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August 22, 2017

Primary authors:Abdu Subahan M


Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio using Cornus method
(Dated: August 22, 2017)
Youngs modulus, also known as modulus of elasticity is an important characteristic of a material
and is defined to be ratio of longitudinal stress and longitudinal strain.Youngs modulus can be used
to predict elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield strength
of the material where as Poissons ratio is the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal
extension strain in the direction of stretching force. when a beam is bent under the action of a load
it has a definite radius of curvature in longitudinal and transverse directions which depend upon the
geometry of the beam and Youngs modulus of the material. The radius of curvature changes with
the change of the load. From the study of these changes, elastic constants of the material of the
beam can be determined. The changes in radii of curvature in two mutually perpendicular directions
are investigated by optical interference method by forming Newtons rings (hyperbolic fringes).here
in the experiment we use Cornus method to determine the youngs modulus as well as the Poisson
ratio of a given glass beam.

In an elegant experiment, Marie Alfred Cornu in the at a coordinate x along X-axis can be obtained from
year 1869 first showed that the interference phenomenon
(Rx t(x))2 = (Rx )2 x2 (1)
in optics could be used for measuring deformation of a
solid under load. At that time, it was very interesting Assuming t(x) to be very small we can solve it to get this
to find that counting of interference fringes could pro- references equation
vide information about Youngs modulus and Poissons
ratio for a transparent material. The method proposed t(x) = x2 /2R(x) (2)
by Cornu employs a glass plate placed on top of a glass Similarly, the width t(y) of the air film inside the glass
beam. When load is applied on both the sides of the glass beam and the XY-plane through the origin O at a coor-
beam, it gets deformed due to strain along the longitudi- dinate y along Y-axis can be obtained from
nal direction (X-axis). Since Poissons ratio is not equal
to 0, the glass beam will bend in the transverse direction t(y) = y 2 /2R(y) (3)
(Y-axis). Thus the beam deforms into the shape of horse
saddle forming a thin film of air between them. When the
film is illuminated by monochromatic light, interference
FIG. 2: Longitudinal bending (R1) of a bean resulting in
occurs between the light reflected from the bottom of the
small lateral bending (R2)
glass plate and the top of the beam as shown in figure
Let x and y represent coordinates along longitudinal and
transverse direction with the middle point being the ori-
gin (O). Also, let Rx and Ry be the radius of curvature
in longitudinal (X) and transverse (Y) directions respec-
tively. In order to obtain the shape of the interference
fringes, consider that the thickness of air film between the
glass plate and the beam to be t(x,y) at appoint (x,y) in
the XY-plane. First, let us consider only the X depen-
dence of air film i.e. t t(x). The width t(x) of the air film
inside the glass beam and the X-axis through the origin

It is to be noted that the sign is negative because along


Y-axis the glass beams bents upward. Therefore width
FIG. 1: Geometry for obtaining interference fringes of air film between parallel plate and glass beam at a
coordinate (x,y) is given by
t(x, y) = t(x) + t(y) = x2 /2R(x) + y 2 /2R(y) Thus the
shape of the fringe will be given by,
x2 /2R(x) + y 2 /2R(y) = a2 (4)
where a is a constant and this is an equation of hyper-
bola. Therefore, the fringes will be hyperbolic.
2

h h

FIG. 3: Cornus apparatus FIG. 4: systematic diagram of Cornus apparatus

Interference pattern is obtained in Cornus apparatus


as in the figure 3 and 4.And the diameter of the fringes
in both transverse and longitudinal directions were found
using the apparatus for Dimensions of glass beam neces-
h
sary for calculation (breadth and thickness were deter-
mined using screw gauge.The internal bending moment FIG. 5: graph between D2 and n - transverse fringes for
and external moment created by the load applied on both massm1 =50g
edges of the glass beam is equated to find the final re-
lation to calculate Youngs modulus and Poissons ra-
tio,calculated it graphically and numerically using the
expression

3lg(m2 m1 )
Y = (5)
bt3 (cot(
1 ) cot(2 ))

3lg(m2 m1 )(L1 L2 )
Y = (6)
kbt3 (L1 L2 )
Where l is the distance the weight-hanger carrying
the load and the knife edge near to it, g is the accelera-
tion due to gravitym1 and m2 are two different masses
is the wavelength of light used, b is the breadth of the
bar,t is the thickness of the bar cot(1 ) andcot(2 )are
the reciprocal slopes of the straight lines obtained by
plotting diameter square(D2 ) against the number of
fringes(n)form1 and m2 respectively. Poisson ratio [2] ** New ** D luminosity reference:
T. Andeen et al., FERMILAB-TM-2365 (2007).
[3] Particle Data Group reference:
W.-M. Yao et al., Journal of Physics G 33, 1 (2006).
(T1 T2 )(L1 L2 ) [4] Geant reference:
= (7) R. Brun and F. Carminati, CERN Program Library Long
(L1 L2 )(T1 T2 )
Writeup W5013, 1993 (unpublished).
and graphically [5] Pythia reference:
T. Sjostrand et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 135, 238
(cot(2 ) cot(1 )T (2001).
= (8) [6] Cteq6 reference:
(cot(2 ) cot(1 ))L
J. Pumplin et al., JHEP 0207 012 (2002) and D. Stump
et al., JHEP 0310 046 (2003).

[1] Standard D detector reference: FIG. 6: graph betweenD2 and n - transverse fringes for
V.M. Abazov et al. (D0 Collaboration), Nucl. Instrum. massm2 =100g
Methods Phys. Res. A 565, 463 (2006).
3

[7] LEP CLS reference: G.C. Blazey et al., in Proceedings of the Workshop:
T. Junk, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 434, 435 (1999). QCD and Weak Boson Physics in Run II, edited by
[8] D Bayesian reference: U. Baur, R.K. Ellis, and D. Zeppenfeld, Fermilab-Pub-
I. Bertram et al., FERMILAB-TM-2104 (2000). 00/297 (2000).
[9] D cone-jet reference:

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