of Manufacturing Engineering Annamalai University Chidambaram Tamilnadu India

Abstract

In the present study the wear behavior of aluminium alloy LM25 reinforced with SiC particulate and further addition of TiO2
particulate fabricated by stir casting process is investigated. The wear resistance and frictional properties of hybrid metal matrix
composite are studied by performing dry sliding wear test using a pin on disk wear tester. The experiments are conducted at a
constant sliding velocity of 1.04m/s and sliding distance of 628m over a various load of 3,4,5kg for addition of particulate
volume fraction of SiC 7.5% and increase in volume fraction by 2.5% & 5% TiO2. The results show that, the reinforcement of
the metal matrix with SiC and TiO2 reduces the wear rate at room temperature. An attempt has also been made by keeping SiC
percentage constant and increasing the TiO2 percentage it also proves wear rate decreases as the TiO2 content increases. The
results also indicate that the wear of the test specimen increases with the increasing load and sliding distance. The coefficient of
friction decreases with load and increasing volume content of reinforcement. The worn surfaces are examined by Scanning
Electron Microscope to study the wear mechanism. At high speeds mechanical mixed layer (MML) and lubricating property of
TiO2 exhibits between the composite pin and steel and thereby reducing the wear rate. The wear mechanism changes from
severe abrasive wear to mild oxidative wear as the distance increases.

2013
2013TheTheAuthors. Published
Authors. by Elsevier
Published Ltd.
by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the organizing and review committee of IConDM 2013.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the organizing and review committee of IConDM 2013
Keywords : Dry sliding wear; LM25-Al alloy hybrid composite; wear mechanism

1. Introduction
Metal matrix composite materials are finding increased application in aerospace and automobile industries due to
their enhanced properties such as high strength, high stiffness, and good wear resistance. Hybrid composite
materials are advanced composite materials reinforced with more than one reinforcement material in order to

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 9942115224

E-mail address: gelvan_17@yahoo.co.in

1877-7058 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the organizing and review committee of IConDM 2013
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.142
672 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680

achieve the high hardness, tensile strength at room and elevated temperature. This gives rather high degree of
freedom in material design [1].

Nomenclature

D Diameter of wear track

N Disc speed in rpm
T test duration in seconds
Wear is the progressive loss of material due to the relative motion between a surface and the contacting
substance or substances [2]. The wear damage may be in the form of micro cracks or localized plastic
deformation[3]. The principle tribological parameters that control the wear and friction performance are material
characteristics as well as test parameters such as applied pressure, sliding speed, environment and the type of
sliding interaction. Among the variant of reinforcements, the low aspect ratio particle reinforcement are of much
significant in imparting the hardness of material in which they are dispersed the hardness of fibre reinforced
MMC< whisker reinforced MMC< particle dispersed MMC [4]. The volume fraction of reinforcement has the
strongest effect on the wear resistance [5]. The addition of hard particles in the matrix of the composite materials
influences the wear properties. The hard ceramic particles such as Al2O3, SiC, TiC, etc. embedded in the matrix of
the hybrid composite materials have shown to reduce the wear loss compared to the base alloys [6]. The studies
indicated that the wear loss normally decreases with increase in the hard phase volume fraction and particle size
[7]. The studies on wear of composite material indicated that the wear rate of Al2O3 reinforced composites
decreases by two-fold, as the particle size increased from 5 to 142 m at the fixed volume fraction [8]. An
investigation is made by Venkataprasad et al. [9] on factors influencing the dry sliding wear behavior such as load,
sliding speed, reinforcement content in Aluminium/fly ash/ graphite hybrid metal matrix composite and the results
reveals that load is the most significant parameter influencing the wear rate of the hybrid composite followed by
the sliding speed and reinforcement content.
Asif et al [10] have conducted a comparative study made between binary and hybrid composite in
aluminium alloy reinforced with silicon carbide and aluminium alloy reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite.
Both the composite are manufactured using powder metallurgy technique. The results from the pin on disc wear
tester concluded that the wear rate of hybrid composite is lower than the binary composite. The result also indicate
that hybrid composite had accepted level of tribological characteristic with blacky and smooth worn surface.
The need for the light weight and high performance materials is also attracted in the optical switching
device. It needs hybrid materials to reduce the threshold switching power. Zhi-Gang Zang and Wen-xuan Yang has
made an experimental investigation in optical switch device based on cascaded long-period fibre grating LPFGs
separated by an erbium doped fibre. The results reveals that the threshold switching power is low as 36mW and
high extinction ratio of 18 dB. The results also indicates that the erbium doped fibre-long period fibre gratings
switching is a new design for the switching power reduction[11]. This enhanced electrical property is due to the
hybrid composite material technology. Zhi-gang and Yu-Jun Zhang has made an optical bistable device by
connecting two symmetrical fibre Bragg grating with ytterbium doped fibre. Comparing with single fibre grating
switch the new material with ytterbium doped fibre has reduced the switching power to less than 45mW [12].
Zhigang Zang and Yujun Zhang conducted a optical performance for the optical switches in all ytterbium doped
fibre grating with self phase modulation and cross phase modulation. The results proved that cross phase
modulation reduced the switching power to 20mW by optimizing the parameters of fibre bragg grating [13].
Zhigang Zang demonstrated a test in two fibre bragg grating one with erbium doped fibre to form a Fabry-perot
cavity. The results of the erbium doped fibre has reduced threshold switching power to 7mW. The ultra fast
response timing of 35ps is also obtained and confirmed [14]. The low power loss due to the hybrid composite in
fibre bragg grating is proved.
During sliding at higher wear rates, high temperature is developed at the sliding due to which the
specimen softens and becomes plastic. It reacts with the oxygen and forms their respective oxides. The hard brittle
oxide formed on the surface of the specimen becomes thicker and conntinous, covering the entire surface. The
mechanical mixed layer formed acts partly as an insulator for thermal conduction and responsible for increase in
wear resistance of the composite[15].
 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680 673

