Flat Products

ASD metal services
FLAT PRODUCTS BUYERS GUIDE - EDITION 2
SOLUTIONS IN STEEL
ASD metal services
ASD metal services

Head Office
Valley Farm Road
Stourton
Leeds LS10 1SD
Tel: 0113 254 0711
Fax: 0113 254 1314
email: enquiries@asdmetalservices.co.uk
Edition 2
1
ASD metal services
Disclaimer
Whilst all of the information contained within this Buyers
Guide was accurate at the time of going to print, ASD metal
services cannot be held responsible for any changes which
have subsequently occurred.
ASD metal services
Quick Contact
ASD metal services - Head Office
Tel: 0113 254 0711
Fax: 0113 254 1314
Organically Coated Steels (OCS)
Tel: 01562 821 400
Fax: 01562 865 396
email: ocs@asdmetalservices.co.uk
ASD metal services - Tividale
Tel: 0121 522 2215
Fax: 0121 522 2293
email: tividale@asdmetalservices.co.uk
ASD metal services - Stoke
Tel: 01782 202 118
Fax: 01782 283 220
email: stoke@asdmetalservices.co.uk
Shear Brilliance
Tel: 01782 220 600
Fax: 01782 204 048
email: shearbrilliance@asdmetalservices.co.uk
ASD metal services - Belfast
Tel: 02890 739 930
Fax: 02890 739 960
email: belfast@asdmetalservices.co.uk
ASD metal services - Bathgate
Tel: 01506 630 769
Fax: 01506 630 643
email: bathgate@asdmetalservices.co.uk
ASD metal services - Durham
Tel: 01914 100 090
Fax: 01914 100 126
email: durham@asdmetalservices.co.uk
ASD metal services - Dublin
Tel: +353 (0) 1842 5766
Fax: +353 (0) 1842 5178
email: dublin@asdmetalservices.co.uk
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ASD metal services
Contents
Contents ...............................................................1
Quality Policy .....................................................3
Introduction.........................................................4
Multi Metal Solutions.......................................6
Business Locations.............................................8
The Steel Making & Rolling Process..........11
Standards & Specifications ..........................17
Hot Rolled..........................................................24
Cold Reduced....................................................33
Zinc Coated Applications..............................36
Hot Dipped Galvanised .................................39
Electro Zinc Coated ........................................45
Specialist Products..........................................49
Organically Coated Steels ............................51
Glossary .............................................................75
Notes ..................................................................88
1
Welcome
This pocket guide is intended to help you, the steel user, be
more aware of the ever increasing range of steel products.
Including added value processing and complimentary services
available from ASD metal services, this makes us your
powerful and responsive partner.
The list is not exhaustive either in terms of products, sizes or
specifications. We do however believe we have included most
of the key and popular product ranges available from within
the European and American markets.
We do not claim to stock all of the items shown in this guide,
but prefer to stock tailored metal solutions according to local
demand. However our fully integrated network of regional
locations generates the capability to provide an efficient and
effective consumer response in the UK and Ireland.
ASD metal services are aware that todays steel user requires
more than an informal service. Our business framework is
designed to provide an unrivalled professional service, world
class products and superb levels of delivery.
To achieve this we offer a comprehensive range of services
from cutting-to-length, slitting, close tolerance blanking,
shearing to size, profiling and first level press brake forming.
So, if you are an OEM, engineer, designer specifier, metal
worker, buyer or salesperson, this guide will be of value and
benefit to you.
Should you require further copies of this guide, or any
additional information on the other divisions of ASD metal
services, please contact the sales team at your local Flat
Products location.
9
ASD metal services
Quality Policy
Our Vision
to become the UK market leader in multi metal distribution.
to consistently exceed our customers' expectations at every
contact opportunity.
to constantly improve performance and achieve excellence.
to provide the highest quality products and service.
to be open, creative and consistent both internally and
externally.
Our Mission
To provide Total Customer Satisfaction using
The QUEST For Excellence.
Basic Common Sense Excellent Communications
Q adopting standards of Quality, where everyone works together

efficiently achieving excellent results with zero mistakes.
U striving to enhance our Uniqueness by developing an
environment for innovation and creativity.
E recognising and rewarding Employees who provide a
positive contribution to achieving our vision.
S constantly aiming to provide a Service to exceed
expectations, for internal as well as external customers.
T maintaining high performance through implementing and
measuring targets at all times.
3
ASD metal services
Introduction
STOCKHOLDING & PROCESSING
The traditional role of the stockholder combines breaking
bulk and having items instantly available. Steel bought
in quantity by the stockholder is sold to customers in
the exact amount required and at the time when it is
needed. Even major steel users, who might normally
buy direct from the producers, will turn to stockholders
for their 'Just in Time' steel requirements.
There is an economic argument to justify the role of the

stockholder, which is known as 'Cost of Possession'.
The alternative to buying steel from the stockholder

is direct purchase from the producer. This would
typically involve buying in large quantities and holding
all the items which production might require, in
sufficient quantity to avoid running out before the next
time the steel mills produce the item.
Buying from a stockholder provides savings in capital

and interest. The customer's capital is not tied up
in stocks and the space, equipment and manpower
required to store, move and record large stocks is
released. Scrap is reduced by buying exact requirements
and obsolescence eradicated as changes in design or
specification do not leave useless stock in hand.
Pressing home the advantages of the 'Cost of Possession'

is dependent upon the buyer being confident of stock
availability and assured delivery. Steel buyers have
the consolation and stockholders the threat of our
industry being so competitive that if one supplier fails,
others will seize the opportunity. Consequently, service
is essential to survival.
The processing of steel by the stockholder prior to

delivery to the customer is a logical extension of
both the ex-stock steel supply service and economics
of 'Cost of Possession'. Initially the processing facilities
offered by stockholders were restricted to decoiling and / or
4
Introduction
shearing to standard sizes only. This has progressed very
significantly to encompass a whole range of pre-production
processes including:
Precision Decoiling
Slitting, Blanking & Shearing
Laser Cutting & Profiling
Bending & Press-Brake Forming
Pickling & Oiling
Supplying with Specialist Organic & Inorganic Coatings
The extended facilities now offered by the modern

Stockholder, together with the convenience of a supply route
tailor-made to meet the requirements of the customers ever
increasingly sophisticated machinery, thereby allowing capital
and management resources to be concentrated on core
business activities.
5
ASD metal services
Multi Metal Solutions

ASD metal services - Flat Products Division
ASD metal services is a division of the Klckner & Co Group,
one of the worlds leading multi metal distributors. We are
represented in all of the important markets in Europe and
North America.
We work alongside other specialist divisions in the UK and,
between us, are able to provide a complete multi metal
solution for our customers.
With strategically located processing centres covering our
customer base in the UK and Ireland, ASD metal services
specialises in Hot Rolled, Cold Reduced, Hot Dip Galvanised
and Electro-zinc Coated strip steel products, as outlined in
this Buyers Guide.
Organically Coated Steels

The specialist Pre-Painted and Metallic Coated site of the Flat
Products division, Organically Coated Steels processes pre-
painted and metallic coated coil to markets throughout the
UK, Ireland and Europe. Organically Coated Steels sources
from a number of world class suppliers to offer an
unparalleled choice of products, including environmentally
friendly non-PVC coatings.
Organically Coated Steels is also able to offer a complete
product development facility to assist the customer in
material choice and selection to suit the specific end-use, and
how best to implement pre-painted steel into particular
production systems.
To demonstrate the unrivalled multi-metal solution
capabilities of the Group, a brief overview of its other
Divisions and their specialist markets is given overleaf.
6
Multi Metal Solutions
ASD metal services - General Steels
This division has numerous sites across the UK providing
national support to an excellent network of local expertise.
The product range includes:
Plate and profiled products, including grades for structural,
pressure vessel, shipbuilding applications etc
Tube products such as structural hollow sections, ERW, gas
list etc
Long products including light sections, merchant bar,
engineering bar etc
Also a range of Complementary Products including the
following:
Open Mesh Flooring
Handrail Standards
Stair Treads and Floorplates
Welded Mesh Sheets and Rolls
Klamps
Expanded Metal
Seamless Tube
ASD metal services - Stainless & Aluminium

This division, with locations across the UK, is one of the countrys
leading suppliers of stainless steel and aluminium products, in
both standard range and processed sizes. It is the market leader
in the supply of sign components to public authorities and
commercial businesses throughout the UK and Europe.
Furthermore, the Stainless & Aluminium Division is the sole
distributor of ALUCORE, the specialist aluminium honey-combed
composite panel for architectural applications.
Klckner RP Profiles www.steelglazing.co.uk

Further complementing our multi-metal approach to meeting
industrys needs is Klckner RP Profiles. This Sheffield - based
company specialises in the supply of stainless steel glazing
systems for building facades, curtain walls, roofs, doors,
windows and partitions.
For Buyers Guides and/or technical product information on all
the associated divisions detailed above, please consult our web
site or contact the Head office of ASD metal services.
www.asdmetalservices.co.uk
7
ASD metal services
Location Map
6 8
1
9
4/5
3
2
8
Business Unit Locations
1. ASD metal Services - Head Office
Valley Farm Road, Stourton, Leeds LS10 1SD
Tel: 0113 254 0711 Fax: 0113 254 1314
2. Organically Coated Steels
Edwin Avenue, Hoo Farm Industrial Estate,
Kidderminster, Worcester DY11 7RA
Tel: 01562 821 400 Fax: 01562 865 396
email: ocs@asdmetalservices.co.uk
3. ASD metal services - Tividale
Tipton Road, Tividale, Oldbury, West Midlands B69 3HU
Tel: 0121 522 2215 Fax: 0121 522 2293
email: tividale@asdmetalservices.co.uk
4. ASD metal services - Stoke
Berry Hill Road, Stoke on Trent ST4 2NQ
Tel: 01782 202 118 Fax: 01782 283 220
email: stoke@asdmetalservices.co.uk
5. Shear Brilliance
Berry Hill Road, Stoke on Trent ST4 2NQ
Tel: 01782 220 600 Fax: 01782 204 609
email: shearbrilliance@asdmetalservices.co.uk
6. ASD metal services - Belfast
Unit 1, Phase C, Channel Commercial Park
Queens Road, Belfast BT3 9DT
Tel: 028 9073 9930 Fax: 028 9073 9960
email: belfast@asdmetalservices.co.uk
7. ASD metal services - Bathgate
Millburn Road, Bathgate, West Lothian EH48 2AF
Tel: 01506 630 769 Fax: 01506 630 643
email: bathgate@asdmetalservices.co.uk
8. ASD metal services - Durham
Drum Road, Drum Industrial Estate
Chester-le-Street, Durham DH2 1ST
Tel: 0191 410 0090 Fax: 0191 410 0126
email: durham@asdmetalservices.co.uk
www.asdmetalservices.co.uk
9
ASD metal services
The Steel Making & Rolling Process

The raw materials of iron ore, sinter, coke and limestone are
fed into a Blast Furnace, where a rising blast of hot air
initiates high temperature reactions, which produce impure
molten iron and a number of by-products.
The molten iron is transferred to a Converter (possibly with a

small amount of selected scrap), where an oxygen lance
forces oxygen into the liquid to refine it to molten steel of
the desired composition.
Mild Steel grades are restricted to 0.25% max. Carbon.
If necessary, further refinement Secondary Steelmaking

can be undertaken.
In all modern steelworks Continuous Casting facilitates

conversion of the molten steel into semi-finished products
for further rolling. Molten steel drains into a mould, from
which emerges a continuous slab. These are cropped to the
desired size or weight for rolling. The caster is continually
replenished with molten steel. The slab is the semi-finished
product from which coils are produced.
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ASD metal services
12
13
ASD metal services
14
15
ASD metal services
Standards & Specifications

