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(shorter version)
John Stuart Mill, "On Liberty of Thought and Discussion"
(shorter version)
2. How does Mill answer the argument that we can forbid discussion
because we must act on the basis of the knowledge that we have?
3. How does he deal with the argument that although some opinions
are untrue, they are socially valuable and should be protected?
12. What example does he use of a once powerful series of beliefs now
held by rote?
13. Does Mill believe there will be doctrines which will not be
disputed? Is his belief that the number of uncontested opinions will
increase consistent with his earlier comments on the need for freedom
of discussion?
14. What features does Mill feel are lacking from contemporary
education?
15. What are features of Christian ethics which seem limiting to Mill?
16. How does he answer those who would only permit temperate
discussion?
17. Are there any defenses of free discussion which Mill has omitted?
Longer version
Introduction
Mill was a chief adminstrator of the East India Company; the author
of treatises on a wide range of subjects in psychology, logic, religious
thought, and politics; a lifelong journalist and essayst; the editor of
the Westminister Review; a member of Parliament; and the author of
the first bill for women's suffrage. His Autobiography, considered
perhaps the finest example of a Victorian intelletual autobiography
and a model for its genre, repesents a psycholgicaly acute and
introspective explanation of the genesis, internal tensions, and
personal limitations which both activated and constricted his
intellectual preoccupations and achievements.
At least in 1859, what did Mill see as the chief threat to political liberty
in the nineteenth century?
--the popular will, lack of restraints to majority control, 5, 15; the
"self-government" spoken of is not the goerment of each by himself
but each by all the rest.
[It has been estimated that in 1859 about 5% of adult persons could
vote in Britain (as a result of the Reform Bill of 1832); in 1867 about
10% of adults could vote.]
According to Mill, in what ways does the majority enforce its opinion
other than through civil laws?
Do you think Mill's fears were valid for their time? (during the early
and mid-Victorian period, restrictions on plots were imposed by
Mudie's Circulating Library; religious restrictions limited enrollment
and teaching at Oxford and Cambridge; severe restrictions limited
female occupations and property ownership)
Does Mill feel British religious tolerance is a good sign for the future?
--when these would harm others or society, 11; cannot legislate for an
individual's alleged own good
--12, bear share in the common defense; give evidence in court; save a
fellow creature's life; protect the defenseless
What rights of the individual does Mill have in mind beside political
liberties?
--13 domain of conscience and liberty of opinion; expression of
opinion; liberty of tastes and pursuits; liberty of combination and
association
How does Mill answer the argument that we can forbid discussion
because we must act on the basis of the knowledge that we have?
--must keep issues open, only by keeping a doctrine open to debate can
we render it true, 20
How does he deal with the argument that some opinions are not true
but socially valuable, and should therefore be protected?
Why does Mill choose beliefs concerning God and a future state as test
cases for discussion of opnion? Does this choice make his argument
more or less persuasive? For the Victorian period, these would have
been the most significant issues, 24, and would have been at the
forefront of everyone's mind.
--it is an irony that those who were persecuted are now persecuting
others
How does he answer the argument that truth will survive persecution
anyway?
--28, 29, also this is untrue; truth has been successfully suppressed
What is Mill's argument against the denial of the right to give legal
evidence to those who will not profess belief in a god?
--only atheists who will lie are permited civil liberties, 30-31
When the issue concerns him, Mill takes legal penalties seriously--
doubtless he suffered from prejudice against agnostics.
What does Mill believe are British attitudes toward those with
heretical opinions?
--even error can add to truth: "Truth gains more even by the errors of
one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by
the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not
suffer themselves to think," 33.
--truth must be discussed to form a living dogma, 34-35 [this had been
mentioned earlier, p. 20]; "truth held in ignorance is but one
superstition the more," 35
--all except mathematical truths admit of more than one opinion, 36--
even here, 20th-21st century science and mathemathics admits the
possibilty of multiple universes
--one cannot really know one's own case until one knows the other
side, 37; one must hear the opposition speak persuasively; if good
opponents don't exist, one will even have to imagine their arguments
--Christianity, 39-41
--dry irony, 41
Does Mill believe there will be doctrines which will not be disputed? Is
his belief that the number of uncontested doctrines wil increase
consistent with his earlier comments on freedom of discussion? 42
How does Mill answer those who would only permit temperate or
moderate discusson? 651
Are there any defenses of free discussion which in your view Mill has
omitted?