The mixed layer had microstructural features comprising of a mixture of ultrafine grained structure in
which the constituents varied depending on the sliding loads[16]. Once the MML is formed, it provides a surface
protection before critical condition are reached and then loose debris get detached from the mixed layer, in
agreement with the wear behavior observations that the wear rate was lower at an intermediate load range with the
presence of the MML. The MML was not uniform in thickness across the entire wear track and it actually
exhibited a wavy shape in the cross section of the worn surfaces. The wear rate thus would be influenced by the
formation and detachment of the MML in the load range used[16].The MML formed with material comes from
three sources the counter-face, the matrix and particles[17].
The sliding wear behavior of the composite is found to be a function of many factors such as volume
fraction and particle size of reinforcement, hardness and strength of matrix alloy, applied load, environmental
temperature etc. The investigation of sliding wear properties of aluminium MMCs with reinforcement such as SiC,
Al2O3, TiC, TiB2 and graphite has been carried out by the researchers [18-22]. The review of literature indicated
that, most of the studies on wear of metal matrix composites is mainly under taken on Al-SiC, Al-Al2O3 based
composite system. The wear properties on Al+SiC+TiO2 has not been done and has been considered for the present
investigation, in which the TiO2 particles has excellent combination of mechanical and wear resisting and
lubricating properties. The hybrid composite material becoming the new trend of composite material led to the
wear investigation of LM25+SiC and LM25+SiC+TiO2 to analyze the enhanced property.
The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the dry sliding metal- metal wear behavior of LM25
alloy, discontinuously reinforced with two different types of particles such as SiC and TiO2 .The stir casting
method is chosen for the manufacturing of hybrid metal matrix composites. The effect of TiO2 addition on the
reinforcement and the applied load in the dry sliding metal-metal wear behavior of composite is investigated using
a pin on disk wear tester. The microstructure of the specimen are studied for the particle distribution and worn
surfaces were examined by using scanning electron microscope.
2. Manufacturing of LM25 hybrid metal matrix composite material
The manufacturing of aluminium metal matrix (LM25+SiC) and hybrid aluminium metal matrix
composite (LM25+SiC+TiO2) is carried out by stir casting method. LM25 aluminium is taken as the matrix
material, SiC and TiO2 are considered as the particle reinforcement materials.
The stir casting involves the incorporation of SiC and TiO2 reinforcement particle into liquid LM25
aluminium melt and allow the mixture to solidify. The crucial part of fabrication is to create good wetting between
the particle reinforcement and liquid aluminium alloy melt. The simplest and most commercially used technique is
stir casting or vortex technique. The vortex technique involves the introduction of preheated reinforcement
particles into the vortex of molten alloy created by rotating impeller. Several aluminium companies adopted this in
commercial scale [23, 24].
In the vortex method the matrix material LM25 is melted, it is stirred vigorously by a mechanical stirrer to
form a vortex at the surface of the melt and the reinforcement material SiC and TiO2 is then introduced at the side
of the vortex. The process parameters such as pouring temperature of 850c to 900c, stirring speed of 500rpm,
preheating temperature of the reinforcement 500c to 550c is chosen.
LM25 alloy is melted in a graphite crucible in a induction type electric resistance furnace When the
temperature of the melt reaches 825C, after complete melting and degassing of the LM25 alloy by nitrogen, a
simple four blade alumina coated stainless steel stirrer is introduced into the melt and stirring is started . The depth
of immersion of the stirrer was maintained at about two thirds depth of the molten metal.
The reinforcement particle sizes are SiC 25m and TiO2 50m respectively. The reinforcement particle is
preheated to 500C for an hour before addition. Preheating of the reinforcement particles is necessary to avoid
moisture from the particles. Otherwise there is a chances of agglomeration of particulate occurs due to the moisture
and gases present in the particles. The mixture of preheated reinforcement particles is added inside the vortex of
LM25 alloy melt, during mixing a vigorous stirring is done to have complete wetting of particles and the matrix
LM25 alloy.
After complete addition of the particle into the melt (various reinforcement at different interval), the
composite material is tilt poured into the preheated (250C) permanent steel mould of size 300mm length and
50mm diameter and allowed to cool in atmospheric air. The billet is then removed from the mould . The LM25
hybrid composite with different volume fraction of reinforcement (LM25 +7.5%SiC, LM25 +SiC+ 2.5%TiO2 and
674 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680