Our definition of a specification is it is a clear and accurate
description, normally expressed numerically in terms of
appropriate units, of the minimum requirements for the
quality of materials, products or services to make the
customers own products.
In the UK, the British Standards Institution has for many
years undertaken the development of National Standards (BS
series) across all types of industry. In recent years, however,
there has been a tremendous increase in the number of
European Standards, which if published in the UK are
recognised by the prefix BS EN before the reference number.
Other EU countries also continue their own traditions but
again within the European Standards system e.g. German
Standards are designated DIN EN, French specifications as NF
EN, Swedish as SIS EN followed by the appropriate reference
number.
In North America, specifications can appear under the
auspices of several institutions which have taken
responsibility for issuing and controlling them. These include
ASTM and SAE standards which cover most of the Steel
Standards in common circulation.
The accompanying tables provide a comparison between the
current EN specifications and former national Standards
across several of the major industrial countries.
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ASD metal services
Comparision of Current EN and

Former National Standards
EUROPE UK FRANCE GERMANY ITALY

European British Standards Association Deutsches Ente Nazionale
Committee for Institution Franaise De Institut fr Italiano di
Standardization Normalisation Normung Unificazione
EN 10111: 1998 BS 1449: 1991 NFA 36/301 DIN 1614 UNI 5867
- HR15 0C - -
- HR14 - - -
- HR4 1C - FeP10
DD11 HR3 2C StW22 FeP11
DD12 - - - -
- HR2 - StW23 FeP12
DD13 HR1 3C StW24 FeP13
DD14 - - - -
1
EN 10025: 1993 BS 4360: 1996 NFA 35/501 DIN 17100 UNI 7070
S185 - A34-2 - Fe320
S235 40A - - -
S235JR 40B E24-2 St37-2 Fe360B
S275 43A - - -
S275JR 43B E28-2 St44-2 Fe430B
S355 50A - - -
S355JR 50B - - Fe510B
S355J0 50C E36-3 St52-3 Fe510C
EN 10130: 1990 BS1449: 1991 NFA 36/401 DIN 1623 UNI 5866
DC01 CR4 C St12 FeP01
DC03 CR3 E St13 FeP02
- CR2 - - -
DC04 CR1 ES RRst14 FeP04
DC05 - - - -
DC06 - - - -
2
EN 10142: 2000 BS 2989: 1992 NFA 36-321 DIN 17162 UNI 5753
- Z1 - - Fe00GZ
DX51D Z2 GC St02Z FeKPGZ
DX52D Z3 GE St03Z FeP01GZ
DX53D Z5 GES St05Z FeP03GZ
DX54D - - - -
DX56D - - - -
3
EN 10147: 2000 BS 2989: 1992 NFA 36-322 DIN 17162 UNI 5753
S220GD Z22 C230 - Fe34GZ
S250GD Z25 C250 StE250Z Fe37GZ
S280GD Z28 C280 StE280Z Fe42GZ
S320GD - - - -
S350GD Z35 C350 StE350Z -
S550GD Z55 C550 - -
1. EN10025:2004 will replace this standard

18
Comparision of Current EN and
Former National Standards
SPAIN SWEDEN JAPAN USA USA

Asociacin Standardiserings Japanese American Society of
Espaola de -kommissionen Industrial Society for Automotive
Normalizacin y i Standards Testing & Engineers
Certificacin Sverige Committee Materials
UNE 36-086/11 - JIS G3131 ASTM SAE

- - - - -
AP10 - - A569 -
- - SPHC - 1010
AP11 - SPHD - 1008
- - - - -
AP12 - - A621 1006
AP13 - SPHE A622 1006 Al-kill
- - - - -
UNE 36-080/11 SIS JIS G3101 ASTM -

A330 - SS34 A283B -
A370 14-13-12E - A283C -
- - - - -
- 14-13-12E - A570Gr40 -
- - - - -
A450 14-21-72 SS50 A572Gr50 -
- - - - -
- - - - -
UNE 36-086 SIS JIS G3141 ASTM SAE

AP01 14-11-42 SPCC A366 1010
AP02 - SPCD - 1008
AP03 14-11-46 SPCE A619 1006
AP04 14-11-47 SPCEN A620 1006 Al-kill
- - - - -
- - - - -
UNE 36-310 SIS JIS G3302 ASTM -

- - SPGC 526 -
Grade 41 14-11-51 - 527 -
Grade 43 14-11-52 SPGD 528 -
Grade 44 14-11-57 SPGDD 642 -
- - - - -
- - - - -
UNE 36-310 SIS JIS G3302 ASTM A446 -

- - - A -
- 14-12-70 SPGS B -
- 14-13-60 - C -
- - - - -
- 14-21-22 - D -
- - - E -
Grades shown relate to substrate quality only. Please refer to

information regarding designations for surface quality, surface finish,
coating type, coating mass, coating finish, surface treatment, etc.
19
ASD metal services
British Standards
BS EN 10002-1:2001 Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials.
Method of Test at Ambient
Temperature
BS EN 10020:2000 Definition and Classification of Grades
of Steel
BS EN 10021:1993 General Technical Delivery
Requirements for Steel and Iron
Products
BS EN 10025:1993 Hot Rolled Products of Non-Alloy
(being replaced by 2004 Structural Steels: Technical Delivery
issue) Conditions
BS EN 10025-1:2004 Hot Rolled Products of Structural
Steels - General Technical Delivery
Conditions
Steels - Technical Delivery Conditions
for Non-Alloy Structural Steels
for Normalised/Normalised Rolled
Weldable Fine Grain Structural Steels
for Thermomechanical Rolled Weldable
Fine Grain Structural Steels
for Structural Steels with Improved
Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
for Flat Products of High Yield
Strength Structural Steels in
Quenched and Tempered Condition
BS EN 10027-1:1992 Designation Systems for Steel - Steel
Names, Principal Symbols
BS EN 10027-2:1992 Designation Systems for Steel - Steel
Numbers
20
British Standards
BS EN 10028-1:2000 Flat Products made of Steels for
Pressure Purposes - General
Requirements
Pressure Purposes - Non-Alloy and
Alloy Steels with Specified Elevated
Temperature Properties
Pressure Purposes - Weldable Fine
Grain Steels, Normalised
BS EN 10045-1:1990 Charpy Impact Test on Metallic
Materials. Test Method (V- and U-
Notches)
BS EN 10051:1992 Continuously Hot-Rolled Uncoated
Plate, Sheet and Strip of Non-Alloy
and Alloy Steels - Tolerances on
Dimensions and Shape
BS EN 10079:1993 Definition of Steel Products
BS EN 10111:2002 Continuously Hot-Rolled Low Carbon
Steel Sheet and Strip for Cold Forming
- Technical Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10113-1:1993 Hot Rolled Products in Weldable Fine
(Being replaced by Grain Structural Steels - General
BS EN 10025-1,3,4:2004) Delivery Conditions

(Being replaced by Grain Structural Steels - Delivery
BS EN 10025-1,3:2004) Conditions for Normalised/Normalised
Rolled Steels
(Being replaced by Grain Structural Steels - Delivery
BS EN 10025-1,4:2004) Conditions for Thermomechanical
Rolled Steels
BS EN 10130:1999 Cold Rolled Low Carbon Steel Flat
Products for Cold Forming - Technical
Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10131:1991 Cold Rolled Uncoated Low Carbon and
High Yield Strength Steel Flat Products
For Cold Forming - Tolerances on
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ASD metal services
British Standards
BS EN 10142:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip Zinc Coated Low
(Being replaced by Carbon Steels Sheet and Strip for Cold
BS EN 10327:2004) Forming - Technical Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10143:1993 Continuously Hot-Dip Metal Coated
Steels Sheet and Strip - Tolerances on
BS EN 10147:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip Zinc Coated
(Being replaced by Structural Steel Sheet and Strip -
BS EN 10326:2004) Technical Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10149-1:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products made of High
Yield Strength Steels for Cold Forming
- General Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10149-2:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products made of High
- Delivery Conditions for
Thermomechanically Rolled Steels
BS EN 10149-3:1996 Hot-Rolled Flat Products made of High
- Delivery Conditions for Normalised
or Normalised Rolled Steels
BS EN 10152:2003 Electrolytically Zinc Coated Cold
Rolled Steel Flat Products - Technical
Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10154:2002 Continuously Hot-Dip Aluminium-
(Being replaced by Silicon (AS) Coated Steel Strip and
BS EN 10327:2004) Sheet - Technical Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10155:1993 Structural Steels with Improved
(Being replaced by Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance -
BS EN 10025-5:2004) Technical Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10169-1:2003 Continuously Organic Coated (Coil
Coated) Steel Flat Products - General
Information (Definitions, Materials,
Tolerances, Test Methods)
Coated) Steel Flat Products for
Building Interior Applications (Also
referred as DD ENV 10169-2:2003
Coated) Steel Flat Products for
22 building interior applications
British Standards
BS EN 10204:2004 Metallic Products. Types Of Inspection
Documents
BS EN 10209:1996 Cold Rolled Low Carbon Steel Flat
Products for Vitreous Enamelling -
Technical Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10214:1995 Continuously Hot-Dip Zinc-Aluminium
(Being replaced by (ZA) Coated Steel Strip and Sheet -
BS EN 10215:1995 Continuously Hot-Dip Aluminium-Zinc
(Being replaced by (AZ) Coated Steel Strip and Sheet -
BS EN 10268:1999 Cold Rolled Flat Products made of
High Yield Strength Micro-Alloyed
Steels for Cold Forming - General
Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10271:1999 Electrolytically Zinc-Nickel (ZN)
Coated Steel Flat Products - Technical
Delivery Conditions
BS EN 10292:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip Coated Strip
and Sheet of Steels with Higher Yield
Strength for Cold Forming - Technical
Delivery Conditions
and Sheet of Structural Steels -
Technical Delivery Conditions
and Sheet of Low Carbon Steels for
Cold Forming - Technical Delivery
Conditions
BS EN 13510:2000 Earth-Moving Machinery. Roll-Over
(BS 6912 PT14) Protective Structures. Laboratory Tests
and Performance Requirements
BS EN ISO 7438:2000 Metallic Materials. Bend Test
BS EN ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management Systems.
Requirements
BS EN ISO 14001:2000 Environmental Management Systems.
Specification with Guidance for Use
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ASD metal services
Hot Rolled
List of Corresponding Former Designations

Current Standard
Standard Number Title Grade
BS EN 10025:1993 Hot Rolled Products of S235JR
(Being replaced by Non-Alloy Structural S235J0
BS EN 10025-2:2004) Steels - Technical S275
Delivery Conditions S275JR
S275J0
S275J2G3
S275J2G4
S355
S355JR
S355J0
S355J2G3
S355J2G4
S355K2G3
S355K2G4
BS EN 10111:1998 Continuously Hot Rolled DD11