--necessary for choice, 55; choice itself a necessary mental and moral
activity, 55
--genius needs freedom, the few original minds are the salt of the
earth, 61
Mill here exhibits the standard 19th century liberal fear of the
"mob"--the masses will sink to the lowest common denominator of
activity. He is unable to see any creative potential in group social
interaction, only tyranny. As his Autobiography shows, he himself often
collaborated with and benefited from the efforts of other like-minded
young men, but these collectivities were small.
4. What does Mill see as the dominant character of the time, and what
is needed to counteract this?
6. Also with his mistrust of collective groups, Mill conveys a real sense
of the value of individual mental achievement.
In the 19th century many were deprived of the right to will their
estates by religious nonconformity, and at least in some places, a
person declared officially "insane" lost all right to the disposition of
their property. Annie Besant lost her right to her children because she
was an atheist.
Are these issues ever the focus of civil libertarian dispute today?
--conformity, 67
14. According to Mill, what has prevented Europe from following the
Chinese example?
--68 variety
15. What kinds of social pressure and recent forms of Victorian change
does his argument seem to reflect?
Society can enforce that each indivdual bear his/her share of the
common good. (includes conscription)
1. Should humans promote each other's welfare? (70-71) Yes, but can't
enforce their recommendation
10. What seems to have been Mill's attitude toward the goals and
practices of trades unionism?
Here Mill seems to accept the view of the manufacturing classes, that
unions were a violation of [their] liberty to give wages of their choice.
11. How might Victorian trade union leaders have countered these
claims? What would Mill and Morris have thought of these views?
Had he lived today, what do you think Mill might have felt about
What are some other issues of government control vs. individual rights
which are debated today?
V. "Applications"
In this chapter Mill gives many specific examples of issues, then argues
whether or not regulation inhibits individual liberty. Each example
illustrates a different balance between social and individual rights so
that a different determining argument is needed.
He cites Maine and and Opium Laws as restrictions on the buyer. How
may Mill's employment at the East India Company have influenced
his views on "free trade"?
These same debates have been advanced recently in the United States
on the issues of gun control and banning of concealed weapons;
alcoholism; and smoking in public places.
Can one penalize those who commit violence under the influence of
drink and forbid future drunkenness? 90
On page 93, does he seem to contradict his earlier claim that one
should not raise the price of noxious substances?
--Since the state needs revenue, it should be taken from sources where
least harm will be done; and food is more necessary than alcohol.
Mill also doesn't address the issue of the use of pubs as gathering
places for working men; the effect of restrictions on the entrance of
women and children into pubs, etc.
He's not sure about the issue of serving as a pimp or keeping a gaming
house, 92, that is, of penalizing the soliciting of others, but feels that
these activities should probably be restricted. This is essentially the
attitude taken by present laws. He also sees wrong in fineing the
procurer but not the fornicator, an attack on the double standard in
punishing prostitutes but not their clients.
What do you think he would have felt about restricting the selling of
cocaine or heroin? Of restricting their use? Of imprisoning violators?
Do you think Mill would have approved of modern divorce laws? (i. e.,
no-fault divorce, attention to children's rights during separation)
--97, yes, and in cases where the parent won't educate the child, the
state can provide education in certified schools and force the parent to
pay for it. [resembles our present system, whereby public schools are
supported by taxation; education is compulsory to age 16]
What do you think Mill might have felt about the rights of the Amish
and others to preserve their separate culture?
Why are volunatry associations generally the best, in Mill's view? 102
What should be the function of the state in promoting the voluntary
effort of individuals?
Can you see any comparisons between Mill's views and Ruskin's
notions of the gothic?
--Both believe that the worth of the nation or state is that of the
individuals who compose it; man is not a machine, a cog, in a larger
effort; humans should learn not to obey but to think and to feel.
What are some of the final meanings and principles of Mill's treatise?
--His critics have charged that his system ignores the rights of society
or social obligations, which seems inaccurate. Probably those who
most trust the state--from both right and left--have tended to dislike
him. Opinions differ on whether he should be seen as primarily a
democrat--that is, an affirmer of democratic individualism against the
power of the state and enforced convention--or a libertarian skeptical
of the power of masses and groups.
Study Questions
http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/mill-a-bibliographical-essay-by-john-gray
http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlLbty5.html