LM25 +SiC+ 5%TiO2) are produced and wear specimen are prepared by machining. The nominal chemical
composition of LM25 aluminium alloy is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Nominal chemical composition of LM25-Al alloy

Elements Cu Si Mg Mn Fe Ti Ni Zn Sn Al
percentage 0.17 6.81 0.51 0.03 0.29 0.103 0.006 0.06 <0.001 Balance

3. Experimental procedure
The sliding experiments are conducted at room temperature in a pin on disc wear testing machine (Wear
and Friction monitor TR-201). The pins are loaded against the disc by a dead weight loading system. The pin
specimen is flat ended with 8mm diameter and 20mm length. The disc test piece is 100mm in diameter and 10mm
in thickness. They slide on the disc by a diameter of 50mm. The material of the disc is hardened steel of HV698.
Wear test on composite specimen LM25, LM25 +SiC, LM25 +SiC+ 2.5%TiO2 and LM25 +SiC+ 5%TiO2 are
carried out under dry sliding condition at three different applied loads of 29.43N (3Kgf), 39.24N (4Kgf) and
49.05N (5Kgf) for a total sliding distance 628m at a constant sliding speed of 1.04m/s.Wear testing parameters say
sliding speed, sliding distance, are maintained same for all the tests specimen. During the test the relative humidity
and temperature of the surrounding atmosphere is about 50% and 25C respectively. The test duration is 10
minutes at a constant disc speed of 400 rpm for all the test.
The vertical height (displacement) of the specimen is continuously measured using linear variable
differential transformer (LVDT) of accuracy 1m during the wear test and the height loss is taken as wear of the
specimen. The photographic view of the pin on disk wear tester used in this investigation is shown in Fig. 1. An
experimental graph showing the height loss or wear in m against sliding time in seconds obtained from wear
testing is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1. Photograhic view of pin on disk wear testing machin

The sliding speed and the sliding distance travelled by the test specimen on complete travel of the experiment or in
a particular interval of time is calculated by using the following equation:
Sliding speed in m/sec = DNT / 60000
Where D = Diameter of wear track
N= Disc speed in rpm
T= Test duration in seconds
 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680 675

(a) (b)

Fig. 2 Typical graphical result from pin on disk type wear testing machine (a) wear in m and
(b) Frictional force in N