Low Carbon Steel Sheet & DD12
Strip for Cold Forming - DD13
Technical Delivery DD14
Conditions
BS EN 10149-2:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products S315MC

made of High Yield S355MC
Strength Steels for Cold S420MC
Forming. Part 2. Delivery S460MC
Conditions for S500MC
Thermomechanically S550MC
Rolled Steels S600MC
S650MC
S700MC
BS EN 10149-3:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products S260NC

made of High Yield S315NC
Strength Steels for Cold S355NC
Forming. Part 3. Delivery S420NC
Conditions for Normalised
or Normalised Rolled Steels
24
Hot Rolled

Obsolete Standards
Standard Number Grade Standard Number Grade
BS EN 10025:1990 Fe360B BS 4360:1986 40B
Fe360C 40C
Fe430A 43A
Fe430B 43B
Fe430C 43C
Fe430D1 43D
Fe430D2 -
Fe510A 50A
Fe510B 50B
Fe510C 50C
Fe510D1 50D
Fe510D2 -
Fe510DD1 50DD
Fe510DD2 50DD
BS 1449:1.2:1991 HR3 BS 1449:Part 1:1983 HR4

- -
HR1 HR1
- -
BS 1449:1.4:1991 43F35 BS 1449:Part 1:1983 43F35

46F40 46F40
50F45 50F45
- -
- -
- 60F55
- -
- -
- 75F70
BS 1449:1.4:1991 - BS 1449:Part 1:1983 -

40/30 40/30
45/40 45/40
50/45 50/45
In some cases the current grades may not be direct equivalents of those which
they have superseded. Please check the current Standard for compatibility
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ASD metal services
Hot Rolled Specifications

Reheated Slab is rolled into coil on a Continuous Mill,
sometimes referred to as a Strip Mill. This one-way process
involves roughing to remove scale, followed by rolling
through a series of finishing stands where the thickness is
progressively reduced to the desired value before coiling. The
rolling mill product is described as Hot Rolled.
The chemical analysis, rolling temperatures and cooling rate
determine the final mechanical properties.
The table below shows the chemical analysis and mechanical
properties for some popular Hot Rolled grades.
Standard BS EN 10025 1993

Grade S275 S275JR S355 S355JR
Chemical C 0.250 0.210 0.230 0.240
Analysis Mn 1.600 1.500 1.600 1.600
(ladle) S 0.050 0.045 0.050 0.045
% max. P 0.050 0.045 0.050 0.045
(except
Si 0.500 0.500
where
range Nb 0.003-0.10
shown) V 0.003-0.10
Yield
Strength 275 min 275 min 355 min. 355 min.
N/mm2
Mechanical Properties
Tensile 430-580 (<3.0mm thick) 510-680 (<3.0mm thick)

Strength
410-560 (!3.0mm thick) 490-630 (!3.0mm thick)
N/mm2
22% min. longitudinal (!3.0mm thick)
Elongation 20% min. transverse (!3.0mm thick)
% {Lo = 5.65"So)
For thickness <3.0mm, please consult Standard
27 min. 27 min.
(+20C) (+20C)
Impact Verified Verified
Strength only when only when
J specified specified
by by
Purchaser Purchaser
Chemical Analysis & Mechanical Properties only applicable
Notes to material thickness #16.0mm
26
Hot Rolled Specifications
Grade DD11 DD12 DD13 DD14
Chemical C 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.080
Analysis Mn 0.600 0.450 0.400 0.350
(ladle) S 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025
% max. P 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025
(except
Si
where
range Nb
shown) V
170-360 170-340 170-330 170-310
(!1.5<2.0 (!1.5<2.0 (!1.5<2.0 (!1.5<2.0
Yield mm thick) mm thick) mm thick) mm thick)
Strength
170-340 170-320 170-310 170-290
N/mm2
(!2.0<8.0 (!2.0<8.0 (!2.0<8.0 (!2.0<8.0

mm thick) mm thick) mm thick) mm thick)
Tensile
Strength 440 max. 420 max. 400 max. 380 max.
4 N/mm2
23 min. 25 min. 28 min. 31 min.
(!1.5<2.0 (!1.5<2.0 (!1.5<2.0 (!1.5<2.0
mm thick) 27 min.
mm thick) mm thick) mm27 min.
thick)
{Lo = (+20oC)
{Lo= {Lo = {L(+20oC)
o=
80mm) Verified
80mm) 80mm) Verified
80mm)
only when only when
24 min. 26 min.
specified 29 min. 32 min.
specified
(!2.0<3.0 (!2.0<3.0
by (!2.0<3.0 (!2.0<3.0
by
mm thick) mm thick)
Purchaser mm thick) mm thick)
Purchaser
{Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo =
80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm)
28 min. 30 min. 33 min. 36 min.
(!3.0<8.0 (!3.0<8.0 (!3.0<8.0 (!3.0<8.0
mm thick) mm thick) mm thick) mm thick)
{Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo =
5.65"So) 5.65"So) 5.65"So) 5.65"So)
For full details please consult the relevant Standard.

For tolerances on dimensions and shape refer to
BS EN 10051:1992
Basic Hot Rolled products are generally supplied in the As
Rolled condition. The product can be chemically descaled in
acid Pickled. A thin film of oil is usually applied to the
pickled steel surface to prevent oxidation. Pickling & Oiling
can either be a continuous process or a batch process.
Floor Plate, with its characteristic teardrop pattern, is
produced by means of special rolls on the finishing stands.
The pattern facilitates drainage of liquid, giving a safe surface
for walking.
27
ASD metal services
Hot Rolled Stock Range

Hot Rolled Dry
Coil Imperial size Metric size
mm 1000 1250 1500 1525 1830 2000
1.5 - - - -
1.6 - - -
2.0 - - -
2.5 - - -
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.5 -
15.0 - - - - - -
20.0 - - - - - -
Sheet & PlateI
2000 2500 3000 3050 3660 4000

mm x1000 x1250 x1500 x1525 x1830 x2000
1.5 - - - -
1.6 - - -
2.0 - - -
2.5 - - -
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.5 -
15.0 - - - -
20.0 - - - -
DD11 (equivalent to HR3/HR4)

S275 or S275JR (equivalent to Fe430A/43A or Fe430B/43B)
Please enquire for non-standard size and/or grade permutations
28
Hot Rolled Pickled & Oiled
Coil Imperial size Metric size
mm 1000 1250 1500 1525 1830 2000
1.5 - - - -
1.6 - - -
2.0 - - -
2.5 - - -
3.0 - - -
4.0 - - -
5.0 - - -
6.0 - - -
8.0 - - - - - -
10.0 - - - - - -
12.5 - - - - - -
15.0 - - - - - -
20.0 - - - - - -
Sheet & PlateImperial size Metric size

2000 2500 3000 3050 3660 4000
mm x1000 x1250 x1500 x1525 x1830 x2000
1.5 - - - -
1.6 - - -
2.0 - - -
2.5 - - -
3.0 - - -
4.0 - - -
5.0 - - -
6.0 - - -
8.0 - - -
10.0 - - -
12.5 - - - -
15.0 - - - -
20.0 - - - - - -
DD11 (equivalent to HR3/HR4)

29
ASD metal services

Floor Plate
Coil
mm 1000 1250 1500 1750 1830

3.0 - - -
4.5 -
6.0
8.0 -
10.0 - -
12.5 -
Plate
2000 2500 3000 4000 3660
mm x1000 x1250 x1500 x1750 x1830
3.0 - - -
4.5 -
6.0
8.0 -
10.0 - -
12.5 -

Thickness is exclusive of pattern
Abrasion Resistant Steel

Plate Metric size
2500 3000 6000 4000 6000
mm x1250 x1500 x1500 x2000 x2500
3.0 - -
4.0 - - - -
5.0 - - - -
6.0 - - - -
8.0 - - - -
10.0 - - - -
12.5 - - - -
15.0 - - -
20.0 - - -
25.0 - - -
Some sizes available shotblasted and painted. Please enquire

for details.
30
Structural Steel with Improved
Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
Sheet & Plate
2500 3000 6000
mm x1250 x1500 x2000
0.8 - -
1.0 - -
1.2 - -
1.5 - -
2.0 - -
2.5 - -
3.0 -
4.0 -
5.0 -
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0 - -
15.0 - -
20.0 - -
30.0 - -
40.0 - -
50.0 - -
Cor-Ten A
Cor-Ten B
To BS EN 10155:1993, being replaced by BS EN 10025-5:2004
Please enquire for non-standard size and/or grade

permutations and for coil, slit coil, blanks or profiles
31
ASD metal services
Cold Reduced
Current Standard
BS EN 10130:1999 Cold Rolled Low Carbon DC01
Steel Flat Products for Cold DC03
Forming - Technical DC04
Delivery Conditions DC05
DC06
Obsolete Standards
BS EN 10130:1991 FeP01 BS 1449:Part 1:1983 CR4
FeP03 CR2
FeP04 CR1
FeP05 -
FeP06 -
33
ASD metal services
Cold Reduced Specifications

Hot Rolled products, after scale removal by pickling can be
subjected to further, purely mechanical rolling which improves
surface quality and dimensional tolerances. This material is
referred to as Cold Reduced. After rolling, the product is
annealed (either by continuous or batch processes).
properties for some popular Cold Reduced grades.

Grade DC01 DC03 DC04 DC05 DC06
C 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.020

Chemical P 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
Analysis S 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
% max. Mn 0.600 0.450 0.400 0.350 0.250
Ti or Nb 0.300
Yield
Strength 140-280 140-240 140-210 140-180 120-180
N/mm2
Tensile
Strength 270-410 270-370 270-350 270-330 270-350

N/mm2
Elongation 28 min. 34 min. 38 min. 40 min. 38 min.
% {Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo =
80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm)
Plastic
Strain 1.30 min. 1.60 min. 1.90 min. 1.80 min.
Ratio
Strain
Hardening 0.18 min. 0.20 min. 0.22 min.
Exponent
Notes Yield/Elongation values only applicable to material thickness
>0.7mm. Plastic Strain Ratio/Strain Hardening Exponent values
only applicable to material thickness 0.5#2.0mm. For all other
thickness, please consult the relevant Standard

For tolerances on dimensions and shape refer to BS EN 10131.
Cold Reduced is normally supplied with a light coating of oil, unless
specified at the time of ordering. Cold Reduced is supplied with a normal
surface finish.
34
Cold Reduced Stock Range
Coil
mm 1000 1250 1500
0.8
0.9 -
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.5
3.0
Sheet
mm 2000 2500 3000
x1000 x1250 x1500
0.8
0.9 -
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.5
3.0
DC01Am (equivalent to FeP01Am/CR4GP)
35
ASD metal services
Zinc Coated Applications

Zinc coatings are employed to impart extra corrosion
resistance to steel and offer protection in two ways:
1. A physical barrier between a corrosive environment and
the steel substrate
2. Galvanic or sacrificial protection at cut edges and
scratches
When two points on a surface are at different electrical
potentials and are connected by a liquid acting as an
electrolyte, the point with the highest positive potential
(the anode) will dissolve preferentially, protecting the less
positively charged region (the cathode). Zinc is more
electropositive than Iron and therefore provides sacrificial
protection. In particular, if damage to the Zinc coating
locally exposes the steel, in the presence of a moisture
film, a galvanic cell will be created, the Zinc acting as the
anode and the Iron acting as the cathode. The Iron is
protected by dissolution of the Zinc, which subsequently
precipitates out in the form of oxides, hydroxides,
bicarbonates, etc., depending on the ambient conditions.
These salts are generally highly protective, leading to
local healing of the damage.
The corrosion resistance is directly proportional to the mass
or thickness of Zinc coating, which are expressed in g/m2 or
microns (m) respectively.
Zinc coated steel can be supplied either as Hot Dip
Galvanised or Electro-Zinc Coated as further detailed.
36
Zinc Coated Applications
How Zinc Protects
37
ASD metal services
Hot Dipped Galvanised

