Which is the best paraphrase? Why?

Original 1.Paraphrasinginvolveswritersusingtheir
Whenyouparaphrase, ownwordstoconveyinformationfrom
yourewrite anothersource.Inrewriting,themeaningof
informationfroman theoriginalandmostofthecontentis
outsidesourceinyour retained.Aparaphrase,therefore,is
ownwordswithout normallyonlyalittleshorterthantheoriginal
changingthe (Oshima andHogue,2006).
meaning.Because
youincludeinyour
rewritingallornearly 2.Whenyouareparaphrasing,yourewrite
allofthecontentof informationfromanoutsidesourcebutdo
theoriginalpassage,a notchangethemeaning.Becauseyouuse
paraphraseisalmost almostallofthecontentfromtheoriginal
aslongastheoriginal. passage,aparaphraseisnearlyaslongasthe
(Oshima andHogue, original.
2006,p.127)
Which is the best paraphrase? Why?
Original 1.Paraphrasinginvolveswritersusingtheir
Whenyouparaphrase, ownwordstoconveyinformationfrom
yourewrite anothersource.Inrewriting,themeaningof
informationfroman theoriginalandmostofthecontentis
outsidesourceinyour retained.Aparaphrase,therefore,is
ownwordswithout normallyonlyalittleshorterthantheoriginal
changingthe (Oshima andHogue,2006).
meaning.Because
you includeinyour
rewritingallornearly 2.Whenyouareparaphrasing,yourewrite
allofthecontentof informationfromanoutsidesourcebutdo
theoriginalpassage,a notchangethemeaning.Becauseyouuse
paraphraseisalmost almostallofthecontentoftheoriginal
aslongastheoriginal. passage,aparaphraseisnearlyaslongasthe
(Oshima andHogue, original.
2006,p.127)
Paraphrasing,
summarising, and quoting
Student Learning Services
Objectives
Whyparaphrases,summaries,and
quotationsareusedinacademic
writing.

Howtointegrateinformationinto
To learn writingthroughparaphrasing,
summarising,andquoting.

Whentoparaphrase,summarise,and
quote.
 Three ways to integrate information into
your writing
1. Paraphrase 2. Summary 3. Quotation
Keepsthemeaning Lessdetailedthana Anotherwriters
andcontentofthe paraphrase,and wordsare
originalsource,andis significantlyshorter reproducedexactly
almostthesame thantheoriginal. intermsofwording,
lengthastheoriginal. Onlythemainpoints spelling,
Yourownwordsare arerephrasedinyour punctuation,and
used. ownwords. capitalisation.

All three ways of integrating information

REQUIRE A REFERENCE!
 How do you provide a reference?
1. Insert the author(s) and year of publication into the
text where appropriate.
Forexample,
Aparaphrase,therefore,isnormallyonlyalittleshorterthanthe
original(Oshima andHogue,2006). or
Oshima andHogue(2006)statesthat aparaphraseisnormally
onlyalittleshorterthantheoriginal.
2. Place the full reference details in the alphabetical
reference list at the end.
Forexample,
Oshima,A,&Hogue,A.(2006).WritingAcademicEnglish.4th Ed.
Pearson,Longman:WhitePlains,NY.

N.B. APA referencing style is used in this workshop.

 Todemonstrate Toprovide Tocite
thatwehavea supportfor different
deep claimsoradd pointsof
understanding credibilityto view.
ofthetopic. ourwriting.

Why use paraphrases,

summaries and quotes?

Tointegrate Toemphasise To Toavoid

informationby aposition maintain plagiarism.
assessing,comparing, thatweagree theflow
contrasting,or ordisagree ofour
evaluatingit. with. writing.
Paraphrasing

An effective paraphrase
Retainsthesamemeaning
Hasadifferentstructuretotheoriginal
Hasmainlydifferentvocabulary
Keepssomephrasesfromtheoriginalthatareincommon
use.
Acknowledgesthesource.
(Bailey, 2011, p. 51)
 Paraphrasing exercise (1)
An effective paraphrase
Retainsthesamemeaning
Hasadifferentstructuretotheoriginal
Hasmainlydifferentvocabulary
Keepssomephrasesfromtheoriginalthatareincommonuse.
Acknowledgesthesource.

