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White Paper

Improving UMTS and HSDPA


Coverage 5-Fold
with Inward-Facing Cells in a Simulcast Architecture
UMTS and HSDPA are the preferred services in many markets, but
challenges with interference and isolation among the RF cells are
reducing bandwidth and coverage in dense areas and inside buildings.
This paper proposes a supplemental UMTS/HSDPA network architecture
that cost-effectively improves service by increasing isolation to reduce
interference while increasing data speed bandwidth and coverage.
Therefore improving network efficiency and reducing mobile operator
production costs.

Interference and Isolation Issues


UMTS and HSDPA are noise-sensitive systems. The data speed delivered is directly related to
the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Every cell in a UMTS/HSDPA network uses the same frequency
and signals from different cells overlap, collide, and interfere with one another. This interference
is due to a lack of cell isolation. This phenomenon reduces data speeds and decreases network
capacity, since it causes inter-cell interference in the overlapping areas (Figure 1).

Overlap Overlap Overlap Overlap Overlap

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 7 Cell 8

Micro SC5
Micro SC4
Micro SC5

Micro SC6
Micro SC7

Micro SC9
Micro SC1
Micro SC3

RNC

Figure 1: Frequency overlap in traditional UMTS/HSDPA networks.

The overlap issue impacts mobile operators ability to deliver service in urban core areas and
inside of buildings, where broadband users rely on service most. Subscribers opt for UMTS/
HSDPA to gain the benefits of high-speed broadband. Unfortunately, lack of isolation limits
network bandwidth No inIBdensely-populatedareas.
Coverage Partial IB Coverage Full IB Macro Coverage Macro

Signal Attenuation
Quality of Service: Good

Signals at UMTS/HSDPA frequencies attenuate quickly due to their high frequency, making it
a challenge
N1 to penetrateN2buildings. In fact,
N2 buildings N3present several
N3 key challenges
N1 in terms of

coverage from traditional macronetworks:


Overlap Overlap Overlap Overlap Overlap

High penetration losses as signals pass through building walls they attenuate very quickly,
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 7 Cell 8

making it nearly impossible to provide


Full IBadequate service
Coverage Street DAS in interior areas of many buildings
and Macro

(Figure 2). Node Location


Micro SC5
Micro SC4
Micro SC5

Micro SC6
Micro SC7

Micro SC9
Micro SC1
Micro SC3

High power load per user due to poor signal quality, user devices must operate at maximum
power to maximize
Quality of Service:Good connectivity,
Adequate thereby reducing
Poor mobile batterylife.
Adequate Good

RNC

Macro Macro

No IB Coverage Partial IB Coverage Full IB Macro Coverage Macro

Quality of Service: Good 78 GHz link 3-5 km


Figure 2: Signal attenuation limits penetration of macro network signals inside buildings. MMW Link, radio and antenna

GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM


Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Cell A Cell B UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS

DCS DCS DCS DCS DCS DCS


Antenna 1 Antenna 2
N1 N2 2 N2 N3 Free N3
Free Free FreeN1 Free Free
Mast

Host BS
78 GHz link 3-5 km

MMW Link, radio and antenna

GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote
Cell A Cell B UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS

A drain in overall
AntennaUMTS
1 Antennanetwork
2 capacity dense user-communities
DCS DCS
inside
DCS
buildings
DCS
will
DCS
exhaust DCS

Free Free Free Free Free Free

much of the macro networks power and capacity for a given area, limiting the ability of mobile

Mast
operators to serve others
Free space isolation in the cell sitevicinity.
on-street
Host BS
50 dB
Base Station Hotel
40 dB

Lack
20 dB of single cell dominance and large soft handover (SHO) zones at the edges of cells most
30 dB Band or sector - 1

Band or sector - 2

urban areas are covered by more than one UMTS cell, so user devices hunt from cell to cell.BandThis
10 dB
or sector - 3
50 m 40 m 30 m 20 m 10 m 0m 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m

limits HSDPA performance, degrades network capacity, and limits the business case for mobile
Band or sector - 4

FPO
GSM

operators. When covering indoor users from the macro layer, user devices DCSmay see more than
UMTS

one serving cells inside the building (Figure 3). As a result,Hostuser


19" connection speeds wont likely Prism Outdoor Unit, Tri-ba

exceed 360Kbps despite a strong ambient signal level.

Cell Areas Cell Areas


Cell A <7 dB
Cell B >7 dB

No Deg
Dom rade
inan Cell A d HS Cell A
t DPA

Cell B Cell B

Figure 3: Two adjacent cells are providing high signal levels inside the building,
but the lack of isolation will give relatively slow data service.

The most effective solution for in-building coverage would be an indoor distributed antenna
system (DAS). An in-building DAS would establish one signal source that would be far stronger
than any coming from the macro network, and it could cover every area of a building (including
underground facilities) with equal signal strength. However the cost of outfitting every building
with an in-building DAS can be prohibitive. This is why service providers are exploring the use of
micro cells, which can penetrate buildings if they are close enough to them.

However, while micro cells can raise the signal used to cover outdoor or in-building areas, they
dont solve the isolation problem because of overlapping areas between cells. In the overlapping
areas, the data speed on HSDPA will be reduced, and UMTS mobiles will load the network with
soft handover (SHO) taking up recourses in more cells for the same call.

The key culprits here are SHO loading, which cannibalizes UMTS capacity, and signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) degradation, which reduces data speeds.