Current Standard
BS EN 10142:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip DX51D
(Being replaced by Zinc Coated Low Carbon DX52D
BS EN 10327:2004) Steels Strip & Sheet for DX53D
Cold Forming - Technical DX54D
Delivery Conditions DX56D
BS EN 10147:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip S220GD

(Being replaced by Zinc Coated Structural S250GD
BS EN 10326:2004) Steels Sheet & Strip S280GD
Technical Delivery S320GD
Conditions S350GD
S550GD
Obsolete Standards
BS EN 10142:1991 FeP02G BS 2989:1982 Z2
FeP03G Z3
FeP05G Z5
FeP06G -
- -
BS EN 10147:1991 FeE220G BS 2989:1991 Z22

FeE250G Z25
FeE280G Z28
FeE320G -
FeE350G Z35
FeE550G Z55
These grades relate only to substrate quality

39
ASD metal services
Hot Dipped Galvanised Specifications

Cold Reduced unannealed steel is passed through a bath of
molten zinc, which adheres to the strip. The galvanising
conditions are regulated to control the weight and
appearance of the final coating.
The table below and on the following page shows the
chemical analysis and mechanical properties for some
popular Hot-Dipped Galvanised grades.
Coating Conversion Factor 100g/m2 including both sides =
7.1m per side
Zinc coatings can be of two types:

DX51D DX52D DX53D DX54D DX56D
Bending Drawing Deep Special Extra
Grade & Quality Drawing Deep Deep
Profiling Quality Drawing Drawing
Quality Quality Quality
Yield 140-300
Strength (max. value
N/mm2 only applies
to Surface 140-260 140-220 120-180
(0.2% Proof Qualities
Strength) B & C)
Tensile
Strength 270-500 270-420 270-380 270-350 270-350
N/mm2
Elongation 36 39
% (Z Coat) (Z Coat)
{Lo = 22 min. 26 min. 30 min.
34 37
80mm} (ZF Coat) (ZF Coat)
Plastic 1.6 1.9

Strain Ratio (Z Coat) (Z Coat)
1.4 1.7
(ZF Coat) (ZF Coat)
For
thickness
>1.5mm,
values
reduced by
0.2
Strain 0.18 0.21

Hardening (Z Coat)
Exponent
0.20
(ZF Coat)
Notes Properties only applicable to material thickness >0.7mm
40
Hot Dipped Galvanised Specifications
BS EN 10147 2000 Standard
S220GD S250GD S280GD S320GD S350GD S550GD Grade
220 min. 250 min. 280 min. 320 min. 350 min. 550 min.
300 min. 330 min. 360 min. 390 min. 420 min. 560 min.
20 min. 19 min. 18 min. 17 min. 16 min.
Notes Properties only applicable to material thickness >0.7mm
41
ASD metal services
Hot Dipped Galvanised Surface Specifications

BS EN 10143:1993
Coatings
Z Zinc
ZF Zinc-Iron Alloy
Standard Coating Weights

Z100 Z140 Z200 Z225 Z275
Z350 Z450 Z600
ZF100 ZF140
Number denotes g/m2 including both sides.
Coating Finishes
N Normal Spangle
M Minimised Spangle
R Regular Zinc-Iron Alloy Coating
Surface Qualities
A As Coated Surface
B Improved Surface
C Best Quality Surface
Surface Treatments
C Chemical Passivation
O Oiling
CO Chemical Passivation & Oiling
S Sealed
P Phosphated
U Untreated
Note
There are some restrictions to particular combinations of surface
properties. For full details please consult the relevant Standard.
42
Hot Dipped Galvanised Stock Range
Coil
mm 1000 1250 1500

0.5 - -
0.6 -
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.5 -
1.6
2.0
2.5 -
3.0
Sheet
mm 2000 2500 3000

x1000 x1250 x1500
0.5 - -
0.6 -
0.7 -
0.8
0.9 -
1.0
1.2
1.5 -
1.6 -
2.0
2.5 - -
3.0 -
DX51D + Z275-N-A-C
(equivalent to Fe P02 G Z 275 NA-C/Z2 G275 N)
DX51D + Z275-M-B-C
(equivalent to Fe P02 G Z 275 MB-C/Z2 G275 S)
43
ASD metal services
Electro-Zinc Coated
Current Standard
BS EN 10152:2003 Electrolytically Zinc-Coated DC01
Cold Rolled Steel Flat DC03
Products - Technical DC04
Delivery Conditions DC05
DC06
Obsolete Standards
Standard Number Grade
BS 6687:1986 CR4
CR2
CR1
-
-
These grades relate only to substrate quality
45
ASD metal services
Electro-Zinc Coated Specifications

Also known as Electro-Galvanised.
The zinc coating is applied to the strip by electrolysis.
properties for some popular Electro-Zinc Coated grades.

Grade DC01 DC03 DC04 DC05 DC06
C 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.020

Chemical
Analysis P 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
(ladle) S 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020
% max. Mn 0.600 0.450 0.400 0.350 0.250
Ti or Nb 0.300
Yield
Strength 140-280 140-240 140-220 140-190 120-190
N/mm2
Tensile
Strength 270-410 270-370 270-350 270-330 270-350

N/mm2
Elongation 28 min. 34 min. 37 min. 39 min. 37 min.
% {Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo =
80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm)
Plastic
Strain 1.30 min. 1.60 min. 1.90 min. 1.80 min.
Ratio
Strain
Hardening 0.16 min. 0.19 min. 0.20min.
Exponent
Notes Yield/Elongation values only applicable to material thicknesses
>0.7mm. Plastic Strain Ratio/Strain Hardening Exponent values
only applicable to material thickness 0.5#2.0mm. For all other
thickness please consult the relevant Standard
46
Electro Zinc Coated Surface Specifications

BS EN 10131:1991
Standard Coatings
ZE25/25 2.5m (18g/m2) nominal zinc coating

on each surface
on each surface
on each surface
on each surface
Differential coatings are also available
Surface Qualities
A General Purpose, with some minor defects

permitted
B Full Finish, with the better surface free of

defects which might affect the uniform
appearance of a high-quality paint finish
Surface Treatments
P Phosphated
PC Phosphated & Chemically Sealed
C Chemically Passivated
PCO Phosphated, Chemically Sealed & Oiled
CO Chemically Passivated & Oiled
PO Phosphated & Oiled
O Oiled
U As coated, i.e. Untreated
47
ASD metal services
Zinc Coated Stock Range

Electro-Zinc Coated
Coil
mm 1000 1250 1500

0.5 - - -
0.6 - -
0.7 - -
0.8 -
0.9 -
1.0 -
1.2
1.5 -
1.6
2.0
2.5 -
3.0 -
Sheet
mm 2000 2500 3000

x1000 x1250 x1500
0.5 - - -
0.6 - -
0.7 - -
0.8 -
0.9 -
1.0 -
1.2
1.5 -
1.6
2.0
2.5 -
3.0 -
DC01+ZE25/25-AC
(equivalent to CR4 GP EZ 25/25 Chromated)
48
Specialist Products
Laser Plate
A Hot Rolled product of controlled chemistry, facilitating
quick, clean and consistent laser cutting and which has been
specifically levelled to facilitate enhanced, guaranteed
flatness of finished parts. A relatively small spread of
mechanical properties gives more consistent and predictable
performance during downstream manufacturing activities.
Laser Plate is available in most popular steel grades and can
be successfully applied to other thermal and non-thermal
manufacturing processes.
Stock range: 2500 x 1250 x 3 to 25 mm inc
3000 x 1500 x 3 to 25 mm inc
Utility Stainless Steel
A low cost corrosion resistant, easily weldable cold rolled
stainless steel in thicknesses from 2.0 to 4.0mm is available
(Nirosta 4003). Conforming to the requirements of BS EN
10088-2: 1995 X 2 CrNi12, this grade offers excellent corrosion
and abrasion resistance at a higher strength over mild steel,
thereby also offering possibilities in weight reduction.
Stock range: 2500 x 1250 x 2 to 40 mm inc
High Strength Steel for Cold Forming
Micro-alloy additions of such metals as Titanium (Ti),
Niobium (Nb) or Vanadium (V) enable production of very
high strength steel with excellent formability. The high
strengths available allow a reduction of material thickness
when replacing traditional mild steel, facilitating weight and
cost savings. Low scatter of mechanical properties gives more
predictable performance during manufacture and extra
formability enables production of complex shapes.
Stock range: BS EN 10149 315-700 N/mm2
2.5-7.0m(l) x 1.25-1.5m(w) x 3-10mm (t)
Galfan
A Hot-Dipped Coated improved galvanised product with an
alloy coating of approx. 95% Zinc, 5% Aluminium and other
micro-alloy additions.
The Galfan coating is more corrosion-resistant, ductile,
paintable and weldable, in comparison to traditional
galvanised coatings. See also page 73 for further information.
49
ASD metal services

Contents
What is Pre-Painted Steel? ..........................52
The Production Process .................................53
Product Summary ...........................................54
Plastisol ..............................................................56
Fully Foodsafe PVC Laminate ......................58
Co-Laminate .....................................................59
Aluzinc ................................................................60
Organitect .....................................................64
PVF2 ....................................................................65
Primer..................................................................66
Polyester ............................................................67
Lining Enamel ...................................................68
Pural..................................................................69
Granite.............................................................70
Stock Range .....................................................71
Choosing The Substrate ................................72
51
ASD metal services

What is Pre-Painted Steel?
Coil coating is the most advanced technique for applying an
organic coating (liquid or film) to sheet metal in a continuous
process.
Since its inception in the early 1960's the European coil

coating industry has produced over 8 billion square metres of
pre-coated metals and its products are firmly established in
markets such as, construction, automotive, domestic
appliances, heating and ventilation, packaging, office furniture,
shelving, caravans, lighting, etc. The technology - based on a
simple fact that it is easier to pre-coat a flat surface than post
paint (spray, dip, etc) an irregular shape - is efficient, energy
saving, up-to-date and environmentally friendly.
TYPICAL PROFILE OF A
PRE-PAINTED COATING
52
ASD metal services

The Production Process
Coils of steel, i.e. Cold Reduced, Electro-Galvanised, Hot
Dipped Galvanised, up to 30 tonnes in weight, are fed
through purpose built lines, at speeds of up to 200 metres
per minute, which chemically pre-treat the substrate before
applying an organic coating system to one or both sides of
the strip.
The resulting pre-coated material is a product of consistent

quality, with excellent formability, durability, corrosion and
weathering resistance. The fully coated coil can be delivered
to the fabricator in this form, slit into narrow coils, or cut
into sheets or precision blanks ready for use. A multitude of
colours, gloss levels, textures and patterns can be achieved
with exceptional batch to batch consistency.
53
ASD
ARMSTRONG
metal services

