12.

Ratio Scale
A scale of measurement of data which permits the comparison of differences of values.
Example:
Height when measured from sea-level (e.g. one mountain is twice as high as anoher).

13. Ratio
The result of one number or quantity divided by another. Ratios are the simplest
mathematical (statistical) tools that reveal significant relationships hidden in mass of data, and
allow meaningful comparisons.

Example:

Time.

14. Population

Is the whole or every member of a group.

Example:

Census

15. Sample

A set of data collected and/or selected from a statistical population by a defined procedure.

Example:

a list of information on 100 people out of 10,000 people.

16. Probability Sampling
Any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection.
Example:
a population of 100 people, each person would have odds of 1 out of 100 of being chosen

17. Significant Relationship

The likelihood that a relationship between two or more variables is caused by something
other than random chance.
 Example:

Novo Nordisk, the pharmaceutical leader in diabetes medication, reported on June 2016,
that there was a statistically significant reduction in type 1 diabetes when it tested its new insulin.
The test consisted of 26 weeks of randomized therapy among diabetes patients, reduced type 1
diabetes and a p-value of less than 5%, meaning that the reduction in diabetes was not due to
random chance.

18. Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling

The sample size of each stratum in this technique is proportionate to the population size of
the stratum when viewed against the entire population. This means that the each stratum has the
same sampling fraction.

Example:

For example, you have 3 strata with 100, 200 and 300 population sizes respectively. And
the researcher chose a sampling fraction of . Then, the researcher must randomly sample 50, 100
and 150 subjects from each stratum respectively.

19. Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling

The sample size of each stratum does not have to be proportionate to the population size of
the stratum.

Example:

For example, a stratum could be large supermarkets, which may only account for 20% of
all grocery stores although they account for 80% of grocery sales. In this case, a disproportionate
sample would be used to represent the large supermarkets to reflect their sales (i.e. 80%) rather
than the number of stores

20. Systematic Random Sampling

A type of probability sampling method in which sample members from a larger population
are selected according to a random starting point and a fixed periodic interval.

Example:

The researcher has a population total of 100 individuals and need 12 subjects. He first
picks his starting number, 5.

Then the researcher picks his interval, 8. The members of his sample will be individuals 5, 13,
21, 29, 37, 45, 53, 61, 69, 77, 85, 93.
21. Statistic

a fact or piece of data from a study of a large quantity of numerical data.

Example:

Sample Mean