INDIA

Cross Cultural Communication End

Term Assignment ; EPGDIM09-11

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10,000 year old ancient civilization

325 languages spoken – 1,652 dialects

3.28 million sq. kilometers - Area

7,516 kilometers - Coastline

1.3 Billion population.

5600 dailies, 15000 weeklies and 20000 periodicals in 21
languages with a combined circulation of 142 million.

GDP $576 Billion. (GDP rate 8%)

Parliamentary form of Government

Worlds largest democracy.

Worlds 4th largest economy.

World
World--class recognition in IT, bio
bio--technology and space.

Largest English speaking nation in the world.

3rd largest standing army force, over 1.5Million strong.

2nd largest pool of scientists and engineers in the World.
(per capita numbers are lower because it is a continental country)
 Dimensions of National Culture

• Power Distance
• Individualism vs. Collectivism
• Masculinity vs. Femininity
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Confucian Dynamism (Long-term
orientation vs. Short-term orientation)

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 Power Distance
Large Power Distance Small Power Distance
• Employees afraid of • Approach and
bosses challenge bosses
• Depend on their • Bosses consult with
bosses staff
• Large emotional • Small emotional
distance distance

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 Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism
• Interests of the
individual outweigh
the interests of the
group
• Individual is
independent
• One must look after
himself/herself
Collectivism
• Interests of the group
outweigh the interests
of the individual
• Group is one’s
identity
• Group=protection

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 Individualism vs. Collectivism
(Ranking)
Individualism Collectivism
• Personal time • Training
• Freedom • Physical conditions
• Challenge • Use of skills

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 Masculinity vs. Femininity
Masculinity
• Social gender roles are
defined
• Men are assertive &
tough
• Women are modest &
concerned with quality of
life
• High difference between
the genders
Femininity
• Social gender roles
overlap
• Men and women are both
modest & concerned with
quality of life
• Little difference between
genders

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 Masculinity vs. Femininity
(Ranking)
Masculinity Femininity
• Earnings • Manager
• Recognition • Cooperation
• Advancement • Living area
• Challenge • Employment security

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 Uncertainty Avoidance
• Strong uncertainty avoidance vs. Weak
uncertainty avoidance
• Uncertainty avoidance ≠ Risk avoidance
• Unique coping mechanisms
• Stress among men and women

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 Confucian Dynamism
long-term vs. short-term orientation
• 5th dimension revealed through another
study- Chinese value survey (CVS)
• Administered to 100 students in 23
countries
• Findings of study
• Related to economic growth

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 Confucian Dynamism (Ratings)
Long-term orientation
• Persistence
• Ordering relationships by
status and observing this
order
• Thrift
• Having a sense of shame
• =High economic growth
Short-term orientation
• Personal steadiness and
stability
• Protecting one’s “face”
• Respect for tradition
• Reciprocation of
greetings, favors, and
gifts
• =Less economic growth

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Ratings on Singapore Culture

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Ratings of Asian Countries

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Average Ratings of World

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 Indian Rating: Culture
Country PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO
USA 40 91 62 46 29
INDIA 77 48 56 40 61
CHINA 80 20 66 40 118
JAPAN 54 46 95 92 80
SINGAPORE 74 20 48 8 48

Indian culture is a High Context Culture

There is an obvious fear towards the persons in power
This Power Distance score for India indicates a high level of inequality of
power and wealth within the society
The family values are very strong- Collectivism
India's Long Term Orientation (LTO) Dimension rank is 61, with the world
average at 48. A higher LTO score can be indicative of a culture that is
perseverant

