Unit 1

Introduction to Basic Technical

Drawing

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Unit Learning Outcomes (Competencies)

Upon completion of this unit, students will be able to:

Define drawing in their own words
Explain how and when drawing was originated
Describe the areas/professional disciplines of technical
drawing
Describe some important applications of technical drawing
in everyday life
State the advantages of CADD in related manual work.
Explain the educational value of Technical Drawing in
human civilization.

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Unit Contents

The following brief contents are included in this unit:

1. Introduction
2. History of Drawing
3. Classification of Drawing
4. Areas/Professional Disciplines of Technical Drawing.
5. Technical Drawing Today/Computer Aided Design &
Drafting/
6. Use & Educational Value of Technical Drawing

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Introduction

What is engineering drawing?

Engineering Drawing is a graphic representation of a real thing.
It is a universal graphic language of engineers. It is used by them
to develop and record their ideas and transmit them to others for
execution.
It is the shortest of all short hands as it can express the complete
information about an object say a machine part, with exactness and
detail as no written language can describe even in many pages.
To draw something as a figure by means of lines expressing some
ideas on a paper is the drawing.
The purpose of the drawing is to define and specify the shape and
size of a particular object by means of lines.
Other information about the object, which can not be expressed by
lines, are given side by side on the drawing in a simplest and
shortest way. 4
Introduction
A drawing worked out by an engineer, having engineering ideas,
for engineering purpose, is an Engineering drawing.
It is the universal graphic language of engineers, a world language,
a language of use and ever increasing value. It is spoken, read and
written in its own way.
Every language has its own rules of grammar. Engineering drawing
also has been devised according to certain rules.
As a bad language is unpleasant to a master in the language, a
wrong drawing will worry a trained eye of drawing.
We have to learn to write a language so that we may be able to read
it. If we know how to draw a drawing, we will be able to read and
explain it.
The knowledge of the drawing is the most important requirement
of all the technical persons to work in an engineering occupation.

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Introduction
Machine drawing is one of the parts of engineering drawing
pertaining to the drawing of machines. Mechanical engineers are
mainly concerned with machine drawing.
Technical drawing is also a graphic language rightly applied to a
drawing used to express technical ideas.
Sketching is the freehand expression of the graphic language.
Sketching is the most important tool for the engineers engaged in
technical work. Technical ideas can be expressed quickly and
effectively by the sketches without the use of instruments.

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History of Technical Drawing
Perhaps the earliest known technical drawing in existence is the
plan view for a design of a fortress drawn by the Chaldean engineer
Gudea and engraved upon a stone table.
It is remarkable how similar this plan is to those made by modern
architects, although drawn thousands of years before paper was
invented.

This stone table is

part of a statute
now in the
Louvre, Paris and
is classified in the
earliest period of
Chaldean art,
about 4000 B.C.

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History of Technical Drawing
PREHISTORIC drawings depicting aspects of early societies, such
as hunting scenes, have been found in caves in southern Europe.
In museums we can see actual specimens of early drawing
instruments. Compasses were made of bronze and were about the
same size as those in current use. The old compass resembled the
dividers today.

Fig. Early drawing instruments

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History of Technical Drawing
The earliest records of man are graphic, depicting people, deer,
buffalo, and other animals of the time on the rock walls of caves.
These drawings were to satisfy an elemental need for expression,
long before the development of writing.
However, drawing gradually freed itself from this early usage
when writing was developed and it then came to be used
primarily by artists and engineering designers as a means of
setting forth ideas for the construction of finished works such as
pyramids, war chariots, buildings, and simple mechanisms useful
to man.
Most of the very early drawings that still exist were made on
parchment, which was very durable. Later, during the twelfth
century, paper was developed in Europe and came into general
use for drawings.
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History of Technical Drawing
Only a few of the earliest
drawings for fortresses, buildings,
and simple mechanisms are in
existence today.
Those that have come down to us
have been largely pictorial in
nature, and they exist as carvings
and paintings on walls of
structures or have been woven in
to tapestry.
At the beginning of the Christian
era, Roman architects had become
skillful in preparing drawings that
were to be constructed. They used
straight edges and compasses to
lay out the elevation and plan Idea sketch prepared by Leonardo da Vinci
views and were able to prepare (1452-1519). The da Vinci automobile
well-executed perspectives.
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History of Technical Drawing