Product Summary
Plastisol A 200 micron PVC paint system with a leathergrain
emboss as standard (Woodgrain emboss available for
applications such as garage doors). This product has good
corrosion resistance and is easily handled due to the thickness
of the coating. It has excellent formability characteristics and is
suited to a wide range of external applications such as
construction and garage doors.
Laminate PVC films are laminated directly onto the steel
substrate. Wide ranges of internal and external finishes are
available to suit specific applications. Examples include
Woodgrain Laminates for garage doors, roof membranes for
gutters and flat roof systems and a Foodsafe quality for
coldstores and cleanrooms.
Co-laminate This is a pre-coated steel covered by a
Polyethylene Terephthalate polymer film (P.E.T). The thin film is
only 1.2 microns in thickness and is very flexible. It is bonded to
the pre-coated steel using a polymer adhesive which is 2
microns thick. The PET film protects the pre-painted product,
providing good scratch resistance and protection against most
corrosive detergents and powerful sprays, making it a popular
product in the manufacture of coldstores.
Aluzinc A double sided Aluminium-Zinc alloy applied via a
continuous hot-dipped process similar to that used in the
production of galvanised steel. The coating of 55% Aluminium,
43.4% Zinc and 1.6% Silicon enables the steel to resist
corrosion through the cathodic action of the Zinc and the
surface screening effect of the Aluminium.
Organitect A range of metallic coatings with a specially
developed one micron thick organic sealant. This is a proven
product in both the building and computer industries.
Granite This is the name given to the Arcelor range of organic
coated products. This high quality industrial material is excellent
for both internal and external architectural designs. Highly
resistant to corrosion and UV light, available in a wide choice of
colours and textures and with excellent formability and shock
resistance, it offers a perfect solution in terms of creativity and
durability.
54
PVF2 A 27m two coat system with good forming
characteristics in connection with a very good weathering
resistance. Ideal for demanding external applications.
Primer The various primer formulations facilitate a variety of
subsequent operations such as over-painting (e.g.
garage/domestic doors) and adhesives (e.g. backing
panels/strengthening strips).
Polyester A range of polyester resins available for both internal
and external use, with both smooth and textured finishes.
Pural Ruukkis durable, environmentally-friendly Polyurethane-
based coating ideal for demanding external applications, e.g.
roofing sheets, air-conditioning units, facades, guttering systems,
sheet cladding & coping and general exterior profiles & panel
work. The product is well suited to use in coastal locations and is
also highly resistant to the effects of chemicals, ice, snow, and
solar radiation.
The above product summary covers only the most popular

products stocked, it is by no means exhaustive. Innovative
products are continuously being developed to expand the
opportunities for Pre-painted steel. Please do not hesitate to
contact the Organically Coated Steels commercial team direct
to discuss any technical queries you may have.
55
ASD metal services

Plastisol
General Information
Polyvinyl chloride based thermoplastic resin (PVC Plastisol) is
particularly suitable for industrial applications. This coating is
available on a hot-dipped galvanised substrate, in coil form or
cut-to-length.
This product has excellent formability, and due to the thickness
of the coating, has good corrosion resistance and is easily
handled. Popular applications are in roofing and cladding.
A range of standard colours and thicknesses are available.
Special colours, thicknesses and substrate qualities can be
obtained by arrangement.
Definition
Polyvinyl chloride-based thermoplastic resin (PVC Plastisol).
Plastisol resins are covered by standards, EN 10169/1,
EN 10169/2, ECCA T1 to T21.
Properties of PVC Plastisol
Total dry film thickness 200 microns
Coating Finish Leathergrain emboss
Gloss level 60 30 - 40%
Max. ambient temperature 60C
Min. forming temperature +10C
Min. bending radius 0T
Scratch Resistance >3 500g
Corrosion Resistance:
1. Salt Spray 1000 hours
2. Humidity Cabinet 1000 hours
British Board of Agrment upon application
Reverse Coat
Although the coat on the reverse side is usually not required
to have UV resistance, it must still be corrosion resistant and
highly adhesive.
On a well-cleaned and chemically pre-treated surface, the
primer and epoxy coats on the reverse side, provide a coating
that fully meets these requirements.
56
Colour Codes
Colour Nearest BS Reference
Aztec Yellow 10E55
Bamboo 08C35
Black 00E53
Blue 18E53
Buttermilk 10C31
Forest Green RAL 6002
Goosewing Grey 10A05
Ivory RAL 9002
Juniper Green 12B29
Merlin Grey 18B25
Moorland Green 12B21
Mushroom 10B19
Ocean Blue 18C39
Olive Green 12B27
Pacific Blue 18E58
Pigeon Grey 18B17 On request,
Poppy Red 04E53 reproduction of
Terracotta 04C39 any other colour,
Vandyke Brown 18B29 subject to
Wedgwood Blue 18C37 minimum quantity
White 00E55
Performance
The time period before first maintenance varies from 10 to 20
years, depending on the environment, profile, orientation and
colour. In order to minimise the need for maintenance, light
colours are recommended for environments in which UV
radiation is strongest. The period for maintenance is estimated
as follows:
Dark Colours - 10 - 20 years Light Colours - 15 - 25 years
* Reduction of time of 2 years is applied following the
orientation S. SE. SW.
57
ASD metal services

Fully Foodsafe PVC Laminate
Material Hard PVC,
free of plasticisers
Thickness 0.120 mm
Colour White
Gloss DIN 67530 / ECCA T2 60C 7-10
Gloss after heat treatment (5 min./170C) 11
Spread of Flame Class B1
(DIN 4102) very low spread of flame Class O
(BS 476 Part 6/89 and BS 476 Part 7/87)
Chemical Resistance DIN 68861/1 Level AO
(15+16/B1)
Scratch Resistance BS 3900/E2 > 4000 g
Flexibility (ECCA T7) 0.5 T
Salt Spray (ECCA T8) 1000 hours
Humidity (DIN 50017) 1000 hours
Foodsafe Properties
The film is fully foodsafe and complies with EEC instructions
90/128/EWG and 92/39/EWG. It is chemically inert and can
be used where continuous contact with unpacked foodstuffs
are necessary.
Temperature Range -40 to 60C
(60C is max. continuous operating temperature)
Min. Forming Temperature 40C
Impact Strength > 300 KJ/m2 DIN 53448 > 300 KJ/m2
Density DIN 43479 Approx 1.40g/m2
This information is based on our present state of knowledge
and is intended to provide general notes on our product and
their uses. It should not therefore be construed as
guaranteeing specific properties of the product described or
their suitability for particular application.
58
Co-Laminate
General Information
This is a pre-coated steel covered by a co-rolled Polyethylene
Terephthalate (P.E.T) polymer film. The thin film is only 1.2 microns
in thickness and is very flexible. It is bonded to the pre-coated steel
using a polymer adhesive which is 2 microns thick. The PET film
affords good scratch resistance and offers protection against most
corrosive detergents and powerful sprays. The product is therefore
ideal for use in the manufacture of cold-rooms.
Key benefits include:
Totally Foodsafe coating
(PET is used to make drinking-water bottles)
Environmentally friendly
(Not a PVC and no Vinyl Chloride monomer)
Excellent resistance to liquid or powder detergents,
and solvents
Excellent shock resistance, >18 joules
Will not allow water to capilliarate between coating
and substrate
Estetic Clean CF/B 55 microns

Fully foodsafe co-laminate for coldstores manufactured by
Arcelor
Nominal Coating Thickness (ECCA T1) 55 microns
Substrate Hot dipped galvanised to DX51D+Z275
Coating Make Up 15 microns of corrosion resistant primer
plus 20 microns of white intermediate
layer plus 20 microns of clear PET* film.
Specular Gloss (ECCA T2) 40%
Pencil Hardness (ECCA T4) 2H
Scratch Resistance Clemen ISO 1518 4000 g
Reverse Impact (ECCA T5) > 18J
Minimum Bend Diameter
T=substrate thickness (ECCA 7) 1T dia. (0.5t) radius
Salt Spray (ISO 7253) 1000 hours
Maximum Continuous Operating Temperature 8C
Min. Forming Temperature 20C
*PET - Polyethylene Terephthalate polymer is totally
foodsafe. It is not a PVC and does not contain any Vinyl
Chloride Monomer. The product has excellent resistance to
solvents. (no influence by MEK) 59
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Aluzinc
General Information
Aluzinc is a flat steel product that is continuously hot-dipped
coated with an Aluminium-Zinc Alloy of composition 55.0%
Al, 43.4% Zn, 1.60% Si. Excellent corrosion resistance is
afforded by the joint action of Aluminium and Zinc. In
corrosive conditions Aluminium contributes by virtue of a
screening effect it is rendered passive by formation of an
insoluble layer of Aluminium Oxide. Zinc contributes by
sacrificial cathodic protection at all points where bare steel is
exposed, e.g. cross-sections, scratches.
Specific weight - Specific Weight of Coating - 3.75g/cm3,
substantially less than the value for Zinc alone, 7.15g/cm3
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Aluzinc
Product Standard BS EN 10215:1995
(To be replaced by BS EN 10327:2004)
Cold Forming Grades
BS EN 10215 Yield Ultimate Elongation

Stength (Re) Tensile (Rm) A80 % min
N/mm2 max Strength
N/mm2 max
DX51D - 500 22
DX52D 300 420 26
DX53D 260 380 30
DX54D 220 350 36
Note for all grades, minimum values of 140N/mm2 and
270N/mm2 can be expected for Re and Rm respectively.
Structural Grades (guaranteed yield strength)

BSEN 10215 Yield Ultimate Elongation
Stength (Re) Tensile (Rm) A80 % min
N/mm2 max Strength
N/mm2 max
S250GD 250 330 19
S280GD 280 360 18
S320GD 320 390 17
S350GD 350 420 16
S550GD 550 560 -
Coatings
Coating Minimum Coating Mass, Average
Designation total both surfaces g/m2 thickness of
Triple Spot Single Spot Coating per
test test side (m)
AZ100 100 85 13
AZ150 150 130 20
AZ165 165 150 22
AZ185 185 160 25
AZ200 200 170 26
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Aluzinc
Surface Finish - Aluzinc is available in two types of surface
finish.
Designation Specification
A Normal spangle (from natural re-crystallisation
of the coating)
B Skin passed (surface obtained by skin passing,
suitable for pre-painting)
Surface Treatment - Please consult our sales department for
the type of surface treatments available.
Welding & Soldering - Aluzinc can be welded in the same
manner as all other products with a metallic coating.
However, we strongly advise against soldering.
Sizes & Availability - Aluzinc is available in thickness from
0.4mm to 2.0mm. In widths up to a maximum of 1500mm,
dependent upon actual thickness ordered.
Full details can be obtained on application
Dry Film Lubricant

Manufacture
The sealant is an aqueous resin applied by a no-rinse process.
Once applied the sealant takes the form of a colourless organic
coating (polyacrylate), with a mass of 1g per square metre,
representing a dry film thickness of approximately one micron.
Forming
By the use of this sealant, the lubricating characteristics of
the Aluminium/Zinc coated surface are substantially
improved. Metal abrasion is prevented even under the
severest forming the coating remains intact, or suffers only
local abrasion.
Paintability
Sealed surfaces are paintable. Wet painting, powder coating
and coil coating paints have been trialed. For special
requirements we recommend that painting trials be carried
out. Normally no preparation is necessary. If in particular
cases the removal of lubricants is necessary, a mild
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degreasing is recommended (pH 4-10 temperature up to
70C, short rinse cycle). Combined systems for
simultaneously phosphating / degreasing are not applicable.
Check your individual system.
Aluzinc
Corrosion Protection
The excellent anti-corrosion properties of Aluminium/Zinc
coated products are improved by the sealant. Temporary
corrosion protection, so important during storage, processing
and assembly, is substantially improved by the sealant
compared to normal chromate passivation.
Anti Finger Marking Properties
The continuous organic sealant is applied to both sides of the
strip and provides an excellent barrier to marking from
manual handling.
Joining
a) Mechanical
Without problems, similar to painted surfaces.
b) Adhesion
Regular solvent based gluing processes, can be used. For
critical applications we recommend trials be carried out.
c) Soldering
Soft soldering of sealed products is not recommended, as the
sealant would need to be removed first.
d) Impulse / Laser / Oxyacetylene Welding
Can all be carried out without problems welding fumes must
be extracted.
Temperature Resistance
The sealant will withstand heating to 180C. Above this
temperature a yellow-brown discolourant is apparent. No
fumes are evident on heating to 260C (no results are
available for higher temperatures). Up to this temperature no
breakdown is expected. Curing temperatures on painting to
300C are possible.
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Organitect
General Information
A range of metallic coatings with a specially developed 1
micron organic sealant. It is a proven product in both the
building and computer industries.
Key benefits include:

Improved corrosion resistance
Reduced tool pick-up
Good Electro-Magnetic compatibility (ECM)
Self Lubricating Properties
Clean, dry surface
Paintable surface
Good adherance with PU foam
Anti-Fingerprint properties
Available on the following substrates:

ORGANITECT - "G30"
Aluminium Zinc Alloy - "A"
Zinc Aluminium Alloy - "F"
Electro-Zinc Coated - "Z"
Hot-Dipped Galvanised - "G"
Please contact Organically Coated Steels direct for product

literature and details
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PVF2
General Information
PVF2 coating is recommended for demanding outdoor
applications. Characterised by its high resistance to fading
(weather resistance) and corrosion, it is typically applied to
walls and roofs of industrial buildings.
The product is a multi-layer system on a hot-dipped zinc
coated steel sheet substrate. The zinc coating provides
efficient corrosion protection at the cut edges and in areas
where the organic coating is damaged.
Available in both standard, and some metallic colours.
Properties of PVF2
PVF2 80/20 coating consists of 80% polyvinylidene fluoride
and 20% acrylic resin.
Total Dry Film Thickness 27m
Coating Finish Smooth
Gloss Level 30-40%
Max. Ambient Temperature 120C
Min. Forming Temperature -10C
Min. Bend Radius 2T
Scratch Resistance > 3000g
Pencil Hardness F
Corrosion resistance
1 - Salt Spray 1000 hours
2 - Humidity Cabinet 1000 hours
British Board of Agrment upon application

Sheets can be coated on both sides with PVF2 system if required.
Reverse Coat
Although the coat on the reverse side is usually not required
to have UV resistance, it must still be corrosion resistant and
highly adhesive. On a well-cleaned and chemically pre-
treated surface, the primer and epoxy coats on the reverse
side provide a coating that fully meets these requirements.
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Primer
General Information
Various different formulations of primers as pre-painted
products, facilitate second stage processing.
Such second stage operations include over painting in the
case of garage/domestic doors, and adhesives for backing
panels and strengthening strips.
Double Sided Primer

Application
Suitable for bonding / adhesion and overpainting / surface
coating.
i.e. refrigeration backing panels / garage doors
Specification
Colour Various
Top Coat 12 microns
Reverse Coat 12 microns
Substrate Hot dipped
galvanised DX51
to BS EN 10142:2000
D + Z275
Pencil Hardness F
Minimum Bend Diameter 1-2T
Gloss Level 10-30%
Fire Classification MO
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Polyester
General Information
Polyesters are available in both internal and external
qualities, in both smooth and textured finishes.
Exterior Polyester
The topcoat is a two layer system, consisting of 5-7 microns
of corrosion resistant primer with a 17-20 micron Silicon
modified polyester topcoat. The reverse is a 10 micron
system, consisting of 3-5 microns of corrosion resistant
primer with 5 - 7 microns of heat cured epoxy.
Examples of application: Construction / Panel
products
Substrate: Hot dipped
galvanised steel to
BSEN 10147:2000
S220GD + Z275
Specification Typical Values
Total topcoat coating thickness 25m
Colour To your requirements
Specular Gloss 30-40%
Adhesion after bending 0T without loss of
adhesion
Cracking after bending 2 > 4T
Corrosion Resistance
Salt Spray test 500 hours to ASTM
B117
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Lining Enamel
Lining Enamel (indoor use) suitable for steel lining trays &
panels to provide an internal lining system
Colour Bright White
Top Coat 17 -25 microns
Polyester
Reverse Coat 10 microns
Polyester
Substrate Hot dipped
galvanised to BSEN
10147:2000
S220GD+Z275
Gloss 30 - 40% ( 5%)
Hardness 2H pencil
Reflectivity 60-65%
Adhesion X Hatch 100%
Flexibility 2T Bend diameter
Salt Spray 250 hours
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Pural
General Information
Ruukkis Pural is a polyurethane-based coating best suited for
construction, air conditioning units, exterior panes and other
demanding external environments.
The environmentally friendly Pural has excellent durability
characteristics. The structured emboss is highly resistant to the
wear caused by solar UV radiation and severe weather systems,
and is well suited to coastal locations. Further product
advantages include good chemical resistance and easy touch up
painting.
Pural is supported by BBA approval and manufacturers
performance warranties.
Colours A wide range of standard colours
are available. Special colours can
be matched on request.
Top Coat - ECCA 50 microns nominal
Reverse Coat 10 microns Epoxy
Substrate Hot dipped galvanised to
BS EN 10147:2000
S220GD+Z275 or
BS EN 10142:2000
DX51D+Z275
Gloss 60 ECCA 30-40%
Scratch Resistance > 3000g
Corrosion Resistance
ISO 7253 1000 hrs
QUV-A Weatherometer 5000 hrs
ASTM G53 total hrs.
Max. ambient temperature +100C
Min forming temperature -60C
Flexibility Approx 1T
British Board of Agrment Cert no. 97/3389
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ASD metal services

Granite
General Information
This is the name given to Arcelors range of flexible polyester
resin products. Both internally and externally this high quality
industrial material is excellent for architectural design.
It is supremely suited to all-cladding applications; profiled

sheet, composite panels and facades. Highly resistant to
corrosion and UV light combined with excellent formability
and shock resistance, it offers a perfect solution in terms of
creativity and durability.
In addition to its technical performance, a wide range of colours

and textures are available to match your exact requirement.
The product offers a true alternative to PVC Plastisol and is

already used throughout Europe
Technical Data
Granite HD Granite HDS Granite HDX

Appearance Smooth/ Smooth Grained
Grained
Coating 25 35 50>60
Thickness microns microns microns
Gloss
(Gardener 60C) 30>50 30>50 30>50
Coating Adhesion 0.5T 0.5T 0.5T
Coating Flexibility 2T 1.5T 1.5T
Pencil Hardness F>H F>H F>H
Salt Spray 500hours 500-700hours 1000hours
Condensation
Resistance 1000 hours 1500 hours 1500 hours
Maximum Op
Temperature 80C 80C 80C
Fire Rating MO/Class1 MO/Class1 MO/Class1
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Stock range of Pre-Painted Products
All pre-painted products are available in thicknesses from
0.4mm to 2.5mm up to a maximum width of 1500mm,
dependent upon the actual thickness ordered.
Full details can be obtained upon application.
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Choosing the substrate for Pre-Painted
steel
Pre-Painted steels can be supplied with various
sub-strates as detailed
Cold Reduced
Mild Steel rolled to a full finish surface quality - grades range
from DC01 to DC06 (extra deep-drawing quality)
Internal only
Dry atmosphere - no high humidity
Typical uses - lighting, office furniture.
Electro-Zinc Coated
Mild steel with the same substrate grades as Cold Reduced.
The substrate surface is electrolytically coated with a thin
layer of Zinc on one or both sides of the strip. Electro-Zinc
Coated is sometimes referred to as Electro-Galvanised.
Typical Zinc coating thickness range is 2.5 m to 7.5 m.
Internal only
Improved surface for Pre-Painting
Increased corrosion resistance compared to Cold Reduced
Corrosion resistance for scratches and sheared edges
Typical uses - hi-fi, video, some domestic appliances.
Hot-Dipped Galvanised
Mild Steel, Zinc-coated by immersion of the steel strip in a
bath of molten Zinc. The strip is then further rolled to produce
an Improved or Best Quality surface for painting. Grades
range from DX51D (general purpose bending & profiling) to
DX54D (extra deep drawing quality). Zinc coating weights
(including both sides) range from 90g/m2 to 275g/m2.
Internal and external
Improved surface for Pre-Painting
Lower coating weights for internal applications - typically
100 g/m2
Higher coating weights for external applications - typically
275 g/m2
Increased corrosion resistance compared to Electro-Zinc
Coated
Typical uses
Internal: domestic appliances
External: air conditioning units, garage doors, cladding, coldstores.
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Choosing the substrate for Pre-Painted
steel
Galfan
A Hot-Dipped product, but with an alloy coating of
approximately 95% Zinc, 5% Aluminium, plus micro-alloy
additions. Available grades as Hot-Dipped Galvanised. Coating
weights (including both sides) range from 50g/m2 to
255g/m2.
Internal and external
Improved surface for painting
Lower coating weights for internal applications, e.g. 50g/m2
Higher coating weights for external applications, e.g.
255g/m2
Improved corrosion resistance compared to traditional Hot-
Dipped Galvanised products
Coating is of eutectic composition and has improved
flexibility
Please consult Organically Coated Steels direct for further
advice in choosing the correct sub-strate.
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ASD metal services
Glossary of Metallurgical & Technical Terms