Finding the Right Solution


These features offer several advantages for the mobile operators:
Small footprint means limited hardware impact on-site for easy zoning and fast deployment

Remote antennas support centralized base station hotels, which reduce CAPEX and OPEX

Simulcast functionality

Adjustable digital delay to individual remotes

Digital distribution, to eliminate signal degradation over distance and up to 26 dB of loss

High-quality signals for voice QoS and high data speed

Flexible topology: SMF star or daisy chain

Ability to use MMW radio links when fiber is difficult or impossible

Support for GSM, DCS, UMTS, HSPA, WiMAX, and LTEtechnology

BTS interface supporting digitized RF and OBSAI/CPRI

These features make the Prism product unique in the industry. Its digital transport over fiber,
delivers a very sturdy optical link budget, and the digital transmission enables the system to
adjust the delay of the signals to individual remotes, thus improving cell isolation and the data
performance in the network.

3
Improving Performance with Digital Simulcast
The key to using micro cells without interference issues is to improve isolation between the cells.
By limiting the area in which cells overlap and providing maximum isolation between cells,
we can significantly improved SNR, minimize interference in the network, maximize network
utilization, and improve data performance on both uplink and downlink paths. These problems can
Macro
be solved with better RF network design and with Prism remote heads that support simulcast and
adjustable digital delay features.

To isolate cells, mount the RF nodes back-to-back on the same mast (Figure 5). This creates a
minimum of 50 dB isolation between cells far more than the 7 db found in traditional
macro deployments.

With the isolation provided by this back-to-back antenna configuration, it is possible to deliver
near 100 percent HSDPA coverage using the following advanced performance features:

GSM

Prism Remote
Cell A Cell B UMTS

DCS
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Free

Mast
Overlap Overlap Overlap Overlap Overlap

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6 Cell 7 Cell 8


Free space isolation on-street
50 dB
40 dB
30 dB

Micro SC5
Micro SC4
Micro SC5

Micro SC6
Micro SC7

Micro SC9
Micro SC1
Micro SC3

20 dB
10 dB

50 m 40 m 30 m 20 m 10 m 0m 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m RNC

Figure 5: Cell isolation with back-to-back antennas.

Simulcast broadcasting simultaneous signals through each of the back-to-back antennas,


offset in time

Adjustable delay adding one chip (0.26 S) of delay to one of the back-to-back antennasMacro
No IB Coverage Partial IB Coverage Full IB Macro Coverage

Rake Receiver in the mobile and base station A Rake Receiver that can receive as many as three
Quality signals CellisGood
of Service: from the same source, as long as there Areas
more than one chip delay between signals.
Cellmobile
By deploying cells facing inward and simulcasting A operators can significantly improve
outdoor and indoor coverage with minimal SHO Cell B maximum HSDPA performance
load,
N1 N2 N2 N3 N3 N1
(increasing it from approximately 15 percent utilization to 98 percent utilization), higher capacity,
and higher revenues. The impact on in-building deployments is shown in Figure 6.
No
Dom
New Architecture for New Challenges
inan
t
Full IB Coverage Street DAS and Macro
Node Location
Cell A

Quality of Service: Good Adequate Poor Adequate Good

Cell B Ce

Macro Macro

Figure 6: Traditional cellular architecture degradation due to distance and shadowing.

78 GHz link 3-5 km

MMW Link, radio and antenna

GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM


Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Cell A Cell B UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS UMT

DCS DCS DCS DCS DCS DCS

4
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Free Free Free Free Free Free
Mast

Host
RNC

Wireless service providers must find ways to optimize high performance UMTS/HSDPA
broadband service to fully maximize their investments and deliver the quality of service users
demand. Success will require new architecture thinking that goes beyond traditional macro cell
and micro cell coverage. This architecture using remote RF nodes provides high isolation between
cells, limits cell overlap, delivers the highest data rates, and optimizes network utilization to
deliver best-in-class performance for a more profitable business.

No IB Coverage Partial IB Coverage Full IB Macro Coverage Macro

Quality of Service: Good

N1 N2 N2 N3 N3 N1

Full IB Coverage Street DAS and Macro


Node Location

Figure 7: Minimizing HSDPA degredation by increased isolation.

Quality of Service: Good Adequate Poor Adequate Good

Macro Macro

78 GHz

MMW Link, ra

GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM


Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote

Prism Remote
Cell A Cell B UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS UMTS

CommScope (NASDAQ: Antenna 1


COMM) helps companies around
Antenna 2
DCS the DCS
world design,
DCS build
DCS DCS

and manage their wired and wireless networks. Our network Free
infrastructure
Free
solutions
Free
help
Free Free
Mast

customers increase bandwidth; maximize existing capacity; improve network performance


Host BS
and availability; increase energy efficiency; and simplify technology migration. You will findBase Station Hotel
Free space isolation on-street
50 dB
40 dB
our solutions
30 dB in the largest buildings, venues and outdoor spaces; in data centers and buildings Band or sector

of all 10shapes, sizes and complexity; at wireless cell sites and in cable headends; and in airports,
20 dB
Band or sector
dB

trains, and50 m 40 mtunnels.20 m Vital networks10 m 20 m around


30 m 40 m the
50 m world run on CommScope solutions.
Band or sector
30 m 10 m 0m
Band or sector

FPO
GSM

UMTS

DCS

Host 19"

Cell Areas Cell Areas


Cell A <7 dB
Cell B >7 dB

Deg
www.commscope.com No
Dom
inan
rade
d HS
t Cell A DPA Cell A
Visit our website or contact your local CommScope representative for more information.

2015 CommScope, Inc. All rights reserved.


All trademarks identified by or are registered trademarks or trademarks, respectively, of CommScope, Inc.
This document is for planning purposes only and is not intended to modify or supplement any specifications or warranties relating to CommScope products or services.
WP-107655.2-AE (11/15)
Cell B Cell B

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