Is the paraphrase effective? Why or why not?

Original
Therehasbeenmuchdebate
aboutthereasonsforthe
industrialrevolution
happeningineighteenth
centuryBritain,ratherthan
inFranceorGermany.
(Bailey,2011,p.50)
Paraphrase
Whytheindustrial
revolutionoccurredin
Britainintheeighteenth
century,insteadofonthe
continent,hasbeenthe
subjectofconsiderable
discussion(Bailey,2011).
 Steps for paraphrasing
Reference the source of the
6
information.
Check that your paraphrase accurately reflects
5
the meaning of the original.
Put quote marks around any words or exact phrases
4
you have borrowed from the original source.
Write your paraphrase in your own words. Change both
3
vocabulary and sentence structure.
Jot down notes and/or make a mind map without looking at
2
the original source.
1 Read the passage until you understand it thoroughly. You may
find it helpful to underline the main points.
Adapted from Oshima and Hogue (2006, p. 132).
Summarising

An effective summary
Ismuchshorterthantheoriginalbecauseitincludesonly
themainpointsandmainsupportingpoints.
Doesnotchangethemeaningoftheoriginal.
Usesyourwordsandyoursentencestructure.
Acknowledgesthesource.
(Oshima andHogue,2006,p.137)
 Summarising exercise (1)
An effective summary
Ismuchshorterthantheoriginalbecauseitincludesonlythemainpointsand
mainsupportingpoints.
Doesnotchangethemeaningoftheoriginal.
Usesyourwordsandyoursentencestructure.
Acknowledgesthesource.

Is the summary effective? Why or why not?

Original Summary
Languageisthemainmeansof Peoplecommunicate
communicationbetweenpeoples. throughlanguage.Having
Butsomanydifferentlanguageshave numerousdifferent
developedthatlanguagehasoften languages,however,creates
beenabarrierratherthananaidto communicationbarriers
understandingamongpeoples. (Kispert,2004).
Textsource:Kispert,2004,p.128,citedinOshima &Hogue,
2006,p.136.
 Quoting

Usingaquotationmeansbringingawritersoriginalwords
intoyourownwork.Quotationsareeffectiveinsome
situations,butshouldbeusedsparingly.

Quotationscanbevaluablewhentheoriginal:
wordsexpressanideainadistinctiveway.
ismoreconcisethanyoursummarycouldbe.
versioniswellknown.
(Bailey,2011,p.65)
 Quotation examples
Original
Proceduresusedtocollectinformationaboutlearnersneedsare
knownasneedsanalysis.
Textsource:Richards,J.C.(2001).Curriculumdevelopmentinlanguageteaching. Cambridge,UK:
CambridgeUniversityPress.

AccordingtoRichards(2001),needsanalysismaybedefinedas
1 theproceduresusedtocollectinformationaboutlearners
needs(p.51).
2 Richards(2001)definesthetermneedsanalysisasprocedures
usedtocollectinformationaboutlearnersneeds(p.51).
3 NeedsanalysisisdefinedbyRichards(2001)asproceduresused
tocollectinformationaboutlearnersneeds(p.51).
Needsanalysiscanbedefinedasproceduresusedtocollect
4
informationaboutlearnersneeds(Richards,2001,p.51).
 Steps for quoting
Reference the source of the
6 information. Include page number.
If you add words, put square brackets
5 around the words you have added.
If you omit words, use an ellipses (three spaced
4
periods).
3 Make sure that the grammar of the sentence which
includes the quote makes complete sense.
2 Use a reporting verb such as state, assert, or suggest
to introduce the information you wish to borrow.
1 Enclose the quote inside double quotation marks and copy
the exact words from the original passage.
(Adapted from Oshima and Hogue, 2006, pp. 45-46)
Quoting exercise
Climate change
It is early fall as I write this in Millbrook, New York, which
just finished its hottest summer on record. The National
Weather Service reports that such record temperatures
extended across the United States during 2010. Satellite
views of our planet show rising sea levels and melting polar
ice at the highest rates seen during the past thirty years.
Text source: Schlesinger, W. H. (2011). Climate Change. Interpretation. 65(4): 378.