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 Globalization Index contd..
• Data are calculated on a yearly basis. However, not all data are available for
all countries and all years. In calculating the indices, all variables are
linearly interpolated before applying the weighting procedure. Instead of
linear extrapolation, missing values at the border of the sample are
substituted by the latest data available.8 When data are missing over the
entire sample period, the weights are readjusted to correct for this. When
observations with value zero do not represent missing data, they enter the
index with weight zero. Data for sub-indices and the overall index of
globalization are not calculated, if they rely on a small range of variables in
a specific year and country. Observations for the index are reported as
missing if more than 40 percent of the underlying data are missing or at
least two out of the three sub-indices can not be calculated. The indices on
economic, social and political globalization as well as the overall index are
calculated employing the weighted individual data series instead of using
the aggregated lower-level globalization indices. This has the advantage
that data enter the higher levels of the index even if the value of a sub-index
is not reported due to missing data.
References
• Clark, William C., 2000, Environmental Globalization, in: Joseph S. Nye and John D. Donahue (eds.), Governance in a Globalizing World, Brookings Institution Press,
Washington, D.C.: 86-108.
• Dreher, Axel, 2006, Does Globalization Affect Growth? Evidence from a new Index of Globalization, Applied Economics 38, 10: 1091-1110.
• Dreher, Axel; Noel Gaston and Pim Martens, 2008, Measuring Globalization - Gauging its Consequence, New York: Springer.
• World Bank (2008), World
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2009 KOF Index of Globalization
Globalization Index Factors
Indices and Variables Weights
A. Economic Globalization [38%] B. Social Globalization [39%]
i) Actual Flows (50%) i) Data on Personal Contact (34%)
Trade (percent of GDP) (19%) Telephone Traffic (26%)
Foreign Direct Investment, flows (percent of GDP) (20%) Transfers (percent of GDP) (3%)
Foreign Direct Investment, stocks (percent of GDP) (23%) International Tourism (26%)
Portfolio Investment (percent of GDP) (17%) Foreign Population (percent of total population)
(20%)
Income Payments to Foreign Nationals (percent of GDP) (21%) International letters (per capita) (26%)
ii) Restrictions (50%)
Hidden Import Barriers (21%) ii) Data on Information Flows (34%)
Mean Tariff Rate (29%) Internet Users (per 1000 people) (36%)
Taxes on International Trade (percent of current revenue)
(25%) Television (per 1000 people) (36%)
Capital Account Restrictions (25%) Trade in Newspapers (percent of GDP) (28%)

iii) Data on Cultural Proximity (32%)

Number of McDonald's Restaurants (per capita)
(37%)
Number of Ikea (per capita) (39%)
Trade in books (percent of GDP) (24%)
C. Political Globalization [23%]
Embassies in Country (25%)
Membership in International Organizations (28%)
Participation in U.N. Security Council Missions (22%)
International Treaties (25%)
Source:
Dreher, Axel, 2006, Does Globalizat ion Aff ect Growth?
Empirical Evidence from a new Index, Applied Economics 38, 10: 1091-1110.
Dreher, Axel; Noel Gaston and Pim M artens, 2008, M easuring Globalization
- Gauging it s Consequence , New York: Springer.
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 Globalization Index: Comparison
Social
Economic Globalizatio Personal Information Cultural Political Overall Globalization
Globalization Actual FlowsRestrictions n Contact Flows Proximity Globalization Index
Country Year a ai aii b bi bii biii c index
China 2006 60.5 52.8 68.2 43.5 19.4 65.6 45.5 86.4 59.8
India 2006 44.8 40.4 49.3 33.9 13.3 49.4 42.9 91.7 51.4
Japan 2006 53.2 28.7 77.8 58.4 45.1 76.2 53.5 89.4 63.5
Singapore 2006 96.7 98.6 94.7 90.6 92.9 91.8 87.0 51.9 84.1
United States 2006 67.6 49.8 85.3 70.9 67.2 81.5 63.4 94.0 74.9

• Singapore has Over all GLOBALIZATION INDEX of 84.1 which is even

higher than that of USA.
• India is catching up in certain areas with kind of social and economical
developments happening around
• 81% % population in India is Hindu, followed by 12% of Muslims, 2% Christian
And 5% rest of religions like Buddhists, Jains etc.
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 Practical Usage
Behavior
• The head is considered the seat of the soul. Never touch someone else’s head, not even to pat
the hair of a child.
• Beckoning someone with the palm up and wagging one finger can be construed as in insult.
Standing with your hands on your hips will be interpreted as an angry, aggressive posture.
• Whistling is impolite and winking may be interpreted as either an insult or a sexual proposition.
• Never point your feet at a person. Feet are considered unclean. If your shoes or feet touch
another person, apologize.
• Gifts are not opened in the presence of the giver. If you receive a wrapped gift, set it aside until
the giver leaves.
• Business lunches are preferred to dinners. Hindus do not eat beef and Muslims do not eat pork.

Communications
• There are more than fourteen major and three hundred minor languages spoken in India. The
official languages are English and Hindi. English is widely used in business, politics and
education.
• The word "no" has harsh implications in India. Evasive refusals are more common, and are
considered more polite. Never directly refuse an invitation, a vague "I’ll try" is an acceptable
refusal.
• Do not thank your hosts at the end of a meal. "Thank you" is considered a form of payment and
therefore insulting.
• Titles are very important. Always use professional titles.

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 MOHIT GAUR
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 India
It is the only society in the world
which has never known slavery.

India never invaded any country in her

last 10,000 years of history.