Alloy Steel A steel to which one or more alloying elements
other than Carbon have been deliberately added (e.g.
Chromium, Nickel, Molybdenum) to achieve a particular
physical property.
Annealing Heating steel to, and holding at a suitable
temperature, followed by relatively slow cooling. The purpose
of annealing may be to remove stresses, to soften the steel,
to improve machinability, to improve cold working properties,
or to obtain a desired structure. The annealing process usually
involves allowing the steel to cool slowly in the furnace.
B Chemical symbol for Boron.
Bend Test Bending tests are carried out to ensure that a
metal has sufficient ductility to withstand bending without
fracturing. A standard specimen is bent through a specified
arc and in the case of strip, the direction of grain flow is
noted and whether the bend is with or across the grain.
Blast Furnace A tall, cylindrical, refractory lined furnace for
the production of pig iron or hot metal for direct conversion
into steel.
Brinell Hardness Test The Brinell hardness test for steel
involves impressing a ball 10mm diameter, of hard steel or
tungsten carbide, with a loading of 3000kg into the steel
surface. The hardness of the steel is then determined by
measurement of the indentation. For steels with hardness
over 500 BHN the Vickers test is more reliable.
C Chemical symbol for Carbon.
Carbon Steel Steel whose properties are determined
primarily by the amounts of Carbon present. Apart from Iron
and Carbon, Manganese up to 1.5% may be present as well
as residual amounts of alloying elements such as Nickel,
Chromium, Molybdenum, etc. It is when one or more alloying
elements are added in sufficient amount that it is classed as
an alloy steel.
Cast Iron A definition can be applied that Cast Iron is an
alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon is in excess of
the amount that can be retained in solid solution in austenite
at the eutectic temperature. Carbon is usually present in the
range of 1.8% to 4.5%; in addition, Silicon, Manganese,
Sulphur and Phosphorus are contained in varying amounts.
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Various types of cast iron are covered by a British Standard
classification and includes grey, malleable and white irons.
Elements such as Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium
can be added to produce alloy cast irons.
Charpy Test A test to measure the impact properties of
steel. A swinging pendulum breaks a prepared test piece,
usually V-notched. The energy consumed in breaking the test
piece is measured in Joules. The more brittle the steel the
lower the impact strength. The Izod Test is a similar
procedure.
Chromium When used as an alloying element, Chromium
increases the hardenability of steel and in association with
high Carbon gives resistance to wear and abrasion. Chromium
has an important effect on corrosion resistance and is
present in stainless steels in amounts of 12% to 20%. It is
also used in heat-resisting steels and high duty cast irons.
Cold Working Altering the shape or size of a metal by plastic
deformation. Processes include rolling, drawing, pressing,
spinning, extruding and heading. It is carried out below the
recrystallisation point usually at room temperature. Hardness
and tensile strength are increased with the degree of cold
working whilst ductility and impact values are lowered. The
cold rolling and cold drawing of steel significantly improves
surface finish.
Contact Corrosion When two dissimiliar metals are in
contact without a protective barrier between them and they
are in the presence of liquid, an electrolytic cell is created.
The degree of corrosion is dependent on the area in contact
and the electro-potential difference of the metals concerned.
The less noble of the metals is liable to be attacked, i.e. Zinc
will act as a protector of steel in sea water whereas Copper
or Brass will attack the steel in the same environment.
Continuous Casting A method of producing blooms, billets
and slabs in long lengths using water cooled moulds. The
castings are continuously withdrawn through the bottom of
the caster whilst the teeming of the metal is proceeding. The
need for primary and intermediate mills and the storage and
use of large numbers of ingot moulds is eliminated. The
continuous casting process is also used in the production of
cast iron, Aluminium and Copper alloys.
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Corrosion Fatigue Fatigue that arises when alternating or
repeated stress combines with corrosion. The severity of the
action depends on the range and frequency of the stress, the
nature of the corroding condition and the time under stress.
Cr Chemical symbol for Chromium.
Cu Chemical symbol for Copper.
Deoxidation Elements such as Silicon and Aluminium when
added to molten steel react to form stable oxides and reduce
the amount of dissolved Oxygen. The solubility of Oxygen in
steel is reduced as the temperature is lowered during
solidification and the excess oxygen combines to form
Carbon Monoxide. If the molten metal is not deoxidised the
effervescence produced by the evolution of Carbon Monoxide
during solidification would result in blow holes and porosity.
Steel treated in this way is termed Killed Steel. All
continuously cast steels are killed.
Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test This test, more commonly
known as the Vickers test, finds greater use in the laboratory
than the workshop. It employs a pyramid shaped diamond
with an included angle of 136 which is impressed into the
specimen using loads of 5 to 120 kg making a small square
impression. This test is used for finished or polished
components because the impression can be very small. The
diamond pyramid hardness number (often referred to as VPN
Vickers Pyramid Number) is obtained from a calculation
based on measuring the diagonals of the impressions in the
steel.
Ductility The property of metal which permits it to be
reduced in cross sectional area without fracture. In a tensile
test, ductile metals show considerable elongation eventually
failing by necking, with consequent rapid increase in local
stresses.
Elastic Limit The maximum stress that can be applied to a
metal without producing permanent deformation. When
external forces act upon a material they tend to form
internal stresses within it, which cause deformation. If the
stresses are not too great the material will return to its
original shape and dimension when the external stress is
removed.
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Elasticity The property which enables a material to return to
its original shape and dimension.
Elongation A test to measure the ductility of steel. When a
material is tested for tensile strength it elongates a certain
amount before fracture takes place. The two pieces are placed
together and the amount of extension is measured against
marks made before starting the test and is expressed as a
percentage of the original gauge length.
Fatigue The effect on metal of repeated cycles of stress. The
insidious feature of fatigue failure is that there is no obvious
warning, a crack forms without appreciable deformation of
structure making it difficult to detect the presence of
growing cracks. Fractures usually start from small nicks or
scratches or fillets that cause a localized concentration of
stress. Failure can be influenced by a number of factors
including size, shape and design of the component, condition
of the surface or operating environment.
Fatigue Testing Fatigue tests are made with the object of
determining the relationship between the stress range and
the number of times it can be applied before causing failure.
Testing machines are used for applying cyclically varying
stresses and cover tension, compression, torsion and bending
or a combination of these stresses.
Fatigue Limit The maximum value of the applied alternating
stress that a test piece can stand indefinitely.
Fe Chemical symbol for Iron.
Fracture Fractures are often described by the appearance of
the surface of the break in a piece of steel. Crystalline is
bright and glittering, failure having developed along the
cleavage planes of individual crystals and can be typical of
brittle material. A silky fracture has a smooth dull grain
indicative of ductile material such as a mild steel. In tensile
testing fractures are described by shape, e.g. cup and cone.
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Galvanic Action When iron and steel are subject to
conditions of aqueous corrosion the incidence and rate at
which the corrosion takes place will alter if the steel is
coupled with other metals or alloys that are also exposed to
the electrolyte. Copper, brass, bronze, lead and nickel are
more "noble" and act as auxiliary cathodes to the steel and
accelerate its anodic dissolution, that is, its corrosion.
Magnesium, zinc and zinc-base alloy are nearly always less
noble and tend to divert the attack from the steel to
themselves. The galvanic relationship of various metals is an
important factor affecting corrosion.
Gauge Length Used in the mechanical testing of steel, it is
the length marked on the parallel portion of a tensile test
piece from which the elongation is measured.
Hardness The hardness of steel is generally determined by
testing its resistance to deformation. A number of methods
are employed including Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell. The steel
to be tested is indented by a hardened steel ball or diamond
under a given load and the size of the impression is then
measured. For steel there is an empirical relationship
between hardness and tensile strength and the hardness
number is often used as a guide to the tensile strength, e.g.
229 Brinell = 772N/mm2 (50 tons/sq.in).
Heat In steel making terms this is often used to define the
batch or cast produced from a single melting operation.
Heat Treatment A process where solid steel or components
manufactured from steel are subject to treatment by heating
to obtain required properties, e.g. softening, normalizing,
stress relieving, hardening. Heating for the purpose of hot-
working as in the case of rolling or forging is excluded from
this definition.
Impact Test A test designed to give information on how a
specimen of a known material will respond to a suddenly
applied stress, e.g. shock. The test ascertains whether the
material is tough or brittle. A notched test piece is normally
employed and the two methods in general use are either the
Charpy or Izod test. The result is usually reported as the
energy in ft.lbs. or kJ. required to fracture the test piece.
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Inclusions Usually non-metallic particles contained in metal.
In steel they may consist of simple or complex oxides,
sulphides, silicates and sometimes nitrides of Iron,
Manganese, Silicon, Aluminium and other elements. In general
they are detrimental to mechanical properties but much
depends on the number, their size, shape and distribution.
Ingot The mass of metal that results from casting molten
steel into a mould. An ingot is usually rectangular in shape
and is subsequently rolled into blooms and billets for rods,
bars and sections and slabs for plates, sheet and strip. With
the increasing use of the continuous casting process the
ingot route is less used as the molten steel is now directly
cast into a bloom or billet.
Iron The term iron, as used in the chemical or scientific sense
of the word, refers to the chemical element iron or pure iron
and is the chief constituent of all commercial iron and steel.
Joule A unit of energy. One joule is equal to the energy
expended in one second by one ampere against the
resistance of one ohm. In the mechanical testing of steel it is
the unit used in the Charpy V notch impact test.
Killed Steel The term indicates that the steel has been
completely deoxidised by the addition of an agent such as
Silicon or Aluminium, before casting, so that there is
practically no evolution of gas during solidification. Killed
steels are characterized by a high degree of chemical
homogeneity and freedom from porosity.
Manganese One of the most important constituents of steel
in which it fulfils a number of functions: It acts as a mild de-
oxidizing agent, It combines with the sulphur present to form
globular inclusions of Manganese Sulphide which are
beneficial to machining, and it increases tensile strength and
the hardenability of steel.
Maximum Stress In the testing of the strength of steel a
sample is machined into a standard test piece and is
stretched in a tensile testing machine until it breaks. The
results are expressed in N/mm2 and is the value of the
maximum load reached in the test divided by the original
cross sectional area of the specimen.
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Micron A unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre
(1m).
Microstructure The structure that is observed when a
polished and etched specimen of metal is viewed in an
optical microscope at magnifications in range of
approximately x25 to x1500.
Mn Chemical symbol for Manganese.
Niobium Also known as Columbium. Niobium is a strong
carbide forming element that is added to certain 18/8%
Chromium-Nickel stainless steels as a stabilizer to prevent
inter-granular corrosion arising from welding.
Normalizing A heat treatment process that has the object of
relieving internal stresses, refining the grain size and
improving the mechanical properties. The steel is heated to
800-900C according to analysis, held at temperature to
allow a full soak and cooled in still air.
Orange Peel Effect An effect that arises on the surface of
steel sheets when they are stretched beyond their elastic
limit.
Ore An ore is a material that contains a metal in such
quantities that it can be mined and worked commercially to
extract that metal. The metal is usually contained in chemical
combination with some other element in addition to various
impurities.
Oxidation A common form of chemical reaction which is the
combining of oxygen with various elements and compounds.
The corrosion of metals is a form of oxidation, rust on iron
for example is iron oxide.
Oxy-Acetylene Welding A process for joining two pieces of
metal in which the required high temperature is obtained by
the combustion of acetylene gas and oxygen. The gases are
thoroughly mixed in the nozzle or tip of the welding torch to
ensure perfect combustion. The weld may be formed directly
between two adjoining surfaces, but usually metal from a
welding rod is fused in between the surfaces of the joint.
P Chemical symbol for Phosphorus.
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Phosphorus An element that forms 0.12% of the earth's
crust, chiefly in the form of phosphates. Its presence in steel
is usually regarded as an undesirable impurity due to its
embrittling effect, for this reason its content in most steels is
limited to a maximum of 0.050%.
Pickling A process to chemically remove scale or oxide from
steel to obtain a clean surface. When applied to bars or coils
prior to bright drawing, the steel is immersed in a bath of
dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid heated to a temperature
of around 80C. An inhibitor is added to prevent attack and
pitting of the cleaned metal. After pickling, a washing process
takes place followed by immersion in a lime-water bath to
neutralize any remaining acid. Pickling can be performed
either as a continuous or a batch process.
Pig Iron The product of the blast furnace. The term was
derived from the method of casting the bars of the pig iron in
depressions or moulds formed in the sand floor adjacent to
the furnace. These were connected to a runner (known as a
sow) and when filled with metal the runner and the
numerous smaller moulds were supposed to resemble a litter
of suckling pigs, hence the term pig iron.
Pinch Pass A term applied when, after annealing, sheet or
strip is lightly rolled with the object of preventing stretcher
lines or kinks on subsequent cold working.
Pipe A defect that arises during the solidifying of steel in the
ingot mould. As steel solidifies, it cools, forming a central
cavity forms in the upper portion of the ingot, if this is not
completely removed before rolling into bars a central defect
known as "pipe" results. The risk of piping is considerably
reduced on continuously cast steel due to molten steel being
available to fill any shrinkage cavity.
Proof Stress The stress that will cause a specified small,
permanent extension of a tensile test piece. Commonly the
stress to produce 0.2% extension is quoted in N/mm2 for
steel. This value approximates to the yield stress in materials
not exhibiting a definite yield point.
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Rockwell Hardness Testing A method for testing the
hardness of metals by determining the depth of penetration
of a steel ball or a diamond sphero-conical indentor. The
value is read from a dial and is an arbitrary number related to
the depth of penetration. For testing hard steels, a sphero-
conical diamond is used with a 150 kg load, the result is read
from the black scale on the dial and is prefixed with the
letter C. A hardened tool steel would typically give a reading
of 62Rc. For softer metals Scale B is used with a 1.6mm
diameter steel ball and a standard load of 100kg.
Rolling The process of shaping metal by passing it between
rolls revolving at the same peripheral speed and in opposite
directions. In steel there are a number of different types of
rolling mill for processing the ingot to its finished shape.
These are variously known as Cogging mills, Slabbing mills,
Billet mills, Bar mills and Strip mills, which produce plate,
sections, bars, sheet and strip. Cold rolling of previously hot
rolled strip is carried out to produce strip that is accurate to
size and with a smooth bright polished surface.
S Chemical symbol for Sulphur.
Scale The oxidized surface of steel produced during hot
working, as in rolling, and by exposure to air or steam at
elevated temperature.
Spinning The formation of sheet metal blanks into hollow
circular shapes. This is carried out on a lathe with forming
tools that service to press and shape the metal. Annealing
may be needed during and/or after the operation to remove
the effects of work hardening.
Stainless Steel Can be defined as a group of corrosion
resisting steels containing a minimum 12% chromium and in
which varying amounts of nickel, molybdenum, titanium,
niobium as well as other elements may be present. An
Englishman, Harry Brearley, is generally acknowledged to be
the pioneer who developed stainless steels for commercial use.
Steel Generally defined as a metallic product whose principal
element is iron and where the carbon content is not more
than 2%. (The presence of large quantities of carbide forming
elements may modify the upper limit of the carbon content.)
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Strain Ageing The gradual changes in physical and
mechanical properties, in particular hardness and tensile
strength, which takes place following cold rolling or
deformation. At atmospheric temperatures, this may take
place over a number of weeks but can be accelerated by
heating.
Strain Hardening the loss of ductility and gain in hardness
resulting from strain ageing.
Stress Strain Curve A graph in which stress (load divided by
the original cross sectional area of the test piece) is plotted
against strain (the extension divided by the length over
which it is measured).
Sulphur Generally regarded as an impurity in steel as it can
have detrimental effects on strength, ductility and
weldability as well as producing hot and cold shortness. Its
content in most steels is limited to a maximum of 0.050%.
Sulphur is beneficial to machining and is added to free-
cutting steels in amounts up to 0.35% with the manganese
content increased to overcome any detrimental effects.
Temper A term to which a number of definitions can be
applied. These include: a) The operation of tempering; b) The
degree of hardness left in a steel bar after quenching and
tempering; c) The grading of the hardness of low carbon cold
rolled strip, e.g. Hard, Half Hard, Quarter Hard, Skin Passed,
Soft; d) An indication of the amount of carbon present in a
tool steel, e.g. razor temper, file temper, die temper, etc.
Temper Rolling A light pass given to annealed cold rolled
strip to prevent the formation of kinks and stretcher strain
markings on subsequent cold working. Also termed Pinch
pass and Skin pass.
Tempering A heat treatment applied to ferrous products
after hardening. It consists of heating the steel to some
temperature below the transformation range and holding for
a suitable time at the temperature, followed by cooling at a
suitable rate. The object of tempering is to decrease hardness
and increase toughness to produce the desired combination
of mechanical properties.
84
Tensile Strength The maximum load applied in breaking a
tensile test piece divided by the original cross-sectional area
of the test piece. Originally quoted as tons/sq.in. it is now
measured as Newtons/sq.mm. Also termed Maximum Stress
and Ultimate Tensile Stress.
Tensile Test A standard test piece is gripped at either end by
suitable apparatus in a testing machine which slowly exerts
an axial pull so that the steel is stretched until it breaks. The
test provides information on proof stress, yield point, tensile
strength, elongation and reduction of area.
Tolerances The amount of variation permitted on
dimensions or surfaces. The tolerance is equal to the
difference between the maximum and minimum limits of any
specified dimension.
Toughness The ability of a metal to rapidly distribute within
itself both the stress and strain caused by a suddenly applied
load, or more simply expressed, the ability of a material to
withstand shock loading. It is the exact opposite of
"brittleness" which carries the implication of sudden failure. A
brittle material has little resistance to failure once the elastic
limit has been reached.
Transition Temperature The temperature at which a
transition from ductile to brittle fracture takes place in steel.
It is usually determined by making a series of Charpy impact
tests at various temperatures, the transition temperature is
usually taken as the point where 50% of the fracture is
brittle.
Transverse Strength A measurement of strength when the
load is applied across the longitudinal flow of the grain of a
metal. Certain impurities such as sulphur have a detrimental
effect on the transverse strength. The inclusion modification
process can minimize this.
Transverse Test A test taken at right angles to the principal
direction of rolling or forging.
Ultimate Tensile Strength The highest load applied in
breaking a tensile test piece divided by the original cross-
sectional area of the test piece.
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V Chemical symbol for Vanadium.
Vanadium Steels containing vanadium have a much finer
grain structure than steels of similar composition without
vanadium. It raises the temperature at which grain coarsening
sets in and increases hardenability where it is in solution in
the austenite prior to quenching. It also lessens softening on
tempering and confers secondary hardness on high speed
steels. Vanadium is used in nitriding, heat resisting, tool and
spring steels in conjunction with other alloying elements.
Vickers Hardness Test A method of determining the
hardness of steel whereby a diamond pyramid is pressed into
the polished surface of the specimen and the diagonals of the
impression are measured with a microscope fitted with a
micrometer eye piece. The rate of application and duration
are automatically controlled and the load can be varied.
Welding The process of joining together two pieces of metal
so that bonding accompanied by appreciable inter-atomic
penetration takes place at their original boundary surfaces.
The boundaries more or less disappear at the weld, and
integrating crystals develop across them. Welding is carried
out by the use of heat or pressure or both and with or
without added metal. There are many types of welding
including Metal Arc, Atomic Hydrogen, Submerged Arc,
Resistance Butt, Flash, Spot, Stitch, Stud and Projection.
Work Hardening The increase in hardness and strength
produced by cold plastic deformation or mechanical working.
Yield Point Can be defined as the point where a tensile test
piece begins to extend permanently. If the load is reduced to
zero, the test piece will not return to its original length.
Yield Strength The stress at which general plastic elongation
of the test piece takes place. This point is well defined in
hardened and tempered or annealed structures but can be ill
defined in "as drawn" structures.
Zinc Zinc is a metallic chemical element, it has a white
colour with a bluish tinge. It has a high resistance to
atmospheric corrosion and a major use is as a protective
coating for iron and steel sheet and wire. Galvanised sheets
are a prime example. The melting point of zinc is 419C.
Zn Chemical symbol for Zinc.
86
Useful Conversion Factors
To Convert Multiply by
Centimetres to inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3937