4. Results and Discussion

The study on wear of composite materials is very important aspect for material scientist and
manufacturing engineers. Especially, when hybrid composite materials are used for the particular application, their
response to wear is to be analyzed. The wear rate of hybrid composite materials is different from metallic
materials, because it contains three different phases. Since the hybrid composites became a new trend for their
enhanced property compared to binary composite and alloys. TiO2 is incorporated to impart its lubricating property
in improving the wear resistance as the additional reinforcement to become hybrid composite in the existing
aluminium and SiC composite material and their wear property is being analyzed.
4.1 Effect of load and sliding distance on wear rate
The wear of composite materials is analyzed by using wear performance graphs. The wear test results of
the LM25, LM25 +SiC, LM25 +SiC+ 2.5%TiO2 and LM25 +SiC+ 5%TiO2 composite and unreinforced
LM25alloy specimen under dry sliding condition are presented in Fig. 3. Fig. 3(a) presents the variation of wear
rate with respect to the sliding distance for different volume fraction of hybrid metal matrix composite materials.
The graph exhibit two regions which is running in and steady state periods. During running-in period the wear
rate increased very rapidly with increasing the sliding distance. During steady state period, the wear progressed at
a slower rate and almost linearly with increasing the sliding distance. The higher wear rate at the initial stage is due
to the adhesive nature of the sample to the sliding disc [25]. The results indicated that the increase of sliding
distance reduces the wear rate. The reason being, the increase of sliding distance, smoothen the surface of the
composite material after 100 m, the smoothening effect is due to the formation of mechanical mixed layer formed
at high temperature , as well as the lubricating nature of TiO2 particulate is also favours for the reduced wear rate.
Fig. 3 (b) shows the variation of wear rate with respect to the sliding distance at a load of 39.24 N. The result
obtained is almost similar to the result obtained as earlier, but the increase of load increases the wear rate. The
figure also indicates that the reduction of wear rate for unreinforced alloy is not similar to the hybrid metal matrix
composites. Fig. 3 (c) shows the same trend as observed for 29. 43 N and 39.24 N load. The general trend observed
is the increase of load increases the wear rate in hybrid composite materials.
Fig. 3(d) shows the variation of wear rate with respect to the load and volume reinforcement for different
combination of metal matrix composites. The results are observed for the maximum distance of 628m. The result
clearly indicates that the increase of load increases the wear rate. Also the maximum wear is observed for un-
reinforced alloy. The result clearly indicates that the increase of reinforcement reduce the wear rate in hybrid metal
matrix composites. From the results, it has been asserted that the particulate reinforcement SiC and TiO2 has a
marked effect on the wear rate .The wear rate of the composite specimen decreases with the increasing volume
percentage of particulate reinforcement. As expected, the wear rate of the composite specimen with a fixed volume
percentage of reinforcement increases with increasing applied load and is depicted in Fig. 3 (d). At constant
applied load the composite specimen shows lower wear rate than unreinforced alloy.
676 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680

From the observation of the figures (Fig. 3(a) Fig. 3(d)), it has been revealed that the addition of TiO2 particles
improve the performance of the materials by reduced wear. The figure also indicated that the minimum wear rate is
observed for LM25 +7.5%SiC+5% TiO2 composites followed by LM25 +7.5% SiC+ 2.5%TiO2. Unreinforced
alloy is prone to the maximum wear.

(a) 29.43 N (b) 39.24 N

(c) 49.04 N (d) at a maximum sliding distance of 628m

Fig. 3 Wear rate of unreinforced alloy and composites at applied loads of (a) 29.43N (b) 39.24N (c) 49.05N as a function of sliding distance
(d) at the end of maximum sliding distance (628 m) as a function of volume percentage of reinforcement.

4.2 Effect of load and sliding distance on coefficient of friction

The effect of load and sliding distance on the coefficient of friction of LM25, LM25 +SiC, LM25 +SiC+ 2.5%TiO2
and LM25 +SiC+ 5%TiO2 are plotted against sliding distance which are presented in Fig. 4(a) 4(c). From the
Fig. 4 (a), it has been asserted that the increase of sliding distance reduces the coefficient of friction. The reason
being, the addition of different composition makes the composites into microstructural homogeneity, greater
porosity and poor interfacial bonding between matrix and TiO2 particles [26]. Fig. 4 (b) shows the variation of
coefficient of friction with respect to sliding distance at a load of 39.24 N. The result obtained is almost similar to
the result obtained earlier, At initial stage, the coefficient of friction of LM25 aluminium alloy, LM25 +SiC, LM25
+SiC+ 2.5%TiO2 and LM25 +SiC+ 5%TiO2 composites are decreases both with sliding distance and increasing
load, at the later stage decrease in coefficient of friction is marginal. The harder and thermally stable phase TiO2 in
greater amount reduces the coefficient of friction. Fig. 4 (c) shows almost the same trend as observed earlier for 29.
43 N and 39.24 N load. The variations of coefficient of friction versus load for the hybrid metal matrix composites
indicate a reduction in the value of coefficient of friction with incorporation of TiO2 particles owing to the higher
hardness of TiO2 particles [25]. Fig. 4(d) shows the variation of coefficient of friction with respect to the load. The
coefficient of friction of both matrix LM25 alloy and its hybrid composite material with SiC and TiO2 decreases
with increasing load and sliding distance. The coefficient of friction decreases linearly from 3kg to 5kg for both
matrix alloy and hybrid composite. The coefficient of friction decreases by the range 0.7- 0.3. In general for LM25
 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680 677

