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A) ABSTRACT 1:
Introduced in 2003, Brazils Family Allowance Program was intended to unite
several Income Transfer Programs run at the Municipal, State and Federal
levels since 1995. Designed as an expression of the development of direct
monetary transfers to families or individuals, its key assumption is that linking
income transfers to poor families with structural policies and programs (mainly
in the fields of education, healthcare and jobs) could break through the vicious
cycle of poverty in the present and halt its future replication. Linking cash
transfers to structuring policies and programs for poor families might well
underpin a policy combating poverty and social inequality. This paper presents
a retrospective of these Income Transfer Programs, examining their significance
and scope in terms of Brazils Social Security Policies, assessing their potentials
and constraints as tools for fostering social inclusion.
The so-called European Social Model consists of four distinctly different poverty
regimes with diverse consequences for men and women. According to current
political rhetoric these policy regimes are changing significantly everywhere,
hence transforming the opportunities and challenges for men and women. This
article discusses whether, and to what extent, the perceived changes have
affected low-income mothers in European urban settings. The data are drawn
primarily from qualitative interviews with mothers of young children (under
school age) in low-income neighbourhoods in three middle-size cities: Hochsttt
in Mannheim (Germany), Le Breil in Nantes (France), and Tang Hall in York
(UK). In each neighbourhood 20 mothers were interviewed during 1998 and
1999. For all four welfare regimes within the European Union, mothers and
fathers have traditionally had very different roles within the family and varying
opportunities to participate in the labour market. According to recent policy
formulations this situation is changing. However, the changes are not reflected
in the everyday life of poor citizens. Rather, the interviews revealed that
business was as usual.