India was the richest country on Earth until the

time of the British in the early 17th Century

It has been estimated that the total amount of treasure that the British looted
from India had already reached £1,000,000,000 (£1Billion) by 1901.
Taking into consideration interest rates and inflation this would be worth close
to $1,000,000,000,000 ($1Trillion) in real-terms today.

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A Brief History of Time
Vedic Civilization
Indus & Saraswati Civilizations
Rise of Jainism and Buddhism
Mauryan Period
Golden Age of Indian Arts & Sciences
Muslim Invasions
The Mughal Empire
Portuguese Invasion
The British East-India Company
The British Empire
India's Freedom Struggle
Independence
Modern India 2020 Vision

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 India
• India invented the Number System.
Zero was invented by Aryabhatta. The
place value system, the decimal system
was developed in India in 100 BC.
• Aryabhatta was the first to explain
spherical shape, size ,diameter, rotation
and correct speed of Earth in 499 AD.
• The World's first university was
established in Takshila in 700 BC.
Students from all over the World
studied more than 60 subjects.
• The University of Nalanda built in the
4th century was one of the greatest
achievements of ancient India in the
field of education.
• Sanskrit is considered the mother of all
higher languages. Sanskrit is the most
precise, and therefore suitable
language for computer software - a
report in Forbes magazine, July 1987.
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• Ayurveda is the earliest school of
medicine known to humans. Charaka, the
father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda
2500 years ago.
• Today Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful
place in civilization.
• Christopher Columbus was attracted
India's wealth and was looking for route to
India when he discovered the American
continent by mistake.
• The art of Navigation was born in the river
Sindh 6000 years ago. The word
‘Navigation’ is derived from the Sanskrit
word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also
derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.
• In Siddhanta Siromani (Bhuvanakosam 6)
Bhaskaracharya II described about
gravity of earth about 400 years before Sir
Isaac Newton. He also had some clear
notions on differential calculus, and the
Theory of Continued Fraction.
 Sanskrit (संकृत )
Sanskrit was the classical language of India, older than Hebrew and Latin
It is the oldest, most scientific, systematic language in the world, and may be considered the mother of all
languages. It became the language of all educated people in India and in the countries that were influenced by
India.
A comparison
Sanskrit word English word Russian Word
matar mother math
pitar father papa
bhratar brother brath
svasar sister sestra
gyaamti geometry geometri
trikonamiti trigonometry trigonometri
dvaar door dver
sarkara sugar sakhar
mushika mouse muishka

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 India

The value of "pi" was first calculated
by Boudhayana, and he explained
the concept of what is known as the
Pythagorean Theorem. He
discovered this in the 6th century
long before the European
mathematicians. This was ‘validated’
by British scholars in 1999.

Algebra, trigonometry and
calculus came from India. Quadratic
equations were propounded by
Sridharacharya in the 11th century.

The largest numbers the Greeks and
the Romans used were 106 whereas
Hindus used numbers as big as 1053
with specific names as early as 5000
BC during the Vedic period. Even
today, the largest used number is
Tera: 1012.
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Maharshi Sushruta is the father of
surgery. 2600 years ago he and
health scientists of his time
conducted complicated surgeries
like caesareans, cataract, artificial
limbs, fractures, urinary stones and
even plastic surgery.

Usage of anaesthesia was well
known in ancient India. Over 125
surgical equipments were used.

Detailed knowledge of anatomy,
physiology, aetiology, embryology,
digestion, metabolism, genetics and
immunity is also found in many
texts.

When many cultures were only
nomadic forest dwellers over 5000
years ago, Indians established
Harappan culture in the Sindhu
Valley Civilization.
 India: Present

India is among six countries that launch
satellites and do so even for Germany,
Belgium, South Korea, Singapore and
EU countries.

India's INSAT is among the world's
largest
domestic satellite communication
systems.

India’s Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle (GSLV) was
indigenously manufactured with most
of the components like motor cases,
inter-stages, heat shield, cryogenic
engine, electronic modules all
manufactured by public and private
Indian industry.

Kalpana Chawla was one of the seven
astronauts in the Columbia space
shuttle when it
disintegrated over Texas skies just 16
minutesbefore its scheduled landing on
Feb 1st 2003, she was the second
Indian in space. MOHIT GAUR
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Back in 1968, India imported 9M tonnes
of food-grains to support its people,
through a grand programme of national
self-sufficiency which started in 1971,
today, it now has a food grain surplus
stock of 60M.

India is among the 3 countries in the
World that have built Supercomputers on
their own. The other two countries being
USA and Japan.

