Statovci

Arbela English Passerelle 2011/12

English Grammar Summary

Relative Pronouns

relativ
e
use example
prono
un
who subject or object pronoun I told you about the
for people woman who lives
next door.
which subject or object pronoun Do you see the cat
for animals and things which is lying on
the roof?
which referring to a whole He couldnt read
sentence which surprised
me.
whos possession for people Do you know the
e animals and things boy whose mother
is a nurse?
whom object pronoun for people, I was invited by the
especially in non-defining professor whom I
relative clauses (in defining met at the
relative clauses we conference.
colloquially prefer who)
that subject or object pronoun I dont like the table
for people, animals and that stands in the
things in defining relative kitchen.
clauses (who or which are
also possible)


Relativ Adverbs

relative meanin
use example
adverb g
when in/on refers to a time expression the day when we
which met him
where in/at refers to a place the place where we
which met him
why for refers to a reason the reason why we
which met him
Statovci Arbela English Passerelle 2011/12

type condition
I condition possible to fulfill
condition in theory possible to
II
fulfill
condition not possible to fulfill
III
(too late)
Form
type if clause main clause
I Simple Present will-future (or Modal + infinitive)
II Simple Past would + infinitive *
III Past Perfect would + have + past participle *
Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
type if clause main clause
I If I study, I will pass the exam.
II If I studied, I would pass the exam.
III If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
Examples (if-clause at the end)
type main clause if-clause
I I will pass the exam if I study.
II I would pass the exam if I studied.
III I would have passed the exam if I had studied.
Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
typ
Examples
e
long forms short/contracted forms
+ If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam.
If I study, I will not fail the
I exam. If I study, I won't fail the exam.
-
If I do not study, I will fail the If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
exam.
If I studied, I would pass the
+ If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
exam.
If I studied, I would not fail the
II If I studied, I wouldn't fail the
exam.
- exam.
If I did not study, I would fail
If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
the exam.
If I had studied, I would have If I'd studied, I'd have passed the
+
passed the exam. exam.
III If I had studied, I would not If I'd studied, I wouldn't have
have failed the exam. failed the exam.
-
If I had not studied, I would If I hadn't studied, I'd have
have failed the exam. failed the exam.
Statovci Arbela English Passerelle 2011/12

Gerund or Progressive/Continuous
Gerund - Explanation
Exercise - Gerund or Progressive
Both forms end in -ing. Nevertheless it is easy to find out whether it is a
Gerund or a Progressive form.

Progressive tenses

These tenses are formed with von to be and the infinitive + - ing.

sentences tense
He is reading a book. Present Progressive
He was reading a book. Past Progressive
He has been reading a book for Present Perfect
three hours. Progressive
He had been reading a book Past Perfect
before Mary came in. Progressive
He will be reading a book when I
will-future Progressive
get home.
He will have been reading a Future Perfect
book. Progressive
He would be reading a book if he
Conditional Progressive
had time.
He would have been reading a Conditional Perfect
book if he had had time. Progressive
Present Progressive -
A book is being read.
Passive
Past Progressive -
A book was being read.
Passive

Gerund

The Gerund is formed only with infinitive + - ing.

sentence
Reading books is great fun.
He likes reading books.
He is looking forward to reading books at the weekend.
He is keen on reading books.
He is used to reading books.
What about reading books?
He likes the idea of reading books.
After reading the book, he went to bed.
I remember having read this book. - Passiv

 Statovci Arbela English Passerelle 2011/12

Infinitives of verb


verb form infinitive
left leave
presenting present
met meet
reads read
relaxed relax
flies fly
puts put
meant mean
starts start
arguing argue

Adjektive Steigerung Komparativ Superlativ

clean cleaner cleanest
new newer newest
cheap cheaper cheapest

2. zweisilbige Adjektive mit folgenden Endungen:

2.1. zweisilbige Adjektive, die auf -y enden

dirty dirtier dirtiest

easy easier easiest
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest
2.2. zweisilbige Adjektive, die auf -er enden

clever cleverer cleverest

2.3. zweisilbige Adjektive, die auf -le enden

simple simpler simplest

2.4. zweisilbige Adjektive, die auf -ow enden

narrow narrower narrowest

Schreibweise der Adjektive bei Steigerung mit -er/-est

Statovci Arbela English Passerelle 2011/12

larges
large larger stummes e fllt weg
t
bigge
big bigger
st Mitlaut nach kurzem Selbstlaut
sadde sadde wird verdoppelt
sad
r st
dirtiesy wird zum i, da vor dem y ein
dirty dirtier
t Mitlaut steht (hier t)
Ausnahme (obwohl vor dem y
shy shyer shyest
ein Mitlaut steht)

B - Steigerung mit more - most

difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult

alle mehrsilbigen Adjektive (auer einige zweisilbige - siehe

Punkte 2.1. bis 2.4)

C - unregelmige Adjektive

good better best

bad worse worst
viel - bei unzhlbaren
much more most
Substantiven
many more most viele - bei zhlbaren Substantiven
little less least wenig
smalle
little smaller klein
st

D - Besondere Adjektive
Bei einigen Adjektiven sind zwei Steigerungsmglichkeiten mglich.

commoner / more commonest / most

common
common common
likely likelier / more likely likeliest / most likely
pleasanter / more pleasantest / most
pleasant
pleasant pleasant
polite politer / more polite politest / most polite
Statovci Arbela English Passerelle 2011/12

simple simpler / more simple simplest / most simple

stupid stupider / more stupid stupidest / most stupid
subtle subtler / more subtle subtlest
sure surer / more sure surest / most sure

Bedeutungsunterschied bei Adjektiven:

farther farthest weiter (Sinn: weit entfernt)

far weiter (Sinn: weit entfernt)
further furthest oder
weiter (Sinn: zustzlich)
later latest spter
late latter x zweiter
x last letzter
older oldest lter
old
elder eldest lterer (Familienmitglieder)
nea nearer nearest nher (Sinn: Entfernung)
r x next nchste (Sinn: Reihenfolge)

























Statovci Arbela English Passerelle 2011/12

Aktiv (Simple Formen)
Simple Present I drive ich fahre
Simple Past I drove ich fuhr
Present Perfect I have driven ich bin gefahren
Past Perfect I had driven ich war gefahren
will-future I will drive ich werde fahren
Future Perfect I will have driven ich werde gefahren sein
Conditional I I would drive ich wrde fahren
I would have
Conditional II ich wre gefahren
driven

Aktiv (Progressive/Continuous Formen)

Simple Present I am driving ich fahre
Simple Past I was driving ich fuhr
I have been
Present Perfect ich bin gefahren
driving
Past Perfect I had been driving ich war gefahren
will-future I will be driving ich werde fahren
I will have been
Future Perfect ich werde gefahren sein
driving
Conditional I I would be driving ich wrde fahren
I would have been
Conditional II ich wre gefahren
driving

Passiv (Simple Formen)

Simple Present I am driven ich werde gefahren
Simple Past I was driven ich wurde gefahren
Present Perfect I have been driven ich bin gefahren worden
Past Perfect I had been driven ich war gefahren worden
will-future I will be driven ich werde gefahren werden
I will have been ich werde gefahren worden
Future Perfect
driven sein
Conditional I I would be driven ich wrde gefahren werden
I would have been ich wrde gefahren worden
Conditional II
driven sein

Passiv (Progressive/Continuous Formen)

Present I am being driven ich werde gefahren

Past I was being driven ich wurde gefahren

Present Perfect I have been being
ich bin gefahren worden
driven
Statovci Arbela English Passerelle 2011/12

I had been being

Past Perfect ich war gefahren worden
driven
I will be being
Future ich werde gefahren werden
driven
I will have been ich werde gefahren worden
Future Perfect
being driven sein

I would be being
Conditional I ich wrde gefahren werden
driven
I would have been ich wrde gefahren worden
Conditional II
being driven sein