Example 1
InSchlesingers(2011)reflectiononthesummerof2010inthe
UnitedStates,heobservesthatitwasayearofrecordhigh
temperatures(p.378).
Quoting exercise
Climate change
It is early fall as I write this in Millbrook, New York, which
just finished its hottest summer on record. The National
Weather Service reports that such record temperatures
extended across the United States during 2010. Satellite
views of our planet show rising sea levels and melting polar
ice at the highest rates seen during the past thirty years.
Text source: Schlesinger, W. H. (2011). Climate Change. Interpretation. 65(4): 378.

Example 1
InSchlesingers(2011)reflectiononthesummerof2010inthe
UnitedStatesheobservesthatitwasayearofrecordhigh
temperatures(p.378).
Quoting exercise
Climate change
It is early fall as I write this in Millbrook, New York, which
just finished its hottest summer on record. The National
Weather Service reports that such record temperatures
extended across the United States during 2010. Satellite
views of our planet show rising sea levels and melting polar
ice at the highest rates seen during the past thirty years.
Text source: Schlesinger, W. H. (2011). Climate Change. Interpretation. 65(4): 378.

Example 1
InSchlesingers(2011)reflectiononthesummerof2010inthe
UnitedStatesheobservesthatitwasayearofrecord[high]
temperatures(p.378).
Quoting exercise
Climate change
It is early fall as I write this in Millbrook, New York, which
just finished its hottest summer on record. The National
Weather Service reports that such record temperatures
extended across the United States during 2010. Satellite
views of our planet show rising sea levels and melting polar
ice at the highest rates seen during the past thirty years.
Text source: Schlesinger, W. H. (2011). Climate Change. Interpretation. 65(4): 378.

Example 2
Schlesinger(2011)explainsthatsatelliteimagesshowedhigh
ratesofrisingsealevelsandmeltingpolarice.
Quoting exercise
Climate change
It is early fall as I write this in Millbrook, New York, which
just finished its hottest summer on record. The National
Weather Service reports that such record temperatures
extended across the United States during 2010. Satellite
views of our planet show rising sea levels and melting polar
ice at the highest rates seen during the past thirty years.
Text source: Schlesinger, W. H. (2011). Climate Change. Interpretation. 65(4): 378.

Example 2
Schlesinger(2011)explainsthatsatelliteimagesshowedhigh
ratesofrisingsealevelsandmeltingpolarice(p.378).
 Styles of reporting
Sayles (1999) states that operations management has become critical for
competitiveness.

Expressinganeutral Expressing a Expressing a

opinion: stronger, more direct tentative, less
conclude,define, opinion direct opinion
describe,discuss, add,agree,argue,cast claim,hypothesise,
examine,find,note, doubt,challenge, imply,intimate,
observe,outline, contribute,demonstrate, offer,propose,put
present,question, determine,disagree, forward,suggest,
report,state emphasise,evince, suppose
explain,identify,indicate,
maintain,pointout,
prove,refute,reveal,
show,stress,support
(Adapted from Manalo, Wong-Toi and Bartlett-Trafford, 2013, pp. 156-157)
You may also want to:
Make an individual appointment with an SLS tutor

Attend related workshops:

Referencing: The basics
Refworks

Refer to related University of Auckland online resources:

Referenite www.cite.auckland.ac.nz
Academic integrity course: https://www.academicintegrity.auckland.ac.nz

Refer to other relevant online sources:

ELE In Other Words First steps to paraphrasing
http://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/ele/in_other_words/index.html
Purdue Writing Lab: Quoting paraphrasing and summarising
Learning APA style http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx

Refer to relevant print sources:

MLA handbook for writers of research.
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
Books about academic writing (see Reference list).
References:
Bailey, S. (2011). Academic writing: A handbook for
international students. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge.

Manalo, E., Wong-Toi, G., & Bartlett-Trafford, J. (2009). The

business of writing: Written communication skills for
business students (3rd ed.). Auckland, NZ: Pearson
Education.

Oshima, A, & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English.

(4th ed.) White Plains, NY: Pearson