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ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
(MEDICAL GEOLOGY)
HAZARDS, RISK, POLLUTION
(Human) Environment
Source: After D.E. Pattor, The ABCs of Risk Assessment, EPA Journal 19, Vol. 1, 1993, U.S. Environmental Protection
18-13 Agency.
Some common hazards
Hazardous Action Annual Risk of death
Point Sources
Non-point Sources
16-18 Source: Modified from U.S. Water Resources Council, The Nations Water Resources 1975-2000, vol. 1, pp. 61-63.
Nonpoint-Source
Pollution in the
U.S.
Figure 16.15B
16-19 Source: Modified from U.S. Water Resources Council, The Nations Water Resources 1975-2000, vol. 1, pp. 61-63.
Residence Time
CHEMICALS
Hazardous Material
EPA categorizes (chemical) hazardous material
(HAZMAT) on the basis of following properties:
Gases
(S-gases, C-gases, N-gases, ozone)
Miscellaneous
(asbestos, nitrates, sulfates)
Organic
Insecticides and pesticides
Halogenated hydrocarbons
[e.g., tetrachloroethylene (C2H6), carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4), etc.]
Health Effects of some organic pollutants
Air
Principal Sources of
Solid Wastes
Figure 15.1
15-1 Source: J.E. Fergusson, 1982. Inorganic Chemistry and the Earth, New York: Pergamon Press.
Traverse Track Across a Tailings Pile
Figure 16.23
15-13 Source: Photograph by S.C. Delaney, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, courtesy of USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
Unburied Waste Drums
Figure 15.16B
15-14 Source: Photograph by S.C. Delaney, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, courtesy of USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.
Shortages in U.S. Landfill Capacity
Figure 15.7
15-5 Source: Data from Directory and Atlas of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities, map from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Figure 15.21 First Toxic-Waste Dump Sites
Total =951
Sites placed or
The Defense Dept proposed for
is responsible for placement, on th
>10% of these sites and EPA National
it is not cooperating with Priority List (NPL
EPA for clean-up for Superfund
clean-up
15-16 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (July, 1987)
Completed Removals of Superfund Sites during the first decade of
Superfund (1980-1990)
Figure 15.22
Source: Data from Superfund Emergency Response Action, Sixth Annual ReportFiscal Year 1991, U.S. Environmental
15-17 Protection Agency.
Progress of Superfund NPL Sites
Figure 15.23
15-19 Source: From U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management.
Nitrate Concentrations Higher in Ag Areas
Figure 16.18
16-21 Source: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program.
HOW DO WE DETERMINE
THE TOLERANCE LEVELS?
About 15,000 metric tons of asbestos, all chrysotile and the bulk
of it imported from Canada, was used in USA in 1999 (compared to
a high of 719,000 metric tons in 1973): Asphaltic roofing
compounds used on commercial buildings (61%); gaskets (19%);
and friction products such as brake shoes and clutches (13%) .
Lead: A success story of
government intervention
[Flippelli, G.M. et al., 2005, Urban lead poisoning and medical geology.
GSA Today, v. 15, No. 1, p.4-11]
17-13 Source: After L. Whiteman, Trends to Remember: The Lead Phase Down, EPA Journal, May/June 1992, p. 38.
Lead Emissions are Negligible
Figure 17.13B
17-14 Source: From U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emissions Trends 1990-1998.
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
Radioactivity
Source: Data from Geology and the Environment in Western Europe, ed. by G.I. Lumsden. Copyright 1992 Calrendon Press,
15-6 Oxford, England.
Point and Nonpoint
Pollution Sources
Figure 16.2
16-11 Source: After L.J. Puckett, U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program.
Groundwater
Pollution Problems
Figure 16.17
16-20 Source: Modified from U.S. Water Resources Council, The Nations Water Resources 1975-2000, vol. 1, p. 65.