alloy, composite and all hybrid composite, the increease in the applied load decreases the frictional coefficient [66].
The load has significant effect on both the wear rate and coefficient of friction.

(a) 29.43 N (b) 39.24N

(c ) 49.05N d) at the end of the maximum sliding distance

Fig. 4 Coefficient of friction of unreinforced alloy and compossites at applied loads of (a)29.43N (b) 39.24N (c) 49.05N (d) at the end of the
maximum sliding distancce as a function of volume percentage.
4.3 Micro structural studies
The optical micrographs of unreinforced LM25 alum minium alloy, LM25 +SiC, LM25 +SiC+ 2.5%TiO2 and LM225
+SiC+ 5%TiO2 is shown in Fig. 5 (a) (d). The micrro structural analysis of the specimen indicated that that the SiiC
and TiO2 particle are uniformly distributed in the mmatrix.. The porosity of composites will be more in stir castinng
manufacturing method compared to spray formed annd other methods [25]. The porosity of the specimen increasees
with the increasing volume fraction of the particulatte reinforcement. It is also studied that the microstructure graiin
refinement occurs while the addition of TiO2 in LM225 alloy, the Al grain size is reduced (grain refined) and thhe
eutectic silicon is refined (modification) The wear reesistance of LM25 alloy improves as the grain refinement takees
place [27].
678 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680

Fig. 5 Optical micrograph of (a) unrreinforced alloy (b) LM25+ SiC 7.5% reinforcement
(c) LM25+SiC 7.5% & TiO2 2.5% reinforccement and (d) LM25+SiC7.5% & TiO2 5% reinforcement

Fig. 6 shows the wear track observed on the surfacee of LM25 alloy and its hybrid composite material. These SE EM
micrographs are taken at a scale of 5 mm. The grapphs clearly indicate how the wear takes place on the top surfaace
of the LM25 alloy and hybrid composite materialss. The graphs show that the wear intensity is more without tthe
reinforcement. The increase in the reinforcement reeduces the wear rate, and the surface observed is rougher due to
the ceramic particle exposed in resisting the wear oof the material while sliding on the wear disc. The wear debris
obtained while sliding shows that the size of the debris increases with the increasing load. The pull out of tthe
reinforcement particles causes abrasion on the m matrix surface resulting in severe deformation of particles aand
platelets.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig.6 SEM photographs of the wear track in 5mm (a) unreiinforced alloy and composites with (b) LM25+ SiC 7.5% reinforcement (c)
LM25+SiC 7.5% & TiO2 2.5% and (d) ) LM25+SiC7.5% & TiiO2 5% vol. fraction after complete sliding distance with maximum load of 5kkg

Fig. 7 shows that composite material has much rougher surface than the unreinforced alloy. The composite
material exhibits cavities and large grooved regionss on the wear surfaces and also contains the ceramic particles in
the cavities and some region and are pulled out. In I case of samples subjected to 49.04 N load the width of tthe
grooves and size of the dimples is greater than thosse on surface worn on 29.43N load. It indicates change of miild
to severe wear with increases in load due to greaterr plastic flow in sliding surface of the specimen at higher loaads
[25]. In composite material the Fig. 7(b) is subjecteed to severe wear and Fig. 7(d) is subjected to mild wear due to
low and high reinforcement respectively. Dimples are formed due to removal of material. The particle pull outt is
 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680 679