Cubic centimetres to cubic inches. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06103
Cubic feet to cubic metres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02832
Cubic inches to cubic centimetres. . . . . . . . . . . . 16.39
Cubic inches to litres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01639
Cubic metres to cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.32
Cubic metres to cubic yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.308
Cubic yards to cubic metres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7645
Feet to metres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3048
Foot pounds to kilogram metres . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1382
Gallons to litres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.536
Gallons to cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1606
Grains to grams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06480
Grams to pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002205
Inches to centimetres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.540
Inches to millimetres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.40
Kilogram metres to foot pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.233
Kilograms to pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.205
Kilograms to tonnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0009842
Kilos per sq. mm to tons per sq. inch . . . . . . . . . 0.635
Metres to feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.281
Millimetres to inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0394
N/mm2 to tonnes f/in2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06475
Pounds to kilograms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4536
Pounds per foot to kilos per metre . . . . . . . . . . . 1.488
Square centimetres to sq. inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0/1550
Square feet to sq. metres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09290
Square inches to sq. centimetres . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.452
Square metres to sq. feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.76
Temperature conversion:-
C = 5/9 (F 32)
F = (9/5 C) + 32
Tonnes per sq. inch to kilos per sq. mm . . . . . . . 1.575
Tonnes f/in.2 to N/mm2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.444
Tonnes to kilograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016.0
KSI Nmm2 0.145038

Nmm2 - KSI x 0.145038
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NOTES
88
NOTES
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NOTES
90
NOTES
91

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FLAT PRODUCTS BUYERS GUIDE - EDITION 2

ASD metal services

Basic Common Sense Excellent Communications

Q adopting standards of Quality, where everyone works together

There is an economic argument to justify the role of the

The alternative to buying steel from the stockholder

Buying from a stockholder provides savings in capital

Pressing home the advantages of the 'Cost of Possession'

The processing of steel by the stockholder prior to

The extended facilities now offered by the modern

Multi Metal Solutions

Organically Coated Steels

ASD metal services - Stainless & Aluminium

Klckner RP Profiles www.steelglazing.co.uk

The Steel Making & Rolling Process

The molten iron is transferred to a Converter (possibly with a

Mild Steel grades are restricted to 0.25% max. Carbon.

If necessary, further refinement Secondary Steelmaking

In all modern steelworks Continuous Casting facilitates

The Steel Making & Rolling Process

The Steel Making & Rolling Process

Standards & Specifications

Comparision of Current EN and

EUROPE UK FRANCE GERMANY ITALY

1. EN10025:2004 will replace this standard

SPAIN SWEDEN JAPAN USA USA

UNE 36-086/11 - JIS G3131 ASTM SAE

UNE 36-080/11 SIS JIS G3101 ASTM -

UNE 36-086 SIS JIS G3141 ASTM SAE

UNE 36-310 SIS JIS G3302 ASTM -

UNE 36-310 SIS JIS G3302 ASTM A446 -

Grades shown relate to substrate quality only. Please refer to

BS EN 10113-2:1993 Hot Rolled Products in Weldable Fine

List of Corresponding Former Designations

BS EN 10111:1998 Continuously Hot Rolled DD11

BS EN 10149-2:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products S315MC

BS EN 10149-3:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products S260NC

List of Corresponding Former Designations

BS 1449:1.2:1991 HR3 BS 1449:Part 1:1983 HR4

BS 1449:1.4:1991 43F35 BS 1449:Part 1:1983 43F35

BS 1449:1.4:1991 - BS 1449:Part 1:1983 -

Hot Rolled Specifications

Standard BS EN 10025 1993

Tensile 430-580 (<3.0mm thick) 510-680 (<3.0mm thick)

(!2.0<8.0 (!2.0<8.0 (!2.0<8.0 (!2.0<8.0

For full details please consult the relevant Standard.

Hot Rolled Stock Range

Sheet & PlateI

2000 2500 3000 3050 3660 4000

DD11 (equivalent to HR3/HR4)

Sheet & PlateImperial size Metric size

DD11 (equivalent to HR3/HR4)

Hot Rolled Stock Range

mm 1000 1250 1500 1750 1830

S275 or S275JR (equivalent to Fe430A/43A or Fe430B/43B)

Abrasion Resistant Steel

Some sizes available shotblasted and painted. Please enquire

To BS EN 10155:1993, being replaced by BS EN 10025-5:2004

Please enquire for non-standard size and/or grade

Cold Reduced Specifications

Standard BS EN 10130 1999

C 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.020

Strength 270-410 270-370 270-350 270-330 270-350