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(11 May 1752 22 January 1840) was a German physician, ACCORDING TO BELLWOOD AND SOLHEIM
naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist. He was one of the -Peter Stafford Bellwood (born Leicester, England, 1943) is a Professor
first to explore the study of mankind as an aspect of natural of Archaeology at the School of Archaeology and Anthropology of the
Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra.
history. His teachings in comparative anatomy were applied to
-Originally, the term Austronesian referred to the family of languages
his classification of human races, of which he determined there
spoken in the region of Southeast Asia and Oceania, stretching as far
were five. He was a member of the Gttingen School of History. as Easter Island on the east and including
Beliefs on races Madagascar on the west. It was, however, later extended by Bellwood
Blumenbach's work included his description of sixty human (among others) to refer also to populations who speak, or whose
crania (skulls) published originally in fascicules as Decas ancestors at least spoke, an Austronesian language.
craniorum (Gttingen, 17901828). This was a founding work -Wilhelm G. Solheim II (19242014) was an American anthropologist
for other scientists in the field of craniometry. He divided the recognized as the most senior practitioner of archaeology in Southeast
human species into five races in 1779, later founded on crania Asia, and as a pioneer in the study of Philippine and Southeast Asian
prehistoric archaeology.
research (description of human skulls), and called them
Maritime Trading and Communication Network, or NMTCN. As
(1793/1795): indicated by the terminology, central to this hypothesis is the concept
of the Nusantao. The term derives from the Austronesian root words
the Caucasian or white race. nusa for "south" and tau/tao for "man" or "people", thus giving it the
the Mongolian or yellow race, including all East Asians and overall meaning "people of the south islands". The term came about as
some Central Asians. a result of the need for an independent name to call the group(s) of
people speaking an Austronesian language. However, these two terms,
the Malayan or brown race, including Southeast Asian and Nusantao and Austronesian, should not be used interchangeably as
Pacific Islanders. Solheim (2006) eventually modified the formers definition to exclude
the Ethiopian or black race, including sub-Saharan Africans. non-maritime Austronesian speakers and include maritime non-
the American or red race, including American Indians. Austronesian-speakers.