due to the poor particle /matrix bonding [25]. Thhis indicates the abrasive wear mechanism of the composiite
material while resisting the delaminating process. The
T wear resistance is more in case of high volume percentagge.
The wear mechanism if been analyzed for the reinforcement added in this experimental study reveals many reasonns
for the lower wear rate of this hybrid compositte, formation of Mechanical mixed Layer MML when thhe
temperature raises, due to the particle reinforcement SiC undergoes chemical interaction during sliding and form ms
SiO2 which acts like a lubricant, especially at highh speeds[28]. The protection cover provided by the MML is
observed to increases with the increasing volume ffraction of reinforcement[29]. The lubricating property of thhe
Titanium dioxide also been seen during the sliding w which gives the lower wear rate. The intension of increasing thhe
percentage of TiO2 particulate alone in the compositte is to study its influence of lubricating nature in the wear ratte,
this has also been proved that wear resistance of the hybrid composite increases as the TiO2 percentage increases.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 7 SEM photographs of the worn surfaces in 50m (a) unreinnforced alloy and composites with (b) LM25+ SiC 7.5% reinforcement, (c)
LM25+SiC 7.5% & TiO2 2.5% and (d) LM25+SiC7.5% & TiO O2 5% vol. fraction after complete sliding distance with maximum load of 5kgg
6. Conclusion
The Dry sliding wear behavior of this hybrid
h metal matrix composite (LM25+SiC+TiO2) led to thhe
following conclusion:
(1) As usual result, particulate reinforcement commposite has high strength, hardness and wear resistance wheen
compared with matrix material the wear resisstance increases in the hybrid composite material when the SiiC
and TiO2 is added as reinforcement Unreinforced aluminium alloy exhibits more wear followed by SiiC
reinforced binary metal matrix composites and then the hybrid composite (LM25+SiC+TiO2)
(2) As the load is increased, the change from miild to severe wear takes place on the unreinforced alloy, metal
matrix composites and hybrid metal matrix coomposites.
(3) The wear rate decreases with increasing TiO2 volume content of the reinforcement, the reason is lubricatinng
property and hardened nature of the TiO2 particulte favors for the increased wear resistance
(4) The coefficient of friction decreases with inccrease in particle reinforcement and load (for the fixed size oof
SiC and TiO2 particulates) The coefficient off friction and wear rate of the hybrid composite LM25 +SiC C+
5%TiO2 is less when compared with the matrrix alloy and the binary composite.
680 G. Elango and B.K. Raghunath / Procedia Engineering 64 (2013) 671 680

(5) The result of the scanning electron microscope shows that composite alloy has much rougher surface than
the unreinforced alloy. This indicates the abrasive wear mechanism which is due to hard ceramic particles
embedded in the surface of the composite.
(6) The result also proves that lubricating nature of reinforcement material enhances the wear resistance and
this property can be considered as a factor in design of new material for different application.
(7) Dry sliding wear test are performed under different applied loads for two types of ceramic particles. It is
suggested to study the wear behavior with other types of ceramic and/or same ceramic with different range
of particle sizes this may provide more detailed understanding on the effect of abrasive particle
characteristics on the wear mechanism.
References
 
