Statistics

Numerical Methods for

Describing Quantitative Data

Yrd.Do.Dr. Esin FRUZAN

 Learning Objectives

1. Explain Numerical Data Properties

2. Describe Summary Measures
Central Tendency
Variation

Shape

3. Analyze Numerical Data Using

Summary Measures
 Numerical Data
Properties & Measures

Numerical Data
Properties

Central
Variation Shape
Tendency
Mean Range Skew
Median Interquartile Kurtosis
Range
Mode Variance
Midrange Standard Deviation
Midhinge Coeff. of Variation
 Range

1. Measure of Dispersion
2. Difference Between Largest & Smallest
Observations
Range = X l arg est X smallest

3. Ignores How Data Are Distributed

7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10
 Interquartile Range

1. Measure of Dispersion
2. Also Called Midspread
3. Difference Between Third & First
Quartiles
Interquartile Range = Q3 Q1
4. Spread in Middle 50%
5. Not Affected by Extreme Values
 Variance &
Standard Deviation

1. Measures of Dispersion
2. Most Common Measures
3. Consider How Data Are Distributed
4. Show Variation About Mean (X or X)
X = 8.3

4 6 8 10 12
 Sample Variance Formula

c h 2
Xi X n - 1 in denominator!
(Use N if Population
S2 = i =1
Variance)
n 1

=
c X 1 X h + cX
2
2 X h 2
c
+ L + Xn X h 2

n 1
 Sample Standard
Deviation Formula
2
S= S

cXi X h
2

i =1
=
n 1

=
cX 1 X h + cX
2
2 X h 2
c
+ L + Xn X h 2

n 1
 Variance Example

Raw Data: 10.3 4.9 8.9 11.7 6.3 7.7

n n

cXi X h
2

2
Xi
i =1 i =1
S = where X = = 8.3
n 1 n

S 2
=
a10.3 8.3 f + a4.9 8.3 f
2 2
a
+ L + 7.7 8.3 f 2

6 1
= 6.368
 Coefficient of Variation

1. Measure of Relative Dispersion

2. Always a %
3. Shows Variation Relative to Mean
4. Used to Compare 2 or More Groups
5. Formula (Sample)
F SI
CV = G J 100%
HXK
 Coefficient of Variation
Example

Group 1 Data: 1 2 3
Group 2 Data: 100 200 300
F SI 1
Group 1 CV = G J 100% = 100% = 50%
HXK 2

F SI
Group 2 CV = G J 100% =
100
100% = 50%
HXK 200
 Thinking Challenge

Youre a financial analyst

for Prudential-Bache
Securities. You have
collected the following
closing stock prices of
new stock issues: 17, 16,
21, 18, 13, 16, 12, 11.
Describe the volatility of
the stock prices.
 Variation Solution*

Range & Interquartile Range

Raw Data: 17 16 21 18 13 16 12 11
Ordered: 11 12 13 16 16 17 18 21
Position: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Range = X l arg est X smallest = 21 11 = 10

Interquartile Range = Q3 Q1 = 18.0 12.5 = 5.5

 Variation Solution*

Sample Variance
Raw Data: 17 16 21 18 13 16 12 11
n n

cXi X h
2
Xi
S2 = i =1
where X = i =1
= 15.5
n 1 n

S 2
=
a17 15.5 f + a16 15.5 f
2 2
a
+ L + 11 15.5 f 2

8 1
= 1114
.
 Variation Solution*

Sample Standard Deviation

n

cXi X h
2

S = S2 = i =1
= 1114
. = 3.34
n 1
Coefficient of Variation
F SI F
CV = G J 100% = G
3.34 I
J 100% = 215%
.
HXK H 15.5 K
 Summary of
Variation Measures
Measure Equation Description
Range Xlargest - Xsmallest Total Spread
Interquartile Range Q3 - Q1 Spread of Middle 50%

(X i
2 Dispersion about
Standard Deviation X)
(Sample) Sample Mean
n 1
Dispersion about
(X i
2
Standard Deviation X )
(Population) Population Mean
N
Variance (Xi -X )2 Squared Dispersion
(Sample) n-1 about Sample Mean
Coeff. of Variation (S /X )100% Relative Variation
 Summary of
Variation Measures
Measure Equation Description
Range Xlargest - Xsmallest Total Spread
Interquartile Range Q3 - Q1 Spread of Middle 50%

(X
2 Dispersion about
Standard Deviation X)
(Sample)
i
Sample Mean
n 1

(X i
2 Dispersion about
Standard Deviation )
(Population) Population Mean
N
Variance (Xi - X)2 Squared Dispersion
(Sample) n-1 about Sample Mean
Coeff. of Variation (S / X)100% Relative Variation
 Numerical Data
Properties & Measures

Numerical Data
Properties

Central
Variation Shape
Tendency
Mean Range Skew
Median Interquartile Kurtosis
Range
Mode Variance
Midrange Standard Deviation
Midhinge Coeff. of Variation
 Shape

1. Describes How Data Are Distributed

2. Measures of Shape
Kurtosis = How Peaked or Flat
Skew = Symmetry

Left-Skewed Symmetric Right-Skewed

Mean Median Mode Mean = Median = Mode Mode Median Mean
 Box-and-Whisker Plot

1. Graphical Display of Data Using

5-Number Summary

Xsmallest Q1 Median Q3 Xlargest

4 6 8 10 12
 Shape &
Box-and-Whisker Plot

Left-Skewed Symmetric Right-Skewed

Q1 Median Q3 Q1 Median Q3 Q1 Median Q3
 Conclusion

1. Explained Numerical Data Properties

2. Described Summary Measures
Central Tendency
Variation

Shape

3. Analyzed Numerical Data Using

Summary Measures