However, the theory of projection of

views upon imaginary planes was not
developed as a means of
representation until sometime during
the Renaissance period.
It is well known that Leonardo da
Vinci used to record and transmit to
others his ideas and designs for
mechanical constructions, and many
of these drawings are still in
existence.
Leonardo da Vinci recorded his ideas
and designs for war machines and
mechanical constructions by
preparing perspective sketches and.
No multiview drawings prepared by Fig. An Arsenal, by Leonardo da Vinci
da Vinci have been found.
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Classification of Drawing

The drawing may be classified in to the following two distinct

categories: Artistic Drawing and Engineering Drawing.
Artistic Drawing
Artistic drawing is the drawing or art of a person who draws
sketches of a job by his imagination or keeping the job before him.
The artist tries to produce the job in the shape of the picture.
He is so perfect in keeping his art that he can prepare the picture of
a job by imagination without measuring the size and picture looks
quite proportionate.
He requires only his pen or pencil and paper to prepare the picture.
Dimensions and other details are not given in it; however, one can
appreciate the shape and size of the job.
It is not a simple drawing. One requires a great practice to prepare
it. Everybody can understand and like this pictorial drawing.

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Classification of Drawing

Engineering drawing
Engineering drawing can not be understood by every person; even
the artist can not understand it.
It is the graphic language of engineers and those trained to read and
write it can understand it.
Dimensions and other details are also given in this drawing without
which it is incomplete.

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Areas/Professional Disciplines of Technical Drawing

The field of technical drawing and drafting work is applied in many

specialties, such as
Aeronautical drafters: prepare engineering drawings detailing
plans and specifications used in the manufacture of airplanes,
missiles, spacecraft, and components and related equipment, such as
launch mechanisms.
Architectural drawing: draw architectural and structural features
of buildings and other structures. Architectural drafters rely on
knowledge of building materials, codes, construction methods, and
engineering practices. Architectural drafters work from
specifications, sketches, and rough drafts.
Architectural drafters may specialize in a type of building, such as
residential or commercial, or a construction material, such as
reinforced concrete, masonry, steel, or timber.

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Areas/Professional Disciplines of Technical Drawing

Fig. Architectural elevations show the exterior shapes and finishes of a building and
vertical relationships of the building levels.
Civil Engineers: prepare drawings and topographical and relief maps used
in major construction or civil engineering projects, such as highways,
bridges, pipelines, flood control projects, and water and sewage systems.

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Areas/Professional Disciplines of Technical Drawing
Electrical Engineers: prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by
workers who erect, install, and repair electrical equipment and
wiring in communication centers, power plants, electrical
distribution systems, and buildings.
Electronics Engineers: draw wiring diagrams, circuit board
assembly diagrams, schematics, and layout drawings used in the
manufacture, installation, and repair of electronic devices and
components.
Mechanical Engineering: prepare drawings showing the detail
and assembly of a wide variety of machinery and mechanical
devices, indicating dimensions, fastening methods, and other
requirements.
Process piping or pipeline drafters: prepare drawings used in the
layout, construction, and operation of oil and gas fields, refineries,
chemical plants, and process piping systems.
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Technical Drawing Today/Computer Aided Design & Drafting/

Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) is the process of

using a computer with CADD software for design and drafting
applications.
CADD refers to the entire range of design and drafting with the aid
of a computer, from drawing basic 2-D objects to preparing
complex 3-D models and animations.
Technical drawings had been produced by the help of drawing
instruments and traditional pencil-on-paper drafting is referred to
as manual drafting.
However, nowadays different softwares are available to do design
and drafting. Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CADD)
involve any type of design activity that uses the computer to
develop, analyze, modify or enhance an engineering design.
CADD systems are based on interactive computer graphics. The
engineer creates an image on the monitor by entering commands on
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the computer.
 .
Technical Drawing Today/Computer Aided Design & Drafting/

CADD offers solutions to most engineering drawing and design

problems, and it allows for increasingly complex projects.
Several industries and most disciplines related to engineering and
architecture use CADD.
Most engineering firms and educational institutions that previously
used manual drafting practices have evolved to CADD.
Professionals have come to rely on the power and convenience of
CADD in all aspects of design and drafting.
CADD systems include tools to accomplish any drawing and
design requirement, such as preparing the 2-D drawings and 3-D
models.
The following figures show drawing drawn using CADD software.