 
[2] Peter J, Blau, 1997 Fifty years of research on the wear of metals , Tribology International Vol. 30, No.5,pp 321-331,
[3] U.Sanchez-santana, C. Rubio- Gonzalez, G. Gomez-Rosas, J.L Ocana, C. Molpeceres, J Poro, M Morales, 2006 Wear and friction
of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy treated by laser shock processing , wear 260 () 847-854
[4] T. Miyajima, Y Iwai, (2003 Effects of reinforcements on sliding wear behavior of aluminium matrix composites, Wear 255) 606-
616
[5] M.K. Surappa, S.V Prasad, P.K Rohatgi, 1982 Wear and abrasion of cast Al-alumina particles composites, Wear 77 () 295-302
[6] Umanath .K, Selvamani .S T, Palanikumar.K July 2011 Friction and wear behavior of Al6061(SiCp+Al2O3p) Hybrid
composites IJEST- Vol .3 No.7
[7] J.J. Stephens, J.P. Lucas, F.M. Hosking, 1988 Cast Al-7 Si composites: Effect of particle type and size on mechanical properties,
Scr. Metall. 22 1307-1312.
[8] V.V. Bhanuprasad, M.A. Staley, P. Ramakrishnan, Y.R. Mahajan, Metal matrix Composite, in: G.M. Newaz, H. Neber-
Aeschbacher, F.H Wohlbier 1995 (Eds), Key Engineering Materials , Transtech Publication Inc., 495.
[9] S.Venkatprasad, R. Subramanian et al. 2011 Influence of Parameters on the dry sliding wear behavior of
aluminium/Flyash/Graphite hybrid metal matrix composite European journal of scientific research Vol. 53 No.2, PP. 280-290.
[10] M.Asif, K. Chandra, P.S Misra 2011 Development of aluminium based hybrid metal matrix composites for heavy duty
applications jmmce,Vol.10,No.14,pp.1337-1344,.
[11] Zhi-Gang Zang and Wen-xuan Yang, 2011 Theoretical and experimental investigation of all-optical switching based on cascaded
LPFGs separated by an erbium-doped fiber, J. Appl. Phys. 109, 103106
[12] Zhi-Gang Zang and Yu-Jun Zang 2012 Low-switching power (<45mW) optical bistability based on optical nonlinearity of
ytterbium-doped fiber with a fiber Bragg grating pair Journal of Modern Optics, vol. 59, issue 2,; pp.161-165.
[13] Zhigang Zang and Yujun Zhang 2012 Analysis of optical switching in a Yb3+-doped fiber Bragg grating by using self-phase
modulation and cross-phase modulation Applied Optics, vol. 51, issue 16, pp. 3424-3430
[14] Zhigang Zang 2012 Numerical analysis of optical bistability based on Fiber Bragg Grating cavity containing a high nonlinearity
doped-fiber Optics Communication ,Volume 285, Issue 5, 1 March, Pages 521-526.
[15] M.J. Ghazali, W.M. Rainforth , H. Jones, 2005 Dry sliding wear behavior of some wrought Rapidly solidified powder
metallurgy aluminium alloys, Wear 259 490-500
[16] X. Y. Li, K.N. Tandon. 2000 Microstructural characterization of mechanically mixed layer and wear debris in sliding wear
of an Al alloy and an aluminium based composite , Wear 245 148-161.
[17] B. Venkataraman, G. Sundararajan, 2000 Correlation between the characteristics of mechanically mixed layer and wear
behavior of aluminium , Al-7075 alloy and Al- MMCs Wear 245 22-38.
[18] Yang,J.B., Lin,C.B., Wang,T.C., and Chu.H.J., 2004 The tribological characteristics of A356.2Al alloy/Gr_p_Composite, Wear,
257 , pp 941-952.
[19] Yilmaz,O., and Butoz.S., 2001 Abrasive wear of Al2O3-reinforced aluminium-based MMCsCompos. Sci. Techno., 61, pp
2381-2392.
[20] Caracostas.C.A., Chiou,W.A., Fine.M.E., and Cheng,H.S., 1997 Tribological properties of aluminium alloy matrix TiB2 composite
Prepared by In-Situ Processing, Metall. Mater.Trans., 28A,pp 491-502 .

[21] Tjong.S.C., and Lau.K.C., 2000 Dry sliding wear of TiB2 Particle reinforced aluminium alloy composite , Mater. Sci. Techno.,
16, pp 99-102.
[22] Ma.Z.Y., Liang.Y.N., Zhang.Y.Z., Lu. Y.X., and Bi.J., 1996 Sliding wear behavior of SiC Particle reinforced 2024 aluminium
alloy, Mater. Sci. Technol., 12,pp751-756.
[23] M.K Surappa 2003 Aluminium matrix composite: Challenges and opportunities sadhana
vol.28, parts 1&2, Feb/April, pp 319-334.
[24] Naher.S., Babazon., Loonay.L., 2003 Simuation of stir casting process, Material Processing Technology, 30,pp 76-95.
[25] S.K Chaudhury,A.K. Singh, C.S Sivaramakrishnan,S.C Panigrahi. 2005 Wear and friction behavior of spray formed and stir
cast Al- 2Mg-11TiO2 compositesWear 258 pp 759-767.
[26] S.K. Chaudry, Ph.D. Thesis, 2001 Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,I.I.T-Kharagpur, India.
[27] A.K Prasada Rao, K.Das, B.S Murty, M. Chakraborty, 2006 Microstructural and wear behavior of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy (LM25)
grain refined and modified with Al-Ti-C-Sr master alloy Wear 261 133-139
[28] A. Ravikiran, M.K. Surrapa, 1997 Effect of sliding speed on wear behavior of A356 Al-30% SiCp MMC , Wear 206 33-38
[29] N. Saka, J.J. Pamies-Teixeira, N.P. Suh, 1977 Wear of two phase metals, Wear 44 77-86