India built its own Supercomputer after
the USA denied India purchasing a Cray
computer back in 1987.

India’s new ‘PARAM Padma’ Terascale
Supercomputer (1 Trillion processes per
sec.) is also amongst only 4 nations in
the world to have this capability.

India is providing aid to 11 countries,
writing-off their debt and loaning the IMF
$300M.
 Bill Gates, Chairman and Chief Software
Architect Microsoft Corporation
(b-1955):
Gates emphasized that India had emerged as a major global IT
hub not because of the availability of low-cost skills, as many
believe. Rather, it had more to do with the ''quality'' and ''world-
class skills'' to be found in India, he said. ''The key is the
quality of the human talent here. When people do software
projects in India, they do so because this is the place they can
find people with the latest skills. It is not on the (cheap) price (of
labor),'' he was quoted as saying by The Times of India
newspaper. Gates had high praise for the ''quality of
educational institutions which could make India into an IT
superpower.'’ September 19, 2000.
http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/BI19Df01.html

.”

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 India: Technology Superpower

Over 100 MNCs have set up R&D facilities in India in the past five
years. These include GE, Bell Labs, Du Pont, Daimler Chrysler, Eli
Lilly, Intel, Monsanto, Texas Instruments, Caterpillar, Cummins, GM,
Microsoft and IBM.

India’s telecom infrastructure between Chennai, Mumbai and

Singapore, provides the largest bandwidth capacity in the
world, with well over 8.5 Terabits (8.5Tbs) per second.

With more than 250 universities, 1,500 research institutions and

10,428 higher-education institutes, India produces 200,000
engineering graduates and another 300,000 technically trained
graduates every year. (note: per capita numbers are lower in comparison with
first world, Russia and Israel, indicating India should increase the number of
educational institutions and educational opportunities to its 1.3 billion population)

Besides, another 2 million graduate in other areas in India

annually.

The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) is among the top three

universities from whichMOHIT GAUR & Company, the world's
McKinsey
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biggest consulting firm, hires most.
 Mahatma Gandhi
(1869-1948):

Gandhi was once asked what he thought about Western Civilization. His
response was: "I think it would be a good idea.”
"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its
animals are treated.“
“You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the
ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty.”
“The only devils in this world are those running around inside our own hearts, and
that is where all our battles should be fought.”
“If all Christians acted like Christ, the whole world would be Christian.”
“Woman, I hold, is the personification of self-sacrifice, but unfortunately today she
does not realize what tremendous advantage she has over man.”
“Indians, will stagger humanity without shedding a drop of blood.”
“AnMOHIT
eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.”
GAUR
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Future
 Goldman Sachs Report of 1 October, 2003 –
"Dreaming with BRICs: The path to 2050"

India's GDP will reach $ 1 trillion by 2011,

$ 2 trillion by 2020,
$ 3 trillion by 2025,
$ 6 trillion by 2032,
$ 10 trillion by 2038, and
$ 27 trillion by 2050,
becoming the 3rd largest economy after USA and China.
In terms of GDP estimates, the continental India (1.3 billion, with $ 0.5 trillion in 2000)
will overtake Italy (60 million, $ 1.2 trillion in 2000) by the year 2016, France (60
million, $ 1.4 trillion in 2000) by 2019, UK (60 million, $1.5 trillion) by 2022, Germany
(85 million, $ 2.0 trillion in 2000) by 2023, and Japan (130 million, $3.9 trillion in
2000) by 2032.
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Progress during the last 20 years

Poverty (incidence)
1980s 1990s 2000
44% 36% 26%

Education (literacy rate)

1980s 1990s 2000
44% 52% 65%

Health (life expectancy)

1980s 1990s 2000
56 60 69

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Source: World Bank (2003)
India’s population to be the largest in the world

India is set to overtake China as the world's most populous nation

by 2050.

India’s population is expected to grow from 1.08bn to 1.63bn

people, overtaking China, which is forecast to reach 1.44bn from
1.3bn currently.

India, will also have the highest working population in the World —
700 million people out of 1.1 billion people are young; the young
population will continue till 2050.

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 Current leaders

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Snapshots of India: Unity in diversity
Snapshots of India

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Snapshots of India

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Marriage in India

North India

Wonders of North

Adventure India
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South India

Western India

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 MOHIT GAUR
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Snapshots of Indian food

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 MOHIT GAUR
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 Reference Material
• http://www.culturopedia.com/

• http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-
hofstede-cultural-
dimensions/individualism/
• Does Hofstede Theoy Holds For New
India 2008? - College Essay - Sanjaylaul