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Technical Drawing Today/Computer Aided Design & Drafting/

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Technical Drawing Today/Computer Aided Design & Drafting/

This is a complete 2-D drawing of an aircraft part with views, dimensions,

notes, and text. This drawing includes 3-D representation, or pictorial, views
that aid in visualization but that are still 2-D. 20
 21

Figure. 3-D model of a home created using

specialized architectural CADD software
Technical Drawing Today/Computer Aided Design & Drafting/
Technical Drawing Today/Computer Aided Design & Drafting/

A solid model is the most

complex CAD format, and it
contains information about object
edges, vertices, surfaces.
An accurate solid model is an
exact digital representation of a
product.
Like surface models, solid models
can display surface color, shading,
reflection, and texture for
presentation and visualization.
Figure. (a) A solid model displays
object surfaces.
(b) Cutting through a solid model
illustrates the solid interior.
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Use and Educational Value of Technical Drawing

A student who successfully completed this course can use

drawings to communicate technical information with engineers,
designers, draft persons and other professionals.
By studying technical drawing, a student becomes aware of how
industry communicates technical information.
Technical drawing teaches the principle of accuracy and clarity in
presenting the information necessary to produce products.
In general, technical drawing helps students to understand a means
of transmission of accurate information from designers to those
who develop the objects that are described by drawing.
Therefore, the course enables students to be motivated for further
studies pertinent to drawing.

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Teaching Methodology

To facilitate students performance, teachers/facilitators are

recommended to engage students in the teaching and learning
activities listed below.
1. Use PowerPoint presentations, simulations, videos, interactive boards,
Internet, and CDs to support the teaching and expose students to
industry standards, trends and practices. Students should be encouraged
to journal lessons learnt from presentations.
2. Organize work attachments (job placement, work experience, job
shadowing or apprenticeship) with agencies of Government,
drafting/architectural firms, fabrication/construction companies to give
students an opportunity to observe the application of the various
standards and compare the practices observed with the documented
standards and expectations. Students can present their findings in class.
3. Utilize subject specialists and practitioners from agencies of
Government, drafting/architectural firms, fabrication/construction
companies to make presentations and perform demonstrations for
students. 24
Teaching Methodology

4. Arrange site visits to agencies of Government, drafting/architectural

firms, fabrication/construction companies and suppliers of drawing
equipment, tools and materials for students to observe standardized
processes and interact with new drawing resources. Students can
develop an instructional manual complete with safety precautions for
the tools and equipment to which they were exposed on the visit.
5. Monitor the completion and maintenance of the portfolio and ensure
the pieces of evidence of the competencies that each student develops
are included and validated against established standards and
requirements and give students structured feedback

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Teachers Activities
Giving lecture for the topic
Form the students in group and provide
ideas for discussion.
Assist students to discuss the reasons for
learning Technical Drawing.
Explain application of Technical Drawing
Schedule for school observation
Students Activities
Attend the class and respect class
discipline
Ask question, defining problems
and suggest a solution.
Participate in group discussion and
prepare report.
State the reason of learning
technical drawing in Preparatory
School.
Identify areas of application of
technical drawing in their
surroundings.
Explain the development and
importance of technical drawing
Reflection and suggest possible
solution for the problem
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Teaching Methodology

Instructional resource
Computer with LCD, Whiteboard and Whiteboard- marker and
lecture note.
Assessment
Individual assignment, report presentation and group
assignment

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 End of Lecture 1
Next Lecture
Lecture 2
The Nature of Basic Technical Drawing
in preparatory school

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