Wireless Communications

Lecture 1: Introduction

Omar Siddiqui
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering
Taibah University
Madinah
Email:omarsiddiqui3@gmail.com
 Wireless Communications?

- Wireless communication is the transfer of information or power between

two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.

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 Early Wireless Communications
Information transferred by pigeons

Information transferred by smoke

Information transferred by drum beat

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 Wireless and Wireline Communications

Wireless

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

 Types of Wireless Systems
Cellular Systems Cordless Phones
(900 MHz to 2.5 GHz) 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz

Wireless Local Area Network

(WLAN or W-Fi)
2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz,
and 5.9 GHz

Satellite Communications (4 to 18 GHz) Bluetooth

2G, 3G, 4G, WiMax (2.4 GHz)

GPS
Radar
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 Elements of a Basic Wireless system
Wireless Signal
Baseband signal (High Frequency)
(Low Frequency)
Input Antenna
(voice or picture)
Input
Transducer
Modulation

Transmitter
Antenna

Output baseband Received

signal Wireless
signal
Output Output Demodulatio
(voice or picture) transducer
n

Receiver
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 Examples of Wireless Systems
1. Cellular Communications
Base station

Mobile

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

 Examples of Wireless Systems
How does a cellular system work?

BTS BTS

BTS BTS BTS BTS

BTS
BSC: Basestation Controller
MSC: Mobile switching center
BTS: Base transceiver station
PSTN: Public switched telephone network

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 Examples of Wireless Systems
Cellular Evolution

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

 Examples of Wireless Systems
Cellular Evolution

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

 Examples of Wireless Systems
2. Radio and TV Broadcasting

TV receiver Radio Transmitter

Radio Receiver

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 Examples of Wireless Systems
Satellite Communications
Satellite Transmitter

Satellite Receivers

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

 Examples of Wireless Systems
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)
GPS Transmitters

GPS Receivers

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

 Examples of Wireless Systems

WLAN or Wi-Fi

Wifi Transmitter

Wifi Receivers

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

 Examples of Wireless Systems
Radar Systems

Military

Speed Control

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Important Historical Events in Wireless Communications

Andr-Marie Ampre (French, 1775-1836) Amperes Law (1826)

Electric Current produces magnetic field

D D
H J H .d l J .d s t .ds
t C S S

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Important Historical Events in Wireless Communications
Michael Faraday (English, 1791-1867) Faradays Law of Induction (1831)
Question: If electric current (field) produces magnetic field, is the opposite possible?
The static H does not induce any current
Faraday wasted 10 years to produce electric field from magnetic field because he was looking
at the static magnetic field
In 1831, he used changing magnetic field and observed the current in the secondary coil

B
B
E E .d l t .ds
t C S

Faradays Experiment

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Historical Events : James Clerk Maxwell (Scotland, 1831-1879)

- Known as Father of Electromagnetics

- Solved Four equations of Electromagnetics (1865)
- Maxwell theoretically predicted wireless communication
If both E and H fields can produce each other then energy can propagate or travel!!!!!

Maxwells Equations

Maxwells Book

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Important Historical Events in Wireless Communications

Heinrich Hertz (German, 1857-1894) First transmission of waves

Birth of Radio: Practical Demonstration of Maxwells prediction of wave transmission

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

Important Historical Events in Wireless Communications

Guglielmo Marconi (Italian, 1874-1937) Commercial Radio

First transatlantic transmission of radio signal

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Important Historical Events in Wireless Communications

1923-1938 Television:
1936 Armstrongs case of FM radio
1938-1945 World War II Radar and microwave systems
1948-1950 Information Theory and coding. C. E. Shannon
1962 Satellite communications begins with Telstar I.
1962-1966 High Speed digital communication
1972 Motorola develops cellular telephone.

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 What will we study in this course?
RF Link (Radio)
BTS

Cell
F
Site Mi ibe
cr r
o o
Li wa r
nk v e
BSC-2
Fiber Links
BSC-2
BSC-1

Inside a Mobile:
Communication Theory
Analog to Digital conversion
Encoding MSC
RF Modulation

Radio Link (Electromagnetics) Technology-dependent Protocols

Losses Handoffs, Signalling, Channel
Effects of Multipath, fading etc Assignments etc
 Focus of the Course
RF Link (Radio)

Fiber
/Micr
owav Fiber Link
e
BSC-1 BSC-2

Focus will be on the radio link between the mobile and the base station
We will study:
Modulation (TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA etc)
Technologies (2G, 3G, 4G etc)
Radio wave propagation (Path loss models, fading etc)
 Some Definitions
- Cells and Frequency Reuse: same frequencies can be reused in other
parts of the cellular system

f2 f1

f1 f3

f1 is reused
 Some Definitions
- Cell sectorization: More users can be added by dividing the region
served by single BTS into sectors served by several BTSs. Each sector
uses a highly directional antenna
Three Sector cell-sites
f f
f f
f f f f
f f
f f f
f
f

http://www.slideshare.net/NaveenKumar11/mobile-tower-radiation
 Some Definitions: Digital Modulation Techniques to
Multiplex various Channels (or Users)
1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
4. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

FDMA
TDMA

User N
User N
User M

User 2
User 1 User 1
User 1
Total Users = N
Total Users = MXN

Example: AMPS System (1G) Example: GSM System (2G)

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 Some Definitions: Digital Modulation Techniques to
Multiplex various Channels (or Users)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Example: UMTS System (3G)

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications

 Some Definitions

The Handoff or the Handover

A handoff refers to the process of transferring an active call or data session from
one cell in a cellular network to another or from one channel in a cell to another.
(techopedia: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/16851/handoff)

break

make

break

make

BSC-1
BSC-1
After Hand-off
Before Hand-off

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 Some Definitions

Path Loss
The path loss occurs due to the spread of the electromagnetic wave, absorption,
moisture, vegetation etc

Free Space path Loss: It is only due to the spread of the wave without the
effect of environment

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 Some Definitions

Shadowing
Shadowing is caused by obstacles between the transmitter and receiver
that attenuate signal power through absorption, reflection, scattering, and diffraction.
Shadowing causes large-scale fading

d
Direct Path

Reflection Path

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 Some Definitions

Multipath
Multipath effect is caused due to several objects around the mobile that are
constantly in a changing environment. Mutipath causes small-scale fading

Complex environment
Difference between the signal received in the presence of
shadowing and multipath

small-scale fading

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 Course Outline and Textbook

Course Content Weeks

GSM Systems 2
RF Link, Path Loss, Fading, RF Budget 4
3G Systems 3
4G Systems 1

Textbook:
1. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (2nd Edition), by Rappaport
2. Wireless Communications by Andrea Goldsmith

Grading
1. Class participation and homework, projects 20%
2. Mid Term Exam 1 20%
3. Mid Term Exam 2 20%
4. Final Exam 40%

College of Engineering, Taibah University Wireless Communications